2. Chapter —— Sets Contents: 21 Meaning of a Set 2.2 Methods of Describing a Set 2.2.1. Tabular Form 2.2.2, Set Builder Form 23° Types of a Set : 2.3.1. Finite Set, Infinite Set, Empty Set, Subset, Universal Set 2.3.2. Equal Sets, Overlapping Sets, Disjoint Sets, Complementary Set 2.4 — Operations on Sets 2.4.1. Union of Sets 2.4.2. Intersection of Sets 2.4.3. Difference of Sets 25 Demorgan’s Laws (Without Proof) 26 Venn Diagrams 2.7 Cartesian Product of Two Sets 2.8 — Statement of Following Laws (Without Proof) Relating to Union and Intersection of Sets : i) Idempotent Laws, ii) Identity Laws, iti) Commutative Laws, iv) Associative Laws, v) Distributive Laws (10 L, 15 M) 2.1 Meaning of a Set Set: A collection or class or list of yell defined objects is called asset Ex: 1. Collection of colleges in India. Collection of books in library. Collection of numbers - 1, 3, 5,7 List of days in week. The vowels of English alphabet - a, e,i,0,0 BCA 301: FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS 231 YR eN6. The temples in India. Notation : Sets are usually denoted by capital letters A, B, C..... X, Y, Zz. If the elements ‘a’ is in the set ‘A’ then we write a € A, read as ‘a’ belongs to A. Elements : The objects in a set are called elements or members. Notation : Elements are denoted by small letters a, b, ©, .... X,Y, 2 If the element ‘a’ is not in the set A then we writea ¢ A, Read as ‘a’ does not belongs to ‘A’. 2.2 Methods of Describing Set: Sets are represented by two methods. 2.2.1. Tabular form or Roster form or List form : If the elements in the set are known and few in numbers; then the set can be written in lia form or roster form or tabular form. Ex. I. Let A be collection of numbers 1, 3, 7, 8 then we write A = {1, 3, 7, 8}, that is elements are separated by commas and enclosed in the bracket { }. Ex. 2. Suppose B is list of days in a week then, B= {Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu; Fri, Sat }. 2.2.2. Rule form or set builder form : If the elements are large in number and they satisfy some property p then the set is written in the form. A= {x| p(x)} or A= {|x satisfy property P } Read as “x such that x satisfy property P’’, Ex. 1. Ais set of numbers 2, 4, 6, 8 That is set of all even numbers, then we write. A= {x|x is even }, - This form is called rule form or set builder form. Ex.2, Bis collection of colleges in India, then we write B= {x| xis college in India } Ex. 3. * is collection of books in library then we write x= i : = {|x is book in lib Ex.4 ae Y is collection of stars in the sky, ; then we write Y= {x | is star in the sky}., Empty set or void set : A set having no eléments is called a null set Itis denoted by { } or g, Ex.l. LetA= {x/xis Person older than 200 years} Then A=, according to known statistics, The set B is set of triangles having the sum of internal angles 240° degrees. Then B= 9, because sum of intemal angles of triangle is 180° degrees. Ex.3. C= {x|x?=~4, x is real number} or empty set or void set. Ex. 2. Then C = 9, because there is no real number having its square negative. 2.3.2. Singleton Set :.A set which contains only one element is called a singleton set. Ex.l. {2}, (x },€ 0 } are singleton sets, because each of these sets contain only one element, Ex.2. If A is set of capitals of India, then A = {Delhi}, It is singleton set. 2.3.3, Finite Set : If we start counting the number of elemeits in a set and if the counting Process comes to an end then the set is called finite set. Ex.1. Suppose A= {2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10} then A is finite set. Ex.2. Bis set of days in week. Then B = {Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat.