62 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj

[wm‡jevm: Nationalism, imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism,

post-modernism, globalisation, and new world order]
AbymiYxq: GB Aa¨vq Lye GKUv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© bq| G Aa¨vq †_‡K 3wU wewmG‡m cÖkœ 5wU G‡m‡Q| ZviciI wek^vqb, bqv
Dcwb‡ekev` I †jvKiÄbev` †`‡L †h‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Avgvi civgk© n‡jv wek^vqb Qvov evwK Ask †k‡l co–b|
weMZ cÖkœ:
44Zg: ÔLv`¨ RvZxqZvev`/ (food nationalism) ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? †Kb Gi D™¢e nq?
Food Nationalism aviYvwU n‡”Q-
 Lv`¨ Drcv`b K‡iv
 wb‡Ri Pvwn`v c~iY K‡iv
 fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ gRy` iv‡Lv
 Gici ißvwb‡Z mnvqZv K‡iv
Food Nationalism- Negative aviYv n‡jv Covid & New Normal Policy Food Nationalism †`Lv hvq|
Food Nationalism Gi wecixZ aviYv n‡”Q Internationalism. GB Negative approach †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmvi Rb¨ †Póv K‡iwQj Zzi¯‹|
RvwZmsN 2022 mv‡ji 22 gvP© “Black Sea Grain Initiatives” bv‡g Pzw³ K‡iwQj| ivwkqv-BD‡µb †_‡K km¨ wb‡q 11wU e›`i w`‡q
mviv we‡k^ mvcøvB K‡iwQ‡jv| g~jZ 3F Crisis †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmvi Rb¨ Pzw³wU Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv|

44Zg: eûcvwÿKZv (multilateralism) gv‡b Kx? eZ©gvb wek^ cwiw¯’wZi †cÖÿvc‡U wK Gi ¸iæZ¡ e„w× †c‡q‡Q?
Multilaterism eûcvwÿKZv:
 D‡Ïk¨: kvwšÍ I wbivcËv cÖwZôv
 3wU+ †`k/cÿ _vK‡eB
 Unilateralism (GKcvwÿKZv) I Bilaterialism Gi weiæ× gZvgZ
 mn‡hvwMZv I AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †RvU/msMVb MVb Kiv nq|
 GB †RvU/msMVb †UKmB mgvavb w`‡e ev wbivcËv w`‡e|
†hgb: NATO, UNO, SAARC
eûcvwÿKZvi bxwZ (Principles) 3wU:
1. m¤§wZ/Av‡jvPbv (Consent/ Consultation)
2. AšÍf©zw³ (Inclusion)
3. msnwZ (Solidarity)

43Zg: Ôbe¨ AvšÍR©vwZK A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vÕ (New International Economic Order) aviYvwU e¨vL¨v Kiæb| [***]
1974 mv‡j RvwZmsN mvaviY cwil‡`i we‡kl lô Awa‡ekb Øviv M„nxZ nq New International Economic Order, NIEO.
NIEO cÖwZôvi †NvlYvcÎwU AvšÍR©vwZK A_©‰bwZK k„•Ljv cybM©V‡bi AvnŸvb Rvbvq| G †NvlYvq wkí mg„× †`k †_‡K Dbœqbkxj
†`k¸‡jv‡K miKvwi mvnv‡h¨i GKwU j¶¨gvÎv wba©viY Kiv nq, hv mvnvh¨`vZv †`‡ki evwl©K †gvU Drcv`‡bi (GNP) 0.7
kZvs‡ki Kg n‡e bv| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`k †hgbÑ †b`vij¨vÛm, myB‡Wb, †WbgvK©, biI‡q ev¯Í‡eI GB j¶¨gvÎv c~iY K‡i‡Q
Ges MZ 03 `kK a‡i GB j¶¨gvÎvi Av‡jv‡KB DËi-`w¶Y m¤úK© hvPvB Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges n‡”Q|
bqv AvšÍR©vwZK A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi g~j j¶¨ wZbwU-
1. DbœZ Ges Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ µgcÖmvigvb A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ wb‡iva|
2. wek¦ ch©v‡q myw¯’i Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi wbðqZv cÖ`vb|
3. eZ©gvb I fwel¨r wek¦evmxi Rb¨ b¨vq I kvwšÍ cÖwZôv|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj 63
bqv AvšÍR©vwZK A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi eZ©gv‡b wbqš¿KÑ
1. wek^ e¨vsK 2. AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwej (IMF) 3. wek^ evwYR¨ ms¯’v (WTO)
4. Avwmqvb (ASEAN) 5. weª· (BRICS) 6. BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb (EU)
43Zg: AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î DËi-AvaywbKZvev` (Post-modernism) aviYvwU wee„Z Kiæb| [**]
DËi AvaywbKZvev` †h‡Kv‡bv KvVv‡gv, gZev` A_ev Z‡Ë¡i P~ovšÍ cÖ‡qvM ev mvwe©KZv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i bv| AvaywbK hy‡Mi a¨vb-
aviYv, gZev` ev `„wófw½‡K †kªô wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i bv| DËi AvaywbKZvev` ivRbxwZ, mgvR, wk¶v, mvwnZ¨ BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î gy³
`„wófw½i c¶cvZx|
wewkó Rvg©vb mgvRweÁvbx †nevigv‡mi g‡Z,
ÒDËi AvaywbKZvev` nj Aóv`k kZvãxi BD‡iv‡c Avwef©~Z ÁvbwfwËK
welqwbô weÁvb I AvaywbKZvev‡`i cÖwZev`x iƒc ev mgv‡jvPbv|Ó
DËi AvaywbKZvev` wb‡R‡K Dcw¯’Z K‡i ÔAvaywbKZvÕ A_©vr Ávb-weÁvb, Drcv`b cÖwµqv, `k©b, mvs¯‹„wZK e¨vcKZvi aviYvi
wecix‡Z| cyuwRev`xB †nvK ev gvK©mev`x mgvRZvwš¿K †nvKÑ Giv mvgwMÖKZvi wPišÍb c×wZ Dcw¯’Z K‡i| DËi-AvaywbKZvev`
wVK Gi wecix‡Z †KvbI ÔmvgwMÖKZvÕ (totality) †K gv‡b bv|
ÔDËi AvaywbKZvÕ kãeÜwU ïb‡Z ÔAvaywbKZvÕ cieZ©x g‡b n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zv G‡Kev‡i c„_K GK wPšÍb c×wZ| AvaywbKZv
†hLv‡b ev¯ÍeZvi aviYv‡K MÖnY K‡i, DËi AvaywbKZv †mLv‡b ev¯ÍeZvi aviYv‡K m¤ú~Y©i~‡c cÖZ¨vLvb K‡i| AvaywbKZv
gvbeZvev`‡K m¤§vb Ki‡jI DËi AvaywbKZvev` gvbeZv‡K †mªd eywj ev Am¤ú~Y© mvšÍ¡bv e‡j g‡b K‡i|
DËi AvaywbKZvev‡`i ˆewkó¨mg~n:
 DËiAvaywbKZv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó `k©b bq, †Kej GK cÖKvkfw½ wKsev fvebv, ZvB Gi †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó ZË¡ †bB|
 DËi AvaywbKZv AZxZ I eZ©gvb wPšÍvi wgkªY‡K MÖnY Ki‡jI Gi avivevwnKZv‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i|
 DËi AvaywbKZvev` P~ovšÍ e¨w³¯^vZ‡š¿¨ wek¦vmx| GwU †i‡bmuv hy‡Mi hyw³ev` we‡ivax, DËi AvaywbKZvev`xiv wek¦vm
K‡i gvbegb cy‡ivUvB hyw³ wbf©i bq| †mLv‡b Av‡eM Abyf~wZi Ae`vb A‡bKLvwb| ZvB †Kvb wKQyB cig mZ¨ e‡j
Giv ¯^xKvi K‡i bv|
 DËi AvaywbKZvev` †h †Kvb cÖKvi ivR‰bwZK AvwacZ¨ev‡`i we‡ivax|
 DËi AvaywbKZvi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ nj Awb‡Y©qZv wKsev j¶¨nxbZv| G‡K ejv nq GKwU ¯^we‡ivax gZv`k©|
 DËi AvaywbKZvev` mgvRZš¿ we‡ivax| gvK©mev`‡K e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv niYKvix ivR‰bwZK `k©b wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i|

