3.

4 Inverse Z transform
Introduction: 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑢̅(𝑧) ⟺ 𝑧 −1 [𝑢̅(𝑧)] = 𝑢𝑛 .
Basic results:
𝑧 𝑘𝑧 𝑘 2 𝑧 + 𝑘𝑧 2
𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 ) = 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 𝑛) = 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 𝑛2 ) =
𝑧−𝑘 (𝑧 − 𝑘)2 (𝑧 − 𝑘)3

Results on inverse z transform:

𝑧 𝑘𝑧 𝑘𝑧 2 + 𝑘 2 𝑧
𝑧 −1 [ ] = 𝑘𝑛 𝑧 −1 [ ] = 𝑘𝑛𝑛 𝑧 −1 [ ] = 𝑘 𝑛 𝑛2
𝑧−𝑘 ( 𝑧 − 𝑘)2 ( 𝑧 − 𝑘)3

Problems on Partial fraction method:

𝒛
1. Find the inverse z transformation of (𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛−𝟐)
𝑧 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧(𝑧 − 2) + 𝐵𝑧(𝑧 − 1)
(𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)
= 𝑧−1 + 𝑧−2
𝑧 𝑧 If 𝑧 = 1, 1 = −𝐴, 𝐴 = 1
= − 𝑧−1 + 𝑧−2
If 𝑧 = 2, 2 = 𝐵, 𝐵 = 2
Therefore,
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 −1 {(𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)} = 𝑧 −1 {− + }
𝑧−1 𝑧−2

= −1 + 2𝑛
𝟓𝒛
2. Find the inverse z transformation of (𝟐−𝒛)(𝟑𝒛−𝟏)
5𝑧 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 5𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧(3𝑧 − 1) + 𝐵𝑧(2 − 𝑧)
(2−𝑧)(3𝑧−1)
= 2−𝑧 + 3𝑧−1
𝑧 3𝑧 If 𝑧 = 2, 10 = 10𝐴, 𝐴 = 1
= 2−𝑧 + 3𝑧−1
1 5 5𝐵
𝑧 𝑧
If 𝑧 = 3 , = , 𝐵=3
3 9
= − 𝑧−2 + 1
𝑧−
3

Therefore,
5𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 −1 {(2−𝑧)(3𝑧−1)} = 𝑧 −1 {− 𝑧−2 + 1 }
𝑧−
3

1 𝑛
= −2𝑛 + (3)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

 𝟐𝒛𝟐 +𝟑𝒛
3. Find the inverse z transformation of (𝒛+𝟐)(𝒛−𝟒)
2𝑧 2 +3𝑧 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐵𝑧(𝑧 + 2)
(𝑧+2)(𝑧−4)
= 𝑧+2 + 𝑧−4
1
1 𝑧 1 𝑧 If 𝑧 = −2, −2 = 12𝐴, 𝐴 = − 6
= − 6 𝑧+2 + 6 𝑧−4
1
If 𝑧 = 4, 4 = 24𝐵, 𝐵 = 6

Therefore,
2𝑧 2 +3𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑧 −1 {(𝑧+2)(𝑧−4)} = 𝑧 −1 {− 6 𝑧+2 + 6 𝑧−4 }
1 1
= − 6 (−2)𝑛 + 6 (4𝑛 )
𝒛𝟑 −𝟐𝟎𝒛
4. Find the inverse z transformation of (𝒛−𝟐)𝟑 (𝒛−𝟒)

𝑧 3 −20𝑧 𝐴𝑧 𝐵(2𝑧) 𝐶(4𝑧+2𝑧 2 ) 𝐷𝑧 𝑧 3 − 20𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧(𝑧 − 2)2 (𝑧 − 4) + 𝐵(2𝑧) (𝑧 − 2)

(𝑧−2)3 (𝑧−4)
= 𝑧−2 + (𝑧−2)2 + (𝑧−2)3
+ 𝑧−4
(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐶(4𝑧 + 2𝑧 2 )(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐷𝑧(𝑧 − 2)3
1 𝑧 4𝑧+2𝑧 2 1 𝑧
= 2 𝑧−2 + (𝑧−2)3
− 2 𝑧−4 If 𝑧 = 2, −32 = −32𝐶, 𝐶 = 1
1
If 𝑧 = 4, −16 = 32𝐷, 𝐷 = − 2
1
Equating 𝑧 4 terms, 𝐴 + 𝐷 = 0, 𝐴 = −𝐷 = 2