} B is finite set. 2.3.4. Infinite set : If the processes of counting the elements of given set cannot come to an end, the set is called an infinite set. : Ex.1. LetA = {x|x.is star in the sky } Then A is infinite set. Ex.2. Let N be set of natural numbers. Then N= {1, 2, 3, 4.....}. This is infinite set. 2.3.5. Equality of Sets : Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they both have the same elements, We denote by A = B. Thus A = B if every element of A belongs to B and every element of B belongs to A. Ex. Let A= {1, 5,9, 11, 13}, B= {5, 13, 11, 9, 1}. Then A =, because they contain the same elements, the order in which the elements occur in the set is immaterial. Ex.2. Let C= (4,7, 4, 9}, D = {7, 4, 7, 9} Then C= D = {4, 7, 9} because C and D contain the same elements. Note that the set docs not change if its elements repeated then it is written only once in the set. Ex.3. Let = {x|x2-1=0}, Y=(-1, 1} Here x? -1 = 0 implies (x-1) (x+1) = 0 " Therefore x — 1=0, x + 1= 0 implies x =x = Hence x= {-1, 1} So * =. BCA 301 : FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS. « 33Let A is set of letters in the word ‘state’. B is the set of letters in the word estat, | Then | A={s,atte} = {s,a,t,c}, B={e,s,ta,te} = {s,a, tc} Thus A=B 2.3.6 Subset : If every clement in a set A is also a member of a set B then A is called subset of Bor Bis called superset of A. - Thus A is subset of B, Ifx € A implies x € B. We denote this relationship by writing A cB orB>A. Ex. 1. Ex. 2. Read as A is contained in B or B contains A. Let A={2,3,5}, B={1,2,3,4,5,6} Thn 2¢€A>2eB 3eA>3eB 5seA>5eB Hence, ACB Let A be set of letter in the word ‘MATHEMATICS’. B is set of letters in the end word ‘STATISTICS.’ Here A={M,A,T,H,E,1,C,S} B={S,T.A,LC} Every element of B is in A. Hence Bc A Remark: 1. 2) 3. The empty set is @ is sub set of every set A. @ is called improper subset of A. Every set A is subset of itself, Denoted by ACA. Here A is called improper subset of A. If A is not subset of B then we denote A ¢ B or Bp A. 2.3.7 Universal Set : A suitably chosen non-empty set of which all sets under consideration are its subsets is called the universal set. We denote the universal set by U or X. Venn diagram of universal set is considered as rectangle, Ex. 1. Ex. 2. Ex. 3, U Suppose that... A= Set of books of Accountancy in a library of Management Institute of N. M. U: B = Set of books of Mathematics in library of Management Institute of N. M. U. C= Set of books of statistics in library of Management Institute of N.M. U. Then the universal set U= Set of all books in library of Management Institute of N. M. U. In human population studies, the universal set Uis the set of all people in the world: LetA={a,e,d}, B= {aeiou} 34 © PRASHANT PUBLICATIONSC= {h,i,j,k}, Then the universal set is U= {a,b,c English alphabets, Set of Sets If the elements of certain set are sets then instead of saying set of scts we write class of sets or family of sets. The class of sets we denote by script letters A, B, C. etc... Ex. Let A= {{ 1,2}, {5}, (6, 7,8} } The elements of this set are { 1, 2,}, {5}, (6, 7,8, } which are sets. 2,3.8 Power Set = The class of all subsets of set X is called power set of X. Denoted by P (X) or 2 Ex.l. LetA={a,b} then P(A)=24={0, {a}, (b}, {a,b} Ex.2. LetB={a,b, c} then P(B)=2= ({a}, {b}, {c}, {ab}, {ab}, (ach (bc} (abe}} Note : That if A contains 2 elements then 2“ contains 2” = 4 elements. In general if A contains n elements then 2“ contains 2° elements. 