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 FLUID MECHANICS

FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS

FOURTH EDITION IN SI UNITS

FM_Prelims_US.indd 1 5/9/2019 2:37:56 PM

 About the Authors

Yunus A. Çengel is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the

University of Nevada, Reno. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from
Istanbul Technical University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering
from North Carolina State University. His research areas are renewable energy,
desalination, exergy analysis, heat transfer enhancement, radiation heat transfer, and
energy conservation. He served as the director of the Industrial Assessment Center
(IAC) at the University of Nevada, Reno, from 1996 to 2000. He has led teams
of engineering students to numerous manufacturing facilities in Northern Nevada
and California to do industrial assessments, and has prepared energy conservation,
waste minimization, and productivity enhancement reports for them.
Dr. Çengel is the coauthor of the widely adopted textbook Thermodynamics: An Engi-
neering Approach, 8th edition (2015), published by McGraw-Hill Education. He is also
the coauthor of the textbook Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals & Applications,
5th Edition (2015), and the coauthor of the textbook Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid
Sciences, 5th edition (2017), both published by McGraw-Hill Education. Some of his
textbooks have been translated to Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, Turkish, Italian,
and Greek.
Dr. Çengel is the recipient of several outstanding teacher awards, and he has
received the ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award for excellence in
authorship in 1992 and again in 2000.
Dr. Çengel is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Nevada, and is a
member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the Ameri-
can Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).

John M. Cimbala is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Pennsyl-

vania State University, University Park. He received his B.S. in Aerospace Engi-
neering from Penn State and his M.S. in Aeronautics from the California Institute
of Technology (CalTech). He received his Ph.D. in Aeronautics from CalTech in
1984 under the supervision of Professor Anatol Roshko, to whom he will be forever
grateful. His research areas include experimental and computational fluid mechan-
ics and heat transfer, turbulence, turbulence modeling, turbomachinery, indoor air
quality, and air pollution control. Professor Cimbala completed sabbatical leaves
at NASA Langley Research Center (1993–94), where he advanced his knowledge
of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and at Weir American Hydo (2010–11),
where he performed CFD analyses to assist in the design of hydroturbines.
Dr. Cimbala is the coauthor of three other textbooks: Indoor Air Quality Engi-
neering: Environmental Health and Control of Indoor Pollutants (2003), pub-
lished by Marcel-Dekker, Inc.; Essentials of Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and
Applications (2008); and Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences, 5th edition
(2017), both published by McGraw-Hill Education. He has also contributed to parts
of other books, and is the author or coauthor of dozens of journal and conference
papers. He has also recently ventured into writing novels. More information can be
found at www.mne.psu.edu/cimbala.
Professor Cimbala is the recipient of several outstanding teaching awards and
views his book writing as an extension of his love of teaching. He is a member of
the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the American Society for
Engineering Education (ASEE), and the American Physical Society (APS).

FM_Prelims_US.indd 2 5/9/2019 2:37:56 PM

 FLUID MECHANICS

FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS

YUNUS A.
ÇENGEL
FOURTH EDITION IN SI UNITS Department of
Mechanical
Engineering
University of Nevada,
Reno

JOHN M.
CIMBALA
Department of
Mechanical and
Nuclear Engineering
The Pennsylvania
State University

Adapted by

MEHMET KANOĞLU
University of Gaziantep

FM_Prelims_US.indd 3 5/9/2019 2:37:56 PM

 FLUID MECHANICS: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS
FOURTH EDITION IN SI UNITS

Copyright ©2020 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Previous editions © 2014, 2010, and 2006. No part of this publication may
be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of the
publisher, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance listening.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside of the United States.

This book cannot be re-exported from the country to which it is sold by McGraw-Hill.

Cover Image: tcly/Shutterstock

When ordering this title, use ISBN 978-981-4821-59-9 or MHID 981-4821-59-4

FM_Prelims_US.indd 4 5/29/2019 10:23:09 AM

 N

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 Brief Contents

chapter one
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS   1
chapter two
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS   37
chapter three
PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS   77
chapter four
FLUID KINEMATICS  137
chapter five
BERNOULLI AND ENERGY EQUATIONS   189
chapter six
MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS   249
chapter seven
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING   297
chapter eight
INTERNAL FLOW  351
chapter nine
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW   443
chapter ten
APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF THE NAVIER–STOKES
EQUATION  519
chapter eleven
EXTERNAL FLOW: DRAG AND LIFT   611
chapter twelve
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW  667
chapter thirteen
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW  733
chapter fourteen
TURBOMACHINERY  793
chapter fifteen
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS   885

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 Visit https://ebookmass.com
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 Contents

Preface xv
chapter two
chapter one PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 37
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC 2–1 Introduction 38
CONCEPTS 1 Continuum 38

1–1 Introduction 2 2–2 Density and Specific Gravity 39

Density of Ideal Gases 40
What Is a Fluid? 2
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics 4 2–3 V apor Pressure and Cavitation 41
1–2 A Brief History of Fluid Mechanics 6 2–4 Energy and Specific Heats 43
1–3 The No-Slip Condition 8 2–5 Compressibility and Speed of Sound 45
1–4 Classification of Fluid Flows 9 Coefficient of Compressibility 45
Coefficient of Volume Expansion 46
Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow 10
Speed of Sound and Mach Number 49
Internal versus External Flow 10
Compressible versus Incompressible Flow 10 2–6 Viscosity 51
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 11
Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow 11 2–7 Surface Tension and Capillary Effect 56
Steady versus Unsteady Flow 12 Capillary Effect 59
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 13
Uniform versus Nonuniform Flow 14 Summary 62

1–5 System and Control Volume 15 Application Spotlight: Cavitation 63

References and Suggested Reading 64
1–6 Importance of Dimensions and Units 16 Problems 64
Some SI and English Units 17
Dimensional Homogeneity 19
Unity Conversion Ratios 21 chapter three
1–7 Modeling in Engineering 22 PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS 77
1–8 Problem-Solving Technique 24
Step 1: Problem Statement 24 3–1 Pressure 78
Step 2: Schematic 24 Pressure at a Point 79
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations 24 Variation of Pressure with Depth 80
Step 4: Physical Laws 24
Step 5: Properties 25 3–2 Pressure Measurement Devices 84
Step 6: Calculations 25 The Barometer 84
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion 25 The Manometer 87
Other Pressure Measurement Devices 90
1–9 Engineering Software Packages 26
Equation Solvers 27 3–3 I ntroduction to Fluid Statics 91
CFD Software 28 3–4 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged
1–10 A
 ccuracy, Precision, and Significant Digits 28 Plane Surfaces 92
Application Spotlight: What Nuclear Blasts and Special Case: Submerged Rectangular Plate 95
Raindrops Have in Common 32 3–5 H ydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved
Summary 33 Surfaces 97
References and Suggested Reading 33
Problems 33
3–6 Buoyancy and Stability 100
Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies 104

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 x
FLUID MECHANICS
CONTENTS

3–7 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion 106 The Linear Momentum Equation 190
Conservation of Energy 190
Special Case 1: Fluids at Rest 108
Special Case 2: Free Fall of a Fluid Body 108 5–2 Conservation of Mass 191
Acceleration on a Straight Path 108
Mass and Volume Flow Rates 191
Rotation in a Cylindrical Container 110
Conservation of Mass Principle 193
Summary 114 Moving or Deforming Control Volumes 195
References and Suggested Reading 115 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes 195
Problems 115 Special Case: Incompressible Flow 196

