UN PARTNERSHIP FOR ACTION ON GREEN ECONOMY

Mapping of the Sustainable

Development Vision 2030 of
Mongolia and the Green Development
Policy/ Action Plan against the Global
SDG targets
FINAL DRAFT
Contents
List of Abbreviations............................................................................................................................. 2
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 The Global Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 .............................................. 4
1.2 National Policies of Mongolia on Sustainable Development .......................... 6
1.3 Framework and Methodology ..................................................................................... 6
2. Poverty, inclusiveness and equality: Where the SD Vision of Mongolia and the GDP
stand vis a vis the global SDG Agenda? .......................................................................................... 8
2.1. Results of the mapping ........................................................................................... 9
2.2. Who are those left behind? Target groups in the SDV and GDP of Mongolia . 28
2.3 Inclusiveness and Access to services ..................................................................... 31
2.4 Inclusiveness and Equality ........................................................................................ 31
2.5 The rule of law, inclusiveness and fundamental freedoms .................................. 33
3.Cohesive policies for sustainable development ......................................................................... 34
Example: Policy coherence and green growth ............................................................ 36
Example: Policy coherence and food security .............................................................. 37
Annex 1 Alignment of SDV 2030 and the GDP / NAP with the SDG targets ............................ 41
Annex 2 Workbook of Alignment of SDV 2030 and the GDP/ NAP with the SDG targets –
Excel workbook................................................................................................................................... 57
Annex 3 List of literature ................................................................................................................... 58

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List of Abbreviations

10YFP 10-Year Framework of Programmes

AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome

DRR Disaster Risk Reduction

GrDP Green Development Policy of Mongolia

GOM Government of Mongolia

ICPD International Conference on Population and Development

ICT information and communications technology

ILO International Labour Organization

LDC Lease Developed Country

LLDC Landlocked Developing Countries

NAP National Action Plan

NCD Non-communicable diseases

ODA Official Development Assistance

OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

PAGE Partnership for Action on Green Economy

SD Sustainable Development

SDG Sustainable Development Goals

SDV Sustainable Development Vision

SIDS Small Island Developing States

STI Science, Technology and Innovation

TRIPS trade-related

UHC Universal Health Coverage

UN United Nations

UN-DESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affaires

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

2
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

USD United States Dollar

WTO World Trade Organization

3
1. Introduction

1.1 The Global Sustainable Development Agenda 2030

Adopted by the General Assembly the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development(SD) is a transformative action plan for all nations to undertake bold steps
to achieve sustainability and resilience for people, planet and prosperity. The
ambitious set of 17 sustainable development goals with 169 targets pledges that “no
one is left behind” by putting it as the overarching requirement and the fundamental
guiding principle for implementation of the entire Agenda 2030. While ensuring that all
people benefit from this development path, the Agenda emphasises that the furthest
behind should be reached first.
The pledge is relevant to all 17 Goals. It means that by 2030 the progress will
be measured with regards to the extent to which every single person could benefit
from development results regardless of their gender, age, socio-economic
background, place of residence, disability and other factors depending on specific
national contexts of each country. This requires national strategies and policies to
focus on disadvantaged groups such as people living in poverty, women, youth, older
persons, people with disabilities, migrants, and /or other groups who are currently
behind the mainstream society. At international level, targeted efforts will be made to
leave no country behind with focused actions on countries with special circumstances
such as Least Developed Countries (LDC), Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDC)
and Small Island Developing Countries (SIDC).

The main theme across all goals and targets are the issues of poverty,
inclusiveness and equality. Ending poverty in its various forms is at the core of the
Agenda. The standalone SDG 1 aims at ending all forms of poverty everywhere while
eradication of extreme poverty highlights the need to focus on the bottom 40% of
population. Across all other goals, specific targets address various dimensionsof and
aspects of this complex goal. For example, ending hunger, malnutrition, addressing
health, education, creating jobs, protecting migrants, addressing vulnerabilities to
climate change or protecting ecosystems.

Inclusiveness is critical element of the Sustainable Development Agenda. Five

SDGs talk about it and it is referred to 22 times in the various parts of Agenda. It means
that everybody should be included in social, economic, political or cultural areas of
development processes and eventually benefit from its outcomes. Inclusiveness

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invokes empowerment of people, their participation in planning, implementation and
monitoring of development. Marginalised groups or those behind should have voice
and real opportunities to shape the development and as outcome, benefit from those
opportunities. The third critical issue of the Sustainable Development Agenda is
equality that talks about equal opportunities and equal outcomes for everybody.
Removal of direct structural discrimination or unintended barriers, often hidden in
customs, cultural practices or social norms is necessary for achieving equality of
currently disempowered groups. Therefore, enabling national policies, laws and
regulations should be put in place and implemented to ensure equality of outcome for
everyone so that no one is left behind.

The SDG 5, 10 and 16 are the goals that aim at reducing inequality and
ensuring non-discrimination with focus on disadvantaged groups. Also target on data,
monitoring and accountability under SDG 17 require efforts towards inclusiveness and
equality in reality.

Integrated in a complex net of interlinks, the SDG targets represent either objectives
or means of achieving these objectives (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Interlinks between SDG targets

Source: David Le Blanc, UN-DESA “Towards Integration at Last? The SDGs as a Network of
Targets”, Rio+20 Working Paper 4

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1.2 National Policies of Mongolia on Sustainable Development

Adopted in January 2016, the Sustainable Development Vision 2030 (SDV) was
developed by the Working Group established by the GOM. The overarching theme of
the SDV is ending poverty through sustained economic growth and simultaneous
efforts for creating a more equal and inclusive society, improving environmental
sustainability and strengthening governance. The economic, social and environmental
pillars of sustainable development are given equal weight, while stable and sustained
governance is defined as a fundamental condition to successfully implement the SDV.

As the SDV 2030 was designed to present a broad outline of the development,
it does not elaborate details foreach and every thematic,sectoral or cross sectoral
policies. A number of national strategies and policies are due for a midterm or end of
term reviews in 2015-2016. It is expected that the development of renewed policies
for the coming period will be guided by the strategic directions outlined by the long
term SDV 2030 of Mongolia.

The Vision draws broad strokes of where Mongolia would find itself by 2030 by
setting an ambitious set of goals. These goals clearly show Mongolia’s commitments
to ending all forms of poverty by 2030 while emphasizing sustained growth through
intensified, resilient agriculture, advanced industry, transparent and accountable
extractive industry, and the simultaneous development of a more diversified economy
with new sectors– chemical industry, fuel production; services – tourism, banking and
finance; infrastructure development. Achieving self-sufficiency in staple food and
basic commodities, reducing and replacing imports of fuels, and building an export-
oriented economy will be coupled with environmental protection and preservation.
Social sustainability will result in eradication of poverty in all forms, through creating
jobs in large, medium and small scale enterprises, by creating universal social
protectionand providing universal access to improved health care and education.

The Green Development Policy of Mongolia (GrDP) adopted in 2014 provides

conceptual framework on key concepts relating to the green development and
formulates six strategic objectives and key policy measures towards these
objectives.The National Action Plan for the Implementation of the GrDP was adopted
in January 2016 proposing actions across all main sectors along with description of
impacts, outcomes and outputs and earmarked budgets required for its
implementation.

1.3Framework and Methodology

The framework of the assessment is based on human rights principles of non-
discrimination and substantive equality enshrined in the international human rights
treaties to which Mongolia is a States Party and in the Constitution of Mongolia. Human
rights based approach in development was also utilised with focus on the principle of
“Leave No One Behind”set in the global SD Agenda 2030. Therefore the principles of

6
inclusiveness, participation and empowerment of people were put at the core of the
mapping.

The study involves desk review of relevant national policy documents, the
official 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and recent UN assessment reports
relating to SDGs and green growth policies.

A mapping exercise of the national Sustainable Development Vision 2030, the

Green Development Policy and National Action Plan for its Implementation was carried
out against the SDG targets adopted by the UN General Assembly1. The desk analysis
involved an examination of extent to which the above two national policy documents
and NAP matchthe SDG targets. A number of matching references were counted and
the extent of alignment was assessed against total number of SDG targets. The
assessment has element of subjectivity as it is based on interpretation of the policy
provisions by a consultant. It should be noted that similar mapping exercises of
national policies were carried out in other countries where expert group meetings were
held to estimate the extent of alignment.

The human rights based framework for analysis of two policies was utilised with
focus on the fundamental overarching principle of the Sustainable Development
Agenda adopted by the UN – Leave No One Behind. The analytic approach was drawn
from the analytical Global Sustainable Development Report 2016 presented at the
High Level Political Forum held in July 2016 in UN2. At global level, inclusiveness,
participation and empowerment of people were examined as the core elements for
analysis of progress made in the implementation of SDGs.

The mapping approach was adopted from other country experiences of similar studies
on national alignment of policies on sustainable development (Germany and Canada)
where research institutions, think tanks and groups of leading experts were involved
in comprehensive review of national policies, computed the level of alignment (by
percentage of alignment) and provided recommendations to government for future
policy planning.

Our mapping exercise used a simplified method of comparison of national policies with
the global SD Agenda.

This consultancy adopted a simplified method for mapping exercise that was carried
out in four steps:

1. Extracting all references in the text of SDV and GrDP that are relevant to each
of 159 SDG targets
2. Assessing the relevance to SDG target either direct or indirect ways

1Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1,
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E .
2
Global Sustainable Development Report 2016, United Nations, July 2016
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/globalsdreport

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 3. Counting the number of existing relevant references or lack of references
(see Excel spreadsheet in Annex 2)
4. Qualitative assessment of linkages of the SDV and GrDP (see Annex 1). The
degree of alignment of an existing reference in the national policy document
was assessed against corresponding SDG target and rated as good / strong
link, partial / fair link or missing / weak link. The ratings were coded in traffic
lights colours and received a code number. Good alignment was coded in
Green colour or Number 1, Partial alignment – in Yellow colour /Number 2,
Weak or missing alignment is Red colour or Number 3.
A number of targets were identified as not relevant to the national context of
the country.
5. [I think there is no need for No 5] Number of good, partial and missing links in
the policy to the SDG targets per individual SDG were counted. For example
if the policy has 1 strong reference, 2 partial and 5 missing links to 8 global
SDG targets under the SDG then the overall rating of alignment was partial.
Limitation of methodology: The mapping assessment included only two policy
documents and did not cover sectoral strategies, policies, programmes or action
plans that may have addressed the issues relevant to the SDG targets. On the other
hand, elements of subjectivity in the assessment on the part of consultant in her
interpretation and judgement on relevance and degree of alignment of one or
another reference in national policy against SDG target.

An assessment of the extent of alignment was done to identify strong, fair and weak
or missing alignment using color code (see more detailed explanation in Annex 1).
Meetings and consultations with key informants wereheld to gather inputs, verify the
information and validate recommendations reflective of national context.

Constraints encountered during this assignment were caused by poor timing. The
formation of the new government following national election and summer holidays
caused significant delay with interviewing informants. Also, government staff turn-over
have put some limitations for data gathering.