2.3.9 Disjoint Sets : If Sets A and B have no element in common then they are said to be disjoint sets. x,y,z} =set of all Thus A and B are disjoint if no element of A is in B and no clement of B is in A. Ex.1. LetA={2,4,6},B={1,3,5 },then A and B are disjoint as there is no element in common. Ex.2. LetB={2,3,5,7}, C={7,8, 10} Then B and C are not disjoint since element 7 is common to both A and B. Mlustrative Examples : Ex.1. Write in set notation the following. A is superset of B : Y ismember of A iii, Z does not belong to A iv. M isnot subset of T v. B_ is included in C Solution : i ADB i, Yea ii, ZEA iii, MeT iv, BCC BCA 301 : FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS « 35ee 2. State in words : Solution : Ex. 3. ‘A= {x |x lives in Jalgaon } B= {x|x speaks Marathi } C= {x |x is older than 18 years } D= {x |x is citizen of India } ‘A is set of all x such that x lives in Jalgaon. B is set of all x such that x speaks Marathi. C is set of all x such that x is older than 18 years. D is set of all x such that x is citizen of India. A= {x|3x=6} and let b=2. Does b=A? Solution: A= {x|3x=6}={x|x=2}=(2} Ex. 4. i. Solution : i. ii. iii. Here A= {2)} isthe set. b=2 is the element, Thus b#A. ; Let s= {x,y z}. State whether the following statements are correct or incorrect, xes itycs ili, {x} es iv. {z}.cs Correct. Incorrect, Because y is an element and S$ is set, The symbol ‘<” is between two set if one is subset of other. , | Incorrect. Because { x } and S are both sets. The symbol < connects an elemen! and a set if the element belongs to the set. f {2} s is comect. | Write the following sets in a set builder form. | A is set of integers 1, 2,3, 4, 5. | B={2,4,6,8......} } Let C consists of states in India. D= {2} aan : i) ii) iii) iv) = {x |x is positive integer less than 6 } = {x| xis even and positive } eae x is state and x is in India } D={x|2x=4} or D={x|x-2=0) N vont ote thatthe representation in the set builder form need Rot be unique 36 © PRASHANT PUBLICATIONS a Fe -Ex.6. — Write the following sets in tabular form. i x|x?—3x+2=0} | x is letter in the word management } 4,x-2=1} . iv. D={x|x is a digit in the number 45312 } -3x+2=0 = (x-1)(K-2)=0 > x=1,x=2 A= {1,2} ii, B={man,get} iii. a4 x= 42, x-251>° x53 {+223} 4,5,3,1,2} Ex.7. A= {0,2} State whetlier each of the following statements is correct or incorrect. i {2} eA ii, Gea iii, {0}CA iv. OcA v. OcA Solution : i Incorrect, Because € connects elements and set if the element belongs to the set. Incorrect. Because @ and A are both sets. iii, Correct. iv. Correct. ve Incorrect Ex. 8. Which of the following sets are finite? The days of the month. {x|x is add integer } : iii, €1, 2,3 -sseee19, 20} iv. 1,2, v. Rivers in India. Solution : i. Finite ii. Infinite iii. Finite iv. Infinite v. Finite Ex.9. Which of the following sets are equal. i. A={a, b,c, dj B={a,b,a,c, d} iii, C= {b,d,c,a, b} Solution : Order of elements and repetition of element do not change the set. } BCA 301 : FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS ¢ 37A={a,b,c, d} B= {a, b,c, d} C={a,b,c,d} A=B=C Ex. 10. Are the following sets different ? @ is empty set. {0 } is singleton set containing element 0. {6} is singleton set containing clement All the sets are different. Which of the following sets is null set ? A= {x|xis letter before a in alphabet } B={x|x?