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 Understanding
Global Security

Fully revised to incorporate recent developments, this fourth edition of Understanding

Global Security analyses the variety of ways in which people’s lives are threatened
and/or secured in contemporary global politics. The traditional focus of Security
Studies texts – war, deterrence and terrorism – are analysed alongside non-military
security issues such as famine, crime, disease, disasters, environmental degradation
and human rights abuses to provide a comprehensive survey of how and why people
are killed in the contemporary world.
This new edition features:

• Greater coverage of the evolving theoretical literature on security, including more

analysis of critical theory perspectives and emerging schools of thought.
• Reflections on recent developments in the conflicts in Syria and Ukraine.
• New data and cases on poverty, hunger and depression and greater analysis of
the social and political implications of the prolonged period of stagnation the
global economy has gone through.
• New content reflecting the recent resurgence in populist nationalism evident in
the election of Trump in the USA, the UK’s exit from the EU and the authoritarian
turn taken in many countries.
• Analysis of the 2015 Paris climate change treaty and the international responses
to recent pandemics such as Ebola.
• A new section has been included on suicide, plugging a gap evident in the earlier
editions.

User-friendly and easy to follow, this highly acclaimed and popular academic textbook
is designed to make a complex subject accessible to all and will continue to be
essential reading for everyone interested in security.

Peter Hough lectures in International Relations and heads up this subject at

Middlesex University.
“This welcome fourth edition of the classic text on global security provides a lively
and incisive update on recent developments. The book is a substantive, magisterial
and unrivalled tour de force of the many different dimensions of security in twenty-
first century international politics. Dr Hough’s work remains as topical and relevant
as ever.”
Professor David Humphreys, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences,
The Open University, UK

“Peter Hough’s book is one of the most comprehensive and useful in the increasingly
crowded field of ‘global security’. Hough’s book is clearly written, providing a good
balance between theory and practice. Students studying the issues will find it a very
useful source.”
Jeffrey Haynes, London Metropolitan University, UK
Understanding
Global Security
4th edition

Peter Hough
Fourth edition published 2018
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2018 Peter Hough
The right of Peter Hough to be identified as author of this work has
been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Routledge 2004
Third edition published by Routledge 2013
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hough, Peter, 1967- author.
Title: Understanding global security / Peter Hough.
Description: Fourth edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017043815| ISBN 9781138726826 (Hardback) |
ISBN 9781138726833 (Paperback) | ISBN 9781315191164 (E-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Security, International.
Classification: LCC JZ5595 .H68 2018 | DDC 355/.033—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017043815

ISBN: 9781138726826 (hbk)

ISBN: 9781138726833 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781315191164 (ebk)

Typeset in Century Old Style and Futura

by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK
To my mate Chris from ‘Peter Sprout’
Contents

LIST OF BOXES xi
LIST OF TABLES xiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv
ABBREVIATIONS xvii

1 Security and securitization 1

Defining security 1
The international political agenda 14
The securitization of issues 17
Conclusions 21
Key points 22
Recommended reading 22
Useful web links 23

2 Military threats to security from states 25

Is war inevitable? 26
Prelude to the present military order 30
A New World Order? 34
Liberal perspectives on the New World Order 39
Realist perspectives on the New World Order 44
Marxist perspectives on post-Cold War military security 50
Social Constructivist perspectives on the New World Order 52
An end to high politics? 53

vii
CONTENTS

Conclusions 57
Key points 58
Recommended reading 59
Useful web links 59

3 Threats to security from non-state actors 61

One man’s terrorist . . . 61
Types of political non-state military groups 63
The rise of political non-state violence 70
Responses to political non-state violence 73
Conclusions: can political non-state violence be defeated? 83
Key points 85
Recommended reading 85
Useful web links 86

4 Economic threats to security 87

Economic insecurity 87
Famine 90
Hunger 95
Depression 103
Economic statecraft 105
Achieving global economic security 107
Conclusions 108
Key points 109
Recommended reading 110
Useful web links 110

5 Identity, society and insecurity 111

Security and society 111
Forms of violent discrimination 112
Securing the individual – the global politics of human rights 120
Universalism versus cultural relativism 137
Key points 141
Recommended reading 142
Useful web links 142

