Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bayombong Campus

DEGREE BSCE COURSE NO. PC-CEM 2

PROGRAM
SPECIALIZATION CONSTRUCTION COURSE TITLE ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHOD
ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT
MANAGEMENT
YEAR LEVEL 4 TIME FRAME 6HRS WK NO. 16 IM NO. 10

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

A. Quality Management

II. LESSON TITLE

A. Quality Management

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

In this chapter we discuss about the quality management includes of quality control, quality
assurance and quality planning.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Discuss and explain the quality management
2. Define quality management.

V. LESSON CONTENT

Quality management is the foundation for construction projects and plays a major role in defining whether
the project is a success or a failure. Every construction company desires to deliver the quality of work,
as it has become the judging criteria for the company and also plays a vital role in building its reputation.
Quality management in construction involves putting in place the policies, processes, and procedures to
improve the approach and methods in order to deliver the aimed quality and match the required
standards. For any company, establishing the internal and external principles along with the guidelines
results in quality.
Objective of total quality management
 To minimize the occurrence of defects in the construction project
 To identify and solve defects and issues before the project handover

7 principles of quality management system in Construction

To suffice the two objectives of quality management, the process is bifurcated in two segments with each
segment having the precise role to improve the overall quality. The two subsets of quality management
are Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC). A famous illustration of the umbrella of quality
explains the components and its importance.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022

There a few principles of a construction quality management system that are essential for successful
quality management on a construction project.
The following are the important 7 principles of a construction quality management system:
 Client focus
 Leadership
 Engagement of people
 The process approach
 Improvement
 Evidence-based decision making
Relationship management
There are a number of activities that converge to make a quality management plan. These activities vary
from monitoring to auditing. The following illustration shows the different activities involved in the process
of quality management.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 2 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022

Quality Management Plan for Construction Projects

The very famous quote of ‘Prevention is better than cure’ is relevant for the quality management of a
construction project. Preventing the defect is much more cost and time effective than correcting the
defect.
It is important to establish a plan to act before the starting of the actual construction. The quality
management plan should be inclusive of the following :
Quality policies
Clear and measurable quality objectives
Requirement standards
Other statutory and legal standards
As the quality management plan is both an internal and external tool, it should ensure adherence to the
necessary quality standards that enable continuous improvement and ultimately good performance
Once the quality management plan is in place, the next phase is to develop procedures that will enable
you to achieve the objectives.
All the processes and methods should be recorded along with the defects and repairs, which might prove
important for future endeavors. Documentation is an essential part of the construction quality
management system.
Quality Management Plan should portray the authorities, strategies, instruments, and procedures that
are explicit to guaranteeing project excellence, decreasing expense, and dispensing with pointless
adjustments and additional changes.
A very important theory for quality management in construction is the PDCA concept. It involves Planning,
Doing, Checking, and Acting for continuous improvement.