Equating 𝑧 terms,
−20 = −8 + 16𝐵 − 16 + 4 , 𝐵 = 0.
Therefore,
𝑧 3 −20𝑧 1 𝑧 4𝑧+2𝑧 2 1 𝑧
𝑧 −1 {(𝑧−2)3 (𝑧−4)} = 𝑧 −1 {2 𝑧−2 + (𝑧−2)3
− 2 𝑧−4}
1 1
= 2 (2𝑛 ) + (2𝑛 )𝑛2 − 2 (4𝑛 )
𝟒𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛
5. Find the inverse z transformation of 𝒛𝟑 −𝟓𝒛𝟐 +𝟖𝒛−𝟒
4𝑧 2 −2𝑧 4𝑧 2 −2𝑧
= (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)2 4𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧(𝑧 − 2)2 + 𝐵𝑧(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2) + 𝐶(2𝑧)(𝑧 − 1)
𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4
If 𝑧 = 1, 2 = 𝐴
𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝐶(2𝑧)
= 𝑧−1 + 𝑧−2 + (𝑧−2)2 If 𝑧 = 2, 12 = 4𝐶, 𝐶 = 3
𝑧 𝑧 2𝑧
= 2 𝑧−1 − 2 𝑧−2 + 3 (𝑧−2)2 Equating 𝑧 3 terms, 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵, 𝐵 = −𝐴 = −2

Therefore,
4𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 2𝑧
𝑧 −1 {𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4} = 𝑧 −1 {2 𝑧−1 − 2 𝑧−2 + 3 (𝑧−2)2 }

= 2(1𝑛 ) − 2(2𝑛 ) + 3(2𝑛 . 𝑛)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

 𝟖𝒛−𝒛𝟑
6. Find the inverse z transformation of (𝟒−𝒛)𝟑

8𝑧−𝑧 3 𝑧 3 −8𝑧
= (𝑧−4)3 𝑧 3 − 8𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧(𝑧 − 4)2 + 𝐵(4𝑧)(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐶(16𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 )
(4−𝑧)3
1
If 𝑧 = 4, 32 = 128𝐶, 𝐶 = 4
𝐴𝑧 𝐵(4𝑧) 𝐶(16𝑧+4𝑧 2 )
= 𝑧−4 + (𝑧−4)2
+ (𝑧−4)3
Equating 𝑧 3 terms, 1 = 𝐴
𝑧 7 (4𝑧) 1 (16𝑧+4𝑧 2 ) 7
= 𝑧−4 + 4 (𝑧−4)2 + 4 (𝑧−4)3 Equating 𝑧 terms, −8 = 16𝐴 − 16𝐵 + 16𝐶, 𝐶 = 4

Therefore,
8𝑧−𝑧 3 𝑧 7 (4𝑧) 1 (16𝑧+4𝑧 2 )
𝑧 −1 {(4−𝑧)3 } = 𝑧 −1 {𝑧−4 + 4 (𝑧−4)2 + 4 (𝑧−4)3
}
7 1
= 4𝑛 + 4 (4𝑛 . 𝑛) + 4 (4𝑛 . 𝑛2

3.5 Solution of difference equations using z transform

Shifting rule: 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 }

𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) = 𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 }

Problems:
1. Solve using z transform 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎 given that 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟐

𝑦𝑛+2 − 4𝑦𝑛 = 0
𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 − 4𝑦𝑛 ) = 0
𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 ) − 4𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 0
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑦0 − 𝑦1 𝑧 −1 } − 4𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 0
Put 𝑦0 = 0 and 𝑦1 = 2,
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 2𝑧 −1 } − 4𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 0
(𝑧 2 − 4)𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 2𝑧 = 0
2𝑧
𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧 2 −4
2𝑧
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 (𝑧 2 −4)
𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−2 + 𝑧+2)
1 𝑧 1 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (2 −2 )
𝑧−2 𝑧+2
1
= 2 {2𝑛 − (−2)𝑛 }