5–3 Mechanical Energy and Efficiency 198

chapter four 5–4 The Bernoulli Equation 203
Acceleration of a Fluid Particle 204
FLUID KINEMATICS 137 Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation 204
Force Balance across Streamlines 206
Unsteady, Compressible Flow 207
4–1 Lagrangian and Eulerian D
­ escriptions 138 Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressures 207
Acceleration Field 140 Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation 208
Material Derivative 143 Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy
Grade Line (EGL) 210
4–2 Flow Patterns and Flow Visualization 145 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation 212
Streamlines and Streamtubes 145
Pathlines 146 5–5 General Energy Equation 219
Streaklines 148 Energy Transfer by Heat, Q 220
Timelines 150 Energy Transfer by Work, W 220
Refractive Flow Visualization Techniques 151
Surface Flow Visualization Techniques 152 5–6 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows 223
Special Case: Incompressible Flow with No Mechanical
4–3 Plots of Fluid Flow Data 152 Work Devices and Negligible Friction 226
Profile Plots 153 Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, 𝛼 226
Vector Plots 153
Contour Plots 154 Summary 233
References and Suggested Reading 234
4–4 Other Kinematic Descriptions 155 Problems 235
Types of Motion or Deformation of Fluid ­Elements 155

4–5 Vorticity and Rotationality 160

Comparison of Two Circular Flows 163
chapter six
4–6 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 164 MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW
Alternate Derivation of the Reynolds Transport SYSTEMS 249
Theorem 169
Relationship between Material Derivative and RTT 172
6–1 Newton’s Laws 250
Summary 172
6–2 Choosing a Control Volume 251
Application Spotlight: Fluidic Actuators 173
6–3 Forces Acting on a Control Volume 252
Application Spotlight: Smelling Food; the
­Human Airway 174 6–4 The Linear Momentum Equation 255
Special Cases 257
References and Suggested Reading 175
Momentum-Flux Correction Factor, β 257
Problems 175
Steady Flow 259
Flow with No External Forces 260

chapter five 6–5 Review of Rotational Motion and Angular

Momentum 269
BERNOULLI AND ENERGY E
­ QUATIONS 189
6–6 The Angular Momentum Equation 272
Special Cases 274
5–1 Introduction 190 Flow with No External Moments 275
N Conservation of Mass 190 Radial-Flow Devices 275
L

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 xi
CONTENTS

Application Spotlight: Manta Ray 8–5 Turbulent Flow in Pipes 365

Swimming 280 Turbulent Shear Stress 366
Summary 282 Turbulent Velocity Profile 368
References and Suggested Reading 282 The Moody Chart and Its Associated
Problems 283 Equations 370
Types of Fluid Flow Problems 372

8–6 Minor Losses 379

chapter seven 8–7 Piping Networks and Pump S
­ election 386
Series and Parallel Pipes 386
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND Piping Systems with Pumps and Turbines 388
MODELING 297 8–8 Flow Rate and Velocity M
­ easurement 396
Pitot and Pitot-Static Probes 396
7–1 Dimensions and Units 298 Obstruction Flowmeters: Orifice, Venturi,
and Nozzle Meters 398
7–2 Dimensional Homogeneity 299 Positive Displacement Flowmeters 401
Nondimensionalization of Equations 300 Turbine Flowmeters 402
Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters) 403
7–3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 305 Ultrasonic Flowmeters 404
7–4 The Method of Repeating Variables and the Electromagnetic Flowmeters 406
Vortex Flowmeters 407
Buckingham Pi Theorem 309
Thermal (Hot-Wire and Hot-Film)
Historical Spotlight: Persons Honored by Anemometers 408
Nondimensional Parameters 317 Laser Doppler Velocimetry 410
Particle Image Velocimetry 411
7–5 E
 xperimental Testing, Modeling, and Incomplete Introduction to Biofluid Mechanics 414
Similarity 325
Application Spotlight: PIV Applied to Cardiac
Setup of an Experiment and Correlation
Flow 420
of Experimental Data 325
Incomplete Similarity 326 Application Spotlight: Multicolor Particle
Wind Tunnel Testing 326 Shadow Velocimetry/Accelerometry 421
Flows with Free Surfaces 329
Summary 423
Application Spotlight: How a Fly Flies 332 References and Suggested Reading 424
Summary 333 Problems 425
References and Suggested Reading 333
Problems 333
chapter nine
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID
chapter eight FLOW 443
INTERNAL FLOW 351
9–1 Introduction 444
8–1 Introduction 352 9–2 Conservation of Mass—The Continuity
8–2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 353 Equation 444
Reynolds Number 354 Derivation Using the Divergence Theorem 445
Derivation Using an Infinitesimal Control ­Volume 446
8–3 The Entrance Region 355 Alternative Form of the Continuity Equation 449
Entry Lengths 356 Continuity Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates 450
Special Cases of the Continuity Equation 450
8–4 Laminar Flow in Pipes 357
Pressure Drop and Head Loss 359 9–3 The Stream Function 456
Effect of Gravity on Velocity and Flow Rate The Stream Function in Cartesian Coordinates 456
in Laminar Flow 361 The Stream Function in Cylindrical Coordinates 463
Laminar Flow in Noncircular Pipes 362 The Compressible Stream Function 464 N
x

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 xii
CONTENTS

9–4 The Differential Linear Momentum Equation— 10–6 The Boundary Layer ­Approximation 558
Cauchy’s Equation 465 The Boundary Layer Equations 563
Derivation Using the Divergence Theorem 465 The Boundary Layer Procedure 568
Derivation Using an Infinitesimal Control ­Volume 466 Displacement Thickness 572
Alternative Form of Cauchy’s Equation 469 Momentum Thickness 575
Derivation Using Newton’s Second Law 469 Turbulent Flat Plate Boundary Layer 576
Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradients 582
9–5 The Navier–Stokes Equation 470 The Momentum Integral Technique for Boundary Layers 587
Introduction 470 Summary 595
Newtonian versus Non-Newtonian Fluids 471 References and Suggested Reading 596
Derivation of the Navier–Stokes Equation
for Incompressible, Isothermal Flow 472 Application Spotlight: Droplet Formation 597
Continuity and Navier–Stokes Equations Problems 598
in Cartesian Coordinates 474
Continuity and Navier–Stokes Equations
in Cylindrical Coordinates 475 chapter eleven
9–6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
EXTERNAL FLOW: DRAG AND LIFT 611
Problems 476
Calculation of the Pressure Field
for a Known Velocity Field 476 11–1 Introduction 612
Exact Solutions of the Continuity
and Navier–Stokes Equations 481
11–2 Drag and Lift 614
Differential Analysis of Biofluid Mechanics Flows 499 11–3 Friction and Pressure Drag 618
Summary 502 Reducing Drag by Streamlining 619
References and Suggested Reading 502 Flow Separation 620
Application Spotlight: The No-Slip Boundary 11–4 Drag Coefficients of Common Geometries 621
Condition 503 Biological Systems and Drag 622
Problems 504 Drag Coefficients of Vehicles 625
Superposition 627

11–5 Parallel Flow over Flat Plates 629

chapter ten Friction Coefficient 631

11–6 Flow over Cylinders and Spheres 633

APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF THE
Effect of Surface Roughness 636
NAVIER–STOKES EQUATION 519
11–7 Lift 638
Finite-Span Wings and Induced Drag 642
10–1 Introduction 520 Lift Generated by Spinning 643
10–2 Nondimensionalized Equations of Motion 521 Flying in Nature! 647
Summary 650
10–3 The Creeping Flow Approximation 524
Drag on a Sphere in Creeping Flow 527 Application Spotlight: Drag Reduction 652
10–4 Approximation for Inviscid Regions of Flow 529 References and Suggested Reading 653
Problems 653
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation in Inviscid Regions
of Flow 530