2. Poverty, inclusiveness and equality: Where the SD Vision of Mongolia and

the GrDPstandvis a vis the global SDG Agenda?
The SDV 2030 is the fundamental policy document that defines long term
development goals of the country. A short preamble affirms the country’s
pathwaytowards economic prosperity based on ecologic balance and sustained
democratic governance, without further elaboration of key concepts around leaving no
one behind, inclusiveness or equality. The strong emphasis on poverty eradication by
developing “a society dominated by the middle and upper middle income classes” by
2030 will be measured by zero poverty rate and expanding the middle class to
80%.While the SDV aims to lower the GINI co-efficient of inequality to 30 points that
would show progress in the unequal distribution of income by 2030.

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 The issues of inclusiveness are reflected in the guiding principles for social and
environmental pillars of the SDV 2030 while the economic sustainability is guided by
the macro-economic policy principles and encouraging highly productive advanced
technologies, efficient use of natural resources, reducing carbon dioxide emissions
and waste and promoting efficiency across all social and economic sectors.

The GrDPin its well-developed preamble provides conceptual framework of

green development model and related terminology. It clearly states that green
development embraces social inclusion integral to the low carbon, waste-less
development model. It give an equal weight to improved human well- being and
reduced poverty along with preserving natural resources and ecosystem value. A
number of interventions in the NAP are planned on participation and inclusion of target
groups.

2.1. Results of the mapping

Previous consultancy report3provided rapid mapping of Mongolia’s two policy
documents SDGs concluded thatthe SDV 2030 has direct and indirect links with 16
global SDGs, with except of SDG 14 on conservation and sustainability of oceans,
seas and marine resources.It has identified total 39 objectives set by the SDV that
match the targets of global SDGs in terms of general “content and the outcomes
expected to reach, with eight objectives of the SDV being duplicated in terms of
content and outcomes”. A conclusion was drawn that a total of 47 targets of SDG
targets were possible to be achieved through the implementation of the SDV
objectives, while there were 5 objectives in the SDV that do not directly relate to the
SDG targets4.

Table 1.Global SDGs and brief mapping results by the previous consultancy5
SDGs SDV 2030 GrDP
SDG 1. End Poverty in all 2.2. Sustainable Social Strategic Objective 4
its forms everywhere Development
2.2.1. Ensuring Social
equality through inclusive
growth, Objective 1
SDG 2. End Hunger, 2.1.Economic [...]
achieve food security and Development
improved nutrition and 2.1.1 Agricultural sector,
promote sustainable Objective 1, 2 and 3
agriculture 2.1.2. Industrial sector,
Objective 2

3
Concept Note on GDP implementation and Value Proposition for Multi Donor Support Programme,
PAGE/UNDP, 2016
4
Concept Note on GDP implementation and Value Proposition for Multi Donor Support Programme,
PAGE/UNDP, 2016, p 7
5
ibid

9
SDG 3. Ensure healthy 2.2. Social […]
lives and promote well- Development 2.2.2.An
being for all at all ages effective high quality and
accessible health care
system
Objectives 1, 2, 3, 4
SDG 4 Ensure inclusive 2.3. Social Development Strategic Objective 4
and equitable quality 2.2.3.Knowldeg based
education and promote society
life-long learning Objectives 1,2 3, 4
opportunities for all
SDG 5. Achieve gender 2.2 Sustainable social […]
equality and empower all development, Principle on
women and girls ensuring gender equality
SDG 6. Ensure availability 2.2 Environmental […]
and sustainable sustainability 2.3.1
management of water Integrated water resource
and sanitation for all management , Objectives
1,2
SDG 7. Ensure access to 2.1 Sustainable economic […]
affordable, reliable development
sustainable and modern 2.1.1 Agriculture sector,
energy for all Objective 4
2.1.5 Energy and
Infrastructure sector,
Objectives 1 and 2
SDG 8. Promote 2.1. Sustainable economic […]
sustained, inclusive and development,
sustainable economic Macroeconomic principles
growth, full and productive 2.1.3 Industrial sector,
employment and decent Objective 1
work for all 2.1.4. Mining sector,
Objective 2
2.1.3. Tourism sector,
Objective 1
2.2. Sustainable social
development, 2.2.1
Ensuring social equality
through inclusive growth,
Objective 2
SDG 9. Build resilient 2.1. Sustainable economic […]
infrastructure, promote development, 2.1.3
inclusive and sustainable Industrial sector,
industrialisation Objectives 1, 3
2.1.5 Energy and
infrastructure sector,
Objectives 3,4 and 6
2.2. Sustainable social
development, 2.2.3,
Objective 5

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SDG 10. Reduce 2.2 Sustainable social […]
inequality within and development, 2.1.1
among countries Ensuring social equality
through inclusive growth
SDG 11. Make cities and 2.4. Sustainable Strategic Objectives 6 and
human settlements economic 4
inclusive, safe resilient development, 2.1.5.
and sustainable Energy and
infrastructure sector.
Objectives 5 and 6.
2.5. Environmental
sustainability.
Objective 2
SDG 12. Ensure 2.3 Environmental Strategic Objective 1
sustainable consumption sustainability.2.3.2 Coping
and production patterns with climate change
Objective 2
SDG 13. Take urgent 2.3 Environmental Strategic Objective 5
action to combat climate sustainability.2.3.2 Coping
change and its impacts with climate change
Objective 1
SDG 14. Conserve and Not relevant Not relevant
sustainably use the
oceans, seas and marine
resources
SDG 15. Protect, restore 2.3.Environmental Strategic Objectives 2 and
and promote sustainable sustainability.2.3.1. 3
use of terrestrial Integrated water resource
ecosystems, sustainably management, Objective 1
manage forests, combat 2.3.3 Ecosystem balance,
desertification and halt Objective 1
and reverse land 2.1.Economic
degradation and halt development, 2.1.1
biodiversity loss Agriculture sector ,
Objective 3
SDG 16. Promote 2.4 Governance for […]
peaceful and inclusive sustainable development
societies for sustainable Principles for governance,
development, provide Objectives 1,2,3
access to justice for all
and build effective
accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels
SDG 17. Strengthen the 2.1 Economic [..]
means and development. 2.1.6
implementation and Macroeconomic policies
revitalise the global Objectives 2 and 3
partnerships for 2.1.3 Industrial sector,
sustainable development Objective 1

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 2.1.5. Energy and
infrastructure sector,
Objective 7
2.2.3 Knowledge based
society, Objective 5
2.4. Governance for
sustainable development ,
Objectives 1 and 4

A thorough mapping carried out by this consultancy against 159 targets of

global SDGs that are relevant to Mongolia found out more crosslinks and gaps. As
the two national policy documents were scrutinised with regards to the presence of
matching references (details of theassessment are presented in the Annex 1 and
Annex 2), the extent of alignment was estimated by computing the number of targets
with good, partial and missing links. The results of mapping aresummarised in the
Table 2.

Good alignment of two policies with the SDGs

Good alignment of both policies:The mapping of the SDV and GrDP against
159 targets of the global sustainable development agenda suggests solid crosslinks
of two national policy documents with the SDGs 1 End Poverty and SDG 2
EndHungerwhere a combined number of strong and partially aligned targets were
identified.

The mapping identified sixindividual SDG targets under different SDGs that
were sufficiently reflected in both national policy documents of Mongoliasuggesting
their stronger localised crosslinkages:

• Target 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and

measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of
the poor and the vulnerable
• Target 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and
implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and
production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for
adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other
disasters, and that progressively improve land and soil quality
• Target 2.5. By 2020, maintain genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants,
farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including
through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at national,
regional and international levels, and ensure access to and fair and equitable
sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and
associated traditional knowledge as internationally agreed
• Target11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and
natural heritage

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 • Target 15.1 By 2020, ensure conservation, restoration and sustainable use of
terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular
forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under
international agreements
• Target 17.11 Increase significantly the exports of developing countries, in
particular with a view to doubling the LDC share of global exports by 2020

Good alignment of either SDV or GrDP with the SDGs:Due to the different scope
of two documents, there are variations in the degree of alignment with the global SDG
targets between these two documents. For instance, in line with the purpose of the
GrDP, it is better aligned with the global targets on environmental protection and
climate change while also incorporating social targets.The SDV better incorporates
the SDG 4 on educationand the GrDP has stronger alignment with the SDG 6 on water
and sanitation, SDG 7 on modern energy, SDG 8 on economic growth and decent
employment and SDG 12 on sustainable consumption and production.

Partial alignment of two policies with the SDGs

Partial alignment of both policies:Partial or fair alignment of both policies was

identified for the SDG 9 on infrastructure,SDG 11 on cities and settlements, SDG 13
on climate change and SDG 17 on means of implementation.

Partial alignment of either SDV or GrDP with the SDGs:The SDV has a significant
number (more than half of all targets) of partially aligned targetsfor the SDG 3 on health
and wellbeing and the GDP has partial alignment with the SDG 6 on water, SDG 8
economic growth and employment and SDG 15 on terrestrial ecosystems. This means
that both policies do have an alignment with the global targets but several targets are
not fully incorporated into policy and thus, should be strengthened during review and
renewal of expired sectoralstrategies, policies and plans.

Weak alignment of two policies with the SDGs

Weak alignment of both policies: With regards to missing or weak alignments,

SDG 5, 10 and 16 are found poorly articulated in both SDV and GrDP. These three
Goals are the most prominent goals devoted to the inclusiveness and equality at
national and global levels.

Weak alignment of either SDV or GrDP: The SDG 5 on Gender Equality is weak
on seven targets out of 9 in the SDV 2030 while the GrDP and the NAP incorporate
partially 6 and misses 3 targets. The SDG 10 on reducing inequalities misses out all
ten targets for both policies and the SDG 16 on peaceful and inclusive society is not
satisfactory for 5 to 6 targets out of 12.

Although two policies state generalcommitment to gender equality, to people

living in poverty and vulnerable groups,persons with disabilities,the strategies, policy

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measures or planned actions for elimination of existing gender based discrimination
inadequately address the issues. Another set of SDG targets that are missing in the
two documents are issues relating to child’s well-being and protection. The SDV 2030
places a significant focus on health and education of children, but fails to address
violence against children and worst forms of child labour. Additionally, the GDP has
shown weak direct link to the SDG 3 on Health which can be explained by the specific
scope and the purpose of the policy, while the SDV 2030 is insufficient on the SDGs
6 on water, 7 on energy, 8 on economic growth and employment, 12 on sustainable
production and consumption, 13 action on climate change and 15 on protection of
ecosystems, again explained by the nature of the policy.

This assessment means that a significant number of global targets are not
addressed or not well formulated in terms of intended outcome per the SDG. Table
2summarises the extent of alignment by estimating the number of well aligned,
partially aligned and not aligned SDG targets.

