DATA STRUCTURE

List and Dictionary

 ● Creating a new list
● List indexes
● Adding an element
● Removing an element
LIST ● Adding a list
● Sorting a list
● List concatenation
● List multiplication
 An array with data separated by commas, denoted with [ ]. Lists are
mutable (can be changed).

list1 = [1,2,3,4,5]
list2 = [“a”,”b”,”c”,”d”]
Lists

list3 = [“cat”, 45, “dog”, 23]

 To create a new list, assign the name of your list to an empty list or create
your own elements within square brackets.
Creating a new list

new_list = []
new_list_2 = [3,6,9,12]
 Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 Index
LIST INDEXES

● Every element in a list is denoted by an index.

● indexes start at 0 with the index of each subsequent element
increasing by 1.
● Negative indexes refer to elements from the end of the list.
 ● To refer to a specific index, type the name of the list
followed by the index number within square brackets.
>>> testlist= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> testlist[3]
LIST INDEXES

4
>>> testlist[-2]
8
● To refer to a range of the indexes, type the name of the list
followed by the start and end index number separated by
a semicolon within square brackets.

>>> testlist[5:]
[6, 7, 8, 9]
 Index 0 1 2 3 4

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 Index
LIST INDEXES

>>> list1 = [1,2,3,4,5]

>>> print(list1[0])
1
>>> print(list1[3])
4

>>> print(list1[-1])
5
 Index 0 1 2 3 4

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 Index
LIST INDEXES

>>> print(list1[2:4])
[3,4]

>>> print(list1[2:])
[3,4,5]
>>> print(list1[:2])
[1,2]
>>> print(list1[:])
[1,2,3,4,5]
 To get the length of a list, use the function len(list) to count the number of
elements in a list.
LENGTH OF A LIST

>>> list1 = [3,6,9,12]

>>> len(list1)
4
 To append to a list or add an element to the end of the list, use the function
list.append(element) placing the element you would like to add within the
APPENDING TO A LIST
brackets

>>> list1 = [1,2,3,4,5]

>>> list1.append(6)
>>> list1
[1,2,3,4,5,6]
 To remove an element from a list, use the function list.remove(element)
placing the element you would like to remove within the brackets.
REMOVING ELEMENTS

>>> list1 = [1,2,3,4,5]

>>> list1.remove(3)
>>> print(list1)
[1,2,4,5]

You can also use the function del list[index] placing the index of the element
you would like to remove within the brackets.

>>> list1 = [1,2,3,4,5]

>>> del list1[2]
>>> list1
[1,2,4,5]
 To extract an element from a list, use the function list.pop(index)
placing the index of the element you would like to extract within the brackets.
REMOVING ELEMENTS
This will give you the element that was “popped out” of the list.

>>> list1 = [1,2,3,4,5]

>>> extract_element = list1.pop(3)
>>> print(extract_element)
4

>>> print(list1)
[1,2,3,5]
 To add another list to your current list, use the function
list.extend(list2)placing the name of the list you would like to join
within the brackets.
ADDING LISTS

>>> list1 = [1,2,3,4,5]

>>> list2 = [6,7,8]
>>> list1.extend(list2)
>>> print (list1)
[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]

This changes the original list as compared to creating a new list.

 Similar to strings, lists can also be concatenated (joined). They will be in the
order of the lists you input
LIST CONCATENATION
>>> list1 = [1,2,3]
>>> list2 = [4,5,6]
>>> list3 = list1 + list2
>>> print(list3)
[1,2,3,4,5,6]

This allows you to create a new list. This is different from list.extend()
which changes the list being joined to.
INSERTING LIST ELEMENTS

>>> list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> list1.insert(3, 54)

index value
>>> print(list1)
[1, 2, 3, 54, 4, 5]
REVERSING LISTS You can reverse the order of a list using list.reverse, as seen below

>>> list1 = [14, 2, 3, 34, 55]

>>> list1.reverse()
[55, 34, 3, 2, 14]
 It is possible to create a list of lists and manipulate it too

>>> list1 = [ [1, 2],[3, 4],[5, 6]]

>>> list1[1]
NESTED LISTS

[3,4]
>>> list1[1][0]
3

CHALLENGE: Using list1, print [5, 6]. Then try printing 5 from list1.
 Code out the appropriate list operations to find the desired output.