10–5 The Irrotational Flow ­Approximation 533 chapter t welve

Continuity Equation 533 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 667
Momentum Equation 535
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation in Irrotational
Regions of Flow 535 12–1 Stagnation Properties 668
Two-Dimensional Irrotational Regions of Flow 538
Superposition in Irrotational Regions of Flow 542 12–2 One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow 671
Elementary Planar Irrotational Flows 542 Variation of Fluid Velocity with Flow Area 673
N Irrotational Flows Formed by Superposition 549 Property Relations for Isentropic Flow of Ideal Gases 675
L
ii

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 xiii
CONTENTS

12–3 Isentropic Flow through Nozzles 677 13–9 Flow Control and Measurement 769
Converging Nozzles 678 Underflow Gates 770
Converging–Diverging Nozzles 682 Overflow Gates 772

12–4 Shock Waves and Expansion Application Spotlight: Bridge Scour 779
Waves 685 Summary 780
Normal Shocks 686 References and Suggested Reading 781
Oblique Shocks 691 Problems 781
Prandtl–Meyer Expansion Waves 696

12–5 Duct Flow with Heat Transfer and Negligible chapter fourteen
Friction (Rayleigh Flow) 701
Property Relations for Rayleigh Flow 706
TURBOMACHINERY 793
Choked Rayleigh Flow 708

12–6 A
 diabatic Duct Flow with Friction 14–1 Classifications and Terminology 794
(Fanno Flow) 710 14–2 Pumps 796
Property Relations for Fanno Flow 713 Pump Performance Curves and Matching
Choked Fanno Flow 716 a Pump to a Piping System 797
Pump Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head 803
Application Spotlight: Shock-Wave/
Pumps in Series and Parallel 806
Boundary-Layer Interactions 720 Positive-Displacement Pumps 809
Summary 721 Dynamic Pumps 812
References and Suggested Reading 722 Centrifugal Pumps 812
Problems 722 Axial Pumps 822

14–3 Pump Scaling Laws 830

Dimensional Analysis 830
chapter thirteen Pump Specific Speed 833
Affinity Laws 835
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 733
14–4 Turbines 839
Positive-Displacement Turbines 841
13–1 Classification of Open-Channel Flows 734 Dynamic Turbines 841
Uniform and Varied Flows 734 Impulse Turbines 842
Laminar and Turbulent Flows in Channels 735 Reaction Turbines 843
Gas and Steam Turbines 853
13–2 Froude Number and Wave Speed 737 Wind Turbines 853
Speed of Surface Waves 739
14–5 Turbine Scaling Laws 861
13–3 Specific Energy 741 Dimensionless Turbine Parameters 861
Turbine Specific Speed 864
13–4 Conservation of Mass and Energy
Equations 744 Application Spotlight: Rotary Fuel Atomizers 867
13–5 Uniform Flow in Channels 745 Summary 868
References and Suggested Reading 869
Critical Uniform Flow 747
Problems 869
Superposition Method for Nonuniform
Perimeters 748

13–6 Best Hydraulic Cross Sections 751 chapter fifteen

Rectangular Channels 753 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL
Trapezoidal Channels 753
FLUID DYNAMICS 885
13–7 Gradually Varied Flow 755
Liquid Surface Profiles in Open Channels, y(x) 757
Some Representative Surface Profiles 760
15–1 Introduction and Fundamentals 886
Numerical Solution of Surface Profile 762 Motivation 886
Equations of Motion 886
13–8 Rapidly Varied Flow and the Hydraulic Solution Procedure 887 N
Jump 765 Additional Equations of Motion 889

xi

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 xiv
CONTENTS

Grid Generation and Grid Independence 889 TABLE A–2 Boiling and Freezing Point
Boundary Conditions 894 Properties  949
Practice Makes Perfect 899
TABLE A–3 Properties of Saturated Water   950
15–2 Laminar CFD Calculations 899
Pipe Flow Entrance Region at Re = 500 899
TABLE A–4 Properties of Saturated
Flow around a Circular Cylinder at Re = 150 903 Refrigerant-134a  951
15–3 Turbulent CFD Calculations 908 TABLE A–5 Properties of Saturated Ammonia   952
Flow around a Circular Cylinder at Re = 10,000 911 TABLE A–6 Properties of Saturated Propane   953
Flow around a Circular Cylinder at Re = 107 913 TABLE A–7 Properties of Liquids   954
Design of the Stator for a Vane-Axial Flow Fan 913
TABLE A–8 Properties of Liquid Metals   955
15–4 CFD with Heat Transfer 921
TABLE A–9 Properties of Air at 1 atm Pressure   956
Temperature Rise through a Cross-Flow Heat
Exchanger 921 TABLE A–10 Properties of Gases at 1 atm
Cooling of an Array of Integrated Circuit Chips 923 Pressure  957
15–5 Compressible Flow CFD Calculations 928 TABLE A–11 Properties of the Atmosphere at High
Compressible Flow through a Converging–Diverging Altitude  959
Nozzle 929 FIGURE A–12 The Moody Chart for the Friction
Oblique Shocks over a Wedge 933
CFD Methods for Two-Phase Flows 934
Factor for Fully Developed Flow in
Circular Pipes  960
15–6 Open-Channel Flow CFD Calculations 936
TABLE A–13 One-Dimensional Isentropic
Flow over a Bump on the Bottom of a Channel 936
Flow through a Sluice Gate (Hydraulic Jump) 937
Compressible Flow Functions for an
Ideal Gas with k = 1.4   961
Summary 938
TABLE A–14 One-Dimensional Normal Shock
Application Spotlight: A Virtual Stomach 939 Functions for an Ideal Gas with
References and Suggested Reading 940 k = 1.4   962
Problems 940
TABLE A–15 Rayleigh Flow Functions for an Ideal
Gas with k = 1.4   963
appendix TABLE A–16 Fanno Flow Functions for an Ideal Gas
with k = 1.4   964
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS   947
Glossary 965
TABLE A–1 Molar Mass, Gas Constant, and Index 979
Ideal-Gas Specific Heats of Some Conversion Factors 995
Substances  948 Nomenclature 997

N
L
iv

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 Preface

BACKGROUND
Fluid mechanics is an exciting and fascinating subject with unlimited practi-
cal applications ranging from microscopic biological systems to automobiles,
airplanes, and spacecraft propulsion. Fluid mechanics has also historically
been one of the most challenging subjects for undergraduate students because
proper analysis of fluid mechanics problems requires not only knowledge
of the concepts but also physical intuition and experience. Our hope is that
this book, through its careful explanations of concepts and its use of numer-
ous practical examples, sketches, figures, and photographs, bridges the gap
between knowledge and the proper application of that knowledge.
Fluid mechanics is a mature subject; the basic equations and approxima-
tions are well established and can be found in any introductory textbook. Our
book is distinguished from other introductory books because we present the
subject in a progressive order from simple to more difficult, building each
chapter upon foundations laid down in earlier chapters. We provide more dia-
grams and photographs than other books because fluid mechanics is, by its
nature, a highly visual subject. Only by illustrating the concepts discussed,
can students fully appreciate the mathematical significance of the material.

OBJECTIVES
This book has been written for the first fluid mechanics course for under-
graduate engineering students. There is sufficient material for a two-course
sequence, if desired. We assume that readers will have an adequate back-
ground in calculus, physics, engineering mechanics, and thermodynamics.
The objectives of this text are
⬤⬤
To present the basic principles and equations of fluid mechanics.
⬤⬤
To show numerous and diverse real-world engineering examples to
give the student the intuition necessary for correct application of fluid
mechanics principles in engineering applications.
⬤⬤
To develop an intuitive understanding of fluid mechanics by emphasiz-
ing the physics, and reinforcing that understanding through illustrative
figures and photographs.
The book contains enough material to allow considerable flexibility in teach-
ing the course. Aeronautics and aerospace engineers might emphasize poten-
tial flow, drag and lift, compressible flow, turbomachinery, and CFD, while
mechanical or civil engineering instructors might choose to emphasize pipe
flows and open-channel flows, respectively.