Table 2.Number of aligned links between SDV 2030 and the GrDP with the SDG
targets

Number Number Number Number Number Number Number of

of SDG of SDV of SDV of SDV of GDP of GrDP GrDP
targets links with links with missing links with links with missing
good partial links good partial alignment /
alignment alignment alignment alignment Not relevant
links
SDG 1 3 3 1 4 2 1
–7
targets
SDG 2 4 4 0 2 3 1/2
–8
targets
SDG 3 - 4 7 2 0 2 0/11
13
targets
SDG 4 6 2 2 1 2 4 /3
– 10
targets
SDG 5 - 0 2 7 0 6 3
9
targets
SDG 6 0 6 2 4 3 1
–8
targets
SDG 7 - 0 3 2 3 1 1
5
targets

14
 SDG 8 - 0 6 5/1 3 3 4/2
12
targets
SDG 9- 2 5 1 2 5 1
8
targets
SDG 10 0 0 10 0 0 10
– 10
targets
SDG 11 1 7 1/1 4 2 3/1
-10
targets
SDG 12 0 4 7 8 2 1
-11
targets
SDG 13 0 3 2 2 3 0
–5
targets
SDG 14 NA NA NA NA NA NA
– all 10
targets
are not
relevant
SDG 15 1 3 8 5 4 3
– 12
targets
SDG 16 1 6 5 1 3 8
-12
targets
SDG 17 2 11 1/5 4 9 1/5
– 19
targets
TOTAL 24 72 56 /7 43 50 42/24
number

% of 15,1% 45,3% 35,2%/ 27% 31,4% 26,1%/15.1%

159 4.4%
SDG
targets

This analysis shows that the SDV has well elaborated, matching objectives with
the 24 global targets, meets in part 72 targets and 56 targets are missing, while there
are 7 not relevant targets to national context of Mongolia. In case of the GrDP and its
NAP, there are matching objectives, policy measure and planned actions against 43
global targets, partial alignment for 50 targets and 42 targets that are not addressed,
and 24 targets were clearly not relevant to the purpose of the GrDP.

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 What are the weak aligned links?

The mapping exercise identified fifty six SDG targets with weak alignment or
missing in the SDV and forty three SDG targets with the similar level of alignment in
the GrDP and the NAP. These targets are clustered in three groups and presented in
the Table 3:

A. Targets with objectives focusing on vulnerable groups who are likely to be

left behind for the Goal
B. Targets on universal access to services
C. Targets that represent technical aspects of sustainable development

Table 3. List of SDG targets with missing or weak links to the SDV and GrDP /NAP

Goal / Cluster A Cluster B Cluster C

Target Vulnerable groups that Universal access to Thematic issues of
are likely to be left services and sustainable
behind outcomes for all development
SDG 1.4 SDV and GrDP: Access
of the poor to economic
resources, control and
ownership over land,
natural resources,
finance
SDG 2.1 SDV and GrDP: The SDV: Access by all
poor and the people in people to safe,
vulnerable situations, nutritious and
including infants, to safe, sufficient food all year
nutritious and sufficient round
food all year round
SDG 2.2 SDV and GrDP:
Malnutrition among
vulnerable groups -
infants, children under 5,
adolescent girls,
pregnant and lactating
mothers, older persons
SDG 3.4 SDV and GrDP:
Mental health and
well-being

SDG 3.5 SDV and GrDP: SDV and GrDP:

Reducing substance Reducing substance
abuse – narcotics and abuse – narcotics and
alcohol abuse – target alcohol abuse –
groups who abuse addressing all
substance population
SDG 3.6 SDV and GrDP:
Reducing deaths and

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 injuries from road
traffic accidents
SDG 3.7 SDV and
GrDP:Universal
access to sexual and
reproductive health
care services,
including to family
planning, information
and education, and
the integration of
reproductive health
into national strategies
and programmes
SDG 3.9 SDV and GrDP: SDV and GrDP:
Reducing deaths and Reducing deaths
illness from hazardous and illness from
chemicals, air, water hazardous
and soil pollution / chemicals, air,
contamination – those water and soil
who are exposed pollution /
contamination
SDG 3 a SDV and GrDP: SDV and GrDP:
Implementing Implementing
international anti - international anti -
Tobacco framework Tobacco
framework
SDG 4.3 The GrDP does not The GrDP does not
address the eliminating address the
of existing gender eliminating of
disparities in education existing gender
-i.e. gender segregation disparities in
in vocational education education -i.e.
gender segregation
in vocational
education
SDG 4.5 GrDP: Equal access to
all levels of education
and vocational training
for the vulnerable,
including persons with
disabilities, indigenous
peoples, and children in
vulnerable situations
SDG 4.7 The SDV misses out
target for all learners
to acquire knowledge
and skills needed to
promote sustainable
development,

17
 including among
others through
education for
sustainable
development and
sustainable lifestyles,
human rights
SDG 4 a SDV and GrDP: SDV and GrDP:
Building and upgrading Building and
education facilities that upgrading education
are child, disability and facilities that are child,
gender sensitive and disability and gender
provide safe, non- sensitive and provide
violent, inclusive and safe, non-violent,
effective learning inclusive and effective
environments for all learning environments
for all
SDG 5.1 SDV and GrDP: There is
no reference on
elimination of any form
of discrimination against
women
SDG 5.2 Both policy documents Both policies omit the
omit elimination of elimination of
violence against women violence against
and girls in public and women and girls in
private spheres public and private
including trafficking and spheres including
sexual and other trafficking and sexual
exploitation and other exploitation
SDG 5.4 SDV lacks recognition Both policies:
and value unpaid care Promotion of shared
and domestic work while responsibilities within
the GDP NAP has a households and
relevant provision on families is absent
creating child care
facilities to enable
greater women’s
participation in paid
employment
SDG 5.5 Both documents do not
mention promotion of
women’s leadership in
decision making in
political, economic and
public life
SDG 5.6 Both policies do not
address universal
access to sexual and
reproductive health

18
 and reproductive
rights
SDG 5 a GrDP / NAP: Legal and
policy reforms do not
mention ensuring equal
rights of women to
economic resources,
land, property, financial
services or microfinance
SDG 5 b Both policies: Women’s
access to enabling
technologies, such as
ICT, not addressed
SDG 5 c Both policies: Adoption Both policies:
of sound policies and Adoption of sound
enforceable legislation policies and
for the promotion of enforceable legislation
gender equality is not for the promotion of
mentioned gender equality
SDG 6.1 Both policies:
Universal and
equitable access to
safe and affordable
drinking water for all
SDG 6.2 Both policies: Access to Both policies: Access
adequate equitable to adequate equitable
sanitation and hygiene sanitation and hygiene
for all, with special for all, with special
attention to women and attention to women
girls and girls
SDG 6.2 Both policies: End
open defecation
SDG 6.3 Both policies:
Substantially reduce the
number of people
suffering from water
scarcity
SDG 6.3 Both policies:
Improve water
quality by reducing
pollution,
eliminating
dumping and
minimising release
of hazardous
chemicals and
materials
SDG 6.4. Both policies: by 2030, Both policies: by
substantially increase 2030, substantially
water-use efficiency increase water-use

19
 across all sectors and efficiency across all
ensure sustainable sectors and ensure
withdrawals and supply sustainable
of freshwater to address withdrawals and
water scarcity, and supply of
substantially reduce the freshwater to
number of people address water
suffering from water scarcity, and
scarcity substantially
reduce the number
of people suffering
from water scarcity
SDG 7.1 GrDP and NAP: no
target on Universal
access to affordable,
reliable and modern
energy services
SDG 7.3 SDV does not have
a target for
doubling the
improvement in
energy efficiency
SDG 7.b SDV on
international
cooperation in area
of energy services
SDG 8.4 SDV omits
targeting resource
efficiency in
consumption and
production, in
decoupling
economic growth
from environmental
degradation
SDG 8.5 Both policies: do not Both policies do not
explicitly aim to achieve explicitly aim to
full and productive achieve full and
employment and decent productive
work for all women and employment and
men, including young decent work for all
people, people with women and men
disabilities

No mention for Not mention for

achieving equal pay for achieving equal pay
work of equal value for work of equal value

20
SDG 8.6 SDV -No reference to
youth who are not in
employment, education
or training

SDG 8.7 Both policies do not

mention the elimination
the worst forms of child
labour

SDG 8.8 Both policies: Protect Both policies: Protect

labour rights and labour rights of
promote safe and workers and promote
secure working safe and secure
environment of all working environment
workers, migrant of all workers
workers, women
migrants and those in
precarious employment
SDG 8.9 GrDP NAP lacks
actions on jobs for
developing
sustainable tourism
SDG GDP: omits actions
8.10 towards expanding
access to banking,
insurance and
financial services for
all
SDG 9.1 Both policies:
Affordable and
equitable access to
infrastructure,
regional and trans-
border, to support
economic growth and
human well- being
with a focus on
affordable and
equitable access for
all
SDG 9.2 GDP: Inclusive
industrialisation
SDG 9.3. SDV:Increase access of
small scale industrial
enterprises to financial
services, affordable
credits and their

21
 integration in value
chains and markets
SDG 9 c SDV and GDP:
Significantly increase
access to ICTs, strive
to provide universal
and affordable access
to internet
SDG Both policies: Achieve
10.1 and sustain income
growth of the bottom
40% of the population at
a rate higher that the
national average
SDG Both policies:
10.2 Empower and
promote the social
and economic political
inclusion of all
irrespective of age,
sex, disability, race,
ethnicity, origin,
religion, economic or
other status

SDG Both policies: Ensure

10.3. equal opportunity and
reduce inequalities of
outcome, including
through eliminating of
discriminatory laws,
policies and practices
and promoting
appropriate legislation,
policies and actions
SDG Both policies: adopt
10.4 policies especially fiscal,
wage and social
protection policies ad
progressively achieve
greater equality
SDG Both policies:
10.5 Improve regulation
and monitoring of
global financial
markets and
institutions and
strengthen
implementation of
such regulations

22
SDG Both policies:
10.6. Ensure enhanced
representation and
voice of developing
countries in
decision making in
global international
economic and
financial institutions
in order to deliver
more effective,
credible,
accountable and
legitimate
institutions
SDG Both policies: Facilitate
10.7 orderly, safe, regular
and responsible
migration and mobility of
people – migration
policies
SDG Both policies:
10.a Implement the
principle of special
and differential
treatment for
developing
countries, in
particular least
developed
countries, in
accordance with
WTO agreements
SDG Both policies:
10.b encourage ODA
and financial flows,
including foreign
direct investment,
to states where the
need is greatest, in
particular LDCs,
African countries,
SIDS, and LLDCs,
in accordance with
their national plans
and programmes
SDG Both policies: Reduce to
10.c less than 3% the
transaction costs of
migrant remittances and

23
 eliminate remittance
corridors with costs
higher than 5%

SDG Both policies: Ensure

11.1 access for all to
adequate, safe and
affordable housing
and basic services
and upgrade slums
SDG GrDP: Reduce number
11.5 of deaths, the number of
affected people and
economic losses from
disasters, water related
disasters, focus on
protecting the poor and
people in vulnerable
situations

SDG 11 GrDP: Cities and

b human settlements
with integrated
policies and plans
towards inclusion,
resource efficiency,
mitigation and
adaptation to
climate change,
resilience to
disasters in line
with the Hyogo
Framework holistic
disaster risk
management at all
levels

SDG Both policies:

12.3 Halve food waste
at the retails and
consumer level,
reduce food losses
along production
and supply chains,
including post-
harvest losses
SDG SDV:Management
12.4 of chemicals and
all wastes,
significantly reduce

24
 their release to air,
water, and soil to
minimise their
adverse impacts on
human health and
the environment

SDG SDV: Public

12.7 procurement

SDG SDV: People

12.8 everywhere have
information and
awareness on living in
harmony with nature

SDG 12a SDV:International

cooperation for
scientific and
technological
capacities towards
more sustainable
consumption and
production
SDG 12b SDV: Tools for
monitoring
sustainable
development
impacts for
sustainable tourism
in terms of jobs,
promoting local
culture