6 Environmental threats to security 143

Introduction 143
The rise of environmental issues in global politics 145

viii
 CONTENTS

Environmental securitization in theory 150

Environmental securitization in practice 153
Evaluating environmental securitization 157
Conclusions 161
Key points 161
Recommended reading 162
Useful web links 162

7 Health threats to security 163

The globalization of ill health 163
The development of global health policy 171
The state securitization of health 179
The human securitization of health 181
The globalization of health security 182
Conclusions 186
Key points 186
Recommended reading 187
Useful web links 187

8 Natural threats to security 189

Natural disasters 189
The rise of human vulnerability to nature 197
Preparing for the unexpected – the global politics of
natural disaster managemen 200
Conclusions 205
Key points 206
Recommended reading 207
Useful web links 207

9 Accidental threats to security 209

Accidents will happen? The nature and form of
man-made accidents 209
The collateral damage of industrialization? The rise of
accidental threats 215
Securing those at risk in the world – international policy
on accidents 218
Conclusions 222
Key points 225
Recommended reading 226
Useful web links 226

ix
CONTENTS

10 Criminal threats to security 227

Introduction 227
Global crime in historical context 230
‘New’ global crimes 232
Webs of deceit – the rise in prominence of transnational crime 234
Global crime fighting 240
Conclusions 244
Key points 245
Recommended reading 245
Useful web links 246

11 Towards global security? 247

Thinking global: integration theories and global politics 247
Acting global: global solutions to global problems 253
Conclusions 262
Recommended reading 262
Useful web links 263

GLOSSARY 265
BIBLIOGRAPHY 271
INDEX 293

x
Boxes

1.1 The national interest 3

1.2 Mahbub ul Haq 16
2.1 Carl von Clausewitz 27
3.1 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 67
4.1 Amartya Sen 94
5.1 Rafael Lemkin 113
6.1 The polluter’s dilemma 144
6.2 Rachel Carson 146
7.1 Gro Harlem Brundtland 176
8.1 Paddy Ashdown 204
9.1 Warren Anderson 216
10.1 Bernie Madoff 237
11.1 Leonard Woolf 249
11.2 The specialized agencies of the United Nations 251
11.3 The Sustainable Development Goals 259

xi
Tables

1.1 Narrow, wide and deep conceptions of security 9

1.2 (a) Most important problem in the world 12
(b) Biggest fears for EU citizens 13
1.3 Global causes of death, 2015 18
1.4 Security threats 20
2.1 The ten bloodiest inter-state wars in history 26
2.2 Waltz’s levels of analysis 27
2.3 Phases of the Cold War 32
2.4 Indicators of contemporary state military power 54
3.1 Most prominent contemporary violent political non-state actors 63
3.2 The top ten bloodiest single acts of non-state terrorist violence 71
3.3 The ten bloodiest civil wars in history 72
3.4 State counter-terrorist options 73
4.1 The price of poverty – wealth and life expectancy 88
4.2 Human development indicators 89
4.3 The top ten famines in history 91
5.1 The top ten ethnic/national genocides in history 113
5.2 The top ten politicides in history 119
5.3 Key developments in human rights law 121
5.4 Ratification rate for key human rights instruments 126
5.5 Regional human rights regimes 131
5.6 Notable ‘humanitarian interventions’ in history 134
6.1 Ten major security threats posed by global warming 152
6.2 Annual deaths due to pollution 153
7.1 The ten deadliest disease epidemics and pandemics of all
time 164

xiii
TABLES

7.2 The ten most significant global communicable, maternal and

nutritional diseases 165
7.3 The ten deadliest non-communicable diseases in the world 170
7.4 Ten highest national suicide rates, 2012 171
8.1 The ten worst natural disasters in history 190
8.2 Average annual death toll by types of natural disaster, 1996–2015 190
8.3 The Torino Scale 197
9.1 The world’s worst ever transport disasters 210
9.2 The world’s worst structural accidents 211
9.3 The world’s worst industrial disasters 212
9.4 The top causes of accidental death in 2015 214
10.1 The ten costliest forms of transnational crime 228
10.2 The top ten homicide rates by country 229
10.3 UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime 242
11.1 Key recommendations of the Commission on Human Security 252

xiv
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