41Zg: Bmjv‡gv‡dvweqv aviYvwU m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|

eZ©gv‡b ¸iæZ¡ bvB|
41Zg: AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K© anarchical society aviYvwU Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| [***]
anarchy ev ˆbivR¨ kãwUi cÖK…Z A_© n‡jv †Kv‡bv m¤cÖ`vq, mgvR ev iv‡óª †K›`ªxq KZ©„‡Z¡i Abycw¯’wZ| mgv‡R ˆbivR¨ m„wói wcQ‡b
eû KviY‡K `vqx Kiv nq| g~j¨‡ev‡ai Ae¶‡qi Kvi‡Y mgv‡R ˆbivR¨ m„wó nq| mgv‡R AvBb-k„•Ljvi AebwZ Ges wkw_jZv NU‡jI
ˆbivR¨ m„wó nq| ZvQvov AvBb-k„•Ljv i¶vKvix cÖwZôvb KZ©„K mvnvh¨cÖv_©x e¨w³i cÖwZ ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiY I Ae‡njv mgv‡R ˆbivR¨ m„wó
K‡i| mgv‡Ri ms¯‹„wZ cwicš’x Kg©KvÐ, Acms¯‹„wZi AbycÖ‡ek, ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv, `yb©xwZ cÖf„wZi Kvi‡Y ˆbivR¨ m„wó n‡q _v‡K|
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K© anarchical society aviYvi cÖ‡qvM:
mgv‡Ri wfZi †K›`ªxq m‡e©v”P KZ©„c¶ Dcw¯’Z bv _vK‡j †mB mgv‡R ˆbiv‡R¨i D™¢e N‡U‡Q e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq| ˆbivR¨ev`x mgvR
KZ©„c‡¶i KZ©„Z¡‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| d‡j mgv‡R mvgvwRK wek„•Ljv Pig AvKvi aviY K‡i Ges mvgvwRK ˆbivR¨ †`Lv hvq| AvšÍtivóªxq
m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡ÎI mve©‡fŠg ivóªmg~‡ni Ic‡i †Kv‡bv †K›`ªxq m‡e©v”P KZ©„Z¡ j¶ Kiv hvq bv| hw`I hy‡M hy‡M wewfbœ civkw³i DÌvb
N‡U‡Q, Z‡e Zviv mKj iv‡óªi Ici P~ovšÍ KZ©„Z¡ djv‡Z cv‡iwb| Avevi eZ©gv‡b RvwZmsN‡KI †m A‡_© m‡e©v”P KZ©„c¶ ejv hvq bv,
†Kbbv RvwZmsN †Kvb mve©‡fŠg ivóª‡K Av‡`k Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
weL¨vZ `vk©wbK †nWwj eyj anarchical society aviYvwUi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| ey‡ji G aviYv we`¨gvb ivóªKvVv‡gvi weKí KvVv‡gvi K_v
ej‡Q| iv󪸇jv wbR wbR ¯^v_©‡K †ewk cÖvavb¨ †`qvq Ø›` fy‡j GKwÎZ nIqvi ˆbwZK eva¨evaKZv cv‡”Q bv| ˆbivR¨Ki wek¦ e¨e¯’vq
†Kv‡bv ivóª Aciva Ki‡j Zv‡K kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Ki‡Z ev weiZ ivLvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Kvh©Kix AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v ev AwffveK †bB| GB
ˆbivR¨Ki Ae¯’vi Kvi‡YB kw³kvjx ivóª wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_© †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡k n¯Í‡¶c K‡i _v‡K, G‡KB anarchical society ejv nq|
64 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj

AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ ZË¡ ˆbivR¨ev` †K wewfbœfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡i‡QÑ

 ev¯Íeev`x‡`i g‡Z, wek¦ e¨e¯’v ˆbivR¨gq e‡j iv‡óªi DwPZ wbivcËv e„w× Kiv Ges wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Ab¨ Kv‡iv Dc‡i
fimv bv Kiv|
 D`vicš’xivI g‡b K‡i AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯’v ˆbivR¨gq, Z‡e Zviv `vwe K‡i †h GB ˆbivR¨‡K wewfbœ Dcv‡q wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| †hgb:
D`vi MYZš¿vqY, D`vi A_©‰bwZK AvšÍtwbf©iZv Ges D`vi‰bwZK cÖvwZôvwbKZv|
 MVbev`x ZË¡ g‡b K‡i, ˆbivR¨ AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯’vi GKwU †gŠwjK kZ©|
36Zg I 35Zg: wek^vqb cÖwµqvi g~j PvwjKvkw³¸‡jv (Driving Forces of Globalisation) Kx Kx? [**]
wek^vqb cÖZ¨qwUi aviYv cÖ`vbKvix n‡jv wek^ evwYR¨ ms¯’v (WTO)| ZvB, wek^vq‡bi g~j K_v evwYR¨ bxwZ ev †KŠkj nIqvUv
¯^vfvweK| A_©vr GK †`‡ki evwYR¨ Aci †`‡ki evwY‡R¨i mv‡_ m¤ú„³ nevi, wKsev wewa wb‡la Av‡ivwcZ bv nevi †h cÖwµqv, †mUvB
n‡”Q wek^vqb| wek^vq‡bi cÖe³vMY g‡b K‡ib, `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb, RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb, wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î cÖvß my‡hvM-myweav e¨envi,
myL ¯^v”Q›`¨ meB m¤¢e `ªæZ wek^vq‡bi gva¨‡g| wek^vqb cÖwµqvi g~j PvwjKvkw³ n‡jv:
01. cÖhyw³: wek^vqb cÖhyw³‡K mnRjf¨ Kivi cvkvcvwk †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK mxgv‡iLv‡K Zz‡j w`‡q‡Q| Gi
d‡j mviv we‡k^i A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ GKwU cøvUd‡g© P‡j Gm‡Q|
02. cyuwR cÖevn: cyuwR I gy`ªv cÖev‡ni MwZkxjZv e„w× wek^vq‡bi Av‡iKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PvwjKvkw³|
03. ms¯‹…wZi cÖevn: eZ©gv‡b ms¯‹…wZi Aeva cÖevn jÿ¨ Kiv hv‡”Q| ms¯‹…wZi cÖmv‡ii d‡j AvR †MvUv we‡k^i gvbyl GKm~‡Î Ave×
n‡q co‡Q|
04. D`vixKiY: wek^ evwYR¨ ms¯’v I Gi Kvh©µg GB D`vixKiY cÖwµqv‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hv‡”Q|
05. evwY‡R¨i Aeva cÖevn: wek^vq‡bi Av‡iKwU cwiwPZ iƒc n‡”Q gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ| Gi d‡j wek^e¨vcx evwY‡R¨i AvšÍtivóªxq
evavmg~n `~ixf~Z n‡q Aeva evwYR¨ e„w× cv‡”Q|
06. Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZv: wek^e¨vcx cÖwZwU ivóª I cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi cwi‡ek m„wóKvix n‡jv wek^vqb| wek^vqb cÖZ¨qwUi cÖmviB
Gi cÖavb KviY|
07. cÖZ¨ÿ ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvM: wek^vqb cÖZ¨ÿ ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qv‡Mi aviYvwU cÖmv‡i f~wgKv ivLvq mivmwi wewb‡qv‡Mi cwi‡ek
wbwðZ n‡q‡Q|
08. AvaywbKvqb: ivóª I cÖwZôvb AvaywbKvq‡bi cÖwZ SzuK‡Q wek^vqb cÖZ¨qwUi Kvi‡Y|
09. AvšÍtivóªxq m¤úK©: eZ©gvb wek^ e¨e¯’vi cÖvq cÖwZwU m¼‡Ui g~‡j i‡q‡Q evwYR¨| evwYR¨B ivóªmg~‡ni g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b
cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| Avi evwY‡R¨i AvaywbK aviYvB wek^vqb|
10. †emiKvwiKiY: wek^ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© aviYv n‡jv †emiKvwiKiY| wek^vq‡bi d‡j †emiKvwiKi‡Yi aviYviI
we¯Ívi N‡U‡Q|

34Zg: Dcwb‡ekev` Ges be¨-Dcwb‡ekev` ej‡Z Kx eySvq? D`vniYmn wjLyb| [**]