SDG 12c SDV: Rationalise

fossil fuel subsidies

SDG SDV: Education,

13.3 awareness raising ,
human and
institutional capacity
on climate change
mitigation, adaptation,
impact reduction and
early warning

SDG 13a SDV: International

cooperation to
funding

25
SDG GrDP:
15.4 conservation of
mountainous
ecosystems
SDG GrDP: End
15.7 and poaching and
15c trafficking of
protected species
of plants and
animals
SDG SDV lacks specific
15.5 - actions on 8
15c targets
SDG Both policies: Reduce all
16.1 forms of violence and
related death rates

SDG Both policies: End

16.2 abuse, exploitation
trafficking, all forms of
violence and torture
against children
SDG GrDP: rule of law and
16.3 ensure equal access
to justice for all
SDG GrDP: by 2030
16.4. significantly reduce
illicit financial and
arms flows,
strengthen
recovery and return
of stolen assets,
and combat all
forms of organized
crime
SDG GrDP: reduce
16.5 corruption and
bribery in all forms
SDG GrDP: effective,
16.6 accountable and
transparent
institutions at all
levels
SDG SDV: Ensure
16.7 responsive, inclusive
participatory and
representative
decision making at all
levels

26
 SDG GrDP:broaden and
16.8 strengthen the
participation of
developing
countries in the
institutions of
global governance
SDG SDV: Public access to
16.10 information and
protect fundamental
freedoms

SDG 16a Both policies:

Strengthen national
institutions, build
capacities for
preventing violence
and combatting
terrorism and crime

SDG 16b SDV: Promote and

enforce non-
discriminatory laws
and policies for
sustainable
development

SDG Both policies:

17.17 Encourage
promote effective
public and private
and civil society
partnerships
building on their
experience and
resourcing
strategies of
partnerships

Overall, one of the underlining reasons for the significant number of missing
links is the way how national goals and objectives were formulated. There is a
tendency for prioritising the technical objectives while desired outcomes on the well
being of people and their quality of lifewere not defined. This makes two documents
obscure in terms of human impact. For example, building infrastructure, power plants
or improving agricultural technologies in livestock, crops or vegetable sector should
be linked with the desired impact on rural and urban poor, reducing disparities and
inequalities.

27
 The SDV 2030 is vague on the linkages between economic, social and
environmental pillars of sustainable development. The integrated nature of the SDGs,
close interlinks among various targets that could affect each other in either positive or
negative ways requires a solid cohesion. Therefore, missing targets should be
carefully considered during review process of the two policies to be addressed in the
relevant national and sectoral policies as well as in the local development plans.

2.2. Who are those left behind? Target groups in the SDV and GrDP of
Mongolia
As a broad policy document, the SDV 2030talks about population in general
and does not specify target groups for ending poverty. It is assumed that SDV 2030
targets the people currently living in extreme poverty and those experiencing other
forms of poverty.

According to the findings of the 2016 Global SDG report6, poverty is a complex
multidimensional and dynamic phenomenon, spatial and temporal, that requires close
monitoring and specific strategies to reach the most vulnerable groups in particular
geographic locations at different times. It may change as intended or unintended result
arising from development interventions, projects or natural disasters. This means that
the groups of poor and those vulnerable to poverty in its multiple dimensions may vary
in different regions, aimags and soums / districts of Mongolia at different points in time.
Hence, the identification of who could be left behind presentsthe foremost challenge
for success of SDV and overall of the SD Agenda in Mongolia.

Table 4. Vulnerable groups as specified in the SDGs, SDV, GrDP/NAP

Global SDV 2030 GrDP and NAP

SDG targets

Extreme poor All poor All poor

Bottom 40% of population Herder households Herders, Farmers

(economic sector)
Small holder farmers
(economic sector)
People who are vulnerable
to specific situations
Children who are vulnerable
to specific situations
Infants (food security and Children (preschool,
quality) primary and secondary
education, and health
outcomes)
Stunting and wasting Infants (reducing mortality)
children under 5

6
High Level Panel on SDGs, July 2016

28
 Women Gender equality (not Gender Equality
specified which group) Women
Adolescent girls
Lactating mothers, pregnant Mothers (reducing
women maternal mortality)
Small scale food producers
– women, indigenous
peoples
Indigenous peoples
People with disabilities People with disabilities People with disabilities
Migrants, women migrants
Older persons Older persons

People in precarious Jobless/ unemployed

employment persons
Youth Youth Youth
Youth who are not in
employment, education and
training
Working age population
(employment)
Rural population
(economic sector -
internet)
Special target groups
entitled for social welfare

Across the SDV and GrDP the outcomes for the targeted groups are formulated
with little reference to the change in their lives expected by 2030 as result of policy
implementation. Goals, targets and objectives in both policies focus on economic
growth while leaving out the impact on people’s lives. There is lack of elaboration on
how the target groups, particularly those who are furthest behind, would benefit from
economic growth, development of new industries, services and environmental
protection.

Furthermore, the global SD agenda strongly emphasizes that the furthest

behind should be approached first. There are no explicit references to the most
disadvantaged or marginalised groups nor to people living in extreme poverty in the
SDV 2030. It is not clear whether and what policy measures will be taken to ensure
that the incomes of these groupsgrow at higher rate than the national average rate.

The SDV 2030 considers herders and small and medium size farmers a distinct
target group of vulnerable people to be supported under the sustained economic
development pillar. While the majority of small holder herder population lives below
poverty line, there is no reference to other groups of population who also may be
extremely vulnerable to poverty, i.e. urban poor are not mentioned. Under the
sustainable social development pillar, the SDV 2030 provides that the poverty

29
reduction efforts will target the “poor and vulnerable groups” in general as well as
provide social protection to all and inclusive social welfare to “target groups”. It refers
togeneric groups of youth, children and mothers without clarifying who are the most
vulnerable subgroups among these larger groups.For example, all youth are the target
group for job creation and vocational education. For obvious reasons all children are
the target group for universal enrolment in pre-school education, and all mothers
arepulled into another target group for actions towards reducing maternal and infant
mortality rates. These groups are not homogenous and particular subgroups may be
more vulnerable due to one or another dimension of deprivation. For example, infants,
children under 5 and pregnant women residing in remote isolated areas may be at
much higher risk to malnutrition during winter season, or children in artisanal mining
communities may be at risk of exploitation. This means that sectoral and local policies
should focus on vulnerabilities of particular subgroups.

On contrary, the GrDP is more specific in its NAP by identifying five vulnerable
groups for social protection, and the youth, unemployed persons as targets for the
strategic objective 4 on green jobs.

Mapping against SDG 10 target (10.7 and 10c) reveals that the issue of
migrants ismissing in the reviewed national policy documents. As a receiving and
sending country of migrant labour, Mongolia employs foreign migrant workers to meet
the demands of growing industry, construction, infrastructure and agriculture. This
group includes professional and technical skilled specialists as well as low skilled
workers. On the other hand, there are Mongolian workers migrating under bilateral
labour migration programmes and through job training in industrialised countries such
as Japan and Republic of Korea. There are also irregular migrants – both foreigners
in Mongolia and Mongolian citizens overseas. Therefore, well designed policy and
regulations aimed at protection of rights of migrants, including the issue of reducing
cost of remittance, along with the re-integration policy measures for returnees are also
needed in coming years. Another aspect of migration is significant internal urban - rural
migration exacerbated by loss of livelihoods due to effects of climate change and
distorted economic development projects.

Overall, a very broad definition of target groups in the national policies may
cause confusion for sectoral and local policy makers in ensuring leaving no one behind
at the operational level. This gap would require identification of specific target groups
in the sectoral, thematic and local development policies and plans to ensure the
desired results on poverty eradication set in the SDV and GrDP in coming years. There
will be a need to monitor who are the target groups, where and when during three
phases of SDV, GrDP / NAP implementation by assessing progress in reducing
poverty among target groups and checking whether new groups have not been falling
behind.

30
2.3 Inclusiveness and Access to services
Inclusiveness encompasses the universal access to basic services such as
safe drinking water, water and sanitation, electricity, transportation, health care
including sexual and reproductive health care, also financial services important for
economic growth, including microfinance. These services must be available and
affordable for people to be inclusive. Both SDV and GrDP emphasise the
inclusiveness by providing universal access to education and health care. For
example, the principles for sustainable social development in the SDV 2030 aim to
ensure universal access to basic services such as quality education and health care
for all, for all ages – children, youth, adults and older persons.

On the other hand, the universal access to safe and affordable drinking water,
to adequate sanitation and hygiene, to affordable, reliable and modern energy
services, affordable and equitable infrastructure are not well formulated, so the linkage
is vague with anexpected outcome of services created. For example, there is no
indication whether the policy interventionsaim to achieve anuniversal coverage or be
provided for the portion of population or territory. Often the two policies omit the issue
of affordability of services and how equitable they would be.

Affordable housing is a critical issue for Mongolia. Although it affects the

majority of the population, both SDV and GrDP left out this dimension of poverty. It will
be important to plan policy measures to ensure adequate, safe and affordable housing
and services for all that currently is missing in the SDV adGrDP. The issue of homeless
persons, slum residents is also overlooked in the policies as there is no mention of
extreme forms of poverty.

Aside of basic services, the issues of safe, nutritious food for all, equitable and
accessible transportation require further elaboration in the relevant national policies.

2.4Inclusiveness and Equality

Inclusiveness is closely linked to equality. As the notions of equality and human
rights have not been explicitly mentioned in the SDV and GrDP, both documents
identify a number of measures aimed at improving legal environment for specific
areas, however,there arenoclear directions, strategies or measures towards
elimination of discrimination in legal frameworks and in social practices. [The lack of
clear references in the key policy documents may bring confusions at the very least or
may lead to incorrect interpretations during implementation phases at local levels.
Lack of clarity may cause operational challenges particularly in the context of weak
capacity of the National women’s machinery in sectoral bodies and local
administration]

Gender equality:Although the overarching principle of ensuring gender equality

for participation in and benefitting from social development outcomes creates a
foundation for elimination of existing gender inequalities, laws and policies are needed
to ensure equal participation of women in economic, social, political and cultural fields

31
of development. The SDV and GrDPfail to explicitly integrate unequal gender relations
on the SDG 5. These two policies should facilitate the adoption of affirmative actions
for removal of existing barriers for women’s equal access to and control over economic
resources, ownership and control over land, property, access to financial services,
credit and microfinance which seriously limit business opportunities for women.
Elimination of gender gap in wage, addressing gender stereotypes in professional and
vocational education, occupation segregation, concentration of women in insecure low
paid informal sector and lack of women’s political empowerment are the issues that
are missing in the national policies. The fundamental issue of equal share of domestic
responsibilities between men and women and recognition of unpaidcare work largely
performed by women of all ages is not addressed at all in both policy documents.
Gender based violence, sexual and reproductive health and rights are the issues that
seriously affect overall women’s equal status are not mentioned in both policy
documents. The GrDP, however, is committed to creating more child care facilities in
order to enable women to enter labour markets and ensuring better social protection.

Ethnic minorities: There are no references to ethnic minorities in both policy

documents although evidence suggests about uneven poverty levels in various
geographic locations where some of ethnic minority groups reside. It means that in
order not to leave no one behind targeted policies should be formulated and
implemented that address disparities for ethnic minority groups.