NEW TO THE FOURTH EDITION

All the popular features of the previous editions have been retained while new
ones have been added. The main body of the text remains largely unchanged.
A noticeable change is the addition of a number of exciting new pictures
throughout the book.

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 xvi
PREFACE

Four new subsections have been added: “Uniform versus Nonuniform

Flow” and “Equation Solvers” to Chap. 1, “Flying in Nature” by guest author
Azar Eslam Panah of Penn State Berks to Chap. 11, and “CFD Methods for
Two-Phase Flows” by guest author Alex Rattner of Penn State to Chap. 15. In
Chap. 8, we now highlight the explicit Churchill equation as an alternative to
the implicit Colebrook equation.
Two new Application Spotlights, have been added: “Smelling Food; the
Human Airway” by Rui Ni of Penn State, to Chap. 4, and “Multicolor Par-
ticle Shadow Velocimetry/Accelerometry” by Michael McPhail and Michael
Krane of Penn State to Chap. 8.
A large number of the end-of-chapter problems in the text have been mod-
ified and many problems were replaced by new ones. Also, several of the
solved example problems have been replaced.

PHILOSOPHY AND GOAL

The Fourth Edition of Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications has
the same goals and philosophy as the other texts by lead author Yunus Çengel.
⬤⬤
Communicates directly with tomorrow’s engineers in a simple yet
precise manner
⬤⬤
Leads students toward a clear understanding and firm grasp of the basic
principles of fluid mechanics
⬤⬤
Encourages creative thinking and development of a deeper understand-
ing and intuitive feel for fluid mechanics
⬤⬤
Is read by students with interest and enthusiasm rather than merely as a
guide to solve homework problems
The best way to learn is by practice. Special effort is made throughout the
book to reinforce the material that was presented earlier (in each chapter
as well as in material from previous chapters). Many of the illustrated
example problems and end-of-chapter problems are comprehensive and
encourage students to review and revisit concepts and intuitions gained
previously.
Throughout the book, we show examples generated by computational fluid
dynamics (CFD). We also provide an introductory chapter on the subject. Our
goal is not to teach the details about numerical algorithms associated with
CFD—this is more properly presented in a separate course. Rather, our intent
is to introduce undergraduate students to the capabilities and limitations of
CFD as an engineering tool. We use CFD solutions in much the same way
as experimental results are used from wind tunnel tests (i.e., to reinforce
understanding of the physics of fluid flows and to provide quality flow visual-
izations that help explain fluid behavior). With dozens of CFD end-of-chapter
problems posted on the website, instructors have ample opportunity to intro-
duce the basics of CFD throughout the course.

CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION

This book is organized into 15 chapters beginning with fundamental concepts
of fluids, fluid properties, and fluid flows and ending with an introduction to
computational fluid dynamics.
⬤⬤
Chapter 1 provides a basic introduction to fluids, classifications of fluid
flow, control volume versus system formulations, dimensions, units,
significant digits, and problem-solving techniques.

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 xvii
PREFACE
⬤⬤
Chapter 2 is devoted to fluid properties such as density, vapor pressure,
specific heats, speed of sound, viscosity, and surface tension.
⬤⬤
Chapter 3 deals with fluid statics and pressure, including manometers
and barometers, hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces, buoyancy
and stability, and fluids in rigid-body motion.
⬤⬤
Chapter 4 covers topics related to fluid kinematics, such as the differ-
ences between Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of fluid flows,
flow patterns, flow visualization, vorticity and rotationality, and the
Reynolds transport theorem.
⬤⬤
Chapter 5 introduces the fundamental conservation laws of mass,
momentum, and energy, with emphasis on the proper use of the mass,
Bernoulli, and energy equations and the engineering applications of
these equations.
⬤⬤
Chapter 6 applies the Reynolds transport theorem to linear momentum
and angular momentum and emphasizes practical engineering applica-
tions of finite control volume momentum analysis.
⬤⬤
Chapter 7 reinforces the concept of dimensional homogeneity and intro-
duces the Buckingham Pi theorem of dimensional analysis, dynamic
similarity, and the method of repeating variables—material that is use-
ful throughout the rest of the book and in many disciplines in science
and engineering.
⬤⬤
Chapter 8 is devoted to flow in pipes and ducts. We discuss the dif-
ferences between laminar and turbulent flow, friction losses in pipes
and ducts, and minor losses in piping networks. We also explain how
to properly select a pump or fan to match a piping network. Finally, we
discuss various experimental devices that are used to measure flow rate
and velocity, and provide a brief introduction to biofluid mechanics.
⬤⬤
Chapter 9 deals with differential analysis of fluid flow and includes der-
ivation and application of the continuity equation, the Cauchy equation,
and the Navier–Stokes equation. We also introduce the stream function
and describe its usefulness in analysis of fluid flows, and we provide a
brief introduction to biofluids. Finally, we point out some of the unique
aspects of differential analysis related to biofluid mechanics.
⬤⬤
Chapter 10 discusses several approximations of the Navier–Stokes equa-
tion and provides example solutions for each approximation, including
creeping flow, inviscid flow, irrotational (potential) flow, and boundary
layers.
⬤⬤
Chapter 11 covers forces on living and non-living bodies (drag and
lift), explaining the distinction between friction and pressure drag,
and providing drag coefficients for many common geometries. This
chapter emphasizes the practical application of wind tunnel mea-
surements coupled with dynamic similarity and dimensional analysis
concepts introduced earlier in Chap. 7.
⬤⬤
Chapter 12 extends fluid flow analysis to compressible flow, where the
behavior of gases is greatly affected by the Mach number. In this chapter,
the concepts of expansion waves, normal and oblique shock waves, and
choked flow are introduced.
⬤⬤
Chapter 13 deals with open-channel flow and some of the unique fea-
tures associated with the flow of liquids with a free surface, such as
surface waves and hydraulic jumps.

FM_Prelims_US.indd 17 5/9/2019 2:37:57 PM

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exciting offers!
 xviii
PREFACE

⬤⬤
Chapter 14 examines turbomachinery in more detail, including pumps,
fans, and turbines. An emphasis is placed on how pumps and turbines
work, rather than on their detailed design. We also discuss overall pump
and turbine design, based on dynamic similarity laws and simplified
velocity vector analyses.
⬤⬤
Chapter 15 describes the fundamental concepts of computational fluid
dyamics (CFD) and shows students how to use commercial CFD codes
as tools to solve complex fluid mechanics problems. We emphasize the
application of CFD rather than the algorithms used in CFD codes.
Each chapter contains a wealth of end-of-chapter homework problems. A
comprehensive set of appendices is provided, giving the thermodynamic and
fluid properties of several materials, in addition to air and water, along with
some useful plots and tables. Many of the end-of-chapter problems require
the use of material properties from the appendices to enhance the realism of
the problems.

LEARNING TOOLS
EMPHASIS ON PHYSICS
A distinctive feature of this book is its emphasis on the physical aspects
of the subject matter in addition to mathematical representations and
manipulations. The authors believe that the emphasis in undergraduate
education should remain on developing a sense of underlying physical
mechanisms and a mastery of solving practical problems that an engineer
is likely to face in the real world. Developing an intuitive understanding
should also make the course a more motivating and worthwhile experi-
ence for the students.

EFFECTIVE USE OF ASSOCIATION

An observant mind should have no difficulty understanding engineering
sciences. After all, the principles of engineering sciences are based on our
everyday experiences and experimental observations. Therefore, a physi-
cal, intuitive approach is used throughout this text. Frequently, parallels are
drawn between the subject matter and students’ everyday experiences so that
they can relate the subject matter to what they already know.