cv_©‡K¨i welq Dcwb‡ekev` be¨-Dcwb‡ekev`
¯^qskvwmZ f~LЇK Dcwb‡ek e‡j| mivmwi kvmb bq, Z‡e mgw_©Z miKv‡ii kvmb _vK‡j
msÁvMZ
Zv be¨-Dcwb‡ekev`|
Dcwb‡ekev‡` ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm wQj D‡Ïk¨| ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm bq, eis A_©‰bwZK †kvl‡Yi my‡hvM-
D‡Ïk¨
myweavB D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv|
D`vniY Px‡bi Kv‡Q wZeŸZ Dcwb‡ek| hy³iv‡óªi Kv‡Q AvdMvwb¯Ívb be¨-Dcwb‡ek
Dcwb‡ekev`x‡`i m‡½ AwaK…Z A‡ji be¨-Dcwb‡ekev` emev‡mi m¤úK© bq eis wewfbœ
m¤úK© †jvK‡`i cÖZ¨ÿ AskMÖn‡Yi `iæb åvZ…Z¡‡eva c‡ivÿ m¤ú‡K©i m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
ev we‡iva `yB-B n‡Z cv‡i|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj65
emev‡mi Dcwb‡ekev‡` †Rvic~e©K emevm Kiv nq| be¨-Dcwb‡ekev‡` Avw_©K `ye©jZvi Rb¨ Mwie †`k
D‡Ïk¨ eva¨ n‡q kZ©mv‡c‡ÿ mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡i|
Dcwb‡ekev` A_©‰bwZK f~LÐMZ I kvmb be¨ Dcwb‡ekev` A_©‰bwZK ¯^v_©‡K †K›`ª K‡i m„wó
m„wói KviY
ÿgZv `Lj Kivi Rb¨ m„wó nq| nq|
Dcwb‡ekev` n‡”Q †Kvb iv‡óªi cÖwZ be¨ Dcwb‡ekev‡`i g‡a¨ c‡ivÿfv‡e A_©‰bwZK,
n¯Í‡ÿc
Jcwb‡ewkK iv‡óªi mivmwi n¯Í‡ÿc| mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK wµqvi cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i
Dcwb‡ekev` n‡jv mbvZb iƒc: eZ©gvb we‡k^ be¨Dcwb‡ekev‡`i wZbwU iƒc:
kvmb e¨e¯’v Kv‡qg Kiv| (1) A_©‰bwZK wbf©i ivóª
iƒc
(2) mvgwiK wbf©i ivóª,
(3) AvwkÖZ ivóª
wm‡jevm Abyhvqx GB Aa¨v‡qi welqmg~n
 Bûw` RvZxqZvev` (Zionism) [***]
Rv‡qvwbRg n‡jv GK ai‡bi fvev`k© Ges RvZxq`vevw` Av‡›`vjb| Rvqbev` bv‡gi GB fvev`k© hv Bûw` RvZxqZvev`‡K jvjb K‡i
mve©‡fŠg ivóª cÖwZôv‡K mg_©b K‡i| kvg AÂj ev †jfv‡›Ui GKwU we¯Í„Z RvqMv wb‡q Bûw`‡`i Rb¨ GKwU wbR¯^ ivóª cÖwZôv Kiv
Rv‡qvwbRg ev Rvqbevw` RvZxqZvevw` Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb j¶¨| Rv‡qvwbRg (Zionism) kãwU G‡m‡Q wneªæ Rvqb (zion) kã †_‡K|
wneªæ fvlvi kã ÔRvqbÕ w`‡q †evSv‡bv nq †RiæRv‡jg kni‡K| Z‡e Rvqb n‡jv g~jZ †RiæRv‡j‡gi GKwU cvnv‡oi bvg| cvnvowU
gvD›U Rvqb (Mount Hill) ev RvqbÕm wnj (Zion’s Hill) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Rv‡qvwbRg GKK †Kv‡bv gZev`, fvev`k© ev RvZxqZvev` bq| wewfbœ iK‡gi Rv‡qvwbR‡gi Dcw¯’wZ wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb M‡elKiv|
mvaviY Rvqbev`, ivR‰bwZK Rvqbev`, ag©xq Rvqbev`, mgvRZvwš¿K Rvqbev` , ms‡kvabevw` Rvqbev`, meyR Rvqbev` BZ¨vw`|
wek¦R‡o †h Rvqbev` wb‡q PP©v n‡”Q Zv n‡jv ivR‰bwZK Rvqbev`| mvaviYfv‡e PwP©Z GB Rvqbev‡`i A_© n‡jv Rvqb cvnvo‡K †K›`ª
K‡i ev †Kbv‡bi Av‡kcv‡k wew¯ÍY© GjvKv wb‡q GKwU Bûw` ivóª cÖwZôv I cÖwZi¶vg~jK cÖZ¨q|
AvaywbK Rvqbev‡`i RbK n‡jb w_IWi nvR©j| nvR©j 1897 mv‡j Iqvì© Rv‡qvwb÷ AiMvbvB‡Rkb (World Zionist Organization
– WZO) bv‡g GKwU ms¯’v cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB Bûw`ev`x ms¯’vi gva¨‡g wZwb Ges Zvi mn‡hvMxiv Zuv‡`i wb‡R‡`i fvev`‡k©i cÖPvi
Ki‡Zb Ges wdwjw¯Í‡b GKwU Bûw` ivóª cÖwZôvi Rb¨ cÖPvi Pvjv‡Zb|
Rv‡qvwb÷ Kviv?
mKj Bûw` Rv‡qvwb÷ (Zionist) e‡j we‡ewPZ nq bv| †hme Bûw` Bûw`-†kÖôZ¡ev`‡K I Rv‡qvwbRg‡K aviY K‡i Bûw` ivóª cÖwZôv
Ki‡Z cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e KvR K‡i‡Q Ges cÖwZwôZ Bûw` ivóª‡K i¶v I iv‡óªi AvqZb e„w× Kivi Rb¨ †Póv K‡i P‡j‡Q Zv‡`i‡K
Rv‡qvwb÷ ejv nq|
cÖwZkÖæZ f‚wg (Promised Land):
wneªæ evB‡ej ev Zvbv‡L ewY©Z evYx Abyhvqx Bûw`iv g‡b K‡i †h, †Kbvb (†jfv›U) AÂj mªóv Zv‡`i‡K `vb K‡i‡Qb| GB †jfv›U ev
†Kbvb AÂj‡K Bûw`iv cÖwZkÖyZ f‚wg (Promised Land) e‡j g‡b K‡i| GB AÂjwU Avevi wLª÷vb I gymjgvb‡`i Kv‡QI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
Bûw`‡`i `vwe, Zviv n‡jv ZvbvL ev wneªæ evB‡ej A_ev Iì †U÷v‡g‡›U ewY©Z †mB RvwZ‡Mvôxi mivmwi DËivwaKvi, hviv wgmi †_‡K
wmbvB DcZ¨Kv n‡q †Kbv‡b wd‡i G‡mwQj Ges ZvivB mªóvi Ôg‡bvbxZ m¤cÖ`vqÕ| mªóv Zv‡`i cÖwZkÖywZ w`‡qwQ‡jb †h `ya I gayi GB
†`‡k Zviv kvwšÍ‡Z emevm Ki‡e|

 Conspiracy Theory (lohš¿ ZË¡): [***]

lohš¿ ZË¡ n‡”Q GK ai‡bi wek¦vm ev aviYv, hvi Kvi‡Y †jv‡K g‡b K‡i †Kv‡bv NUbv ev cwiw¯’wZ kw³kvjx e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM© Øviv
ˆZwi GKwU †Mvcb cwiKíbvi djvdj| mvaviYZ ¯^v_©v‡bœlx gnj Zv‡`i e¨w³ ev †Mvôx¯^v_© PwiZv_© Kivi j‡¶¨ †Kv‡bv GKwU NUbvi KviY wnmv‡e
Mfxi †Kv‡bv †Mvcb loh‡š¿i cÖwZ A½ywj wb‡`©k K‡i| Av‡iKwU e¨vcvi j¶Yxq Zv n‡”Q, G mKj †¶‡Î my¯úó cÖgvY _v‡K Abycw¯’Z|
66 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj
Ôlohš¿ ZË¡Õ g~jZ †Kvb NUbvi my¯úó cÖgvY Qvov Mfxi loh‡š¿i GK `„k¨cU ˆZwi Kiv, Gi gva¨‡g ¶gZvkxj gvbyl Amr Dcv‡q Ges
¶wZKi cš’vq wb‡R‡`i dvq`v jvf K‡i _v‡K| Ôlohš¿ Z‡Ë¡Õ GKUv Mí cwiewZ©Z n‡q m¤ú~Y© wfbœ iƒc aviY K‡i|
BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv hvq, mvgvwRK Ges ivR‰bwZK D”P ¶gZvai e¨w³iv bvbv MYnZ¨v Ges `ywe©cv‡Ki †cQ‡b `vqx| GgbwK
Zviv wb‡Riv wKQy loh‡š¿i mv‡_ Rwo‡q GKB mv‡_ lohš¿ Z‡Ë¡i cÖPvi K‡i wM‡q‡Qb wb‡R‡`i j¶¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨| wnUjvi I
÷¨vwjb `vwe KiZ †h Zviv hv‡`i weiæ‡× hy‡× †b‡g‡Q Zviv iv‡óªi Ag½j mva‡b PµvšÍ K‡i Pj‡Q| GgbwK A‡bK cÖK…Z lohš¿‡K
lohš¿ ZË¡ wn‡m‡e evwZj †NvlYv Kiv n‡qwQj, hv ciewZ©‡Z mZ¨ cÖgvwYZ nq|
lohš¿ ZË¡¸‡jv `xN©w`b a‡i cÖPwjZ _v‡K| Avi h‡_ó Z_¨-cÖgv‡Yi Afv‡e gvbyl Zv wek¦vmI K‡i| KviY Zviv wb‡Ri e¨w³MZ
gZvgZ Ggbfv‡e AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ A‡b¨i Dci Pvwc‡q †`q hv mevi c‡¶ Zv ey‡S IVv Kómva¨| mvaviYZ miKv‡ii cÖwZ Av¯’vnxbZv
_vK‡j kw³kvjx †KvbI cÖwZôv‡bi c‡¶ lohš¿ ZË¡¸‡jv mvaviY gvbyl‡K wek¦vm Kiv‡bv mnR| A‡bK mgq j¶¨ Kiv hvq, †Kv‡bv
¯^bvgab¨ e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb GB mg¯Í cÖPviYvq kvwgj nb| d‡j Z_vKw_Z lohš¿ ZË¡ †jvKwcÖqZv cvq| GWjd wnUjv‡ii Z_¨gš¿x
†Mv‡qej‡mi †mB weL¨vZ Dw³ GLv‡b ¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i,
ÒGKwU wg_¨v evievi ej‡j Zv mZ¨ n‡q hvq|Ó
lohš¿Kvixiv mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv‡K †e‡Q †bb hv‡Z K‡i Zviv mn‡RB mvaviY gvby‡li `„wó AvKl©‡Y mg_© nb|
gvbyl hLb †Kv‡bv wel‡q DwØMœ ev AwbwðZ _v‡Kb, wK NU‡Z hv‡”Q †m e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv my¯úó aviYv bv _v‡K ZLwb G ai‡bi wg_¨v
iUbv Zvi Wvjcvjvi we¯Ívi NUvq| eZ©gv‡b B›Uvi‡bU cÖhyw³i Afvebxq DbœwZi Kvi‡Y Lye `ªæZ Qwo‡q hv‡”Q Z_vKw_Z Gme ZË¡|
eûj cÖPwjZ wKQy lohš¿ ZË¡:
 A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib 9/11-Gi NUbvi Rb¨ †Lv` gvwK©b hy³ivóª `vqx| Zv‡`i fvl¨ †cÖwm‡W›U RR© eyk I fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U wWK
†Pwb Rvb‡Zb †mw`b UyBb UvIqvi I †c›UvM‡b nvgjv n‡e| A‡b‡K Avevi g‡b K‡ib Bûw`iv GB nvgjvi †cQ‡b wQj|
 1969 mv‡j bvmv Zv‡`i b‡fvPvix‡`i Puv‡`i gvwU‡Z cvVvq| gvbemf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m GwU Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv| wKš‘
1970-Gi `kK †_‡KB Puv‡` AeZiY wb‡q lohš¿ ZË¡ ïiæ nq| lohš¿ ZË¡Kvix‡`i g‡Z Puv‡` Avm‡j †KD KL‡bv hvqwb|
eis G¸‡jv me¸‡jv ˆZwi Kiv wfwWI|
K‡ivbvKv‡j lohš¿ ZË¡:
 mewKQyi g~‡j Pxb-G Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³viv e‡jb, K‡ivbvfvBivm cÖvK…wZK bq GwU gvbem„ó| ÔDnvb BÝwUwUDU Ae fvB‡ivjwRÕ
GB fvBiv‡mi AuvZyiNi| RxevYy A¯¿ wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ GB fvBiv‡mi Rb¥| Dnv‡bi H BÝwUwUDU †_‡K
D‡Ïk¨cÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q A_ev AmZK©Zvi Kvi‡Y fvBivmwU Qwo‡q‡Q| mv‡eK gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U †Wvbvì Uªv¤ú K‡ivbv fvBivm‡K
ej‡Zb China Virus.
 `vqx wej †MUm: wej †MUm‡K `vqx K‡i GKwU cÖPviYv †ek RbwcÖqZv †c‡q‡Q| 2015 mv‡j KvbvWvi f¨vsKzfv‡i GK
m‡¤§j‡b wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb,
ÒAvMvgx K‡qK `k‡K hw` †Kv‡bv wKQy‡Z GK †KvwU †jv‡Ki g„Zy¨ nq,
†mUv nq‡Zv n‡e AZ¨šÍ msµvgK GKUv fvBivm, †Kv‡bv hy× bq|Ó
G e³‡e¨i m~Î a‡i GKwU c¶ ej‡Q, wej †MU‡mi †bZ„‡Z¡ GK Aïf kw³ GB fvBivm Qwo‡q‡Q| KviY Zviv Rvb‡Zb Kvh©Kix
†Kv‡bv wUKv Qvov GB fvBivm †_‡K euvPvi †Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB| Avi Zviv Pvw”Q‡jb GB wUKvi Ici Zv‡`i GK‡PwUqv wbqš¿Y
_vKzK hv‡Z K‡i Zviv wecyj cwigv‡Y gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

