Introduction
Overview
C programming is a powerful procedural, middle-level language that combines
abstraction with system-level capabilities. It is widely used for application
development, system programming, and learning core programming concepts.
Key Features
1. Procedural Language
Programs are structured into smaller, reusable functions.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
void greet() {
printf("Hello, World!");
}
int main() {
greet();
return 0;
}
Practice Question:
Write a program that calculates the sum of two numbers using a separate
function.
2. Abstraction Levels
Focuses on functionality while abstracting hardware-specific details.
Example: Using printf() for output without worrying about hardware-
specific implementation.
Practice Question:
Modify the following code to calculate and display the area of a rectangle.
Introduction 1
int main() {
int length = 5, breadth = 3;
// Add code here
return 0;
}
3. Middle-Level Language
Combines the simplicity of high-level languages with low-level
programming power like memory manipulation.
Example:
Using pointers to manipulate memory:
int main() {
int x = 10, *ptr = &x;
printf("Value of x: %d\n", *ptr);
return 0;
}
Practice Question:
Write a program to swap two numbers using pointers.
4. Built-in Functions and Libraries
Extensive libraries simplify complex programming tasks.
Example:
Using
math.h for mathematical calculations:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main() {
printf("Square root of 16 is %.2f\n", sqrt(16));
return 0;
}
Introduction 2
Practice Question:
Write a program that uses the
math.h library to calculate the power of a number.
5. Code Execution Workflow
Understanding the steps: Writing → Compiling → Running.
Example: Writing and running code in Code Blocks IDE.
6. Error Handling
Recognising and resolving common compiler errors.
Example:
int main() {
int a = 5;
printf("Value of a: %d\n", a); // Remove semicolon
to see error
return 0;
}
Practice Question:
Intentionally introduce an error in a program (e.g., missing semicolon) and
resolve it.
7. Compiler and Linker
Compiler: Converts code to machine language.
Linker: Links prototypes in header files with definitions in libraries.
Example:
Using
#include to access standard library functions.
Key Insights
1. Importance of Structure
Dividing a program into functions enhances maintainability.
Introduction 3
Practice Question:
Write a program to find the factorial of a number using a separate function.
2. Abstraction Benefits
Simplifies programming for beginners by hiding hardware-specific details.
3. Versatility
Ideal for both high-level (application) and low-level (system) programming.
4. Hands-On Learning
Engaging in exercises to reinforce theoretical concepts.
Practice Question:
Write a program that reads an integer array and calculates the average.
5. Error Recognition
Practical debugging improves understanding and coding skills.
Example: Fixing undeclared variable errors.
6. Linker and Header File Functionality
Separating prototypes in header files from library definitions optimises
compilation speed.
Summary
C programming’s versatility, structure, and abstraction make it an essential
language for developers. Through practice, learners can gain a deeper
understanding of programming concepts and enhance their problem-solving
skills.
Additional Practice Questions
1. Write a program that checks if a number is prime.
2. Implement a program to reverse a string without using built-in functions.
3. Write a program that demonstrates the use of arrays and functions to calculate
the transpose of a matrix.
Introduction 4
4. Implement a program using a switch statement to perform basic arithmetic
operations (+, -, *, /).
By practicing these examples and questions, you can build a strong foundation in
C programming!
Introduction 5