SELF-INSTRUCTING
The material in the text is introduced at a level that an average student can
follow comfortably. It speaks to students, not over students. In fact, it is self-
instructive. Noting that the principles of science are based on experimental
observations, most of the derivations in this text are largely based on physical
arguments, and thus they are easy to follow and understand.

EXTENSIVE USE OF ARTWORK AND PHOTOGRAPHS

Figures are important learning tools that help the students “get the picture,”
and the text makes effective use of graphics. It contains more figures, photo-
graphs, and illustrations than any other book in this category. Figures attract
attention and stimulate curiosity and interest. Most of the figures in this text

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 xix
PREFACE

are intended to serve as a means of emphasizing some key concepts that

would otherwise go unnoticed; some serve as page summaries.

NUMEROUS WORKED-OUT EXAMPLES

All chapters contain numerous worked-out examples that both clarify the
material and illustrate the use of basic principles in a context that helps
develop the student’s intuition. An intuitive and systematic approach is used
in the solution of all example problems. The solution methodology starts with
a statement of the problem, and all objectives are identified. The assumptions
and approximations are then stated together with their justifications. Any
properties needed to solve the problem are listed separately. Numerical values
are used together with numbers to emphasize that without units, numbers are
meaningless. The significance of each example’s result is discussed following
the solution. This methodical approach is also followed and provided in the
solutions to the end-of-chapter problems, available to instructors.

A WEALTH OF REALISTIC END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS

The end-of-chapter problems are grouped under specific topics to make
problem selection easier for both instructors and students. Within each
group of problems are Concept Questions, indicated by “C,” to check the
students’ level of understanding of basic concepts. Problems under Funda-
mentals of Engineering (FE) Exam Problems are designed to help students
prepare for the Fundamentals of Engineering exam, as they prepare
for their Professional Engineering license. The problems under Review
Problems are more comprehensive in nature and are not directly tied
to any specific section of a chapter—in some cases they require review
of material learned in previous chapters. Problems designated as
Design and Essay are intended to encourage students to make engineering
judgments, to conduct independent exploration of topics of interest, and to
communicate their findings in a professional manner. Problems with the
icon are comprehensive in nature and are intended to be solved with a
computer, using appropriate software. Several economics- and safety-related
problems are incorporated throughout to enhance cost and safety awareness
among engineering students. Answers to selected problems are listed imme-
diately following the problem for convenience to students.

USE OF COMMON NOTATION

The use of different notation for the same quantities in different engineering
courses has long been a source of discontent and confusion. A student taking
both fluid mechanics and heat transfer, for example, has to use the notation Q
for volume flow rate in one course, and for heat transfer in the other. The need
to unify notation in engineering education has often been raised, even in some
reports of conferences sponsored by the National Science Foundation through
Foundation Coalitions, but little effort has been made to date in this regard.
For example, refer to the final report of the Mini-Conference on Energy Stem
Innovations, May 28 and 29, 2003, University of Wisconsin. In this text we
made a conscious effort to minimize this conflict by adopting the familiar
thermodynamic notation V̇ for volume flow rate, thus reserving the notation Q

FM_Prelims_US.indd 19 5/9/2019 2:37:58 PM

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an' body, but ower prood to say a word to his auld grannie,
wha loes him dearly yet, in spite o' a' his faults."

"How got I the news, you ask? Weel, ye see, it's this
Duncan Finlay; ye'll mind o' him?—Jean Finlay's son, doon
the glen. Weel, he's been in furrin pairts, a sailor lad; an' in
the ship comin' hame, wha should he see but Johnny—my
Johnny—workin' his passage hame (for it seems he's been i'
the Indies, puir laddie); and when he saw Duncan, he made
him promise he'd no tell ony o' his folk where he was, or
what he was daein'."

"An' at first Duncan had kind o' agreed to that; but when
they were nearin' England, Johnny fell sick, an' Duncan has
been rale kind to him, got him intil lodgin's, an' tended him
like a brither. But my puir laddie's gettin' nee better; an'
noo Duncan feels he canna' keep silence ony langer, an' so
he wrote to his mither to tell her a' this—And oh, Miss Nora,
he says, for a' Johnny appears hardened-like to his hame,
he thinks his heart turns fondly to his auld grannie still: for
in his sleep, he ca's for me, an' speaks aboot the auld hills
an' the bonny pass, whiles fancyin' he's helpin the gentry to
fish i' the river, or gangin' wi' them as he's dune mony a
time ower the muirs when they're shootin' the grouse. An'
aince, missie, only think Duncan writes—" and as she
spoke, tears ran down the old woman's cheeks—"he thocht
he was in the kirk, an' began singin' oot the words o' the
psalm, 'The Lord's my shepherd, I'll not want.'"

"'Deed, Miss Nora, my heart's fair like to break, when I

think o' my bairn lyin' in yon great city, among strangers
noo; for Duncan has to leave to join his ship again. An'
since it's the Lord's will, I canna get to him, I've been
thinkin', if only you would write to Maister Ronald, he'd seek
him oot and comfort him a bit. See, here's the address I've
gotten frae Duncan."
Nora looked at it. "Oh yes, nurse," she said; "I'll write at
once to Ronald; I know he and my cousin, Mr. Arbuthnot,
often visit among the lodging-houses in London; and Ronald
will be so pleased if he can help poor Johnny in any way.
Keep up your spirits, nurse; perhaps the illness may be
God's way of drawing poor Johnny to himself."

"Ay, ay," was the old woman's reply. "I'm trustin' in him,
missie; the Good Shepherd goes into the wilderness after
his errin' sheep, an' sometimes, even against their will,
carries them home to the fold in his ain lovin' arms. And
ye'll write soon, missie, an' tell me whenever ye hear?"

"That I will," said Nora, rising; "but I must run off now, for I
have one or two sick people to see down the glen, and
auntie told me not to linger too long."

And calling Cherry to come away from the cosy fire, she set
off, having cheered up by her bright looks and loving words
the heart of the old woman.

Through the pass she wound her way, now running a bit
with Cherry, now pausing to look at the river as it danced
along, or to note the little birds as they hopped about from
spray to spray, picking at the bright berries that yet
remained.

Then turning out of the pass, she crossed the highroad, and
entered a small cottage in a field, where dwelt a sick child,
nigh unto death; but at the sight of the bright young face,
she looked up with a smile. Nora produced some little
delicacy out of the leather bag, to tempt the failing
appetite; then seating herself beside the bed, began, at the
child's request, to "sing to her something about heaven."

In the rich, sweet voice with which God had endowed her,
she sang of the land where hunger and thirst, pain and
sickness are felt no more, and where—

"Christ's presence fills each heart with joy,

Tunes every mouth to sing."

And the sweet singing soothed the restless child, and

brought a smile of peace to her lips; and when, with a word
of prayer, the visit ended, and Nora was out again on the
snow-covered earth, the child lay and thought of her bright
young visitor and of the happy land of which she had sung.

One or two more visits of love, and then Nora turned into
the village school, the face of the teacher lighting up as she
entered. She had a kind, merry word for all, praised some
and gently chid others; then sat right down among the
workers, and told them a story over which eyes that were
beginning to look weary sparkled again, and to which the
teacher herself listened as eagerly as the little ones. Then
followed a simple hymn about the "Happy Land," in which
the voices of even the very little ones chimed in sweetly.

And once again Nora was off, having left a good influence
behind her. She had had a happy day and an adventure as
well; for just as she was leaving the pass, who should she
meet but two young girls, nieces of their neighbour, Mrs.
Forbes, who, along with their governess, were going to
Benvourd with an invitation for her to spend a week at
Craiglora, to meet some friends from England who had
arrived unexpectedly.