 KvVv‡gvev` (Structuralism): [***]

gvK©mev‡`i Øviv cÖfvweZ KvVv‡gvMZ gZev` ev¯Íeev`x‡`i gZ wek¦ ivRbxwZ‡Z ivóª‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KviK (Actor) ev Kg©K wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| wewfbœ iv‡óªi g‡a¨ m¤úK©‡K KvVv‡gvMZ gZev`xiv †kvwlZ I †kvlK †kªwY iv‡óªi gvb`‡Ð e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY
K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr cÖf~Z¡Kvix †kªwYi ivóª nj AvšÍR©vwZK ev wek¦ ivRbxwZi g~j Kg©K| KvVv‡gvev`xiv g‡b K‡ib, AvaywbK AvšÍR©vwZK
e¨e¯’vi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z i‡q‡Q ¸wUK‡qK kw³kvjx I cÖfvekvjx cyuwRev`x ivóª Ges Zvi Pvicv‡k we‡k¦i AwaKvsk AbybœZ, Dbœqbkxj
I ciwbf©ikxj ivóªmg~n|
Gu‡`i g‡Z, Z_vKw_Z RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i bv‡g GKwU ivóª AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î g~jZ iv‡óªi cÖf~Z¡Kvix †kªwYi ¯^v_©i¶vi Dc‡hvMx bxwZ
AbymiY K‡i| KvVv‡gvMZ gZev‡`i cÖe³v‡`i g‡a¨ gyL¨ cÖe³v n‡jb ¸Ûvi d«v¼, Bgvby‡qj Iqvjvi÷vBb, wU †¯‹vkcj cÖgyL|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj 67
 me©MÖvmxev` (Totalitarianism): [***]
me©MÖvmxev` ej‡Z Ggb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b GKRb e¨w³ ev e¨w³‡`i GKwU †Mvôx ¶gZv Kzw¶MZ K‡i iv‡L,
kvm‡b RbwcÖq AskMÖnY‡K mxgve× ev wbwl× K‡i Ges wfbœgZ‡K `gb K‡i|
AMYZvwš¿K ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ mvaviY kã hv GKRb e¨w³ ev e¨w³‡`i GKwU †Mvôx Øviv kvwmZ nq hviv Zv‡`i RbMY
Øviv ¯^vaxbfv‡e wbe©vwPZ nq bv Ges hviv cÖvqB †¯^”QvPvix ¶gZv e¨envi K‡i| me©MÖvmxev` nj KZ©„Z¡ev‡`i P~ovšÍ iƒc|
G KvVv‡gvq wbwe©‡k‡l GKUv wbw`©ó †kªwY, †Mvôx, ag©, eY©, RvwZ, mgwó‡K LjbvqK evbv‡bv nq| Zv‡`i Ab¨vb¨ gvby‡li †P‡q
wb‡Pi ¯Í‡ii wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv nq, hv‡Z N„Yv Kiv mnR nq| GUv †Kv‡bv e¨w³¯^vaxbZv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i bv Ges GB e¨e¯’vq e¨w³i
Rxe‡bi me w`K‡K miKv‡ii KZ©„‡Z¡i Aaxb Ki‡Z Pvq|
D`vniY- me©MÖvmx miKv‡ii D`vniY n‡jv wnUjv‡ii mgqKvi Rvg©vwb I gy‡mvwjwbi BZvwj|

 Critical Theory (mgv‡jvPbvg~jK ZË¡): [***]

mgv‡jvPbvg~jK ZË¡ nj GKwU mvgvwRK ZË¡, hvi j¶¨ mgv‡Ri mgv‡jvPbv Kiv Ges mvgwMÖKfv‡e Zv cwieZ©b Kiv|
mgv‡jvPbvg~jK ZË¡¸‡jv mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi AšÍwb©wnZ Abygvb¸‡jv Lyu‡R †ei Kivi †Póv K‡i, hv gvbyl‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Ges mwZ¨Kvi
A‡_© wek¦ Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i Zvi †evSv †_‡K weiZ iv‡L|
GB AšÍwb©wnZ Abygvb¸‡jv mgv‡jvPbvg~jK Z‡Ë¡i `„wó‡Z, GKwU "wg_¨v †PZbv" ˆZwi K‡i, hv GKwU mwZ¨Kv‡ii MYZ‡š¿i w`‡K
RbM‡Yi AMÖMwZ‡K mwµqfv‡e nªvm K‡i|
mgv‡jvPK ZvwË¡Kiv `vwe K‡ib †h, mvgvwRK weÁvb‡K Aek¨B Zv‡`i c×wZi mv‡_ `k©b‡K GKxf~Z Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Gi
djvdj¸‡jv‡K ev¯Íem¤§Z K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K AvwacZ¨ I wbcxo‡bi g‡Zv cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K gy³ Kivi ˆbwZK KviY‡K
GwM‡q †bIqv hvq|
mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK `k©‡b gvK©mev`x-AbycÖvwYZ G Av‡›`vjb g~jZ Rvg©vwbi d«v¼dzU© wek¦we`¨vj‡q mgvRweÁvbx‡`i GKwU
†Mvôx Øviv ˆZwi n‡qwQj, hviv wb‡R‡`i‡K d«v¼dzU© ¯‹yj wnmv‡e D‡jøL K‡iwQj| we‡kl K‡i Kvj© gvK©m Ges wmMgyÛ d«‡q‡Wi
wPšÍvavivi Dci wfwË K‡i G ZË¡ M‡o D‡V‡Q|
mgv‡jvPK ZvwË¡Kiv g‡b K‡ib †h, `k©‡bi GKwU cÖv_wgK j¶¨ nj mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv‡K †evSv Ges hvi gva¨‡g gvbyl Avwac‡Z¨i
wkKvi I wbcxwoZ nq Zv KvwU‡q DV‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|
1970 Gi `kK †_‡K, BwZnvm, AvBb, mvwnZ¨ Ges mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Aa¨q‡b mgv‡jvPbvg~jK ZË¡wUi AZ¨šÍ cÖfvekvjx
Ae¯’vb i‡q‡Q| mgv‡jvPbvg~jK ZË¡ Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK kvLvq cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb bvixev`, mgv‡jvPbvg~jK RvwZ ZË¡ Ges
Dcwb‡ekev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv|