=4 and 2x=7} C={x|xt4=4} Solution : i A is null set since there is no letter before a in alphabet ii, =4=>x=42, 2x=7>x=7/2 ‘ There is no x satisfying both equations. Therefore B is null set. x+4=4>x=0 C={0} “ Cis not null set. | Ex.12. LetA={0, {1,2,} Write all subsets of A. Solution : Subset of A are 0, { 0}, {1,2;}, A. 2.4 Operations of Sets 2.4.1. Union : The union of two séts A and B is the set of all elements which are in A or in B or in both. Itt denoted by AUB (real as ‘A Union B’), Thus AUB = {x|x € A and/orx € B} AUB is shaded portion, Remarks : i, AUB = BUA, ii, A and Bare subsets of AUB, 38 e PRASHANT PUBLICATIONSie. AC (AUB), BC (AUB). Ex. A= {2,3,5,8,9},B={1,3,4,5,6} Then AUB = { 1,2, 3,4, 5, 6,8,9} 2.4.2. Intersection : The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all elements which are in A and in B both. Denoted by A MB (read as “A intersection B”) Thus A B= {x|x € Aandx eB}. Venn diagram of AB. AB is shaded portion. Remark : i ANB=BNA. (ANB)CA, (AN B)CB iii, A B is the set of common elements to A and B . 2.4.3. Difference of two sets : Let A and B be any two sets. The difference denoted by A — B (real as ‘A minus B’) is defined as set of elements which are in A but not in B. Thus A-B={x.eA andx ¢B} Venn diagram of A —B. A-Bis shaded portion. Ex. Let A={2,3,5,6,9},B=(2,4,5,6,8) Then A-B={3,9},B-A=(4,8} Note : That A- B#B~A Remark : i, (A-B) CA ii, . The difference A- B is.also denoted by A/B or A~B. BCA 301 : FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS « 392.4.4. Complement : Let A be any set. The complement of A is the set of all elements which does not belong to 4) Detioted by A’ or A® Thus, A= {x|x@A}H{X[X EU XEA} Venn diagram of A’: fA y Yy ‘A! is shaded portion Ex. Let U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 8, 9, 10 } be universal set A= {2,4, 6,8, 10} then A’={1,3,5,7,9} Remark i. AUA? =U (universal set) ii, AMA’ =O (empty set) u’=@and 0’ =U iv. (A’)’ =A (Complement of complement of A is A itself) vy. A-B=ANB’ Note the following results : 1. AcB implies ANB=A 2. AcB implies AUB=B 3. ACB implies B’ cA’ 4. AcB implies AU (B- A) =B. @ Gi) OD Solution : @ om) iii) (iv) 40 » PRASHANT PUBLICATIONS,eo Ex. 2. Find : Solution : AU Bis shaded portion. Let U={a,b,c,defg,h} A={a,c,b,d}, B={a,b,e,f}, C=(de,f8} i, AUC ii, C-B iii, A’-B iv. (A- BY’ v. BNC vi. BUC vii. CNA viii, (AN A’)! i) AUC={a,c,b,d,e,f,g} ii) C-B={d,g} iii) ef gh} * A’-B= {gh} iv) | A-B= {c,d} “(A-BY ={abefgh} vy) BNC={e,f} vi) B={c,d,g,h} “BUC={odg,he,f} vil) C’={a,b,c,h} SCO NA={(a,b,c} viii) A={a,c,b,d}, A’=(e,f,gh} SANA'=0 “(ANA =9 =U= (a,b, 6,4,¢,6 8h} Ex.3. In Venn diagram given below. Shade CH) i ANB ii. B iii, B-A iv. AXUB_ v. ANB? vi. A*—B? BCA 301 : FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS 41Solution : i) ii) iii) =: AN Bis shaded portion B’ is shaded portion B—A is shaded portion iv) vy) U B ANB’ is shaded portion shaded portion _B’ — shaded portion A’ —B’ is shaded portion Ex.4. LetA={1,2,5,7,9}, B={2,8,9, 10,11} C={2,4,8, 9, 10, 12} Verify that AU (BUC) =(AUB)UC. Solution : First we find BUC: 7 BUC={2,8,9, 10, 11, 4, 12} 2 AUBUO={1,2,5,7,9, 8,10, 11,4, 12}... a) Now first find AUB AU B={1,2,5,7,8,9, 10, 11} * AU B)UC={1,2,5,7,9,8, 10, 11,4; 12}..5, (2) . From (1) and (2) we have AU@®UO=(AUB)UC Ex.S. Prove thati. Ac (AUB) ii, BC(AUB) Solution: i, LetxeAS>xeAUB *- Every element of A is in A UB, 42 « PRASHANT PUBLICATIONSEx. 