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Theory of Triangular Fuzzy Number

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 Proceedings of NCATM - 2017, March 27, 2017 80

THEORY OF TRIANGULAR FUZZY NUMBER

M. Clement Joe Anand1 and Janani Bharatraj2
1,2
Department of Mathematics, Hindustan University
Chennai-603103, Tamil Nadu, S.India.
1,2
[email protected],2 [email protected]

A BSTRACT. The fuzzy numbers are defined in uncertainty situation and applied in real world
problems of science and engineering. In earlier days, there was no mathematical concept to
define vagueness. The laws of logic, the Law of Identity, the Law of Non-Contradiction, and
the Law of Excluded Middlewere introduced, and can be applied in any kind of situation. This
logic is the origin of Fuzzy. In this paper, the number theoretical aspect of Fuzzy Number and
Triangular Fuzzy number have been established.
Key Words: Fuzzy Number, Triangular Number, Uncertainty, Laws of Logic.

1. I NTRODUCTION

The evolution of Mathematics started with counting numbers, which are called Natural
numbers. The set of natural numbers formed the basis for theories and calculations. The
inclusion of zero and negative numbers introduced us to the world of integers, followed by
rational numbers, irrational numbers, real numbers, and complex numbers. The topic of fuzzy
subsets was introduced in 1965 [15]. Researchers across the world developed various concepts
bridging fuzzy with most of the area in Mathematics and introduced Fuzzy Real line [10],
fuzzy topology [11], fuzzy trigonometry [2], etc. Later, fuzzy numbers were defined and were
found to have more applicational developments than fuzzy subsets. Fuzzy numbers have been
used to obtain better results in problems where in decision making and analysis are involved.
Fuzzy number, which is an extension of real numbers has its own properties which can be
related to theory of numbers. To bridge the gap between number theory and fuzzy numbers,
we have studied the behavior and properties of triangular fuzzy numbers which resemble
Pythagorean triples and have developed theorems based on them. We begin with the
preliminaries of fuzzy subsets and number theory in section 2. The section 3 will describe the
construction of Pythagorean Triangles, followed by development of theorems in section 4.

2. E SSENTIAL D EFINITIONS

Definition 2.1. Fuzzy Subset Let E be a set with finite or infinite. Let A be a set contained in E.
Then the set of ordered pairs (x, µA (x))gives the fuzzy subset A of E, where x is an element in
E and µA (x) is the degree of membership of x in E.

Definition 2.2. Fuzzy Number A fuzzy number is a generalization of a regular, real number.
It refers to a connected set of possible values, where each possible value has its own weight
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 Proceedings of NCATM - 2017, March 27, 2017 81

between 0 and 1. A fuzzy number is thus a special case of a convex, normalized fuzzy set of
the real line.

Definition 2.3. Triangular Fuzzy Number A fuzzy number Ã = (a, b, c)is called triangular


 0, x < a;
 x−a , a ≤ x ≤ b;

b−a
fuzzy number if its membership function is given by µÃ (x) = c−x
.


 c−b
, b ≤ x ≤ c;

 0, x > c,

3. C ONCEPT OF T RIANGULAR F UZZY N UMBER

c, j and a are natural numbers and satisfy Pythagorean identityc2 + j 2 = a2 . Such numbers
are called Pythagorean triple or Pythagorean Triangle. In terms of algebraic identities, without
loss of generality, we can always find two natural numbers j1 and j2 such that,
(1) g.c.d.(j1 , j2 ) = 1
(2) c = j22 − j12 , j = 2j1 j2 and a = j22 + j12
(3) j2 > j1 > 0

3.1. Properties.
(1) If [c, j, a] is a Pythagorean Triangular Fuzzy Number, then [mc, mj, ma] is also a
Pythagorean Triangular Fuzzy Number.
(2) If d is a common divisor of c and j, then d divides a. In general, any common divisor
of any two of the numbers c, j, a must divide the third number.
(3) Let e denote the common divisor of c, j, a. Then [c1 , j1 , a1 ] such that c1 = ec , j1 =
j
e
, a1 = ae , is also a Pythagorean Triangular Fuzzy Number with g.c.d. equal to 1. Such
a number is called Primitive Pythagorean Triangular Fuzzy Number.
(4) All Pythagorean Triangular Fuzzy Numbers like [c, j, a] are multiples of [c1 , j1 , a1 ].