 RvZxqZvev` (Nationalism): [**]

RvwZ:
†h Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ KwZcq mv`„k¨ A_©vr mvaviY DrcwË, fvlv, BwZnvm I HwZn¨, ms¯‹…wZ Ab¨ K_vq GKB ai‡bi RvZxq
AvKv•ÿv weivR _v‡K Ges Abyfe K‡i, Zv‡`i mgwóMZfv‡e GKwU RvwZ (Nation) e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| †hgb- evOvwj
RvwZ, Avie RvwZ, KvZvjvb RvwZ BZ¨vw`|
RvZxqZvev`:
wb‡R‡K †Kvb RvwZi AšÍfy©³ Kiv, †mB RvwZi BwZnvm, HwZn¨, ms¯‹…wZ, weKvk, AMÖMwZ, †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb, Av_©-mvgvwRK
I ivR‰bwZK gyw³i AvKv•ÿv BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ GKvZ¥‡eva Kiv Ges mswkøó RvwZi HwZn¨, g~j¨‡eva, ¯^KxqZv iÿv I weKv‡k
wek^vmx nIqv‡KB RvZxqZvev` e‡j|
RvZxqZvev` g~jZ BD‡ivcxq aviYv| RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv †_‡KB RvwZiv‡óªi D™¢e| RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i c‡ÿ civaxb †`k¸‡jvi
gvby‡li jovB I Rxeb wemR©b Ges wek kZ‡K eo eo `ywU wek^hy× n‡qwQj RvwZivóª‡K †K›`ª K‡i|
Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹i g‡Z,
ÒRvZxqZvev` mvaviYfv‡e GK ai‡bi gvbwmK aviYv| GwU `ywU avivq cwicyóÑ
GKwU n‡jv cy‡iv‡bv ¯§„wZ Ges Ab¨wU n‡jv GK‡Î emevm Kivi m¤§wZ|Ó
C J H Hays Gi g‡Z,
68 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj
ÒRvZxqZv †`k‡cÖ‡gi `ywU cy‡iv‡bvfv‡ei AvaywbK Abyf~wZcÖeY mswgkÖY I AwZiÄb|Ó
RvZxqZvev‡`i Dcv`vb:
K. GKB †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbvq emevmt
GKB †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbvq emev‡mi gva¨‡g gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKB RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi D™¢e N‡U| †hgb, evsjv‡`‡ki
mxgvbvi g‡a¨ hviv emevm K‡i Zviv evsjv‡`wk RvZxqZvev‡`i †PZbv jvjb K‡i|
L. eskMZ HK¨t
WvP eskaiiv †b`vij¨vÛm Ges Ij›`vR eskaiiv cZ©ywMR RvwZ MVb K‡i‡Q RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi gva¨‡g|
M. fvlvMZ HK¨t
GKB fvlvfvlx †hgb Aviwe fvlvfvlxiv Avie RvZxqZvev`, evsjv fvlvfvlxiv evOvwj RvZxqZvev` ˆZwi K‡i‡Q|
N. ag©xq HK¨t
GKB ag©‡Mvôx GKB RvZxqZvev`x †Mvôx ˆZwi K‡i| †hgb, Bmjvg a‡g©i gvbyl gymwjg RvwZ‡Mvôx, mbvZb a‡g©i
Abymvixiv wn›`y RvZxqZvev` cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q|
O. A_©‰bwZK HK¨t GKB †ckvi gvbyl GKB RvZxqZvev`x †Mvôx ˆZwi K‡i| †hgb, gvjØx‡ci cÖavb †ckv gvQ aiv, ZvB
gvjØxc‡K ejv nq grm¨Rxex‡`i †`k|
RvZxqZvev‡`i ˆewkó¨ wb¤œiƒc:
1. fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ, wkí-mvwnZ¨, AvPvi-AvPiY, g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm, RvZxq †PZbv, cÖ_v, ixwZ-bxwZ, HwZn¨ Ges †cvkvK I
mvgvwRK Pj‡b wbR¯^ ¯^KxqZv eRvq _v‡K|
2. wbR RvwZi gv‡S Mfxi HK¨‡eva, GKvZ¥Zv Ges mngwg©Zv _v‡K|
3. we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ mgvR †_‡K ¯^vZš¿¨‡eva Ges c„_K RvwZmËv _v‡K|
4. Amv¤úª`vwqKZv (Avie ivóªmg~n Gi e¨wZµg) I Ab¨ agx©q wek¦v‡mi cÖwZ kÖ×v|
5. RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ cÖwZwôZ Kiv|
6. cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZMZ `‡ji ¯^vZš¿¨ cÖKv‡ki †hvM¨Zv Av‡Q|
7. wbR¯^ AwfiæwP Abyhvqx kvwmZ nevi AwaKviI cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZi mvaviY ˆewkó¨|
 RvZxqZvev` I AvšÍR©vwZKZvev‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:
RvZxqZvev` (Nationalism) AvšÍR©vwZKZvev` (Internationalism)
wbw`©ó f‚L‡Ði g‡a¨ wPšÍv-†PZbv mxgve× I Abyf‚wZi cÖKvkB e„nr I wek¦e¨vcx D`vi gvbwmKZv I Abyf‚wZi cÖKvkB
RvZxqZvev`| AvšÍR©vwZKZvev`|
RvZxq g~j¨‡eva I RvZxq ¯^v_©‡K cÖavb¨ †`q wek¦vqb cÖwµqvq e¨vcK Dbœq‡bi cÖvavb¨ †`q
RvZxqZvev` wek¦vqb I gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi we‡ivax| AvšÍR©vwZKZvev` wek¦vqb I gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi avibv
cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Q|
RvZxqZvev` mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i m„wó K‡i Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡Î DMÖ AvšÍR©vwZKZvev` mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i we‡ivwaZv K‡i Ges
RvZxqZvev‡` wek¦vmx| wek¦vq‡bi mg_©K|
RvZxqZvev` mf¨Zvi weKv‡k cÖwZeÜKZv ¯^iƒc| AvšÍR©vwZKZvev` AvšÍR©vwZKZvi d‡jB m„wó n‡q‡Q|
RvZxqZvev` MYZvwš¿K fveavivi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© bq KviY AvšÍR©vwZKZvev` MYZ‡š¿i weKv‡k mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb
RvZxqZvev` mnbkxjZv I cigZmwnòzZvi cwicš’x| K‡i|

 RvwZMZ wbg~©jKiY (Ethnic Cleansing): [***]

msL¨vjNy Rb‡Mvôx‡K D‡”Q‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡PóvB RvwZ‡Mvôx wbg~©jKiY| †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †fŠ‡MvwjK ¯’vb †_‡K msL¨vjNy‡`i AevwÂZ
Kiv, DrLvZ Kiv I MYnZ¨v Pvjv‡bvB RvwZMZ wbg©~jKiY| mv‡eK hy‡Mvkøvwfqvi we‡f`‡K †K›`ª K‡i hy‡×i mgq wbw`©ó wKQz
RvwZ‡Mvôxi Dci AeY©bxq AZ¨vPvi †b‡g Avmvi ci 1990 Gi `k‡K ÒRvwZ‡Mvôx wbg~©jKiYÓ kãwU cÖ_g e¨envi Kiv nq|
RvwZMZ wbg~©jKi‡Yi KviY:
K. †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †fŠ‡MvwjK ¯’vb‡K ÒRvwZMZfv‡e mgRvZxq †fŠ‡MvwjK GjvKvqÓ iƒcvšÍi Kiv|
L. eY©ev`x †PZbv ev¯Íevqb|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj 69
M. DMÖ RvZxqZvev` cÖwZôv|
N. msL¨vjNy †Mv·`i D‡”Q` K‡i ivóª‡K cweÎ Kivi nxb wPšÍv|
O. Ab¨ †`‡k kiYv_©x m„wói nxb cÖ‡Póv|
RvwZMZ wbg~©jKi‡Yi wb`k©b:
K. 2017 mv‡j wgqvbgv‡ii ivLvB‡b wgqvbgv‡ii †mbvevwnbx (Tatmadaw) Awfhvb Pvwj‡q 11.50 jvL †ivwn½v‡K D‡”Q` K‡i|
L. 2003 mv‡j my`v‡bi `vidz‡i Abvie gymwjg MYnZ¨v|
M. 1994-95 mv‡j iæqvÛvq 3 jÿvwaK ZzZwm‡K †`k Qvov Kiv|
N. 1995 mv‡j †meªwbrmv MYnZ¨v/ emwbqvq †µvqvUm‡`i nZ¨v|
O. 1992 mv‡j mve©‡`i Øviv emwbqv nZ¨vKvÐ|
P. 1939 †_‡K 1945 ch©šÍ bvrwm evwnbx KZ…©K Bûw` nZ¨vKvÐ, hv Ôn‡jvK÷Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ|