>>> ls00 = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]

>>> ls01 = [ [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [13, 14, 15] ]

1. Use len to calculate the length of the list with the most elements.
EXERCISE

2. Append the number 16 in ls00 at the last position.

3. Reverse the order of ls01.
4. Now insert the missing list of numbers in ls01.
5. Append ls02 = [16, 17, 18] to ls01.
6. Find the sum of the last 3 odd numbers in ls00 and ls01 respectively, by
calling their indices.
 1. What is the length of the list with the most elements?
>>> len(ls00)
15

2.
>>> ls00.append(16) OR >>> ls00.insert(15,16)
EXERCISE

3. >>> ls01.reverse()

4. Insert the missing list for ls01.

>>> ls01.insert(3, [10, 11, 12])

>>> ls01
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12], [13, 14, 15]]
 5. Append ls02 = [16, 17, 18] to ls01.
>>> ls02=[16,17,18]
>>> ls01.append(ls02)
>>> ls01
[ [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [13, 14, 15],[16, 17, 18] ]
EXERCISE

6. Find the sum of the odd numbers in ls00 and ls02 separately, by calling
their indexes.
>>> odd_sum00 = ls00[-2] + ls00[-4] + ls00[-6]
>>> odd_sum00
39
>>> odd_sum01 = ls01[-1][-2] + ls01[-2][0] + ls01[-2][2]
>>> odd_sum01
45
 To sort a list, use the function list.sort() or sorted() to arrange the elements in
ascending order. They will be arranged in increasing order if the elements
are numbers and will be arranged alphabetically if the elements are strings.
SORTING A LIST

>>> list1 = [5,3,4,1,2]

>>> list1.sort()
>>> print(list1)
[1,2,3,4,5]

>>> list2 = [“banana”, “apple”, “durian”, “carrot”]

>>> list2.sort()
>>> list2
[“apple”, “banana”, “carrot”, “durian”]
 To sort a list, use the function list.sort() or sorted() to arrange the elements in
ascending order. They will be arranged in increasing order if the elements
are numbers and will be arranged alphabetically if the elements are strings.
SORTING A LIST

>>> list1 = [5,3,4,1,2]

>>> sorted(list1)
[1,2,3,4,5]

>>> list2 = [“banana”, “apple”, “durian”, “carrot”]

>>> sorted(list2)
[“apple”, “banana”, “carrot”, “durian”]
 What if the list has both strings and number elements?

>>> list3 = ['apple', 'banana', 'carrot', 'durian', 5, 3, 4, 1,

SORTING A LIST

2]
>>> list3.sort()
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'int' and
'str'
 We can also sort the list according to the second value in each nested list by
changing the key, which determines how the list is sorted. We will use a
function to look at the second value in the list.
Sorting nested lists

>>> list1 = [[1,7],[9,4],[3,5]]

>>> print(sorted(list1))
[[1,7],[3,5],[9,4]]

>>> def getKey(item):

return item[1]

>>> list1.sort(key = getKey)

>>> print(list1)
[[9,4],[3,5],[1,7]]

>>> sorted(list1, key = getKey)

[[9,4],[3,5],[1,7]]
 Using the list.sort() or the sorted() method on a nested list will sort the list
according to the first value in each nested list. We can also reverse-sort the
REVERSE-SORT LISTS
list by making function parameter reverse equal to True.

>>> list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> list1.sort(reverse = True)
>>> print(list1)
[5,4,3,2,1]
>>> sorted(list1, reverse = True)
[5,4,3,2,1]
 list.sort() can only be used for lists while sorted() can be used on any
LIST.SORT() AND SORTED()
●
iterable data types (strings, tuples, dictionaries)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

>>> list1 = [5, 3, 4, 1, 2]

>>> string1 = “lazyrabbit”

>>> list1.sort()
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> string1.sort()
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'sort'

>>> sorted(list1)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> sorted(string1)
['a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'i', 'l', 'r', 't', 'y', 'z']
 list.sort() changes the original list while sorted() retains the original list
LIST.SORT() AND SORTED()
●
and creates a new sorted list
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

>>> list1 = [5, 3, 4, 1, 2]

>>> list2 = [9, 4, 6, 0, 1]

>>> list1.sort()
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> list1
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> sorted(list2)
[0, 1, 4, 6, 9]
>>> list2
[9, 4, 6, 0, 1]
LIST MULTIPLICATION Similar to strings, lists can also be multiplied.