Planning – Developing an effective quality plan with a specific target of achieving the desired quality.
Doing – Implementing the plan as a solution and change.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 3 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022
Checking – Reviewing and evaluating the planned and actual levels of quality.
Acting – Taking actions based on the review and past lessons learned.
Continuing this cycle till the required quality is achieved, is the basic fundamental practice in construction
which provides the desired results in the form of higher quality levels.
Best Quality Management Practices
Knowledge is of no value until you put it into practice. There are certain well-established practices in the
market that are being followed in the construction industry with regard to quality management. Some of
these best practices are discussed below:
1. Documentation
Lack of documentation becomes a problem of acceptance. Good documentation of past activities and
actions will help one down the road with unexpected liabilities. Therefore, all quality measures and metrics
should be centrally documented with ease of access.
2. Involving Stakeholders
Stakeholders are the people who can affect the project negatively or positively, by direct or indirect
means. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to involve the project participants and stakeholders in the
process of building and identifying quality standards and guidelines of the construction project.
3. Solicit Feedback
Taking feedback at continuous intervals, from the project team, stakeholders, and customers regarding
the site practices and the quality results of those practices along with the quality baselines is an effective
practice to improve or maintain the standards of quality on a construction project.
4. Being Proactive
An important approach for better quality is to focus on detecting and address of quality during the project
life-cycle before it becomes an issue. Being proactive at all times can make a huge difference in the
improvement of the quality of the project.
5. Iterative
Quality Management is a continuous, iterative cycle that is directed all through the project life-cycle.
Monitoring the iterations is a crucial work that has to be looked after by the project manager of the
particular construction project.
6. Tracking Trends
Continuous tracking of the project’s conformity to the defined quality standards, and representation of
quality metrics data in terms of trends and graphical tools, over time, is an essential activity for monitoring
the trend and the quality standards in a construction project.
7. Reviewing
A timely review of quality standards and quality measures taken is an appreciated management practice
that imparts good results in terms of achieving desired standards of quality. Depending on the project
complexity the interval and frequency of the review may vary but should be carried out without a miss.
8. Setting Thresholds
Establishing thresholds that identify when the corrective actions are to be taken, at the beginning of the
project and successfully conveying them to the project team, will keep the project performance within the
acceptable boundaries of quality.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 4 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022
9. Analyzing
The essential practice is to analyze the impact of every process or step on the quality of the element,
program, or project as a whole. This will ensure the end results of the processes are within the quality
requirements of the construction project.
10. Taking quick actions
Knowing the situation, being proactive, and taking quick decisions after consultation with the project team,
can avoid escalation of the quality issues and can sometimes minimize the possible impacts of these
issues to a certain extent.
11. Archive quality
Archival of data and information consisting of the quality measures taken in previous successful projects
is a must. In order to incorporate the lessons learned from historical experiences, archiving data is an
essential practice that can make a remarkable impact on the process of achieving the desired quality
standards.
12. Disseminate Quality
Spreading the approach and the quality goal widely in the project team and stakeholders of the
construction project, regarding the quality measures to be adopted, can create a better working
environment and encourage the importance of quality and the ethical practices to achieve the desired
standards.
13. Continuous Improvement
Management is a continuous process and to achieve strong results in terms of quality, the project
manager should continuously think of ways to improve the quality of the overall project and focus
constantly on bringing up quality standards by encouraging ethical practices in a construction project.
14. Triple Constraints
Quality has to be examined in correspondence to the three constraints of a project, i.e., scope, time, and
cost. While managing quality, it is important to check and monitor the change in any one of the constraints
due to quality can affect the other two constraints of the construction project. This will help the project
team to analyze the costs and benefits of applying a level of quality in the particular construction project.
What is quality control in construction?

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 5 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022
Quality control is a management system that focuses on construction quality: a final building or renovated
space that is leak free with finishes that age well and stand the test of time. Achieving quality in
construction goes beyond the associates of a construction company alone and extends to trade partners
who will be putting the work in place. While most companies create some sort of quality control guidelines,
not every company will surpass basic requirements.

In terms of quality, there are two aspects: quality assurance and quality control.

Quality assurance sets the expectations of a quality program and how implementation will begin. For
you, this is your first glimpse on how important your general contractor sees quality. If the program isn’t
as in-depth as you expected, always ask questions.

The next step is quality control; this is how the quality program gets executed. There was a time when
quality depended solely on trade partners doing good work and hoping for the best. However, more and
more, people want construction companies to create site-specific quality control plans to help ensure
lasting results.

Our site-specific quality control plans are centered around a proactive mentality of managing quality
through the major phases of the project: preconstruction (planning and peer-reviews), construction, and
post-construction. We will go into each phase in more detail; however, here is a general overview of what
to expect during the three-phase process.

Preconstruction phase:

 Trade partner qualifications

 Constructability/Peer reviews

Construction phase:

 Pre-installation meetings
 Collaboration
 Mock ups
 Initial inspection of first-install work
 Compliance inspections
 Zero-defect policy
 Follow-up inspections
 Testing

Post construction phase:

 Commissioning and validation

 Close-out

Why is quality control important?

Quality control is important because it is the foundation of your project’s success. We believe a robust
quality plan inspires quality construction. Build it right the first time. Everything that goes into a
construction build is dependent on a contract’s quality plan. That means from the beginning of the project
until the end, quality always remains at the forefront of everyone’s minds. Poor quality can lead to a
variety of problems such as defects, builds that won’t last, confusion between parties involved and a lot
of construction changes.