 mv¤ªvR¨ev` (Imperialism)
mvaviY A‡_© mv¤ªvR¨ev` (Imperialism) Dcwb‡ekev‡`i mgv_©K kã| mv¤ªvR¨ev` n‡jv ciiv‡R¨i Dci AwaKvi we¯Ív‡ii bxwZ|
eZ©gv‡b mv¤ªvRev‡`i P~ovšÍ jÿ¨ n‡”Q A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ciivóª ev †Mvôxi Dci `xN©¯’vqx AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv Kiv| weMZ kZ‡Ki weªwUk
†bŠevwnbx c„w_exi wewfbœ RvqMvq evwYR¨ bxwZ I gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi AvMÖvmx g‡bvfve mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i DrK…ó D`vniY|
GKwU †`k wbR ¯^v‡_© Ab¨ †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ webvk ev m¼zwPZ K‡i Zvi Dci hLb wb‡Ri cÖfzZ¡ I KZ…©Z¡ ¯’vc‡bi
†Póv Pvjvq ZLbB mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i D™¢e nq| wesk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i weKvk jvf K‡i|
†jwb‡bi g‡Z,
ÒcyuwRev‡`i m‡e©v”P GK‡PwUqv I me©‡kl ¯Íi n‡jv mv¤ªvR¨ev`|Ó
gv·©xq g‡Z,
ÒcyuwRev` †_‡K mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i D™¢e Aek¨¤¢vex|Ó
†jwbb Zvui “Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism” MÖ‡š’ mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i wb‡¤œv³ ˆewk‡ó¨i D‡jøL K‡ibÑ
1. Drcv`b I cyuwRi cyÄxfeb Ggb GK ¯Í‡i †cuŠ‡Q‡Q hvi d‡j m„wó n‡q‡Q GK‡PwUqv ev g‡bvcwj Ges GB g‡bvcwj
(monopoly) ¸‡jvB A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î wba©viK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
2. e¨vsK cyuwR I wkí cyuwRi wfwˇZ M‡o I‡V‡Q abKz‡ei jwMœcyuwR|
3. cyuwRi ißvwb we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q|
4. cyuwRcwZ‡`i AvšÍR©vwZK GK‡PwUqv msN M‡o I‡V‡Q Ges Zviv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ c„w_exUv‡K fvMvfvwM K‡i wb‡q‡Q|
5. gywó‡gq e„nr cyuwRev`x kw³i g‡a¨ c„w_exUvi AvÂwjK eÈb mgvß n‡q‡Q|
 mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i KviY:
K. RvZxq kw³ e„w×i †Póv
L. ivóªxq wbivcËv †Rvi`viKiY
M. ag©xq cÖPvi
N. RbmsL¨v e„w×
O. A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©‡bi †Póv

 mv¤ªvR¨ev` I bqv-Dcwb‡ekev‡`i m¤úK©|

1. mv¤ªvR¨ev` GKwU mbvZb aviYv| Aciw`‡K, bqv Dcwb‡ekev` GKwU AvaywbK aviYv|
2. wbR¯^ mxgv‡iLv Qvwo‡q f~wgMZ m¤úªmvi‡Y e¨vc„Z n‡j Zv nq mv¤ªvR¨ev`| Aciw`‡K, f~wgMZ m¤úªmvi‡Yi †P‡qI evRvi
`Ljmn A_©‰bwZK I KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ cÖ`v‡bi bv‡g H f~L‡Ð AvwacZ¨ we¯ÍviB bqv Dcwb‡ekev`|
3. mv¤ªvR¨ev‡` f~wgi m¤úªmviY I Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcbB gyL¨ _v‡K, Avi bqv Dcwb‡ekev‡` _v‡K AvÁven miKvi ¯’vcb|
4. mv¤ªvR¨ev`x kw³ wQ‡jv gywó‡gq hviv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ `L‡ji cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z e¨¯Í _vKZ| weªwUk mv¤ªvR¨, divwm mv¤ªvR¨,
A‡÷ªv-nv‡½wi mv¤ªv‡R¨i gZ ¸wUK‡qK mv¤ªvR¨ev`x kw³ wQj| Avi bqv Dcwb‡ekev‡` cyuwRev‡`i Aeva cÖev‡n evRvi I
†fvM‡mev `L‡ji gva¨‡g AvÁven K‡i †Zvjvi AmsL¨ kw³i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv we`¨gvb _v‡K|
5. mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i aviYvwU wQj bMœ, KK©k I evûj¨ewR©Z AvMÖvm‡bi cÖqvm| Aciw`‡K, bqv Dcwb‡ekev` n‡”Q gvwR©Z, my¯’ I
Av`k© Ave„Z GK bZzb AvwacZ¨|
70 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj
6. mv¤ªvR¨ev‡` wfbœ m¤úª`v‡qi ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK mg¯Í w`KB cÖfvweZ ev iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i †`q| bqv
Dcwb‡ekev‡` mgMÖ mgvRRxeb wbqš¿YKvix K‡Vvi ev `ye©n kvmb ÿgZvi e¨envi †bB| GLv‡b A_©‰bwZK wbqš¿YUvB gyL¨|
7. mv¤ªvR¨ev‡` f~LÐwU mv¤ªvR¨ev`x kw³i Dci me †ÿ‡Î wbf©ikxj wQ‡jv ev wbf©ikxj K‡i ivLv n‡Zv| Avi bqv Dcwb‡ekev‡`
A_©‰bwZK gyw³, wewb‡qvM, mvnvh¨, FY, evRvi m„wói Rb¨ wbf©ikxj Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
8. mv¤ªvR¨ev‡` mivmwi wb‡Ri kvmb, `Lj I †fvM cÖvavb¨ †cZ| Avi bqv Dcwb‡ekev‡` wb‡Ri cQ›`gZ miKvi cÖwZôv, mvgwiK
I A_©‰bwZK †Rv‡Ui AšÍf©yw³KiY, mvgwiK NvuwU ¯’vcb, wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZ wbqš¿Y, A_©‰bwZK AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv cÖvavb¨ cvq|

 mf¨Zvi msKU (Clash of Civilization): [***]