6. “ACAUB ii, Let xeB>xeAUB <. Every element of B is in AUB. BCAUB In the following Venn diagrams shade A 1 B Gi) Gil) (iv) OO Solution : w@ ii) (iv) Hy OO} |@ AN Bis shaded AN Bis shaded ANB=6 ANB is shaded portion portion portaion Ex.7. A={2,3,5,7,} B={2,7,9, 10,11} C={5,9, 13,14, 15} Find i ANB ii, ANC ii, BNC iv. BNB Solution: i. A B= {2,7} ANC={ }=0 ii, BN C= {9} iv. BN B= {2,7,9, 10, 11} Let A={a,b,c,d} B= {c,d f,g,h} Verify that A (BN C)=(ANB)NC Solution : We first find BM C BNC={e,f8} » AN(BNC)HA{C} wee qa) Now find ANB first ANB={c,d} * (ANB)NC={c} .. Q) +. From (1) and (2) we get AN(@NC) =(ANB)NC. C={ofghk} BCA 301 : FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS « 43Ex.9. Prove that (i) ANBCA ii)ANBCB Solution: ~ i, Letx eANB = x cAandx eB “In particular x €A -. Every element of A MB isin A. “ ANBCA. ii, Letx EAB implies x € A and x € B. -. In particular x € B -. Every element of A 0 B is in B. * ANBCB. Remark: i) ANA=A ii) UNA=A, Uis universal set. iii) ANO=¢, @ is enipty set. Ex.10. LetA={a,b,c,d,}, B={b,d,e,f} C={ode,g} Find. i.(A-B) ii,(C-AY iii. (B-C) iy. (B-A) Solution: i, A- B= Set of all element in A which are not in B. ~ = {ac} Likewise ii. C-A =fe,g} iii, B-C={b,f} iv. B-A=f{e,f} Ex. 11, In the following Venn diagrams shade the Set A —B. @ Gi) Gi) © (ii) ec} A~B is shaded portion A~Bis shaded Portion A_ Rigs shaded portion , Remark: i, (A-B)CA ii. (A-B)NB=gEx.12, Let U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, A={1,3,5,67} B={3,4,5,8}, C= {2,3,4,5,6} Find iA’ ii, B’ iii, (ANB) iv. BC) Solution : i. A” = Set of all elements in U Which are not in A = {24,8} i. B’ = Set of all elements in U which are not in B. {1,2,6,7} iii, (ANB) = Set of elements which are in A and in B both. + = {3,5} = (ANBY Set of elements in U which are not in (A 9 B) = {1,2,4,6,7,8} iv. B-C = _ Set of elements in B which are not in C= { 8 } (B-©)’ = _ Set ofall elements in U which are not in B—C = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,} Ex. 13. In the following Venn diagram shade the sets ye ii)(ANBY ifi)(B-AY) ivy A’ NB? Solution: (i) B’ is shaded portion (A NB)’ is shaded portion iii) First shade B — A then (B — A)’ is area outside'B — A. BCA 301 : FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS « 45A’ shaded B’ is shaded A’ 1 B’ is common to both which is shaded. A’ 1B’ is shaded portion. an ne The following laws are called De- Morgan’s laws. i (AUBY’ = A’N B’ ii, | (ANB)’=A’ UB’ Proof. i. Let x € (AUB)’ > x ¢ (AUB) = x€Aandx¢B = x€A’andx eB’ = xeA’nB’ . (AUBY cA’ NB’ vee A) NowLet x€A’NB’ = x eA’ andx €B’ = x@Aandx€B = x€AUB = x €(AUB)’ A'NB’c(AUBY ae (2) From (1) and (2) (AUB)’= A’ NB? ii Let x € (ANB)? = x€@ ANB = x€Aandx¢€B = x€A’ andx ¢B’ = xe€A°UB * (ANB)’CA’UBY @) Nowlet x €A’ UB’ "x eA’ andorx eB’ = x€Aandx¢B x€ANB 46 « PRASHANT PUBLICATIONS=> xE(ANBY » AUB C(ANBY 4) . From (3) and (4) (ANBY =A’ UB? Ex. 13. Prove that. iB-ACA’ ii, B-A’=BNA Solution : i, Let x€B-A = xe€Bandx¢A = xen B-A cA’ B-A’ ={x|x€B,x€@A"} = {x|x€B,xeA} = BNA nies ae A simple and instructive way to know the