Rights of People with disabilities:Aside of herders, people with disabilities are

identified as a distinct group of population that should be supported in terms of their
participation in development, particularly in employment, social protection, access to
education and health care.

Employment, Labour and Worker’s rights: Although the country is committed to

inclusive industrialisation, the SDV and GrDP omit a target for achieving full productive
employment and decent work for all women and men (SDG 8.5). Also, there is
commitment to eliminating existing pay gaps to achieve equal pay for work of the same
value.With regards to labour participation, the SDV emphasizes equal participation in
labour markets for people of working age, thus, inadvertently marginalises older
persons who belong to vulnerable groups (SDG 8). Additionally, the principle of
introducing a labour market system based on productivity may affect the employment
rates of the lower skilled and unskilled workers who belong to the bottom segment in
terms of their income earning capacities. This approach, if not corrected, may affect
reaching to those furthest behind and, in the worst case scenario, may even
exacerbate existing inequalities.

Protection of labour rights and ensuring safe and secure working conditions for
workers is another important issue not addressed in the SDV and GrDP/NAP.

32
2.5 The rule of law, inclusiveness and fundamental freedoms
The SDV 2030 states that the rule of law is one of the core governance
principles of sustainable development that it will be strictly adhered to. It is important
to understand that the rule of law is not only an instrument for government to apply
norms and procedures, but also it is fundamental in protecting the rights and
advancing the inclusiveness. However, it appears that the SDV applies the rule by law
rather than the rule of law. There is a missing link in the SDV and GrDP /NAP on
access to justice for all, with no references to protection of fundamental freedoms and
human rights of people as important outcomes of development under SDG 16.3, 16.6,
16.7, 16.10, 16.b.

Although the general principles of governance outlined in the SDV 2030

emphasize the transparent, accountable, participatory governance, ensuring access
to information, protecting fundamental freedoms and human rights, multi-stakeholder
participation are less elaborated. The participation of local communities is limited by
the SDV, GrDP and NAP to areas of environmental sustainability. The economic and
social development pillars of both policies do not mention the participation of
stakeholders that is obviously a critical omission.The SDV’s notion of rule of law
appears to be defined in a more formal procedural terms that overlook the substantive
outcomes of sustainable development. Therefore, there is need to expand the ways
how SDV and GrDP addresses strengthening the capacity of democratic institutions
and processes in ensuring the rule of law, fundamental freedoms and rights of people.
Overall, there is no reference to political, economic, social and cultural empowerment
of people in both documents.

2.6Inclusive Institutions

The UN provides a broad definition of institutions required for successful

implementation of SDGs that encompasses not only formal institutions of governance,
but also processes and norms. This notion of institution is visible in the SDV 2030 in
emphasising strengthening government agencies. The strength of the SDV is
dedicated to the governance for sustainable development through strengthening
overall governance consistency, inter-sectoral coordination, adherence to the rule of
law. Decentralisation and participation of all stakeholders, promoting public and private
partnerships and the principle of promotion of participation of local residents and
people at large to ensure environmental sustainability have been explicitly
incorporated in the SDV 2030. Further, to operationalize the SDV 2030 there is need
to establish concrete oversight and coordination mechanisms and set norms for public
participation at all stages of policy making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation,
especially those processing that would ensure ameaningful participation of
disadvantaged groups or people affected by the issue. Thedevelopment and nurturing
of those processes where diverse stakeholdersplay a role at national and local levels
has to be prioritised.

33
3.Cohesive policies for sustainable development
The universality, integrated and transformative nature of the SDGs and
interdependence of targets (as it could be seen in the Figure 1) require a new level of
policy coherence as compared with the MDGs.

The above gapsidentified in the Mongolian policy documents require greater

degree of policy coherence and coordination across social, economic and
environmental dimensions to ensure genuine inclusiveness of marginalised groups.
Breaking out of policy silos has to be ensured at multiple levels. It is not enough to
improveonly cross sectoral linkages at horizontal level and local- national vertical level.
It is important to enable and maximise synergies among different actors in all sectors
at domestic levels and international levels, aiming at the same time to minimise or
avoid negative impacts of potential trade – offs.

A new framework ofCohesive Policy for Sustainable Development promoted by

the OECD7 focuses on three dimensions – on tackling multiple facets of poverty and
well-being of all people in the country, on global impacts or impacts of policies on other
countries (i.e. transboundary environmental, social and economic issues, or global
markets) and long term impact on future generations with regards to natural,
economic, social and human assets. Overall, five types of coherence should
complement each other:

1. Vertical coherence between the SDGs and national policies including local
, regional, national, and international level.
2. Between the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and other
international agendas that are vital for trading, tax, financial systems,
exchange of knowledge, technology and innovation, or climate action
3. Horizontal coherence between economic, social and environmental
policies – identifying synergetic, contradictory and trade off linkages
between policies through inter-ministerial mechanisms
4. Coherence between diverse sources of finance – public and private,
international and domestic so that barriers for private finance could be
eased.
5. Coherence between actions of various actors in government, international
organisations, civil society and private sector.

Example: Poverty eradication through development of ecotourism in rural area

Policies on development of ecotourism can bring synergies between economic,

social and environmental policies. The implementation of integrated policies is directly
linked with SDGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 (infrastructure and internet access), 11, 12, 13,
15. It will contribute to the achievement of the SDG 5 on gender equality and SDG 10
on reducing inequality within countries if coherence is implemented.

7
Better Policies for Sustainable Development 2016. A New Framework for Policy Coherence, OECD, 2016

34
 -Development of a new economic sector will result in job creation for local
herders, unemployed youth, women, older persons. Policies supporting small and
medium enterprises should enable business opportunities, provision of microfinance,
loans. Eliminating barriers for small holders in accessing financial services should be
addressed. This would require enabling policies in finance and banking sectors,
promoting investment.

- Development of ecotourism will require policies for improving energy supply

to remote sites of tourism, water and sanitation for tourist camps and local residents,
introduction of sustainable production and consumption patterns in running of tourism
operations. Roads, communications, internet accessibility will play a synergetic role
for improving access to basic services for the disadvantaged groups.Also,
infrastructure projects provide labour intensive employment for low skilled groups.

- At the same time, policies on environmental protection and conservation on

sites of ecotourism will bring additional jobs in these occupations, aiding to greater
income generation, improved livelihoods, living conditions,improved health outcomes
for the present and future generation of local residents. Provision of tailored vocational
training for rural men and women in environmental protection should be planned.

- Introduction of payment for ecosystem service to low income herders in the

region through improving environmental management can also contribute to poverty
alleviation and,at the same time, to improved conservation of terrestrial ecosystems.

- With regards to possible negative influences, coherence must be ensured for

development policies in mining,agriculture and industrial sectors as to prevent
degradation of ecosystems, land, pastures, water sources, air pollution caused by
industrialisation. These policies should not undermine the policies on environmental
protection and ecotourism development. This will require local, regional, national and
international coordinated efforts, including multipleactors and sources of financing.

It is important to note that these polices must be informed by and implemented

in conjunction with gender equality policies to enable equal participation of women and
girls so that they could benefit from arising opportunities:

- Policies for encouraging women’s entrepreneurship, provision of targeted credit

to women will help to expand business opportunities and eventually help to
break gender stereotypes in labour market, allow women and girls to enter new
vocations, thus, reduce income inequality and job segregation.
- This should be coherent with the laws and policies on reproductive health,
family development. There should be a synergetic relationship with policies
aimed at equal sharing of household unpaid work in care economy.
- Accessible sexual and reproductive health services will aid better family
planning, and consequently, broaden women’s opportunities for income
generation and achieving greater economic independence. Also, adequate
responses to various forms of violence (domestic, sexual violence, sexual

35
 harassment in public space) will play an enabling role for women’s participation
in economic and social life.

The global scientific review of the SD implementation of 2016 found out that
targeting the right groups is essential but is not sufficient in order to leave no one
behind. An integrated approach works best in poverty eradication when several
interventions contribute to the desired outcome. The trade offs should be carefully
considered while promoting high technologies that are not affordable for people with
lowest incomes, unless specific policy measures are taken to ensure access to
technologies to them.

Example: Policies related to water.

Provision of safe drinking water improves nutrition and health outcomes. Clean
water helps to increase agricultural productivity, consequently increases food
availability. However, the need to preserve and restore water sources may limit land
and water for irrigation of crops and vegetables. Water required for extractive and
processing industry may lead to depletion of water sources for pastures, crops and
human consumption. Subsequently, this may force local communities to migrate and
substantially change the ways of living. To reduce negative impact on present and
future generations may require implementation of policies to address the needs of
displaced populations. Overall, policies on equitable access to water within region and
country will require careful consideration of possible trade-offs.

Example: Policy coherence and green growth8

The alignment of policies with green growth should create enabling conditions and
limit the constraints to green growth. In Mongolian context, high poverty rate,
dependence on extractive industry and on fossil fuels combined with severe climatic
conditions createenormous policy challenges to balance economic, social and
environmental dimensions. The emphasis on economic growth through
industrialisation, pressure to diversify by developing chemical, metal / steel industries,
processing of agricultural products (wool, leather, cashmere), expansion of extractive
industry requires increased use of energy and materials’ consumption and huge
investments into infrastructure.

- Currently outdated coal fuelled power stations, low energy efficiency, high
loss of heat require governmental decisions to remove expenditures from
activities that are wasteful, overuse or degrade environmental assets.
- Legislation that encourages investment into green technology ( setting
incentives for companies in various sectors towards green growth, taxation
system, tariffs, subsidies)
- Improvement in overall law enforcement

8
Adapted from the Better Policies for Sustainable Development 2016. A New Framework for Policy Coherence,
OECD, 2016

36
 - Reorient and support science, research, education and training towards green
economy
- Establish and support regulations that safeguard the interests of those with
informal land and resource rights such as local communities (herders, family
or subsistence farmers’ rights to use pastures, water, forest and other
resources). The equal rights of disadvantaged groups – women, minority
groups should be addressed.
- Change mindsets and behaviours of people by raising public awareness and
educating people, by defining the green growth as a social goal
- Support to business entities to embrace sustainability and social development
goals
- Learn from international good practices and knowledge and create conditions
for transfer of science, technology and innovations

The most disabling conditions for green growth are seen in low economic and
social returns. As people may not capture from improved environmental outcomes and
efficiency of resource use there is a threat of low appropriability of returns. These
issues should be considered to reduce the conditions.

The systemic constraints such as weak governance institutions, corruption and

lack of transparency and accountability should be realised in practice in a holistic
manner as prescribed by the SDV.

Overall, a range of policies such as environment and climate, fiscal (i.e.

environmental taxes), investment, competition policies, labour market, trade, energy,
agriculture, transport, urban planning as well as international cooperation have to be
carefully developed to allow synergies and minimise trade-offs.

Example: Policy coherence and food security

Analysis of the effectiveness of current policies and practices on food
securityshould consider how national policies influence the four dimensions of food
security – availability, accessibility, utilisation and stability of food.