>>> list1 = [1,2,3]

>>> print (list1 * 3)
[1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3]
 Your colleague and yourself are summarising test results for a certification
practice test. In the lists below, the first number is the examinee name and
the number is their score.
mylist = [[ "Mingqi T.", 9], ["Wen Qi W.", 6] , ["Jenn A.", 8]]
herlist = [[ "Siti H.",7], [ "Abinayaa", 5]]
EXERCISE

1. Use indexes to find the average mark for both teams.

2. Combine both lists under the variable “teamlist”.
3. Your colleague just updated you with her missing team member’s score.
Add on to “teamlist” this information: [“Ahmed B.”, 8]
4. Compute the average mark of all the team members.
5. Sort teamlist in reverse alphabetical order.
 mylist = [[ "Mingqi T.", 9], ["Wen Qi W.", 6] , ["Jenn A.", 8]]
herlist = [[ "Siti H.",7], [ "Abinayaa", 5]]

1. Use indexes to find the average mark for both teams.

my_ave = (mylist[0][1] + mylist[1][1] + mylist[2][1]) / len(mylist)
EXERCISE

her_ave = (herlist[0][1] + herlist[1][1]) / len(herlist)

2. Combine both lists under the variable “teamlist”.

teamlist = mylist + herlist

3. Your colleague just updated you with her missing team

member’s score. Add on to “teamlist” this information: [“Ahmed
B.”, 8]
teamlist.append([“Ahmed B.”, 8])
 4. Compute the average mark of all the team members.
team_ave =(teamlist[0][1] + teamlist[1][1] + teamlist[2][1] + teamlist[3][1]
+ teamlist[4][1] + teamlist[5][1]) / len(teamlist)

5. Sort teamlist in reverse alphabetical order

EXERCISE

teamlist.sort(reverse = True)
 Code out the instructions given to get the desired outputs
using the following lists.
mylist = [ [ 1, 2] , [3, 4] , [8, 0]]
QUICK CHECK!

code output

Insert [5,6] between [3,4] and

[8,0]

Sort mylist by the second values

of each sublist, in descending
order.

Count the number of sublists in

mylist.

Print the last sublist.

Insert [5,6] between [3,4] and

[8,0]. Then put 9 at the end of
the new list. Print the new list.
 Code out the instructions given to get the desired outputs
using the following lists.
mylist = [ [ 1, 2] , [3, 4] , [8, 0]]
QUICK CHECK!

code output

Insert [5,6] between [3,4] and [[ 1, 2],[3, 4],[5, 6],[8, 0]]

[8,0]

Sort mylist by the second values [[3, 4], [1, 2],[8, 0]]
of each sublist, in descending
order.

Count the number of sublists in 3

mylist.

Print the last sublist. [8, 0]

Insert [5,6] between [3,4] and [[1, 2],[3, 4],[5, 6],[8, 0], 9]
[8,0]. Then put 9 at the end of
the new list. Print the new list.
 ● Creating a new
dictionary
DICTIONARY ● Dictionary Indexes
● Adding key-value pairs
 An array with data (each containing a key paired with a value, known as a
key-value pair) separated by a comma, denoted with { }.

A colon ( : ) is used to assign the value to the key.

DICTIONARIES

squares = {1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25}

 To create a new dictionary, assign a variable to an empty dictionary, or
create your own key-value pairs within curly brackets.
CREATING A NEW

dictionary0 = {}
DICTIONARY

squares = {1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25}

 To access a specific value, type the name of the dictionary followed by the
DICTIONARY KEYS AND
key associated with the value in a square bracket.

squares = {1:1, 2: 4, 3:9, 4:16, 5:25}

>>> print(squares[1]) # ⇒ 1
>>> print(squares[4]) # ⇒ 16
VALUES

To see what keys and values are in the dictionary, type .keys() or .values()
after the dictionary name.
>>> squares.keys()
dict_keys([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
>>> squares.values()
dict_values([1, 4, 9, 16, 25])
ADDING KEY-VALUE PAIRS To add a key-value pair, assign a value to a key for the dictionary.