relationships between sets, the English logician ‘enn given a method in which sets are represented by diagrams. These diagrams are called Venn iagrams. For this purpose sets are represented by closed figures as : Onn Circle Elliptic Rectangle The elements of the sets are written inside these regions. .7 Cartesian Product of Two set Let A and B be two sets, The set of all ordered pais (a,b) where a € A and b € Bis called the artesian product of A and B. This product is denoted by A * B. Thus Ax B= {a,b} |a€A, bEB}. Note that (a,b) # (b, a). AxBEBXA Ex.l. Let A={a,b}, B=(1,2,3} Then A x B= { (a, 1), (a, 2), (a, 3), (b, 1), (b, 2) (b, 3) } Bx A= {(1,a), (1, b), (2a), (2,6), (3,4) @G, b)} BCA 30] ; FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS» 47Ex.2. IfA={1,2,3}, B= {4,5}, C={1,2,3,4,5} Find. i AXB ii, CxB iii, Bx B Hence prove that (Cx B)- (Ax B) =BxB Solution : i. Ax B= {(1,4), (1, 5), (2,4), (2,5), (3,4), (3, 5) } i CxB={(1,4),(1, 5), (2,4), (2, 5), 3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 4), (4, 5), (5, 4), (5, 5) } Bx B={ (4,4), (4,5), (5,4), (5, 5) } Now (Cx B)-(A B)= { (4,4), (4, 5), (5, 4), (5, 5) } =BxB Ex. 3. If x= { a, b,c } is the universal set and A= {a,b}, B={a,c}C={b,c} Write the following sets. i.AXB ii, AxC iii, A'XB iv. Ax® Solution : i. AxB= {(a,a), (a,c), (b, a), (b,c) } ii, AxC= { (a,b), (a, ©), (b, b), (b,c) } ii, A'={c}, B={ac} “A'XB={(,a),(c,0)} iv. @ is empty set. “AXO=O0 There are many important inter-relationships among the set operations. Following are amon the set operations. Following are the laws relating to union and intersection, Let U be universal set. @ be the empty set. A, B, C are any sets, 2.7.1. Idempotent Laws : ip AUA=A ii; ANA=A 2.7.2. Identity Laws : i AUG=A ii; ANU=A ii, AUU =U iv. ANO=0 2.7.3. Commutative Laws : i, AUB=BUA ii, ANB=BNA 2.7.4, Associative Laws : i, (AUB) UC =AU(BUC) ii, (ANB)NC=AN(BNC) 2.7.5. Distributive Laws : i, AU@BNC)=(AUB)N(AUG 48 « PRASHANT PUBLICATIONS iEii; AN(BUC)=(ANB)U(ANG The distributive law (i) is called as union is distributive over intersection and the distributive law (ii) is called as intersection is distributive over union. 2.7.6. Involution Law : (ayaa 2.7.7. Complement Laws : Ex.l. If A={1,2,3}, B= {2,3,4} and = {1,2, 3,4, 5, 6 }, Verify the D- Morgan’s Laws. i, (AUBY ANB’ i, - (ANBY = AUB Solution : i. AUB = {1,2,3}U {2,34} = {1,2,3,4} (AUBY) = {56} 0a a) Now A’ = {45,6}, © B={1,5,6} A'NB’ = {5,6} a @ From (1) and (2) (AUB)'=A’ UB’ ii, ANB . =. {12,3} {2,34} = {2,3} (ANBY = (1456) 00 tee @) Now AUB = {4,5,6}U{1,5,6} = {1,4,5,6} (4) From (3) and (4) (ANBy = A’UB’ Ex.2. Let U={1,2,4,5,6,} A=(2,4,6} Verify 1) Idempotent Laws i) AUA=A 2) Identify Laws )AUO=A ii) ANU=A iii) AUU=U iv) ANO=0 Solution : Loi AUA = {2,4,6} U {2,4,6} BCA 301 : FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS ¢ 49ii. ANA = 2 i AUO = ii, ANU = ii, AUU = iv. AN® = Ex.3. Let A={2,5,7}, Verify commutative laws i: AUB=BUA Solution : i. AUB = BUA = “AUB = ii. ANB BNA SAnB = Ex.4. A= {a,b,¢, fg}, C={a,d,h,e} Verify the associative law {2,4,6}=A {2,4,6} 9 {2,46} {2,4,6}=A {2,4,6} U® ={2,4,6}=A {2,4,6} 9 (1,2, 3,4, 5,6} * {2,4,6}=A (2,4,6} U (1,2,3,4,5,6} {1,2,3,4,5,6}=U {2,4,6}NO=0 B={1,5,8} ii, ANB=BNA- {2,5,7,} U {1,5,8} (2,5,7,1,8}={1,2,5,7,8} cooly {1,5, 8} U {2,5,7} {1,5,8,2,7} ={1,2,5,7,8} vn Q BUA from (1) & (2) {2,5,7,}{1,5,8}={5} {1,58} (2,5,7}={5} BNA B={b,c,d,e} AN(BNC)=(ANB)NC