The girls had come so far in the carriage, and were to walk
through the pass to Benvourd, but had contrived to take a
wrong turn, and being strangers to that part of the country,
were wandering about in great perplexity when they met
Nora and her dog.

"No doubt," said one of them, "if you had not met us, we
would have been benighted, and, perhaps, perished in the
snow!"

Nora had laughed at that idea, but made a good joke about
the travellers who had lost their way in the Highland pass.

They did not return with her to Benvourd, as they had lost
so much time, and were to await the carriage again at a
house not far from the pass.

So Nora returned as she had gone out—alone. She looked

so bright and merry, as in her eager way she related the
day's work, that her uncle and aunt smiled to each other as
they thought of Mrs. Ross's idea that she was "moped" in
her Highland home. All were much interested as she related
that nurse had at last heard of her wandering grandson;
and tears of sympathy filled Mrs. Macleod's eyes when she
told of the dying child who had asked her to sing about
heaven, and her thoughts turned to her little daughter so
early called to glory.

In the evening Mr. Macleod gave Nora Mrs. Ross's letter, and
told her, he and her aunt gave her full liberty to accept the
invitation, if she felt at all inclined to do so.

"We will miss our bright sunbeam," he said, "but only desire
that in this matter you should please yourself."

Nora read the letter, laughing over the idea of her moping.
"Why, uncle, what does she mean? I am as happy as I can
possibly be; and I have so many things to interest me, and
people to love, I could not manage to be dull."
Then she said seriously, "Uncle if I am to answer this
invitation as I wish, I would really rather not go—at the
present, at all events. I know I would have many
temptations there to which I am not exposed here; and
although I believe Jesus would enable me to resist them,
still—" and she lowered her eyes as she spoke—"I am only a
beginner yet in the Christian life, and I am fearful I might
not prove a loyal banner-bearer in that household. No,
uncle; if you and auntie will keep me yet a bit, I would
rather not go; though I do wish to go to Mrs. Forbes' if I
may. I do so love the dear old lady; and the girls are so nice
also. Dull, indeed I only wish Clara were one half as happy a
girl as I am! Uncle, I do think people can't be really happy
till they have learned to love Jesus. I am sure, when I think
of what I was two years ago and what I am now, I can sing
truly—"

"'Oh happy day, that fixed my choice

On thee, my Saviour and my God!'"

Her uncle drew her into his arms and kissed her tenderly.

"Thank God you can say that, Nora. I do believe your dear
mother's prayers are answered for you, that you might be
led to seek after the wisdom that is better far than gold and
rubies."

CHAPTER XII.
 SOUGHT AND FOUND.

"Ring the bells of heaven! There is joy to-day,

For the wanderer now is reconciled:
Yes! A soul is rescued from his sinful way,
And is born anew—a ransomed child!"

OUR scene changes from the Highland glen to a large

mercantile house in the city of London. It was three o'clock
on a winter day, and the gas had already been lighted
indoors and in the streets; but work was going on busily
yet. Clerks were running here and there giving orders to the
many porters who stood awaiting them, while several still
worked hard at the desks to which they had been chained
for hours.

The season was a busy one, and work-hours were longer

than usual then; but there was no look of discontent on the
faces—visions of holiday-time and Christmas were rising
before most and cheering them on. Besides, the heads of
that firm had always a kindly word for their employes. Here
and there, in a pause of the busy work, the young men
might be heard discussing their plans for the coming
evening or the approaching Christmas week.

"I'm off to the theatre to-night," said one, addressing a

gentle-looking lad who sat beside him. "Will you come with
me, Farran? There is a famous new actor to appear, and the
play is a good one. There's no use asking Macintosh or any
of his set, for they never go; they're a dull lot. But you're
different. Besides, you've seen so little of the world, it will
do you a deal of good. Say yes, and I'll manage about a
ticket."
The lad thus addressed hardly seemed to hear the question
put to him, for just then he was looking fixedly at a
neighbouring desk, at which sat a handsome young man,
with a look of quiet joy on his face that told of a heart at
peace.

Then he turned quickly, as if awakening out of a dream. "A

dull lot, did you say, Perkins? Then Macintosh does not
belong to it. He is always so happy; you never see him
sulking and disagreeable, like some of the other fellows. I
was just looking at him now, and wondering how he
contrives always to be so cheerful?"

"Oh, well, I suppose he's happy enough. I bear him no ill-

will, but I hate cant. Now, what about the theatre? Let us
leave Macintosh alone; he can go his way, we'll go ours. A
short life and a merry, say I!"

Farran hesitated; he liked neither the tone of his

companion's voice nor the words he spoke. Was it merely
his own thoughts, or did whispered words really reach his
ear—"If sinners entice thee, consent thou not"?

In any case, the effect was the same. A whitewashed house

in a country village rose before his eyes; and there, with a
bunch of pure white roses in her hand, stood his gentle,
loving, widowed mother as he had seen her last, when she
said farewell to him, and repeated the very words which
now sounded in his ears:

"My son, if sinners entice thee, consent thou not."

He turned to his companion, and in a tone of decision said,

"Thanks, Perkins, for your offer of a ticket to the theatre,
but I would rather not go. I am not ashamed to confess that
I know my doing so would grieve the most loving-hearted
mother that ever a lad possessed; and so, although she
never said to me not to go, still I believe she trusted me to
respect her wishes in this matter, and I mean, God helping
me, to do it. You know I am the only son of my mother, and
she is a widow."

Perkins's only answer was a low whistle of contempt, and

any further conversation was stopped by the head of the
firm, Mr. Arbuthnot, tapping young Farran on the shoulder.
"Look here," he said, "I have to go off in a hurry; take this
letter to Macintosh, and tell him I forgot to give it to him
when I was speaking to him just now. It came for him just
after he had left the house this morning. See, he has left his
desk and moved to the other end!"

Farran rose to fulfil Mr. Arbuthnot's order.

Macintosh took the letter with thanks, then began to speak

to Farran. "It seems strange," he said, "that we two, who
spend our days in the same place, have never yet
exchanged words. My cousin told me that you were, like
myself, from the country—a stranger in London. If your
Saturdays are not always engaged, would you join me in a
walk? It is pleasant on the Heath if the day be fine. Say, to-
morrow?"

Farran gave a hearty response to the proposal, adding, "I

often long for a breath of country air in this smoky town,
but walking alone is stupid work."

And so a friendship, which we have not time to follow out,

was struck up between these two; and to Ronald was given
once more the joy of lending a hand to hold up the faltering
steps of a weak child of God, who had well-nigh slipped
amidst the temptations of a crowded city and the
attractions of thoughtless companions.
Ere long Farran could write to his mother that he "believed
that God had given him Ronald Macintosh as a friend and
companion in answer to her prayers." And who shall say
that it was not even so?

Snow fell on the evening of the day we are writing of, and
the children at many a window in the comfortable houses of
luxury in the west of London watched with delight the merry
snowflakes, as they called them, as they fell whirling about
with every breath of air. All over the great city they fell,
covering up the dirt in the crowded, dingy streets and
courts, as well as whitening the large parks and gardens.

Very fast they seemed to fall on the window-sill of a poor

lodging-house, where a lad, sick unto death, tossed from
side to side on his comfortless bed. Far from home and
friends, he lay forsaken and desolate, reaping the bitter
harvest of a wasted life, experiencing even now the truth of
the Scripture words, that "the wages of sin is death;" "the
way of transgressors is hard." Yes, he felt it now; and
somehow it seemed to him as if the little snowflakes were
repeating the words to him over and over again: "The way
of transgressors is hard." No other words would come just
then to his memory; but before his eyes floated a far-off
vision of a lowly Highland hut, and an old woman, and of
just such a snowy winter day, when he had stolen away
from his happy home, enticed by wild companions, to
escape the dull life, as they termed it, of the Highland glen,
and try his fortune in the great city.