cÖqvZ ivóªweÁvbx m¨vgy‡qj wdwjcm nvw›UsUb (1927-2008) 1993 mv‡j d‡ib A¨v‡dqvm© Rvb©v‡ji 72Zg msL¨vq cÖ_g Zvi
Ômf¨Zvi msNvZÕ w_wm‡mi cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡iwQ‡jb| hw`I ZLb †_‡KB Gi ˆeaZv wb‡q †Rviv‡jv weZK© ïiæ n‡qwQj| Ômf¨Zvi
msNvZÕ ZË¡wU eûj Av‡jvwPZ I mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q Ges A‡b‡KB Zv evwZj Kivi c‡ÿ gZ w`‡q‡Qb| Dciš‘ nvw›UsU‡bi G
w_wmmwU The Clash of Civilization and the Remaking of World Order wk‡ivbv‡g MÖš’ AvKv‡i m¤úªmvwiZ K‡ib| eBwU‡K
5wU fv‡M fvM K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q, cÖwZ fv‡M GKvwaK wel‡qi AeZviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
nvw›UsU‡bi g‡Z, mf¨Zv n‡”Q ms¯‹…wZi m‡¤§jb (A civilization is a cultural entity)| AÂj, ag©, RvZxqZv, G_wbwmwU
cÖf…wZ‡K †K›`ª K‡i ms¯‹…wZ M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i| wZwb †gvU 8wU mf¨Zvi K_v e‡j‡QbÑ
1. cwðgv mf¨Zv 5. Kbdzwmqvm mf¨Zv
2. Rvcvwb mf¨Zv 6. BmjvwgK mf¨Zv
3. wn›`y mf¨Zv 7. ¯øvwfK-A‡_©vW· mf¨Zv I
4. j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvb mf¨Zv 8. Avwd«Kvb mf¨Zv|
mf¨Zvi ؇›Øi KviY D‡jøL Ki‡Z wM‡q nvw›UsUb e‡j‡Qb,
Òmf¨Zvi cwiPq w`b w`b evo‡Q, hv Ø›Ø-msNvZ Awbevh© K‡i Zzj‡e| wewfbœ mf¨Zvi g‡a¨ fvlv, BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ag©MZ
cv_©K¨ GB kZvãx‡Z Ø›Ø-msNv‡Zi g~j KviY n‡e| ¯œvqyhy‡×i mgq we`¨gvb msNv‡Zi Kvi‡Yi Zzjbvq ¯œvqyhy‡×vËi msNvZ‡K g~jZ wfbœ
wfbœ mf¨Zvi ms¯‹…wZ, †ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î ag© cÖavb f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| mf¨Zv‡K LwÐZ, cwiewZ©Z ev cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Kiv hvq bv|Ó
GQvov c„_K mf¨Zvi gvbyl¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Af¨šÍixY †ÿ‡Î cvi¯úwiK wg_w¯Œqv e„w× cv‡”Q| Gi wcQ‡b KvR Ki‡Q g~jZ mf¨Zvi
m‡PZbZv| cÖ‡dmi nvw›UsUb Bmjvg I ˆPwbK mf¨Zv‡K cvðv‡Z¨i cÖavb cÖwZØ›Øx mf¨Zv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z
GB `yB mf¨Zv Qvov Ab¨¸‡jv cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvi ga¨ wejxb ev GKxf‚Z n‡q hv‡”Q|
mf¨Zvi ؇›Ø hy³ivóª‡K wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z wM‡q nvw›UsUb e‡j‡Qb, wbivcËv ejq cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Av‡gwiKv mf¨Zv‡K 8wU mf¨Zvi
†Kv‡bvUv‡K kÎæ (cÖwZ‡hvMx) g‡b K‡i GwM‡q †h‡Z n‡e| Avi Zvi ev¯Íe cÖ‡qvM N‡U‡Q 2001 mv‡j gymwjg iv‡óªi weiæ‡×
hy³iv‡óªi War on Terror Kg©m~wP|
 be¨ wek^ e¨e¯’v (New World Order) : [***]
wek^ †Kgb/KxiKg AvPiY Ki‡e Zvi we‡kølYB wek^ e¨e¯’v| wØZxq wek^hy× cieZ©x wek^ wQ‡jv wØ-†giæ gva¨g (bipolar)| wewfbœ
wewkó ZvwË¡KMY wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Av‡jv‡K be¨ wek^ e¨e¯’v‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| wewkó ZvwË¡K Morton A Kaplan MZ kZvãxi
lv‡Ui `k‡K bZzb wek^ e¨e¯’vi MVb m¤úK©xq 6wU g‡W‡ji K_v e‡j‡QbÑ
1. kw³mvg¨ gva¨g ev wm‡÷g
2. wkw_j w؇giæ gva¨g
3. my`„p w؇giæ gva¨g
4. mve©Rbxb AvšÍR©vwZK gva¨g
5. cÖavb kw³ msewjZ AvšÍR©vwZK gva¨g
6. †f‡Uv (Veto) gva¨g
nvw›UsUb eZ©gvb wek^ e¨e¯’vi ¯^iƒc‡K e‡j‡Qb,
K. ¯œvqyhy‡×i Aemvb
L. we‡k^ KZ…©Z¡ cÖwZôv
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj 71
M. GK‡giæ wek^ e¨e¯’v
N. kw³ai iv‡óªi bgbxqZv
Pvj©m µvD_vi bZzb wek^ e¨e¯’vi †cÖÿvc‡U gvwK©b f~wgKvi w`‡K `„wó w`‡q D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h,
Ò¯œvqyhy‡×vËi we‡k^i me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K n‡jv GKK †giæZ¡|Ó
eZ©gvb wek^ e¨e¯’vi ¯^iƒc:
eZ©gvb wek^ e¨e¯’vq eû‡giæKiY (multipolar) cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| 2010 mv‡j Px‡bi DÌvb, Avie emšÍ, BD‡iv‡Rvb msKU
eû‡giæKiY c„w_ex m„wó‡Z f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q|
 2010 †_‡K eZ©gvb: eZ©gvb wek^ eû‡giæ (multipolar) e¨e¯’vq `„óvšÍ ivL‡Q| 2010 mv‡j Px‡bi wØZxq e„nËg Ges 2014
mv‡j kxl© (µqÿgZvq) A_©‰bwZK kw³ nIqv hy³ivóª‡K P¨v‡jÄ w`‡”Q| eZ©gvb wek^ e¨e¯’vq AvÂwjK cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| †hgb, `wÿY I `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvq Px‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Rvcvb I fvi‡Zi cÖfve cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| Avevi
BD‡iv‡c Rvg©vwbi GKK AvwacZ¨ cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| ga¨cÖv‡P¨ †mŠw`i mv‡_ mv‡_ Zzi¯‹, Bivb, ivwkqv I hy³ivóª mgvbfv‡e
cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Q| GQvovI,
 ivwkqv: cigvYy A¯¿ msL¨v †ewk, †Zj I M¨vm D‡Ëvj‡b kxl© †`k, wekvj AvqZb I føvw`wgi cywZb wek^ e¨e¯’vi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfveK|
 Pxb: wek^ evwYR¨, wek^ ißvwb, K…wlR cY¨ Drcv`b, Kqjv I ¯^Y© D‡Ëvj‡b kxl© †`k, me‡P‡q `ªæZMwZi mve‡gwib, wReywZ‡Z
NvuwU wbg©vY, 8g †bŠeni ˆZwii †NvlYvmn cÖf…wZ wek^ ivRbxwZ‡Z Ab¨Zg cÖfveK n‡q‡Q Pxb|
 Rvg©vwb: BD‡iv‡ci kxl© A_©‰bwZK kw³i cvkvcvwk c„w_exi gReyZ A_©bxwZi †`k Rvg©vwb BD‡iv‡ci A_©bxwZ I ivRbxwZ‡Z
MyiæZ¡c~Y© cÖfveK n‡q I‡V‡Q|
 GQvovI †mŠw`, fviZ, Rvcvb, BRICS, NDB, AIIB, New G-7 cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Q wek^ ivRbxwZ I A_©bxwZ‡Z| ZvB
ejv hvq, eZ©gv‡b eû‡giæKiY c„w_ex weivR Ki‡Q|

 wek^vqb (Globalisation): [**]

1960 Gi `k‡K gvk©vj g¨vKjynvb cÖ_g †Møvevj wf‡jR ev wek^MÖv‡gi aviYv †`b|
weÁvb-cÖhyw³i R¨vwgwZK AMÖMwZ, moK, wegvb I g¨vwiUvBg †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi
Dbœq‡bi d‡j c‡Y¨i wecyjZi Ges m‡e©vcwi KwgDwb‡Kkb m¨v‡UjvBU, d¨v·,
B›Uvi‡bU, B-†gBj BZ¨vw`i we¯§qKi Dbœq‡bi d‡j mvivwe‡k^i gvbyl GLb †`k,
ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l ci¯ú‡ii wbweo †_‡K wbweoZi mvwbœ‡a¨ G‡m hv‡”Q| gvby‡li
Rxebavi‡Yi DcKiY, ms¯‹…wZ I wPšÍv †PZbvi g‡a¨I ¯’vwcZ n‡”Q MfxiZi HK¨|
ivRbxwZ I A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡ÎI ïiæ n‡q‡Q GKÎxKi‡Yi cÖwµqv| †`k, ag©, eY©
wbwe©‡k‡l c„w_exi gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK I cÖhyw³MZ ˆbKU¨ I GKvZ¥Zvi aviv‡KB e‡j wek^vqb|
gvk©vj g¨vKjynvb e‡j‡Qb,
Ò†Møvevj wf‡j‡Ri Ab¨ GKwU iƒcB n‡”Q wek^vqb| mvaviYZ g‡b Kiv nq, cyuwR I cÖhyw³i
Aeva cÖev‡ni gva¨‡g wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK mgš^q mvabB n‡jv wek^vqb|Ó
gvwU©b Avj‡eªv e‡jb,
Òwek^vqb n‡”Q GKwU mvgwMÖK KwgDwbwUi g‡a¨ mg¯Í gvbyl‡K wb‡q Avmvi cÖwµqv|Ó
wek^vq‡bi cÖavb ZvwË¡K †ivbvì †evU©mb wek^vqb‡K AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb Òwe‡k^i ms‡KvPb Ges ci¯úi wbf©ikxjZvÓ e‡j|
2000 mv‡j G‡m AvBGgGd (IMF) g~jZ 5wU welq‡K wek¦vq‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Q| h_vt
1. Trade and Transaction (evwYR¨ I †jb‡`b)
2. Capital (cuywR)
3. Investment (wewb‡qvM)
4. Migration (†`kvšÍi)
5. Dissemination of Knowledge (Áv‡bi cÖPvi)|
72 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj
Z‡e e¨vcK A‡_© wek¦vqb ïay A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡ÎB mxgve× _v‡Kwb eis mvs¯‹…wZK I ivR‰bwZK †ÿ‡ÎI wek¦vq‡bi m¤úªmviY N‡U‡Q|
wek^vq‡bi ˆewkó¨:
1. c‡Y¨i Aeva cÖevn 2. cyuwRi Aeva cÖevn
3. kÖ‡gi Aeva cÖevn 4. Z‡_¨i Aeva cÖevn
5. evwYR¨ D`vixKiY I evRvi Db¥y³KiY 6. Z_¨cÖhyw³i Aeva weKvk
7. ms¯‹…wZi Aeva cÖmvi 8. eûRvwZK ms¯’vi weKvk
wek^vq‡bi myweav:
1. AvÂwjKxKiY 2. gvby‡li m‡e©vcix Ávbjvf
3. ms¯‹…wZi cÖmvi 4. KvwiMwi mn‡hvwMZv jvf
wek^vq‡bi Amyweav:
1. abx `wi‡`ªi cv_©K¨ µge„w× 2. `wi`ª‡`i Ae¯’vi µgk AebwZ
3. eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbi AvwacZ¨ 4. wbf©ikxjZv
wek^vq‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ welq:
wek^ evwYR¨ ms¯’v (WTO) Gi gnvcwiPvjK wek^vq‡bi mv‡_ wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jv‡K ms‡køwlZ K‡i‡Qb-
1. gy³ evwYR¨ bxwZ 3. evRvi e¨e¯’vi cÖvavb¨
3. wek^ A_©bxwZi GKÎxKiY 4. Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi m¤úªmviY
5. †emiKvwiKiY 6. gy`ªv wewb‡qvM e¨e¯’v
7. ißvwbgyLx wkívq‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc 8. A_©bxwZ‡Z miKvwi wbqš¿Y n«vm
wek^vqb †Kvb msKxY© aviYv bq, wek^vq‡bi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK `ywU w`KB i‡q‡Q|

 wW‡MøvevjvB‡Rkb (Deglobalization) [**]