Draw Venn diagram Solution : BNC = -ANBNOG ANB = (ANB)NC = From (1) & (2) ANBNG = 50 ¢ PRASHANT PUBLICATIONS : {bede}N {adhe} {d} {abofeyn (ay 0 20) {4 befeh {bode} {be}. (Kern (xdheyag we) (ANB)ncAN@N© - “(AU B)N(AUC) From (3) & (4) Ex.5. If A=(4,5,7,8,10}, B=(4,5,9), C= {1,4,6,9}. Verify the distributive laws i, AN@uUC) = (ANB)U(ANG ii AU(BNC) = (AUB)NAUG olution : i. BUC = {4,5,9}U{1,4,6,9} = {1,4,5,6,9} ANQBUC) = {4,5,7,8,10}9{1,4,5,6,9} SASF ay Now ANB = {4,5,7,8,10}9{4,5,9} ={4,5} ANC = {4,5,7,8,10}9{1,4,6,9}= {4} HAMB)U(ANC) = {4,5} U{4}={4,5,} ~@) ++ From (1) and (2) AN(@uUC) = (ANB)U(ANC) BNC . = {4,5,9}{1,4,6,9}={4,9} AU(BNC) = {4,5,7,8,10}U {4,9} ={4,5,7,8,9, 10 AUB = {4,5,7,8,10}U {4,5,9}={4,5, 7,8, 9, 10} AUC. = {4,5,7,8,10}U {1,4,6,9}={1,4, 5, 6,7,8,9, 10} {4,5, 7,8, 9, 10} M {1,4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10} {4,5, 7, 8,9, 10} wel) AU (BNC)=(AU B)N(AU CO) Ex.6. If A={1,2}, B={2,3}, C= {3,5}, then Find, Ax(BUC) Ax(BNC) (AxB)u (Ax) (AxB)N(AxC) BCA 301 : FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS ¢ 51Solution : i. BUC = {2,3}U (3,5}={2,3,5} SAX(BUC) = {1,2} * {23,5} = {(1,2), (1,3), CL, 5), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 5) } ii. AxB {1,2} * {2,3} = “{(1,2), (1,3), 2, 2), @, 3) } AxC’ = {1,2}% {3,5} (AX B)U (AC) iii, BnC Ax(BNC) iv. (AxB) {(, 3), (1, 5), 2, 3), 2, 5)} { (1,2), (1,3), (2, 2), 2, 3), (1, 5), @ 5) } {2,3} {3,5} = {3} {1,2} % {3} =€(1,3)},@,3)} {1,2} %* {2,3} = {(,2),0, 3), 2,2) @ 3)} AxC = {1,2}* {3,5} = {(1,3), (1,5), @ 3), 2 5) } 2 (AXB)N(AXC) . = {1,3},02,3)} : 1. Write the following sets in roster form i, A= {x €R:x-1=0 }, R—Set of real numbers. i {x:x isan integer, -3 2x23} iii C = {x x is perfect square, x 2 28} 2. Write the following sets in set builder form i A={2,4,6,8,10} H.B=€1,%93,%, "5 cess} iii, C= { -5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0, 1,2} 3. Which of the following statements are true 2 {b} €(1,2,3, (4}} 4. i, List the subsets of the set A= { 1,2,3} ii, List the subset of Set B= {1, {2,3 }} 5. LetA= {1,2,3,4,5,6}, C= { 2,3, 5,6, 12, 17}, find iAUB ii, ANB ii, ANC iv. BUC v.A-B vi BHA WA=(1,2,3,4}, B= (2,3,4,5} and C= {3,4,5,6) ii4€ {4} iv. € {{ 0 }} B= {3, 6,8, 12, 17, 18} 6. 52 ¢ PRASHANT PUBLICATIONS.Find iiA-B A-(B-C) 7 A={1,2,3,4},B={2,4,6,8) C= {3,4,5, 6}, find i(ANB)NC iL AN(BNG 8. IfA={1,4}, B= {4,5}, i, (A XB) U (A x C) 9. IfA={1,4), B={4,3), Ax (BUC)=(AXB)U (Ax) 10. Evaluate the following. i. {6,5} % {5,3} ii. {6,2} « {2,6} I. IfA=(2,4,6,8},B={1,2,5,6,7} C= {0, 2, 6,7,8} AU(BNC)=(AUB)N(AUC). ii, B-C, iv. (A+B)-C and i. (AUB) AC = {5,7}, Find ii, (Ax B)N(AxC) C= {3,6}, Verify that.. iv (ANB)UC iii, { {6}, {2}}*({6}, (1}} Verify that .... 12. IfA, B, C are non- empty sets such that A U B=A U Cis it true that B=C? Why? 13. If A={1,2,3,4) _ B={2,4,6,8} 1,2,3,4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10} Verify the following : i AU(BUC)=(AUB)UC ii, AU(BNC)=(AUB)N (AUC) iii, AN (BUC)=(ANB)U(ANC) iv. (AN BY =A’ UB" C={3,4,5, 6 } and the universal set C= {a,b,c} i. (C}EC vi (AY =A 14. IfA={d}, B={c,d}, D={a,b}, E={a,b,c}. 15. State whether the following statements are true or false. iCcB ii. CEB iv.DcC v.C=E A={-1,1} 2 i A= { x: x is even integer <1] } ii, B= {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} iii. C= { 1,49, 16, 25 } BCA 301 ; FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS ¢ 53