Agricultural policies on animal husbandry and health of livestock, crops and

vegetable production aim at increasing food availability while poverty alleviation
policies aimed at employment, job creation, income generation, social protection,
positively impact accessibility and utilisation of food. Subsidies to herders and
agricultural business, food processing and production from post harvest up to
consumer’s table should support business activities, at the same time encourage
reduction of food loss.Development of food processing, roads and infrastructure,
storages, small and medium enterprises and support to family farming should be
implemented to increase food availability and reduce waste and loss of food.
International trade policies, tariffs, phyto-sanitary standards should be also made
consistent with other policies. Regulations for quality control of food production should
not be stifling but enabling. Health promotion policies with regards to nutrition and

37
education will generally help to improve healthy consumption. To be coherent with
green economic policies, introduction of sustainable food consumption at all stages of
consumption along with advanced climate smart agricultural and food processing
technologies should be discussed. The policies that create negative spill over effects
could be the policy encouraging cash crops and cashmere goats that leads to
overgrazing and degradation of pastures. Increased cultivation of biofuels (i.e.
rapseed) may lead to competition with agricultural land and water for staple crops. It
also may lead to land erosion and desertification. Contextual factor that may affect
food security in negative ways is expansion of mining industry that may destroy local
resources of water, land and forest.

A thorough examination of how all economic, social and environmental policies

could enable or hinder food security of local communities is needed. It will be also very
important to see the impact of international trade agreements and influence of global
food markets could affect food security. A role of multinational actors (corporations in
seed, food industry) should be analysed to have a national response for possible
impacts on food security. Clear plans for cooperation in technology and innovation,
for involving various sources of financing from private sector

A conclusion should be drawn that strong analytical, institutional and monitoring

components are necessary for ensuring policy coherence for sustainable
development. First, the whole of government approach should be consistently applied.
Second, a powerful and functional coordination mechanism must be set up to provide
political commitment. Third, further develop capacity for evidence - based policy
development with focus on results to ensure a clear message to all parts of
government, civil society and private sector.

Conclusions and Recommendations:

Based on results of mapping of national policies of Mongolia and on evidence

emerging from global review of SDG agenda9 it is clear that three level improvements
in policies are required:

1. Assess the ways of designing the policies and strategies to ensure better
integration of interests of those left behind. Deeper understanding of dynamic
of poverty, inequality, vulnerability, marginalization in geographic locations and
nationally along with greater involvement of these groups in policy planning
processes.
2. Review the ways of how strategies are implemented with focus on data
availability and administrative gaps in targeting the groups and reaching the
furthest behind.
3. Ensure balance between social, economic and environmental objectives with
view of not trading off to short term economic efficiency during economic slow
down.

9
Global Sustainable Development Report, 2016

38
 As the new government of Mongolia has formed, coincided with the expiration of a
number of national policies in 2015 -2016, there is an opportunity to seize the moment
for ensuring the coherence of national policies at all levels – international, national and
local levels.

1. Deepen the understanding of conceptual framework and linkages between

three pillars of sustainable development, between national SDV 2030 and the
Global SD agenda among all government institutions at all levels by using the
whole of government approach
2. Strengthen the national coordinating mechanism for the implementation of the
SDV 2030, GrDP / NAP across the government. In parallel, relevant ministries
review their respective policies and initiatives to analyse gaps and integrate
SDGs into their policy frameworks.
3. Provide guidance to all government agencies at all levels to ensure greater
coherence of sectoral and local development policies
4. Strengthen the Parliament’s monitoring role onSDV 2030
5. Establish a viable Multi-stakeholder processes for the monitoring of the SDG
implementation at national and local levels and ensure a genuine inclusive
process

Practical steps for the SDV 2030 and GrDP/NAP recommended

• Develop guidelines for integration of the SDV 2030 in the reviews of sectoral
policies /plans and use them for the roll out of the medium term sectoral and
local development action plans for the next period,
• Undertake capacity building of government staff on SD agenda and inter-
linkages between three pillars (national and local government staff)
• Develop a results based performance monitoring framework for the
implementation of SDV by re- formulating expected outcome results that the
objectives of the SD and GrDP / NAP aim to achieve
• Analyse policies for coherence links between three pillars of SD in sectoral
and local development policies and links to international actors/ levels
• Ensure real participation of people in the implementation and monitoring of
the SDGsat local level
• Develop Action Plan for International Cooperation in areas of SD and GrDP
• GrDP to integrate in the NAP actions for inter-sectoral coordination and
monitoring

With regards to the missing substantive issues

39
6. Undertake review and assessment of barriers in existing legal frameworks
and practice for ensuring equal access to economic resources for various
vulnerable groups, ownership and control over land and property, and other
economic resources
7. Formulate a guiding principle for Mongolia’s commitment to equality and
human rights for the SDV, particularly to the most vulnerable groups and
integrate into sectoral and thematic policies for the next period
8. Address the identified gaps in the policies and action plans to ensure
inclusiveness, equality for all ( who, where, and how )
9. Develop Gender Strategy for SDV / GrDPwith cross sectoral approach
10. Expand children’s rights and well-being beyond health and education areas

40
Annex1 Alignment of SDV 2030 and the GrDP / NAP with the SDG targets

Note: to be adjusted after meetings with experts

Colour /Numeric Coding: 1 = Green colour – good level of alignment; 2 = Yellow -

partial alignment; 3 = Red - poor alignment

SDG SDG target SDV GrDP/NA

P
Goal 1 1.1 by 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for 1 2
all people everywhere, currently measured
End poverty in as people living on less than $1.25 a day
all its forms 1.2 by 2030, reduce at least by half the 1 2
everywhere proportion of men, women and children of all
ages living in poverty in all its dimensions
according to national definitions

1.3 implement nationally appropriate social 1 1

protection systems and measures for all,
including floors, and by 2030 achieve
substantial coverage of the poor and the
vulnerable
1.4 by 2030 ensure that all men and women, 3 3
particularly the poor and the vulnerable,
have equal rights to economic resources, as
well as access to basic services, ownership,
and control over land and other forms of
property, inheritance, natural resources,
appropriate new technology, and financial
services including microfinance
1.5 by 2030 build the resilience of the poor 2 1
and those in vulnerable situations, and
reduce their exposure and vulnerability to
climate-related extreme events and other
economic, social and environmental shocks
and disasters

1.a ensure significant mobilization of 2 1

resources from a variety of sources,
including through enhanced development
cooperation to provide adequate and
predictable means for developing countries,
in particular LDCs, to implement
programmes and policies to end poverty in
all its dimensions

1.b create sound policy frameworks, at 2 1

national, regional and international levels,
based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive
development strategies to support

41
 accelerated investments in poverty
eradication actions

Goal 2 2.1 by 2030 end hunger and ensure access 2 2

by all people, in particular the poor and
End hunger, people in vulnerable situations including
achieve food infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food
security and all year round
improved
nutrition, and 2.2 by 2030 end all forms of malnutrition, 2 3
promote including achieving by 2025 the
sustainable internationally agreed targets on stunting and
agriculture wasting in children under five years of age,
and address the nutritional needs of
adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating
women, and older persons
2.3 by 2030 double the agricultural 2 2
productivity and the incomes of small-scale
food producers, particularly women,
indigenous peoples, family farmers,
pastoralists and fishers, including through
secure and equal access to land, other
productive resources and inputs, knowledge,
financial services, markets, and opportunities
for value addition and non-farm employment
2.4 by 2030 ensure sustainable food 1 1
production systems and implement resilient
agricultural practices that increase
productivity and production, that help
maintain ecosystems, that strengthen
capacity for adaptation to climate change,
extreme weather, drought, flooding and other
disasters, and that progressively improve
land and soil quality
2.5 by 2020 maintain genetic diversity of 1 1
seeds, cultivated plants, farmed and
domesticated animals and their related wild
species, including through soundly managed
and diversified seed and plant banks at
national, regional and international levels,
and ensure access to and fair and equitable
sharing of benefits arising from the utilization
of genetic resources and associated
traditional knowledge as internationally
agreed

42
 2.aincrease investment, including through 1 2
enhanced international cooperation, in rural
infrastructure, agricultural research and
extension services, technology development,
and plant and livestock gene banks to
enhance agricultural productive capacity in
developing countries, in particular in least
developed countries
2.b. correct and prevent trade restrictions and 1 Not
distortions in world agricultural markets relevant
including by the parallel elimination of all
forms of agricultural export subsidies and all
export measures with equivalent effect, in
accordance with the mandate of the Doha
Development Round
2.c. adopt measures to ensure the proper 2 Not
functioning of food commodity markets and relevant
their derivatives, and facilitate timely access
to market information, including
Goal 3 3.1 by 2030 reduce the global maternal 1 Not
mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live relevant
Ensure healthy births
lives and 3.2 by 2030 end preventable deaths of 1 Not
promote well- newborns and under-five children relevant
being for all at all 3.3 by 2030 end the epidemics of AIDS, 1 Not
ages tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical relevant
diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne
diseases, and other communicable diseases
3.4 by 2030 reduce by one-third pre-mature 2 Not
mortality from non-communicable diseases relevant
(NCDs) through prevention and treatment,
and promote mental health and wellbeing
3.5 strengthen prevention and treatment of 2 Not
substance abuse, including narcotic drug relevant
abuse and harmful use of alcohol
3.6 by 2020 halve global deaths and injuries 3 2
from road traffic accidents
3.7 by 2030 ensure universal access to 2 Not
sexual and reproductive health care services, relevant
including for family planning, information and
education, and the integration of reproductive
health into national strategies and
programmes
3.8 achieve universal health coverage (UHC), 1 Not
including financial risk protection, access to relevant
quality essential health care services, and
access to safe, effective, quality, and
affordable essential medicines and vaccines
for all

43
 3.9 by 2030 substantially reduce the number 3 2
of deaths and illnesses from hazardous
chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution
and contamination
3.a strengthen implementation of the 2 Not
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control relevant
in all countries as appropriate
3.b support research and development of 2 Not
vaccines and medicines for the relevant
communicable and non-communicable
diseases that primarily affect developing
countries, provide access to affordable
essential medicines and vaccines, in
accordance with the Doha Declaration which
affirms the right of developing countries to
use to the full the provisions in the TRIPS
agreement regarding flexibilities to protect
public health and, in particular, provide
access to medicines for all
3.c increase substantially health financing 2 Not
and the recruitment, development and relevant
training and retention of the health workforce
in developing countries, especially
3.d strengthen the capacity of all countries, 2 Not
particularly developing countries, for early relevant ?
warning, risk reduction, and management of DRR
national and global health risks
Goal 4 4.1 by 2030, ensure that all girls and boys 1 Not
Ensure inclusive complete free, equitable and quality primary relevant
and equitable and secondary education leading to relevant
quality education and effective learning outcomes
and promote life- 4.2 by 2030 ensure that all girls and boys 1 Not
long learning have access to quality early childhood relevant
opportunities for development, care and pre-primary education
all so that they are ready for primary education
4.3 by 2030 ensure equal access for all 1 2
women and men to affordable quality
technical, vocational and tertiary education,
including university
4.4 by 2030, increase by x% the number of 1 2
youth and adults who have relevant skills,
including technical and vocational skills, for
employment, decent jobs and
entrepreneurship
4.5 by 2030, eliminate gender disparities in 1 2
education and ensure equal access to all
levels of education and vocational training for
the vulnerable, including persons with
disabilities, indigenous peoples, and children
in vulnerable situations