3.2. Existence of Primitive Pythagorean Triangular Fuzzy Numbers.

Theorem 3.1. Existence Theorem Primitive Pythagorean Triangular Fuzzy Numbers exists for
an even j and odd c, a.

by contradiction. Case 1: Suppose c and j are both odd thenc2 ≡ 1 (mod 4), j 2 ≡ 1 (mod 4).
Thus, c2 + j 2 ≡ 2 (mod 4)
⇒ a2 ≡ 2 (mod 4), which is not possible.
Case 2: Suppose both c and j are even numbers then the g.c.d. of (c,j) = 2, which is a
contradiction.
Thus, primitive Pythagorean triangular fuzzy numbers exists only for an even j and odd c, a. 
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 Proceedings of NCATM - 2017, March 27, 2017 82

Corollary 3.2. The positive primitive solutions of c2 + j 2 = a2 with j even are c = j22 − j12
and j = j1 j2 .

Corollary 3.3. If a and b are relatively prime positive integers whose product is a perfect
square, then a and b are both perfect squares.

Theorem 3.4. If c, j, a is a Pythagorean Triangle then at least one of c, jis divisible by 3 and
atleast one of c, j, ais divisible by 5.

Proof. Suppose that neither c nor j is divisible by 3. Then either

c ≡ 1 (mod3), c ≡ 2 (mod3), j ≡ 1 (mod3), j ≡ 2 (mod3)

⇒ c2 + j 2 ≡ 2, 5, 8 (mod3)
⇒ c2 + j 2 ≡ 2(mod3)
⇒ a2 ≡ 2(mod3), which is not possible since a perfect square is either congruent to 0 or 1
(mod 3). Thus, atleast one of c and j is divisible by 3.
Similarly, if c, j and a are not divisible by 5 then one of the cases arise.

c ≡ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (mod5), j ≡ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (mod5)

And hence c2 + j 2 ≡ 0, 2, 3 (mod5).

But however, every perfect square is congruent to either 0 or 1 modulo 5.
Thus, atleast one of c, j, a is divisible by 5. 

Theorem 3.5. If n ≥ 3is an integer, then there is a Pythagorean triangle with n as one its
members.

Proof. Let n be an integer greater than or equal to 3. Then n is either even or odd. That is,
n = 2rsor n = r2 − s2 . Any odd number can be expressed as the difference of squares and
any even number can be expressed in the form of n = 2rs. Thus, n appears as one of the
Pythagorean triangle numbers. 

Corollary 3.6. There exists only one fuzzy triangular number which satisfies the following
conditions.
(1) [c, j, a] is a Pythagorean triangle
(2) c, j and a are consecutive integers. And that fuzzy triangular number is [3,4,5].
Next, we determine the number of triangular fuzzy numbers satisfying the equation c3 +j 3 = a3 ,
where c, j, a are natural numbers. Such triangles exist only if either c=0 or j=0.
Let Ã= [c1 , j1 , a1 ]and B̃= [c2 , j2 , a2 ] be two triangular fuzzy numbers which are Pythagorean
triangles. Then,
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 Proceedings of NCATM - 2017, March 27, 2017 83

(1) The sum is a Pythagorean Triangle if and only if c1 c2 + j1 j2 = a1 a2 .

c21 j12
(2) The product is a Pythagorean Triangle if and only if c22
+ j22
= 0.

4. C ONCLUSION

Mathematics plays a vital role in Science and Engineering. Researchers have proposed and
bridged many areas in Mathematics with concepts in Fuzzy. In this paper, the number theory
analysis of triangular fuzzy number has been initiated and studied. The research article aims at
developing and strengthening the number theoretical aspects of fuzzy numbers in future.

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