>>> squares[6] = 36
>>> print(squares)
{1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36}
 You can change dictionary values.
CHANGING KEYS AND
squares = {1:1, 2: 4, 3:9, 4:16, 5:25}

>>> squares[3] = “wrong square”

>>> print(squares)
VALUES

{1:1, 2: 4, 3:“wrong square”, 4:16, 5:25}

 You can also remove dictionary keys and values.
REMOVING KEYS AND
squares = {1:1, 2: 4, 3:9, 4:16, 5:25}

#Pop out a certain value from dictionary using key

print(squares.pop(4)) #==> 16
print(squares) #==> {1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 5: 25}
VALUES

#Delete a key-value pair or entire dictionary with del

del squares[2]
print(squares) #==> {1: 1, 3: 9, 5: 25}

del squares
print(squares) #==> NameError: name 'squares'
is not defined
LENGTH OF A DICTIONARY To get the length of a dictionary, use the function len(dict1) to count the
number of key-value pairs in the dictionary.

>>> dict1 = {1: “A”, 2: “B”, 3: “C”}

>>> print(len(dict1))
3
 Try creating your own dictionary using your personal details,
like age and name.
EXERCISE I
 Try creating your own dictionary using your personal details,
like age, name and so on.

mydict = {“name”: “Li Mingyao”, “age”: 24, “nationality”:

EXERCISE I

“Singaporean”}

Now try to print one of the values by calling the dictionary key!
 2018 Company Profits

Quarter Profits

Q1 (Jan - Mar) 540390

Q2 (Apr - Jun) 320980

EXERCISE II

Q3 (Jul - Sep) 550021

Q4 (Oct- Dec) 180900

1. Create a dictionary called profits with the information above. The key will be the quarter (Q1,
Q2…) and the value will be the profit for that quarter.
2. Find the monthly average for each quarter, and for the year. Which quarter(s) are below
average?
3. In November, an employee was arrested for embezzling $350,000 from the month’s profits.
This money should be added back into profits. Update profits with the correct quarterly
profits.
4. Create a new dictionary called fin_summ with the new monthly averages for each quarter, to
the nearest dollar. Use int(number) or round(number) to round your numbers.
 1. Create a dictionary called profits with the information above. The key will be the
quarter (Q1, Q2…) and the value will be the profit for that quarter.

profits = {“Q1”:540349, “Q2”: 320980, “Q3”: 550021, “Q4”:

180900}
EXERCISE II
 2. Find the monthly average for each quarter, and for the year. Which quarter(s) are
below average for the year? Round down the average to the nearest whole
number.
q1_ave = int(profits["Q1"] / 3)
3.
q2_ave = int(profits["Q2"] / 3)
EXERCISE II

q3_ave = int(profits["Q3"] / 3)
q4_ave = int(profits["Q4"] / 3)
y_ave = int((profits[“Q1”] + profits[“Q2] + profits[“Q3”] +
profits[“Q4”])/12)

print(q1_ave, q2_ave, q3_ave, q4_ave, y_ave)

Q2 and Q4 are below the annual average.

#Shortcut to finding y_ave

y_ave = int(sum(profits.values()) / 12)
 3. In November, an employee was arrested for embezzling $350,000 from the
month’s profits. Update profits with the correct quarterly values.
profits[“Q4”] = profits[“Q4”] + 350000
OR (same as above)
EXERCISE II

profits[“Q4”] += 350000
 4. Create a dictionary called fin_summ with the new monthly averages for each
quarter, to the nearest dollar. You can use the same keys as in profits.

fin_summ = {“Q1”: q1_ave, “Q2”: q2_ave, “Q3”: q3_ave, “Q4”:

int(profits[“Q4”] / 3)}
EXERCISE II

print(fin_summ)
 Given a nested list, use a nested loop to print all the items
in the list.
EXERCISE III

list1 =
[[‘Matt’,’Ben’,’Jerry’],[1,2,3,4,5],[‘Denmark’,’England’,’Scotland’]]
 Given a nested list, use a nested loop to print all the items
in the list.

list1 =
EXERCISE III

[[‘Matt’,’Ben’,’Jerry’],[1,2,3,4,5],[‘Denmark’,’England’,’Scotland’]]

for i in list1: #i refers to sublist

for x in i: #x refers to elements in each sublist
print(x)
 Create a list called dept_promoted of all the people from
dept_list that were promoted.
EXERCISE IV

dept_list = ["Amy", "Simon", "Vaishak", "Adam", "Siti"]

promoted = ["Simon", "Vaishak", "Siti", "MingYao", "Khairul"]
 Create a list called dept_promoted of all the people from
dept_list that were promoted.
EXERCISE IV

dept_list = ["Amy", "Simon", "Vaishak", "Adam", "Siti"]

promoted = ["Simon", "Vaishak", "Siti", "MingYao", "Khairul"]
dept_promoted = []

for employee in dept_list:

for name in promoted:
if name == employee:
dept_promoted.append(name)
 BONUS
For those of you who want
CHALLENGES something extra
 Create a dictionary called marks with keys Math, English, Science with a
default value of 0
BONUS CHALLENGE 1