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

 2. Solve using z transform 𝒖𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟑𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟐𝒖𝒏 = 𝟎 given that 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏
𝑢𝑛+2 − 3𝑢𝑛+1 + 2𝑢𝑛 = 0
𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 − 3𝑢𝑛+1 + 2𝑢𝑛 ) = 0
𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) − 3𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) + 2𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 0
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 } − 3𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 } + 2𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 0
Put 𝑢0 = 0 and 𝑢1 = 1 ,
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑧 −1 } − 3𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )} + 2𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 0
(𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 + 2)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧
𝑧
𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧 2 −3𝑧+2
𝑧
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−1)(𝑧−2))
𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−1 + 𝑧−2)
𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (− + )
𝑧−2 𝑧−2

= −1 + 2𝑛

3. Solve using z transform 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟗𝒚𝒏 = 𝟐𝒏 given that 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎 .

𝑦𝑛+2 + 6𝑦𝑛+1 + 9𝑦𝑛 = 2𝑛
𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 + 6𝑦𝑛+1 + 9𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(2𝑛 )
𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 ) + 6𝑧(𝑦𝑛+1 ) + 9𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(2𝑛 )
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 } + 6𝑧{𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 } + 9𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(2𝑛 )
Put 𝑦0 = 0 and 𝑦1 = 0 ,
𝑧
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 )} + 6𝑧{𝑧(𝑦𝑛 )} + 9𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧−2
𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 + 9)𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) =
𝑧−2
𝑧
𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = (𝑧−2)(𝑧+3)2
𝑧
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−2)(𝑧+3)2 )
𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝐶(−3𝑧)
= 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−2 + 𝑧+3 + (𝑧+3)2 )
1 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 (−3𝑧)
= 𝑧 −1 (25 − 25 + 15 (𝑧+3)2 )
𝑧−2 𝑧+3
1 1 1
= 25 2𝑛 − 25 (−3)𝑛 + 15 (−3)𝑛 . 𝑛

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

 4. Solve using z transform 𝒖𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟒𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟒𝒖𝒏 = 𝟕 given that 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟏 and 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟐

𝑢𝑛+2 + 4𝑢𝑛+1 + 4𝑢𝑛 = 7

𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 + 4𝑢𝑛+1 + 4𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(7)
𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) + 4𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) + 4𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(7)
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 } + 4𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 } + 4𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(7)
Put 𝑢0 = 1 and 𝑢1 = 2 ,
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 1 − 2𝑧 −1 } + 4𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 − 1)} + 4𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(7)
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 4)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 4𝑧 = 𝑧(7)
7𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 4)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = + 𝑧 2 + 6𝑧
𝑧−1
7𝑧 𝑧2 6𝑧
𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧+2)2 + (𝑧+2)2 + (𝑧+2)2

7𝑧 𝑧2 6𝑧
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−1)(𝑧+2)2 + (𝑧+2)2 + (𝑧+2)2 )
𝑧 3 +5𝑧 2 +𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−1)(𝑧+2)2 )
7 𝑧 2 𝑧 5 (−2𝑧)
= 𝑧 −1 (9 +9 −6 (𝑧+2)2
)
𝑧−1 𝑧+2
7 2 5
= 9 (1)𝑛 + 9 (−2)𝑛 − 6 (−2)𝑛 . 𝑛

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

 5. Solve using z transform 𝒖𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟒𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟑𝒖𝒏 = 𝟑𝒏 given that 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟏 and 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏

𝑢𝑛+2 + 4𝑢𝑛+1 + 3𝑢𝑛 = 3𝑛

𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 + 4𝑢𝑛+1 + 3𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 )
𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) + 4𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) + 3𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 )
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 } + 3𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 } + 4𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 )
Put 𝑢0 = 1 and 𝑢1 = 2 ,
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 1 − 𝑧 −1 } + 4𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 − 1)} + 3𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 )
𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 − 4𝑧 =
𝑧−3
𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = + 𝑧 2 + 5𝑧
𝑧−3
𝑧+(𝑧 2 +5𝑧)(𝑧−3)
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) =
𝑧−3
𝑧 3 +2𝑧 2 −14𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 3)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) =
𝑧−3
𝑧 3 +2𝑧 2 −14𝑧
𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = (𝑧−3)(𝑧+3)(𝑧+1)