44
 4.6 by 2030 ensure that all youth and at least 1 Not
x% of adults, both men and women, achieve relevant
literacy and numeracy
4.7 by 2030 ensure all learners acquire 3 1
knowledge and skills needed to promote
sustainable development, including among
others through education for sustainable
development and sustainable lifestyles,
human rights,
4.a build and upgrade education facilities that 3 3
are child, disability and gender sensitive and
provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and
effective learning environments for all
4.b by 2020 expand by x% globally the 2 3
number of scholarships for developing
countries in particular LDCs, SIDS and
African countries to enrol in higher education,
including vocational training, ICT, technical,
engineering and scientific programmes in
developed countries and other developing
countries
4.c by 2030 increase by x% the supply of 2 3
qualified teachers, including through
international cooperation for teacher training
in developing countries, especially LDCs and
SIDS
Goal 5 5.1 end all forms of discrimination against all 2 2
women and girls everywhere
Achieve gender 5.2 eliminate all forms of violence against all 3 3
equality and women and girls in public and private
empower all spheres, including trafficking and sexual and
women and girls other types of exploitation
5.3 eliminate all harmful practices, such as 3 3
child, early and forced marriage and female
genital mutilations
5.4 recognize and value unpaid care and 3 2
domestic work through the provision of public
services, infrastructure and social protection
policies, and the promotion of shared
responsibility within the household and the
family as nationally appropriate
5.5 ensure women’s full and effective 3 3
participation and equal opportunities for
leadership at all levels of decision-making in
political, economic, and public life
5.6 ensure universal access to sexual and 3 3
reproductive health and reproductive rights
as agreed in accordance with the Programme
of Action of the ICPD and the Beijing Platform

45
 for Action and the outcome documents of
their review conferences
5.a undertake reforms to give women equal 3 3
rights to economic resources, as well as
access to ownership and control over land
and other forms of property, financial
services, inheritance, and natural resources
in accordance with national laws
5.b enhance the use of enabling 3 3
technologies, in particular ICT, to promote
women’s empowerment
5.c adopt and strengthen sound policies and 2 2
enforceable legislation for the promotion of
gender equality and the empowerment of all
women and girls at all levels

Goal 6 6.1 by 2030, achieve universal and equitable 2 2

access to safe and affordable drinking water
Ensure for all
availability and 6.2 by 2030, achieve access to adequate and 2 2
sustainable equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and
management of end open defecation, paying special attention
water and to the needs of women and girls and those in
sanitation for all vulnerable situations
6.3 by 2030, improve water quality by 3 2
reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and
minimizing release of hazardous chemicals
and materials, halving the proportion of
untreated wastewater, and increasing
recycling and safe reuse by x% globally
6.4 by 2030, substantially increase water-use 3 3
efficiency across all sectors and ensure
sustainable withdrawals and supply of
freshwater to address water scarcity, and
substantially reduce the number of people
suffering from water scarcity
6.5 by 2030 implement integrated water 2 1
resources management at all levels, including
through transboundary cooperation as
appropriate
6.6 by 2020 protect and restore water-related 2 1
ecosystems, including mountains, forests,
wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
6.a by 2030, expand international 2 1
cooperation and capacity-building support to
developing countries in water and sanitation
related activities and programmes, including
water harvesting, desalination, water
efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling
and reuse technologies

46
 6.b support and strengthen the participation 2 1
of local communities for improving water and
sanitation management
Goal 7 7.1 by 2030 ensure universal access to 2 3
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy
affordable, services
reliable, 7.2 increase substantially the share of 2 1
sustainable, and renewable energy in the global energy mix by
modern energy 2030
for all 7.3 double the global rate of improvement in 3 1
energy efficiency by 2030
7.a by 2030 enhance international 2 2
cooperation to facilitate access to clean
energy research and technologies, including
renewable energy, energy efficiency, and
advanced and cleaner fossil fuel
technologies, and promote investment in
energy infrastructure and clean energy
technologies
7.b by 2030 expand infrastructure and 3 1
upgrade technology for supplying modern
and sustainable energy services for all in
developing countries, particularly LDCs and
SIDS
Goal 8 8.1 sustain per capita economic growth in 2 Not
accordance with national circumstances, and relevant
Promote in particular at least 7% per annum GDP
sustained, growth in the least-developed countries
inclusive and 8.2 achieve higher levels of productivity of 2 1
sustainable economies through diversification,
economic technological upgrading and innovation,
growth, full and including through a focus on high value added
productive and labour-intensive sectors
employment and 8.3 promote development-oriented policies 2 1
decent work for that support productive activities, decent job
all creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and
innovation, and encourage formalization and
growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized
enterprises including through access to
financial services
8.4 improve progressively through 2030 3 1
global resource efficiency in consumption and
production, and endeavour to decouple
economic growth from environmental
degradation in accordance with the 10-year
framework of programmes on sustainable
consumption and production with developed
countries taking the lead
8.5 by 2030 achieve full and productive 3 2
employment and decent work for all women

47
 and men, including for young people and
persons with disabilities, and equal pay for
work of equal value
8.6 by 2020 substantially reduce the 3 2
proportion of youth not in employment,
education or training
8.7 take immediate and effective measures to 3 3
secure the prohibition and elimination of the
worst forms of child labour, eradicate forced
labour, and by 2025 end child labour in all its
forms including recruitment and use of child
soldiers
8.8 protect labour rights and promote safe 3 3
and secure working environments of all
workers, including migrant workers,
particularly women migrants, and those in
precarious employment
8.9 by 2030 devise and implement policies to 2 3
promote sustainable tourism which creates
jobs, promotes local culture and products
8.10 strengthen the capacity of domestic 2 3
financial institutions to encourage and to
expand access to banking, insurance and
financial services for all
8.aincrease Aid for Trade support for Not Not
developing countries, particularly LDCs, releva relevant
including through the Enhanced Integrated nt
Framework for LDCs
8.b by 2020 develop and operationalize a 2 2
global strategy for youth employment and
implement the ILO Global Jobs Pact
Goal 9 9.1 develop quality, reliable, sustainable and 2 1
resilient infrastructure, including regional and
Build resilient trans-border infrastructure, to support
infrastructure, economic development and human well-
promote being, with a focus on affordable and
inclusive and equitable access for all
sustainable 9.2 promote inclusive and sustainable 2 2
industrialization industrialization, and by 2030 raise
and foster significantly industry’s share of employment
innovation and GDP in line with national circumstances,
and double its share in LDCs
9.3 increase the access of small-scale 2 2
industrial and other enterprises, particularly in
developing countries, to financial services
including affordable credit and their
integration into value chains and markets

48
 9.4 by 2030 upgrade infrastructure and 1 2
retrofit industries to make them sustainable,
with increased resource use efficiency and
greater adoption of clean and
environmentally sound technologies and
industrial processes, all countries taking
action in accordance with their respective
capabilities
9.5 enhance scientific research, upgrade the 2 2
technological capabilities of industrial sectors
in all countries, particularly developing
countries, including by 2030 encouraging
innovation and increasing the number of R&D
workers per one million people by x% and
public and private R&D spending
9.a facilitate sustainable and resilient 1 2
infrastructure development in developing
countries through enhanced financial,
technological and technical support to African
countries, LDCs, LLDCs and SIDS
9.b support domestic technology 2 1
development, research and innovation in
developing countries including by ensuring a
conducive policy environment for inter alia
industrial diversification and value addition to
commodities
9.c significantly increase access to ICT and 3 3
strive to provide universal and affordable
access to internet in LDCs by 2020

Goal 10 10.1 by 2030 progressively achieve and 3 3

sustain income growth of the bottom 40% of
Reduce the population at a rate higher than the
inequality within national average
and among 10.2 by 2030 empower and promote the 3 3
countries social, economic and political inclusion of all
irrespective of age, sex, disability, race,
ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other
status
10.3 ensure equal opportunity and reduce 3 3
inequalities of outcome, including through
eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and
practices and promoting appropriate
legislation, policies and actions in this regard
10.4 adopt policies especially fiscal, wage, 3 3
and social protection policies and
progressively achieve greater equality
10.5 improve regulation and monitoring of 3 3
global financial markets and institutions and

49
 strengthen implementation of such
regulations
10.6 ensure enhanced representation and 3 3
voice of developing countries in decision
making in global international economic and
financial institutions in order to deliver more
effective, credible, accountable and
legitimate institutions
10.7 facilitate orderly, safe, regular and 3 3
responsible migration and mobility of people,
including through implementation of planned
and well-managed migration policies
10.a implement the principle of special and 3 3
differential treatment for developing
countries, in particular least developed
countries, in accordance with WTO
agreements
10.b encourage ODA and financial flows, 3 3
including foreign direct investment, to states
where the need is greatest, in particular
LDCs, African countries, SIDS, and LLDCs, in
accordance with their national plans and
programmes
10.c by 2030, reduce to less than 3% the 3 3
transaction costs of migrant remittances and
eliminate remittance corridors with costs
higher than 5%
Goal 11 11.1 by 2030, ensure access for all to 3 3
adequate, safe and affordable housing and
Make cities and basic services, and upgrade slums
human 11.2 by 2030, provide access to safe, 2 1
settlements affordable, accessible and sustainable
inclusive, safe, transport systems for all, improving road
resilient and safety, notably by expanding public transport,
sustainable with special attention to the needs of those in
vulnerable situations, women, children,
persons with disabilities and older persons
11.3 by 2030 enhance inclusive and 2 1
sustainable urbanization and capacities for
participatory, integrated and sustainable
human settlement planning and management
in all countries
11.4 strengthen efforts to protect and 1 1
safeguard the world’s cultural and natural
heritage
11.5 by 2030 significantly reduce the number 2 3
of deaths and the number of affected people
and decrease by y% the economic losses
relative to GDP caused by disasters,
including water-related disasters, with the

50
 focus on protecting the poor and people in
vulnerable situations management
11.6. by 2030, reduce the adverse per capita 2 1
environmental impact of cities, including by
paying special attention to air quality,
municipal and other waste management
11.7 by 2030, provide universal access to 2 2
safe, inclusive and accessible, green and
public spaces, particularly for women and
children, older persons and persons with
disabilities
11.a support positive economic, social and 2 2
environmental links between urban, peri-
urban and rural areas by strengthening
national and regional development planning
11.b by 2020, increase by x% the number of 2 3
cities and human settlements adopting and
implementing integrated policies and plans
towards inclusion, resource efficiency,
mitigation and adaptation to climate change,
resilience to disasters, develop and
implement in line with the forthcoming Hyogo
Framework holistic disaster risk management
at all levels
11.c support least developed countries, Not Not
including through financial and technical releva relevant
assistance, for sustainable and resilient nt
buildings utilizing local materials
Goal 12 12.1 implement the 10-Year Framework of 2 1
Ensure Programmes on sustainable consumption
sustainable and production (10YFP), all countries taking
consumption and action, with developed countries taking the
production lead, taking into account the development
patterns and capabilities of developing countries
12.2 by 2030 achieve sustainable 2 1
management and efficient use of natural
resources
12.3 by 2030 halve per capita global food 3 3
waste at the retail and consumer level, and
reduce food losses along production and
supply chains including post-harvest losses
12.4 by 2020 achieve environmentally sound 3 1
management of chemicals and all wastes
throughout their life cycle in accordance with
agreed international frameworks and
significantly reduce their release to air, water
and soil to minimize their adverse impacts on
human health and the environment