>>> print(marks)
{'Math':0,'English':0,'Science':0}
 Create a dictionary called marks with keys Math, English, Science with a
default value of 0
BONUS CHALLENGE 1

>>> marks={'Math':0,'English':0,'Science':0}

OR

>>> marks = {}.fromkeys(['Math','English','Science'], 0)

 1. Add in a new subject History with a score of 90
2. Add in a new subject Geography with a score 60
BONUS CHALLENGE 1
3. Update the English score to be 70
4. Remove the last item of the dictionary
5. Remove Science from the dictionary and assign its value to a variable
called science_marks

>>> marks
{'Math':0,'English':70,'History':90 }
>>> science_marks
0
 1. Add in a new subject History with a score of 90
2. Add in a new subject Geography with a score 60
BONUS CHALLENGE 1
3. Update the English score to be 70
4. Remove the last item of the dictionary
5. Remove Science from the dictionary and assign its value to a variable
called science_marks

>>> marks[‘History’] = 90
>>> marks[‘Geography’] = 60
>>> marks[‘English’] = 70
>>> marks.popitem() OR del marks[‘Geography’]
>>> science_marks = marks.pop(‘Science’)
 6. Use a for loop to print the dictionary keys
7. Use a for loop to print the dictionary values
BONUS CHALLENGE 1
8. Use a for loop to print the key value pairs
9. Create a sorted list of the dictionary keys titled subjects
10. Create a sorted list of the dictionary values titled scores
 6. Use a for loop to print the dictionary keys
7. Use a for loop to print the dictionary values
BONUS CHALLENGE 1
8. Use a for loop to print the key value pairs
9. Create a sorted list of the dictionary keys titled subjects
10. Create a sorted list of the dictionary values titled scores

>>> for i in marks: >>> for i in marks.keys():

print(i) print(i)

Math Math
English English
History History
 6. Use a for loop to print the dictionary keys
7. Use a for loop to print the dictionary values
BONUS CHALLENGE 1
8. Use a for loop to print the key value pairs
9. Create a sorted list of the dictionary keys titled subjects
10. Create a sorted list of the dictionary values titled scores

>>> for i in marks.values():

print(i)

0
70
90
 6. Use a for loop to print the dictionary keys
7. Use a for loop to print the dictionary values
BONUS CHALLENGE 1
8. Use a for loop to print the key value pairs
9. Create a sorted list of the dictionary keys titled subjects
10. Create a sorted list of the dictionary values titled scores

>>> for i in marks.items():

print(i)

('Math', 0)
('English', 70)
('History', 90)
 6. Use a for loop to print the dictionary keys
7. Use a for loop to print the dictionary values
BONUS CHALLENGE 1
8. Use a for loop to print the key value pairs
9. Create a sorted list of the dictionary keys titled subjects
10. Create a sorted list of the dictionary values titled scores

>>> subjects = sorted(marks) >>> subjects = sorted(marks.keys())

>>> subjects >>> subjects
['English', 'Math', 'Science'] ['English', 'Math', 'Science']
 6. Use a for loop to print the dictionary keys
7. Use a for loop to print the dictionary values
BONUS CHALLENGE 1
8. Use a for loop to print the key value pairs
9. Create a sorted list of the dictionary keys titled subjects
10. Create a sorted list of the dictionary values titled scores

>>> scores=sorted(marks.values())
>>> scores
[0, 70, 90]
 Create a 2-dimensional array called 2D_array, use a nested for loop to print
out each number in the array on a seperate line
BONUS CHALLENGE 2

1
2
3
4
>>> 2D_array = [[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8, 9],[10, 11, 12]] 5
6
7
8
9
 Create a 2-dimensional array called 2D_array, use a nested for loop to print
out each number in the array on a seperate line
BONUS CHALLENGE 2

>>> 2D_array = [[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8, 9],[10, 11, 12]]
>>> for i in range(len(2D_array)):
for j in range(len(2D_array[i])):
print(2D_array[i][j])
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9