He had not meant then to leave his home and kind

grandmother for ever. He had had visions of making a
fortune, and returning to keep her in comfort in her old age.
But the wrong step taken, he gradually fell, first into ways
of idleness, and then into worse ways; had roamed about
from land to land, weary and unsatisfied, till now he lay
dying in a comfortless London lodging-house, his only friend
obliged to leave him, while he had refused to let him tell his
Scotch friends anything about him. So now, he said to
himself, there was no help for it—he must die. Scripture
words of hope, blessed invitations of love from God's own
lips, were well known to him; his Scotch Bible education
had left him no stranger to those words of psalms and
paraphrases sung in the quiet country church on Sabbath
days. They often rose to memory. But he refused to take
the comfort; he said they were not for him. He could join
the many in saying, "All we like sheep have gone astray; we
have turned every one to his own way;" but as yet he
stopped there.

And so on that winter evening he lay, before his eyes a

picture of high mountains, on which the snowflakes were
falling even then, and in his ears the rush of the Highland
river as it dashed through the pass, near which stood the
home of his childhood. Oh, to see it once again! To hear, but
for one moment, the dearly-loved accents of the Gaelic
tongue, to him sweeter and more melodious than any other
language in the world—to feel once again the loving hand of
his grandmother laid on his brow, as she was wont to do in
his boyish days when she gave him her goodnight blessing!

As he thought of these things, the tears fell fast, and an

agony of bitter repentance filled his heart; and for the first
time the words, spoken in what to those around him was an
unknown language, broke from his lips, "God be merciful to
me sinner!"

The landlord of the house, who had strolled in at that

moment, heard the words, and turned hastily away. He said
to himself, "I do wish some friend would turn up; that lad
Finlay said he had written to his people in the north."
But the words had struck on the ear of a young man who
was just entering the room, after having asked "if a lad
called John Robertson lodged there."

Quickly he strode to the bedside, and spoke a few words in

the same strange language. They seemed to act like a
charm on the sick lad. He raised himself in bed, a bright
light sparkling in his eyes, and said, but not in Gaelic, "Who
are you, sir? And where do you come from? Oh, speak
again in my native tongue, that I may make sure that it is
not all a dream!"

Then ensued a conversation in Gaelic, which it is well I am

not called upon to write, or my readers to peruse; but every
word of the strange guttural language sounded as soothing
music in the ear of the dying lad. Great was his surprise
when he discovered that the handsome young gentleman
beside him was the Master Macintosh with whom he had
often climbed the hills and fished in the river near his
northern home.

Not long had Ronald to tend the dying lad, for his days were
numbered; but to him was given the joy of being used as
God's instrument to set free one of Satan's fettered
captives. To the cry for pardon, which were the first words
that had greeted his ear, he could give, in all their fulness,
the Lord's words of free forgiveness, could tell how Jesus
"came to seek and to save them that were lost."

And the heavy, sin-sick heart grasped with a firm grip the
precious promise, "He that cometh to me I will in no wise
cast out."

And so, even at the eleventh hour, Johnny Robertson fell at

the feet of his mother's Saviour, and was able to say:
 "My Lord and my God!"

"Herein indeed is love, not that I loved God, but

that he loved me."

"Tell grannie," he said, "her and my mother's prayers are

answered now, even to me, the chief of sinners. Sing to me,
Master Macintosh, once more the psalm I used to sing wi'
grannie, and at the kirk, with the high hills around—'The
Lord's my shepherd.'"

And when Ronald came to the words, "Yea, though I walk

through death's dark vale, yet will I fear none ill: for thou
art with me—" a feeble voice broke in, in the lad's native
tongue, "That's so, that's so."

One deep-drawn breath, and the soul of the Highland laddie

was with the Lord.

They buried him in an old London grave-yard around which

the hum of busy life was perpetually heard; far from home
and kindred he lay, miles and miles away from the calm
quiet of the grand old hills which overshadowed his
childhood's home. A single stone, put up by Ronald, marked
his resting-place, and on it were the words, "With the Lord."

There were tears shed in the quiet hut over the letter which
told of the death of the wandering one; but they were not
all bitter: joy mingled with the grief—the erring child was at
rest now in the Father's house above.

"The Lord is a promise-keeping God," said the old woman.

"The Good Shepherd has gone into the wilderness after the
lost sheep, and borne it safely back to the fold. For ever
blessed be his holy name. And may his blessing rest on the
head of the young lad who sought him out, and soothed his
lonely dying bed, by telling him of that hidden treasure
which is better than gold and above rubies."

CHAPTER XIII.
THE COUSINS.

"From that day I knew him—

Christ, my Priest and King,
Father, Friend, Physician—
Can I cease to sing?
Nay, until he call me
From my work below,
I will tell his praises
Wheresoe'er I go."

"ALONE, mamma! Must I go alone?" said Clara Ross in a

low, discontented tone, as her mother told her the doctor's
opinion that, after the long, weakening illness from which
she was just recovering, a change of air was absolutely
necessary, especially now, when the east winds, so trying to
invalids in Edinburgh, were blowing.

"He recommends the Bridge of Allan," she said; "and your

father and I have arranged that you shall go next week. Not
alone," she replied, in answer to Clara's query; "Maria will
go with you. It will certainly be a trial for your sisters to
dispense with her aid at this gay season of the year, for she
certainly dresses their hair beautifully; but, of course; they
must make the sacrifice when your health demands it,
although, I fear, I will have to endure their reproaches when
they hear of the arrangement. It is unfortunate that I
cannot go with you myself; but, of course, it is my duty to
accompany Laura and Jane to the public balls, and then the
two dances in our house come on, so I have no choice. Poor
Clara! How grieved you will be at missing all the spring
gaiety! What! Crying, child? Well, well, never mind; the
doctor says you will soon be as strong as ever, and you'll
enjoy the balls all the more next year."

Clara pushed aside fretfully the hand her mother laid on her
brow. "It isn't that," she said. "I was tired of balls and
visiting night after night long before this illness came on;
but oh! I don't want to be sent away alone with only a
servant. Couldn't Aunt Emmie chaperon the girls, and you
come with me, mamma?"

But such a proposal by no means satisfied the worldly

mother. "Now, Clara, you must be reasonable. You know the
calls of duty must be attended to; a mother must look after
the interests of her children. I am sorry to have to send you
away at all, more especially as your father has peculiar
ideas about it; so don't let him see how unhappy you are."

And so saying, Mrs. Ross moved away to superintend some

household matter.

She was not an unkind or even careless mother. In her own

way she loved and was proud of her children. But her one
ambition for them was a comfortable settlement in life; the
things seen and temporal filled her heart, and a life of
worldliness was making her cold and selfish.
That night, when Clara had gone to bed, the subject of the
visit to the Bridge of Allan was warmly discussed in the
drawing-room, where Mr. and Mrs. Ross sat with their
daughters.

Mr. Ross spoke angrily. "On one thing I have made up my

mind—the girl shall not go alone. If her own mother cannot
leave home, and her sisters are too selfish to do so, I shall
give up a month's business and go myself. You girls will
have to do with fewer fine dresses, that's all; for I will have
to pay a gentleman handsomely to act for me. But I will not
have my little Clara neglected for all the dresses in the
world; so when you fix on the lodgings, take a room for me
also."

A look of consternation passed between mother and

daughters, and in one breath they exclaimed.

"But, papa—Mr. Ross—you forget we are to have two dances

in the house next week, and you must not be absent—it is
impossible. Think of your duty to your family, my dear,"
added Mrs. Ross.