In addition, quality control goes hand in hand with cost control. When we provide advanced planning and
set quality standards early on, we reduce the risk of making costly mistakes once construction begins.

Focusing on quality control can also improve the safety of a project. Defects and failures not only cost a
lot, they can become safety hazards because they may require trade partners going back to redo work
in non-ideal conditions. Oftentimes, accidents are preventable with an attention to detail and a dedication
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 6 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022
to completing work right the first time. When everyone involved is on the same page and works together
to create a quality-driven environment from the start, it can lead to less accidents.

Lastly, quality control in construction gives you the best outcome possible. You don’t want to go through
a construction project only to end up with mediocre results. Since we focus so much of our efforts on
maintaining quality.

Quality control and preconstruction

During preconstruction, analyzes each detail of a construction project to understand how to best
implement a site-specific quality control plan. From there, we build checklists and guidelines for each
process, including design, safety and managing trade partners.

Since we are actively involved in every community we build in, we have the unique capability of knowing
which trade partners will work best for your unique project. As a result, we can help owners choose trade
partners who can uphold our high standards. While we strive to give our clients the most value, we also
want to ensure our trade partners don’t compromise quality for the sake of saving money.

The key is creating an open line of communication during the preconstruction phase as a strong
foundation for the following steps in the construction process. When clients, designers, construction
company associates and trade partners have a clear understanding of quality standards from the start, it
leaves less room for error and confusion later on. As a bonus, communication leads to more engagement,
which can greatly improve the efficacy and speed of a project.

Phase 1: The pre-installation phase (Planning)

The pre-installation phase starts at the beginning of each major scope of work. During this phase, we will
conduct pre-installation meetings with the design team, the owner, the project management team, the
superintendent, trade contractors and anyone else involved with the project. These meetings include:

 Shop drawing review

 Detailed schedule review
 Trade partner coordination
 Coordination with existing conditions

By establishing the expected level of quality at the start of a project, we’re able to streamline those
expectations all the way until post construction.

Phase 2: The installation phase (Construction)

Once construction crews are ready to start, it’s time to move into the installation phase. During this phase,
our superintendent, project management team and dedicated quality control manager work closely with
the trade contractor responsible for construction.

Initially, we will always oversee the start of construction to ensure it complies with the contract
requirements and the parameters set during the pre-installation phase. To verify that all aspects of work
meet our quality control guidelines, we may:

 Create mock-up and sample comparisons

 Coordinate with the proper inspection agencies
 Implement early reviews by design team members and other consultants

As a result, we can determine whether or not each person involved with the construction process has a
full understanding of our quality protocols.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 7 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022
Phase 3: The follow-up phase (Review)

The follow-up phase is a series of weekly check-ins that we conduct until the construction project is
complete. We use these weekly reports to create a quality control checklist to record and document the
process and compliance of the work put in place. At the end of the day, we don’t want to guess everyone
is on the same page with quality, we want to know without a doubt that trade partners and other
contractors are doing everything they can to meet expectations.

Keep in mind all projects can and will change. Therefore, we are always adapting our site-specific quality
control plan to adjust to changes. For example, we may have to revisit and adjust planning and
coordination items we set in place during the pre-installation phase to maintain a high level of quality.
Remember, quality is a proactive culture, meaning you should expect your general contractor to remain
flexible and always thinking of ways to make a project better.

Construction Quality Control Process

Construction Quality Control Process

Quality: A degree or grade of excellence or worth.
Assurance: The act of giving confidence, the state of being certain or the act of making certain.
Quality Assurance: The planned and systematic activities implemented in a quality system so that quality
requirements for a product or service will be fulfilled.
Control: An evaluation to indicate needed corrective responses; the act of guiding a process in which
variability is attributed. The observation techniques and activities used to fulfil requirements for quality

Construction Quality Control Process

Construction Quality Control Process

Quality Control (QC) Quality Assurance (QA)

Usually the CONTRACTOR (or a third party) is responsible for performing Quality Control (QC) making sure
that the standards are meet for production.