51
 12.5 by 2030, substantially reduce waste 2 2
generation through prevention, reduction,
recycling, and reuse
12.6 encourage companies, especially large 2 1
and transnational companies, to adopt
sustainable practices and to integrate
sustainability information into their reporting
cycle
12.7 promote public procurement practices 3 1
that are sustainable in accordance with
national policies and priorities
12.8 by 2030 ensure that people everywhere 3 1
have the relevant information and awareness
for sustainable development and lifestyles in
harmony with nature
12.a support developing countries to 3 2
strengthen their scientific and technological
capacities to move towards more sustainable
patterns of consumption and production
12.b develop and implement tools to monitor 3 1
sustainable development impacts for
sustainable tourism which creates jobs,
promotes local culture and products
12.c rationalize inefficient fossil fuel subsidies 3 1
that encourage wasteful consumption by
removing market distortions, in accordance
with national circumstances, including by
restructuring taxation and phasing out those
harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect
their environmental impacts, taking fully into
account the specific needs and conditions of
developing countries and minimizing the
possible adverse impacts on their
development in a manner that protects the
poor and the affected communities
Goal 13 13.1 strengthen resilience and adaptive 2 1
capacity to climate related hazards and
Take urgent natural disasters in all countries
action to combat 13.2 integrate climate change measures into 2 1
climate change national policies, strategies, and planning
and its impacts * 13.3 improve education, awareness raising 3 2
and human and institutional capacity on
climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact
reduction, and early warning
13.a implement the commitment undertaken 3 2
by developed country Parties to the UNFCCC
to a goal of mobilizing jointly USD100 billion
annually by 2020 from all sources to address
the needs of developing countries in the
context of meaningful mitigation actions and

52
 transparency on implementation and fully
operationalize the Green Climate Fund
through its capitalization as soon as possible
13.b Promote mechanisms for raising 2 2
capacities for effective climate change related
planning and management, in LDCs,
including focusing on women, youth, local
and marginalized communities
Goal 15 15.1 by 2020 ensure conservation, 1 1
restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial
Protect, restore and inland freshwater ecosystems and their
and promote services, in particular forests, wetlands,
sustainable use mountains and drylands, in line with
of terrestrial obligations under international agreements
ecosystems, 15.2 by 2020, promote the implementation of 2 1
sustainably sustainable management of all types of
manage forests, forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded
combat forests, and increase afforestation and
desertification, reforestation by x% globally
and halt and 15.3 by 2020, combat desertification, and 2 1
reverse land restore degraded land and soil, including land
degradation and affected by desertification, drought and
halt biodiversity floods, and strive to achieve a land-
loss degradation neutral world
15.4 by 2030 ensure the conservation of 2 3
mountain ecosystems, including their
biodiversity, to enhance their capacity to
provide benefits which are essential for
sustainable development
15.5 take urgent and significant action to 3 1
reduce degradation of natural habitat, halt the
loss of biodiversity, and by 2020 protect and
prevent the extinction of threatened species
15.6 ensure fair and equitable sharing of the 3 2
benefits arising from the utilization of genetic
resources, and promote appropriate access
to genetic resources
15.7 take urgent action to end poaching and 3 3
trafficking of protected species of flora and
fauna, and address both demand and supply
of illegal wildlife products
15.8 by 2020 introduce measures to prevent 3 1
the introduction and significantly reduce the
impact of invasive alien species on land and
water ecosystems, and control or eradicate
the priority species
15.9 by 2020, integrate ecosystems and 3 2
biodiversity values into national and local
planning, development processes and
poverty reduction strategies, and accounts

53
 15.a mobilize and significantly increase from 3 3
all sources financial resources to conserve
and sustainably use biodiversity and
ecosystems
15.b mobilize significantly resources from all 3 3
sources and at all levels to finance
sustainable forest management, and provide
adequate incentives to developing countries
to advance sustainable forest management,
including for conservation and reforestation
15.c enhance global support to efforts to 3 3
combat poaching and trafficking of protected
species, including by increasing the capacity
of local communities to pursue sustainable
livelihood opportunities
Goal 16 16.1 significantly reduce all forms of violence 2 2
and related death rates everywhere
Promote 16.2 end abuse, exploitation, trafficking and 3 3
peaceful and all forms of violence and torture against
inclusive children
societies for 16.3 promote the rule of law at the national 2 3
sustainable and international levels, and ensure equal
development, access to justice for all
provide access 16.4 by 2030 significantly reduce illicit 2 3
to justice for all financial and arms flows, strengthen recovery
and build and return of stolen assets, and combat all
effective, forms of organized crime
accountable and 16.5 substantially reduce corruption and 2 3
inclusive bribery in all its forms
institutions at 16.6 develop effective, accountable and 2 3
all levels transparent institutions at all levels
16.7 ensure responsive, inclusive, 3 2
participatory and representative decision-
making at all levels
16.8 broaden and strengthen the participation 2 3
of developing countries in the institutions of
global governance
16.9 by 2030 provide legal identity for all 1 2
including birth registration
16.10 ensure public access to information 3 1
and protect fundamental freedoms, in
accordance with national legislation and
international agreements
16.a strengthen relevant national institutions, 3 3
including through international cooperation,
for building capacities at all levels, in
particular in developing countries, for
preventing violence and combating terrorism
and crime

54
 16.b promote and enforce non-discriminatory 3 3
laws and policies for sustainable
development

Goal 17 Finance 2 2
17.1 strengthen domestic resource
Strengthen the mobilization, including through international
means of support to developing countries to improve
implementation domestic capacity for tax and other revenue
and revitalize the collection
global 17.2 developed countries to implement fully Not Not
partnership for their ODA commitments, including to provide releva relevant
sustainable 0.7% of GNI in ODA to developing countries nt
development of which 0.15-0.20% to least developed
countries
17.3 mobilize additional financial resources Not Not
for developing countries from multiple releva relevant
sources nt
17.4 assist developing countries in attaining 2 2
longterm debt sustainability through
coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt
financing, debt relief and debt restructuring,
as appropriate, and address the external debt
of highly indebted poor countries (HIPC) to
reduce debt distress
17.5 adopt and implement investment Not Not
promotion regimes for LDCs releva relevant
nt
Technology 2 2
17.6 enhance North-South, South-South and
triangular regional and international
cooperation on and access to science,
technology and innovation, and enhance
knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms,
including through improved coordination
among existing mechanisms, particularly at
UN level, and through a global technology
facilitation mechanism when agreed
17.7 promote development, transfer, 2 2
dissemination and diffusion of
environmentally sound technologies to
developing countries on favourable terms,
including on concessional and preferential
terms, as mutually agreed
17.8 fully operationalize the Technology Bank 2 2
and STI (Science, Technology and
Innovation) capacity building mechanism for
LDCs by 2017, and enhance the use of
enabling technologies in particular ICT
Capacity building 2 1

55
17.9 enhance international support for
implementing effective and targeted capacity
building in developing countries to support
national plans to implement all sustainable
development goals, including through North-
South, South-South, and triangular
cooperation
Trade Not 1
17.10 promote a universal, rules-based, releva
open, non-discriminatory and equitable nt
multilateral trading system under the WTO
including through the conclusion of
negotiations within its Doha Development
Agenda
17.11 increase significantly the exports of 1 1
developing countries, in particular with a view
to doubling the LDC share of global exports
by 2020
17.12 realize timely implementation of duty- Not Not
free, quota-free market access on a lasting releva relevant
basis for all least developed countries nt
consistent with WTO decisions, including
through ensuring that preferential rules of
origin applicable to imports from LDCs are
transparent and simple, and contribute to
facilitating market access
Systemic issues Policy and institutional 1 Not
coherence relevant
17.13 enhance global macroeconomic
stability including through policy coordination
and policy coherence
17.14 enhance policy coherence for 2 2
sustainable development
17.15 respect each country’s policy space 2 2
and leadership to establish and implement
policies for poverty eradication and
sustainable development
Multi-stakeholder partnerships 2 2
17.16 enhance the global partnership for
sustainable development complemented by
multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize
and share knowledge, expertise,
technologies and financial resources to
support the achievement of sustainable
development goals in all countries,
particularly developing countries
17.17 encourage and promote effective 3 3
public, public private, and civil society
partnerships, building on the experience and
resourcing strategies of partnerships

56
 Data, monitoring and accountability 2 2
17.18 by 2020, enhance capacity building
support to developing countries, including for
LDCs and SIDS, to increase significantly the
availability of high-quality, timely and reliable
data disaggregated by income, gender, age,
race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability,
geographic location and other characteristics
relevant in national contexts
17.19 by 2030, build on existing initiatives to 2 1
develop measurements of progress on
sustainable development that complement
GDP, and support statistical capacity building
in developing countries

Annex 2 Workbook of Alignment of SDV 2030 and the GDP/ NAP with
the SDG targets – Excel workbook

57
Annex 3 List of literature
David Le Blanc (2015), “Towards Integration at Last? The SDGs as a Network
of Targets”, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN-
DESA, Working Paper 141, March 2015.

Cabinet of Ministers (2016), National Action Plan for the Green Development
Policy Implementation Plan (2016-2030), approved by Government of Mongolia
resolution number 35, 2016.

D. O’Connor, et al. 2016. “Universality, Integration, and Policy Coherence for

Sustainable Development:
Early SDG Implementation in Selected OECD Countries.”Working Paper.
Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at
http://www.wri.org/publication/universality_integration_and_policy_coherence.

Government of Mongolia (2015), Suggested SDG Indicators Arranged by OWG

Targets, July 12th, 2015, Open-ended Working Group.

EPCRC (2016), Mongolian Green Economy Policy Assessment Report,

Economic Policy and Competitiveness Research Center, July 2016.

ICSU and ISSC (2015), Review of the Sustainable Development Goals: The
Science Perspective, Paris, International Council for Science (ISCU). Available
at: www.icsu.org/publications/reports-and-reviews/review-of-targets-for-the-
sustainable-development-goals-the-science-perspective-2015/SDG-Report.pdf.

OECD (2016), Better Policies for Sustainable Development 2016: A New

Framework for Policy Coherence, OECD Publishing, Paris.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264256996-en

Parliament of Mongolia (2016), Mongolia’s Sustainable Development Vision -

2030,State Great Hural (Parliament) of Mongolia Resolution, Resolution
number 19, Ulaanbaatar.

Parliament of Mongolia (2014), Green Development Policy of Mongolia,

Unofficial translation by Ministry of Environment and Green Development of
Mongolia, June 13rd, 2014.

Parliament of Mongolia (2014),Green Development Policy,State Great Hural

(Parliament) of Mongolia Resolution, Resolution number 43, Ulaanbaatar.

Parliament of Mongolia (2016), Approving Mongolia’s Sustainable

Development Vision – 2030, State Great Hural (Parliament) of Mongolia
Resolution, February 5th, 2016, Ulaanbaatar.

PAGE (2016), Concept Note on GDP implementation and Value Proposition for
Multi- Donor Support Programme, PAGE/UNDP, Ulaanbaatar.

58
United Nations (2016),Global Sustainable Development Report 2016,
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York, July.

United Nations (2015), Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1, 21 October 2015, available at:
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E.

UNDG (2016), Mainstreaming the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,

Referencing Guide to UN Country Teams, February 2016, United Nations
Development Group.

59