𝑧 3 +2𝑧 2 −14𝑧
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−3)(𝑧+1)(𝑧+3))
𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝐶𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−3 + 𝑧+1 + 𝑧+3)
𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 − 14 = 𝐴(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 3) + 𝐶(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 1)
𝑧 = −1, −15 = −8𝐵
𝑧 = −3, −11 = 12𝐶
𝑧 = 3, 1 = 24𝐴
1 𝑧 15 𝑧 11 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (24 + − )
𝑧−3 8 𝑧+1 12 𝑧+3
1 15 11
= 24 (3𝑛 ) + (−1)𝑛 − (−3)𝑛
8 12

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

 6. Solve using z transform 𝒖𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟓𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟔𝒖𝒏 = 𝟏 given that 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏

𝑢𝑛+2 − 5𝑢𝑛+1 + 6𝑢𝑛 = 1

𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 − 5𝑢𝑛+1 + 6𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(1)
𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) − 5𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) + 6𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(1)
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 } − 5𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 } + 6𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(1)
Put 𝑢0 = 1 and 𝑢1 = 2 ,
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑧 −1 } − 5𝑧{𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )} + 6𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧(1)
𝑧
(𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 6)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑧 =
𝑧−1
𝑧
(𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 6)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑧−1 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑧 2 −𝑧
(𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 6)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) =
𝑧−1
𝑧2
(𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 6)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) =
(𝑧−1)(𝑧 2 −5𝑧+6)

𝑧2
𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)(𝑧−3)

𝑧2
𝑢𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)(𝑧−3))
𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝐶𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−1 + 𝑧−2 + 𝑧−3)
1 𝑧 𝑧 3 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (2 −2 + 2 𝑧−3)
𝑧−1 𝑧−2
1 3
= 2 (1𝑛 ) − 2(2)𝑛 + 2 (3)𝑛

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 7

 7. Solve by z transform 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟓𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟔𝒚𝒏 = 𝟑𝟔 given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝒚(𝟏) = 𝟎

𝑦𝑛+2 − 5𝑦𝑛+1 + 6𝑦𝑛 = 36

𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 − 5𝑦𝑛+1 + 5𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(36)
𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 ) − 5𝑧(𝑦𝑛+1 ) + 6𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(36)
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 } − 5𝑧{𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 } + 6𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(36)
Put 𝑦0 = 0 and 𝑦1 = 0 ,
𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 )} − 5𝑧{𝑧(𝑦𝑛 )} + 6𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(36)
36𝑧
(𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 6)𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) =
𝑧−1
36𝑧
𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)(𝑧−3)

36𝑧
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 [(𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)(𝑧−3)]
𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝐶𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 [𝑧−1 + 𝑧−2 + 𝑧−3]
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 [18 − 36 + 18 𝑧−3]
𝑧−1 𝑧−2

= 18 (1𝑛 ) − 36(2)𝑛 + 18(3)𝑛

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8

 8. Solve by z transform 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟑𝒚𝒏 = 𝟑𝒏 + 𝟐𝒏 given that 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟏

𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑦𝑛+1 − 3𝑦𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 2𝑛

𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑦𝑛+1 − 3𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 + 2𝑛)

𝑧(𝑦𝑛+2 ) − 2𝑧(𝑦𝑛+1 ) − 3𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 + 2𝑛)

𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 } − 2𝑧{𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 } − 3𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 + 2𝑛)

Put 𝑦0 = 0 and 𝑦1 = 1 ,

𝑧 2 {𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑧 −1 } − 2𝑧{𝑧(𝑦𝑛 )} − 3𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧(3𝑛 + 2𝑛)

𝑧 2𝑧
(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 3)𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) − 𝑧 = + (𝑧−1)2
𝑧−3

𝑧 2𝑧
(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 3)𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑧 + + (𝑧−1)2
𝑧−3

𝑧 𝑧 2𝑧
𝑧(𝑦𝑛 ) = (𝑧+1)(𝑧−3) + (𝑧+1)(𝑧−3)2 + (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧+1)(𝑧−3)

𝑧(𝑧−1)2 +𝑧(𝑧−1)2 +2𝑧(𝑧−3)

= (𝑧+1)(𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−3)2

1 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑧 −1 (16 −2 (𝑧−1)2
+ 16 𝑧−3 + 4 (𝑧−3)2 )
𝑧+2
1 1 𝑛 1 1
= 16 (−2)𝑛 − 1 + 16 3𝑛 + 4 3𝑛 . 𝑛
2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9