Usually the GOVERNMENT or outside third party is responsible for performing

Quality Assurance (QA). QA is spot checking of contract compliance, test results, and ultimately making sure
that the quality control process is working.

Construction Quality Control Process

Quality Assurance (QA)

A government organizations/clients like BSB, MoWHS or any executing agencies will have very clear guidance
on what is required per contract as far as the QA/QC is concerned.
 Policy and Guidelines
 Standards and Specifications
 Rules and Regulations
 Terms and conditions of the contract

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 8 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 9 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022

Quality Assurance (QA): Responsibility??

Involves REGULAR BUT RANDOM TESTING OF MATERIALS and workmanship (time-based or work-based
intervals)

Prevent, identify, and correct quality-related problems

During the construction process, QA instructors mostly provide guidance and leadership to the construction
people

Quality Control (QC)

 The Construction contract defines the quality standards and the quality control testing requirements.
 The contractor must prepare a detailed quality control plan for each definable feature of work detailing on
how the quality standard will be achieved. (Do we apply?)
 The quality control plan must be approved before the start of the particular work.
 The contract requires that the QC testing lab be validated by the approved source (Institutions, consultant,
competent testing house /firm or agency..etc)

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 10 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022

When?

Contract formulation: Quality Assurance

Specifications for Building and Road Works
Project Specific Specifications
Concrete Mix Design (Grade) or Job Mix formula (Usually concrete mix design for RCC structures and JMF for
road design).

Construction Phase: Quality Control

Planning and setting of site amenities
Construction process
Supervision, inspection and monitoring Material testing and verification

Where?
Infrastructure development projects
1. Building construction
2. Road construction
3. Bridge construction

Construction Quality Plan

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 11 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022
Construction quality plan is that procuring agency want to know how you are going to control the quality
on their projects. So, when you write your plan, make it clear how you will control all areas of the project that
affect quality – not just what inspections and tests you’ll perform.

For example, controlling materials, personnel, subcontractors, and work procedures also play an
important role in ensuring quality results.

So how you propose quality plan !!

CONSTRUCTION QUALITY PLAN

1. Project personnel
2. Quality Communication
3. Quality assurance surveillance
4. Subcontractors and suppliers.
5. Project quality specifications
6. Inspections and tests.
7. Control of non-conformances
8. Project completion inspections

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 12 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022

Project completion inspections.

Project handing – taking: Committee

-Detail measurements
-Check for defects
-Uncompleted works as per the contract
-Additional works
-Finishing
-Etc

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 13 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 14 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 15 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 16 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 17 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 18 of 19
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:PC-CEM 2 – 1S -2021-2022
Important Notes on Construction Quality
• Quality is not separate from construction; it is an integral part
• Quality is not only on the end product after completion; it is in the process during construction
• Ensuring quality is everyone’s responsibility; the surveyor, designer, suppliers and supervisors,
• BUT IT IS MOSTLY IN THE HANDS OF THE BUILDER/CONTRACTOR

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

1. Modules posted in Google Classroom/ Group Chat
2. Research additional videos in You Tube

VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)

VIII. ASSIGNMENT

IX. REFERENCES

A. Book/Printed Resources
1. Sathyanarayanan Rajendran and Mandi Kime; Construction Project Safety Management Best Practices
Handbook
2. Andrew Baldwin and David Bordoli; A Handbook for Construction Planning and Scheduling
3. Garold D. Oberlender, Ph. D., RE. Professor of Civil Engineering Oklahoma State University, Second
Edition; Project Management for Engineering and Construction
4. Robert. L. Peurifoy, P.E.Late Consulting EngineerAustin, Texas, Clifford J. Schexnayder, P.E.,
Ph.D.Eminent Scholar Emeritus Del E. Webb School of ConstructionArizona State University Tempe,
Arizona , A viad Shapira, D.Se. Associate Professor Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Technion-Israel Institute of; Seventh Edition; Construction Planning,Equipment, and Methods

B. e-Resources:
1. https://www.scribd.com/user/344961011/Geraldine-Galing
2. https://www.scribd.com/presentation/238639000/Preparation-of-Bidding-Documents

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 19 of 19