†MøvevjvB‡Rkb I wW-†MøvevjvB‡Rkb
†MøvevjvB‡Rkb ev wek¦vqb KvR K‡i mvgwóK A_©bxwZ, evwYR¨ bxwZ Ges ˆewk¦K mieivn †PBb wb‡q| Gi gva¨‡gB G‡K A‡b¨i m‡½
hy³ nq †`k Ges evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv| wKš‘ bxwZ, wbivcËv Ges A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y m¤cÖwZ cÖ‡kœi gy‡L c‡o‡Q wek¦vqb|
A‡bK miKvi Ges e¨emvwqK cÖwZôvb evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î i¶Ykxj bxwZi w`‡K SyuK‡Q| Zviv cwieZ©bkxj ˆewk¦K cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wb‡R‡`i
Ae¯’vb †cv³ Ki‡ZB AMÖvwaKvi w`‡”Q| wek¦vq‡bi wecixZ G cÖeYZv cwiwPZ wW‡MøvevjvB‡Rkb bv‡g| AvšÍR©vwZK e¨emvq bZzb
f‚ivR‰bwZK cÖeYZv G wW‡MøvevjvB‡Rkb|
wW -†MøvevjvB‡Rkb cÖwµqvi ˆewkó¨:
1. AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †_‡K †`kxq wkí‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ U¨vwid, †KvUv Ges fZ©ywKi g‡Zv myi¶v e¨e¯’v AšÍf©y³ _v‡K|
2. GwU RvZxqZvev‡`i DÌv‡bi mv‡_ hy³, AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ I cÖwZôv‡bi †P‡q RvZxq ¯^v_©‡K cÖvavb¨ †`q|
3. GwU wek¦e¨vcx GKxKi‡Yi m¤¢ve¨ ûgwK †_‡K RvZxq cwiPq I ms¯‹…wZ‡K i¶v Kivi AvKvOÿv‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i|
4. cÖwµqvwU Af¨šÍixY Drcv`b, e¨envi Ges ¯^wbf©iZv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i, wek¦e¨vcx mieivn †PBb Ges AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡ii
Dci wbf©iZv n«vm K‡i|
5. GwU †`k¸wji g‡a¨ wek¦e¨vcx AvšÍtms‡hvM Ges ci¯úi wbf©iZv n«vm K‡i| Gi d‡j AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ †_‡K cÖZ¨vnvi,
AvšÍtmxgvšÍ cY¨, cwi‡lev Ges g~ja‡bi cÖevn n«vm Ges mxwgZ mvs¯‹…wZK wewbg‡qi gZ welq¸‡jv NU‡Z cv‡i|
wW-†MøvevjvB‡Rkb Gi w`‡K hv‡”Q wek¦
 2008 mv‡ji ˆewk¦K g›`vi cieZ©x‡Z wW‡MøvevjvB‡Rkb cÖwµqv MwZ jvf K‡i|
 ÔwW‡MøvevjvB‡RkbÕ aviYv‡K bZzbfv‡e †Rviv‡jv cÖK…wZ w`‡q‡Q wek¦e¨vcx K‡ivbv fvBiv‡mi msµgY| wesk kZvãxi
†kl w`‡K wek¦vqb wek¦e¨vcx †h Av‡e`b m„wó K‡iwQj, wek¦e¨vcx K‡ivbvfvBiv‡mi cÖv`yf©ve Ges Zv wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Z
wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jvi e¨_©Zv wek¦vq‡bi †mB Av‡e`b‡K †f‡O w`‡q‡Q|
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 BD‡µ‡b ivwkqvi Avµg‡Y wW- †MøvevjvB‡Rkb cÖwµqv bZzb MwZ jvf K‡i‡Q| ivwkqvi BD‡µb Avµg‡Yi †R‡i
24wU †`k ißvwb wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| cÖwZwµqvq ivwkqvI Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q wb‡lavÁv| cvëvcvwë G
wb‡lavÁvi cÖfve c‡o‡Q ˆewk¦K mieivn †PB‡b, hvi dj AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i g~j¨ùxwZi m~P‡K `„k¨gvb| mieivn
†PBb †f‡O covq miKvi¸‡jv Zv‡`i evwYR¨ †KŠkj cybwe©‡ePbv Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡”Q| evo‡Q cÖwZ‡ekx †`‡ki m‡½
mieivn †PBb ˆZwii cÖeYZv|

 be¨ D`viZvev` (Neo liberalism): [***]

weMZ kZ‡Ki lv‡Ui `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgq ¶gZvi jovB‡qi Aemvb NU‡jI A_©‰bwZK I gZv`k©MZ †¶‡Î cÖwZØw›ØZv
Pj‡Z _v‡K| Zv m‡Ë¡I, IB mgq cÖhyw³MZ †¶‡Î Ges e¨emv evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ AvÂwjK msnwZ M‡o
I‡V| bqv D`viZvev` mv‡ewK D`viZvev`x wPšÍvi `k©b AbymiY K‡iB cwiewZ©Z AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y©
wek¦kvwšÍ cÖwZôv Kiv Ges b¨vqwePvi I gvbeKj¨v‡Yi c_‡K cÖk¯Í Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨i K_v e¨³ K‡i| Z‡e D`viZvev‡`i wfbœ
ai‡bi AvKvi ev iƒc wb‡q Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Q eZ©gvb bZyb GB e¨e¯’v| †hUv †gvUv`v‡M c~e©eZ©xUvi †P‡q A‡bK evRvi‡Kw›`ªK
Ges e¨w³¯^vZšÍª¨‡Kw›`ªK Ges aŸsmvZ¥K ejv P‡j| be¨ D`viZvev‡`i Av`wk©K kw³, †h Avcwb GB A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’ vi
Abykvm‡bi g‡a¨ emevm Ki‡Qb wKš‘ Avcwb eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| c„w_ex‡Z GL‡bv ch©šÍ cÖvq †ewkifvM iv‡óª be¨-D`viZvev`
Zvi AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q|
be¨ D`viZvev` Ggb GKwU Av`k© Ges bxwZgvjv hv gy³ evRv‡ii cÖwZ‡hvwMZv‡K wfwË a‡i ˆZwi| be¨ D`viZvev` gZev‡`
†UKmB A_©‰bwZK cÖe„wׇK gvby‡li AMÖMwZ AR©‡bi me‡P‡q fv‡jv Dcvq wnmv‡e g‡b Kiv nq| GB fveavivq m¤ú`
cybteȇbi wel‡q evRv‡ii wbR¯^ `¶Zvi Ici Av¯’v ivLv nq Ges A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK †¶‡Î iv‡óªi b¨~bZg n¯Í‡¶‡ci
Ici †Rvi †`Iqv nq| GB gZev` evwYR¨ I g~ja‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖwZ A½xKvive×|

mgv‡jvPbv:
be¨ D`viZvev‡` cyuwR Aeva wePiY Kivi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q Ges cyuwRev`xiv m¯Ív kªwgK †h †`k¸‡jv‡Z i‡q‡Q †m †`‡k wewb‡qvM K‡i
gybvdv ewa©Z K‡i‡Q| mgv‡R †hgb Avq ˆelg¨ †e‡o‡Q †Zgwb `wi`ªZvi nvi cÖZ¨vwkZ Ae¯’vi †P‡q Aí K‡g‡Q| GQvovI be¨
D`viZvev` ïaygvÎ cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gvi wbw`©ó †kªwYi Kv‡Q ¶gZv †K›`ªxf~Z K‡iwb, eis A‡bK †`‡ki mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Kgv‡bv,
ivR‰bwZK-A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxb wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y cÖwZeÜKZv ˆZwi, kª‡gi wefvRb, gvby‡li Rxeb cÖYvjxi cwieZ©b, mvgvwRK eÜb, wPšÍvi
ixwZbxwZ BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q|

 ev¯Íeev` I be¨ ev¯Íeev‡`i cv_©K¨: [***]

ev¯Íeev` be¨ ev¯Íeev`
ev¯Íeev` ivóª‡K me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| be¨-ev¯Íeev` Aivóªxq ms¯’v¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i|
ev¯Íeev` ¶gZvq AvMÖnx| be¨-ev¯Íeev` wbivcËv wb‡q AvMÖnx|
ev¯Íeev` gvbe cÖK…wZi Dci Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i| be¨ ev¯Íeev` be¨-ev¯Íem¤§Z wm‡÷‡gi KvVv‡gvi Dci
Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i|
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î ؇›Øi †cÖw¶‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i g‡a¨ ؇›Øi †KŠkj wba©vi‡Y wek¦vm
iYbxwZ ev¯Íevq‡b wek¦vm K‡i| K‡i, Z‡e GB c×wZwU wbivcËvi cÖwZ Av‡iv AvMÖnx|
ev¯Íeev`x‡`i g‡Z BDwb‡cvjvi wm‡÷g be¨-ev¯Íeev`x‡`i g‡Z evB‡cvjvi wm‡÷g me‡P‡q
me‡P‡q w¯’wZkxj wm‡÷g| w¯’wZkxj wm‡÷g|