 Initial value theorem and final value theorem (Out of syllabus)
(1) If 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑢̅(𝑧) then lim 𝑢̅(𝑧) = 𝑢0
𝑧→∞
Proof:
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
𝑢̅(𝑧) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛
= 𝑢0 + 1 + 22 + 33 + ⋯
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
lim 𝑢̅(𝑧) = 𝑢0
𝑧→∞
(2) If 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑢̅(𝑧) then lim(𝑧 − 1) 𝑢̅(𝑧) = lim 𝑢𝑛
𝑧→1 𝑛→∞
Proof:
∑∞𝑛=0(𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 ) 𝑧
−𝑛
= ∑∞ 𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛+1 𝑧
−𝑛
− ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛

= 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) − 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )
= 𝑧(𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ) − 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )
= (𝑧 − 1)𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑧𝑢0
𝑧𝑢0 + ∑∞ (𝑢
𝑛=0 𝑛+1 − 𝑢 𝑛 ) 𝑧 −𝑛
= (𝑧 − 1)𝑢̅(𝑧)
∞
lim(𝑧 − 1) 𝑢̅(𝑧) = 𝑢0 + ∑𝑛=0(𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 )
𝑧→1
= 𝑢0 + lim ∑𝑁
𝑛=0(𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 )
𝑁→∞
= 𝑢0 + lim {(𝑢1 − 𝑢0 ) + (𝑢2 − 𝑢1 ) + ⋯ + (𝑢𝑁+1 − 𝑢𝑁 ) }
𝑁→∞
= 𝑢0 + lim (𝑢𝑁+1 − 𝑢0 ) = lim 𝑢𝑛
𝑁→∞ 𝑛→∞
Problems:
2𝑧 2 +3𝑧+12
1. If 𝑈(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)4
find 𝑢0 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 .
2𝑧 2 +5𝑧+14
2. If 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) = (𝑧−1)4
find 𝑢0 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 .
𝑧 𝑧
3. If 𝑈(𝑧) = − find 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) .
𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1
Left shifting rule and right shifting rule (Out of syllabus)
Statement:
If 𝑘 > 0 then (i) 𝑧(𝑢𝑛−𝑘 ) = 𝑧 −𝑘 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) (ii) 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+𝑘 ) = 𝑧 𝑘 (𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − ∑𝑘−1
𝑚=0 𝑢𝑚 𝑧
−𝑚

Proof:
(i) 𝑧(𝑢𝑛−𝑘 ) = ∑∞𝑛=𝑘 𝑢𝑛−𝑘 𝑧
−𝑛
∞

= ∑ 𝑢𝑚 𝑧 −(𝑚+𝑘) , 𝑚 = 𝑛 − 𝑘
𝑚=0
= 𝑧 −𝑘 ∑∞𝑚=0 𝑢𝑚 𝑧
−𝑚
−𝑘 ∑∞ −𝑛
=𝑧 𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛 𝑧
−𝑘
= 𝑧 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )
(ii) 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+𝑘 ) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛+𝑘 𝑧
−𝑛

= 𝑧 𝑘 ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛+𝑘 𝑧
−(𝑛+𝑘)
𝑘 ∑∞ −𝑚
= 𝑧 𝑚=𝑘 𝑢𝑚 𝑧 , 𝑚 = 𝑛 + 𝑘
= 𝑧 𝑘 {∑∞
𝑚=0 𝑢𝑚 𝑧
−𝑚
− ∑𝑘−1
𝑚=0 𝑢𝑚 𝑧
−𝑚 }
𝑘 {𝑧(𝑢 ) 𝑘−1 −𝑚 }
=𝑧 𝑛 − ∑𝑚=0 𝑢𝑚 𝑧

Note:
1
𝑧(𝑢𝑛−1 ) = 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) for 𝑛 ≥ 1 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧[𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ]
𝑧
1 𝑢1
𝑧(𝑢𝑛−2 ) = 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) for 𝑛 ≥ 2 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) = 𝑧 2 [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − ]
𝑧2
𝑧
1 𝑢1 𝑢2
𝑧(𝑢𝑛−3 ) = 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) for 𝑛 ≥ 3 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+3 ) = 𝑧 3 [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − − 2 ]
𝑧3
𝑧 𝑧

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 10