Periodic Properties of Elements
and Chemical Bond
Chapter-03
Agenda of this chapter
● Part-0: Class IX-X review
● Part-I: Periodic Properties
● Part-II: Study of s,p,d,f-block elements in details
● Part-III: Group chemistry (Group-1,2,13-18)
● Part-IV: Chemical Bonding (6 types of bond in details)
Class IX-X Review
Dobereiner Triads
Dobereiner’s triads were groups of elements with similar
properties that were identified by the German chemist
Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner. He observed that groups of
three elements (triads) could be formed in which all the
elements shared similar physical and chemical properties.
Dobereiner stated in his law of triads that the arithmetic
mean of the atomic masses of the first and third element
in a triad would be approximately equal to the atomic
mass of the second element in that triad. He also
suggested that this law could be extended for other
quantifiable properties of elements, such as density.
Class IX-X Review
Telluric Screw
The French geologist Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de
Chancourtois was the first scientist to see the periodicity of
elements when they were arranged in order of their atomic
weights. Credited with being the original discoverer of the
periodicity of elements and the originator of the
three-dimensional method of element arrangement and
representation. He drew the elements as a continuous spiral
around a metal cylinder divided into 16 parts. The atomic
weight of oxygen was taken as 16 and was used as the
standard against which all the other elements were compared.
Tellurium was situated at the centre, prompting vis tellurique,
or telluric screw.
Newland’s Law of Octaves
In the year 1864, the British chemist John Newlands attempted the 62 elements known at that
time. He arranged them in an ascending order based on their atomic masses and observed that
every 8th element had similar properties. On the basis of this observation, Newland’s law of
octaves was formulated.
The law of octaves states that every eighth element has similar properties when the elements are
arranged in the increasing order of their atomic masses. An illustration detailing the elements
holding similar properties as per Newland’s law of octaves is provided below.
Newlands compared the similarity between the elements to the octaves of music, where every eighth note is
comparable to the first. This was the first attempt at assigning an atomic number to each element. However, this
method of classifying elements was met with a lot of resistance in the scientific community.
Limitations of Newland’s Law of Octaves
The key shortcomings of Newland’s law of octaves are listed below.
● Several elements were fit into the same slots in Newland’s periodic classification. For example, cobalt and
nickel were placed in the same slot.
● Elements with dissimilar properties were grouped together. For example, the halogens were grouped with
some metals such as cobalt, nickel and platinum.
● Newland’s law of octaves held true only for elements up to calcium. Elements with greater atomic masses
could not be accommodated into octaves.
● The elements that were discovered later could not be fit into the octave pattern. Therefore, this method of
classifying elements did not leave any room for the discovery of new elements.
Mendeleeve’s Periodic Table
In his periodic table, Mendeleev arranged elements in rows by increasing atomic mass. Within a row,
elements with lower atomic masses were on the left. Mendeleev started a new row every time the
chemical properties of the elements repeated. Thus, all the elements in a column had similar
properties.
Following the rejection of Newlands Octave Law in 1869, the Mendeleev Periodic Table was developed.
Elements were organised in Mendeleev’s periodic table based on their fundamental properties, atomic
mass, and chemical properties. At the time of Mendeleev, only 63 elements were known. After studying
the properties of elements, Mendeleev determined that they were related to atomic mass in a periodic
pattern. He arranged the elements in the periodic table so that those with similar qualities were grouped
together in the same vertical columns.Mendeleev’s law states that “the Physical and Chemical
Properties of the Elements are Periodic Functions of Their Atomic Weights.”
Slot-67,Element-63,Blank Slot-4,Group-8,Period-12.
Modern Periodic Table
● Period-7,Group-18.
● Each period starts with Alkali metal and ends with Inert gas.
● Period 1-Very short period (with only 2 elements)
● Period 2,3-Short period/Ideal period (with 8 elemets)
● Period 4,5-Long period (with 18 elements)
● Period 6,7-Very long period (with 32 elements)
● Lanthanoids(Z=57 to 71)-Rare Earth Metals (Birol mrittika moulo)
● Lanthanoids(Z=57 to 71) and Actinoids(Z=89 to 103)-Internal Transition
Metals (Ovvontorin Obosthantor Moulo)
● Ideal elements(Adorsho moulo)- s-block and p-block elements
● Group 1,2: +H2O Strong base
Oxides: Basic (Forms base when reacts with H2O)
Group 2: Alkaline earth metals
● Group 11: Cu(29),Ag(47),Au(79): Coin metals (Mudra Dhatu)
● Group 15: Pnictogens (N-family)
● Group 16: Chalcogens (Ore formic elements-For O and S)
● Group 17: Halogens (Salt forming elements)
● Group 18: Inert gas/Noble gas/Rare gas
● Noble metals(Ovijato dhatu): Pt(78),Ru(44),Ir(77) - 3 metals
● Liquid elements: Cs(55),Fr(87),Ga(31),Hg(79),Br(35) - 5 elements
Liquid metals(4) Liquid non-metal(one and only)
Electronic Configuration
● Has been completed in
previous chapter
● Electrons will be distributed
according to the 3
principles-Aufbau
principle,Hund’s
principle,Pauli’s exclusion
principle
● According to Aufbau
principle, electrons are filled
in the following order: 1s,
2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p,
5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p,
7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…
Periodic Properties
● Definition: See book
● The basic law governing modern periodic table states that the properties of elements are
periodic functions of their atomic number. These properties reappear at regular intervals or
follow a particular trend at regular intervals. This phenomenon is known as the periodicity of
elements.
● The periodic properties of elements occur due to the recurrence of similar electronic
configuration that is having the same number of electrons in the outermost orbit. In a particular
group, the number of valence electrons remains the same. On the other hand, the number of
valence electrons increases, as we move from left to right across a period. The chemical property
of an element depends on the number of electrons in the valence shell.
● Main periodic properties: Ionization energy,Electron affinity,Electronegativity,Atomic
radius,Boiling/Melting point,Metallic propety,Valency
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