But the only answer vouchsafed was, "Well, my dear, to tell

the truth, I have doubted for long whether my
countenancing a constant round of gaiety and frivolity was
indeed my real duty to my family. And when I see the result
of such a life, in rendering my daughters selfish and unkind,
I doubt it still more. We have higher duties to fulfil than
merely living to ourselves, and I pray God he may teach us
all to see it ere it be too late."

If a bombshell had fallen in the midst of the little company,

it could not have caused greater fear and astonishment
than did Mr. Ross's speech. Higher duties to fulfil than living
a life of pleasure! Why, that was the way religious people
like the Macleods talked; and surely papa was not turning
one of their sort!

Mrs. Ross was sorely put out, but not so much astonished
as her daughters. Ever since the time, now four years ago,
that Mr. Ross had accompanied Nora Macintosh to Benvourd
House, on the night of little Minnie's death, she had
observed a difference in his way of speaking of religion, and
also a growing dislike to the constant gaiety which went on
in their house. She had shut her eyes to the fact, and was
glad that the girls never appeared to observe it. So now she
felt she must act cautiously, and said abruptly she would
think over the matter, and see what arrangement could be
made. One thing was certain—Mr. Ross must on no account
be obliged to leave his business.

The next morning found her at the breakfast-table with a

radiant face. An idea had occurred to her, which, if agreed
to, would please all parties.

"Papa," she said, addressing her husband by the name he

bore in the family circle, "I have been so troubled about
dear Clara all night; and as there seems a difficulty about
either myself or the girls leaving home at present, how
would it do to ask Nora Macintosh, of whom Clara is so
fond, to visit her at the Bridge of Allan, and so provide her
with a pleasant companion?"

Mr. Ross's brow lightened—for indeed it would have been a

loss to him to leave town just then—and he said eagerly,
"That would be a capital plan. My mind would be at ease, if
Clara had such a pleasant, sensible friend with her as Nora
Macintosh. And as she has been brought up not to please
herself only, I doubt not, if she can be spared from her
home duties, she will go. By all means write and ask her."
And so it fell out, after a few days' delay, that Nora
Macintosh found herself installed in comfortable lodgings at
the Bridge of Allan, as companion-nurse to her cousin Clara.

In complying with the request she had to make a sacrifice

of no small kind; for the same post had brought her an
invitation from Lady Dudley to spend the ensuing month
with her in her English home, as she had long desired to
become acquainted with the sister of her little boy's
favourite friend, and also with the child of the Elenora
Macintosh of whom she had heard so much.

Inclination said: "Go; this is just what you have long been
desiring, and it would never do to refuse." Duty said:
"Decline for the present; your cousin is ill, and longs for
your society."

It was a struggle, we must confess; but Nora had been too

long a servant of the One who came to earth not to be
ministered unto, but to minister, and who has left his
disciples the command to deny themselves, to hesitate
long. And so the English visit was put off for the present,
and Nora went to cheer up her invalid cousin.

And a pleasant six weeks' visit she had, as she afterwards

told her aunt. Spring buds were opening, and light spring
breezes, and soft, though often flitting sunshine, brought
joy to the bright young heart of the healthy girl, and
returning vigour to Clara's still delicate frame. Never before
had the cousins so much enjoyed being together; and much
pleasant girlish talk was interchanged. But though Nora at
first said little to her cousin as regarded the change she had
experienced since they last met, Clara was not long in
discovering the quiet light in Nora's eyes—the look of rest,
so different from the unsatisfied one which at times she had
worn in the days gone by. All testified to "a heart at peace
with God."

And, moreover, Nora preached by her life; the unselfish

spirit, the kind, loving words, the deep reverence for God's
Word and for his holy day, all told from what source the
peace and joy came. And somehow—as Clara told her father
in one of his hurried visits, to see how the two girls were
getting on—although Nora never sermonized her, or brought
forth her own opinions, still she was never ashamed to
speak of the love of Jesus, and to claim him as her own
friend.

As she spoke these words, Mr. Ross bent over her and said,
"Thank God, we may all claim Jesus as our Friend, if we will
take him as our Saviour. I've been long in finding it out; but
I have found it, my child, though at the eleventh hour. Seek
you him, my child, while you are still young, and the same
joy and peace which Nora has got will be yours also."

Clara's tears fell fast as her father spoke, for, indeed, for
months past she had been weary and dissatisfied with her
profitless life, and a longing after higher things had filled
her heart; but she had feared the opposition she would
meet with from all her home relations, and so had stifled
the Spirit of God, and tried to drown the voice of conscience
in a ceaseless round of so-called pleasure.

And now, to find that her own father had been feeling much
as she had done, but, not content with convictions of sin,
had found the rest and the peace she longed to possess.
That night proved the turning-point in the life of Clara Ross;
and as she and her cousin sat together, after Mr. Ross had
returned home, the barrier of shyness between them on
sacred things fell, and Clara learned for the first time the
way in which Nora had been brought to decision in religious
matters, and heard all about the field-meeting, and the
servant of God whose words had set her free from Satan's
chains.

Nature had spread her fairest, freshest mantle of tender

green over hill and dale, ere the cousins left the Bridge of
Allan. The last evening they spent together there, was one
neither of them ever forgot, one that rose often in
memory's eye when seas rolled between the friends.

Long they lingered, gazing out of the window on the fair

scene before them. The sun was beginning to set when first
they took their seats on the couch placed near the window.
Light fleecy clouds, varied with crimson and purple glory,
were floating about on the horizon, as if accompanying the
sun to his resting-place; and after he had slowly sunk
behind the hills, they glowed even more brilliantly with his
beams, seeming now to be set in a background of molten
gold, till the eye fell beneath the exceeding beauty of the
sight. But gradually the tints paled, and at last changed into
a soft gray, with only the faintest blush of rosy hue, paling
and paling till the shades of evening crept over all, and a
crescent moon cast its silvery beams on the scene.

Words exchanged that night were long remembered by the

cousins; and as, ere they parted, their voices rose together
in prayer to their Father in heaven, asking for grace to help
in each time of need, in her heart Nora thanked God that he
led her to the quiet resting-place, and gave to her the high
honour of helping onward in the heavenly path a child of his
who was groping till then in the darkness, seeking light, but
finding none.

And Clara returned to her home, strong as of yore in body,

to begin a new life of usefulness, to prove a comfort to her
father, and a light, however feeble, to all who were in the
home. From her heart now she could thank God for the long
weeks of trying illness through which she had passed,
when, withdrawn from the gay world's influence, she had
had time to be still and to hear his voice, and been enabled
by his grace to exchange the tinsel of a frivolous life for the
true riches which she had formerly despised, but which she
now esteemed as far better than gold and above rubies.

Nora wrote to her brother Ronald that Clara Ross had now
begun the warfare of life under the royal banner.

CHAPTER XIV.
A FAMILY GATHERING.

"We shall meet in the Eden above,

In that beautiful land of the bleat;
All our trials and pains will be o'er
When we enter that mansion of rest."

FOURTEEN years have passed since our first glimpse of

Benvourd House and its inmates. The month of September
has come round again, when once more we take a look
there. The house is full of visitors—so full, that Mr. Macleod
says there must surely be three beds in every room; but his
wife denies that fact, though she confesses that every little
garret room is filled, and she is not sure that every one has
a full complement of pillows. But, in answer to that, all
declare themselves well satisfied; and the scanty
accommodation only brings forth merry remarks from the
youngsters of the party.

Time has, indeed, brought changes in the circle since first

we saw them. There are silver threads not a few mingled
with the dark hairs of both Mr. and Mrs. Macleod; and even
Charlie, who was only a toddling two-year-old child when
we first heard of him, is a fine manly-looking stripling of
more than sixteen years old, the very idol of the three little
girls and twin-brothers, who look up to him with great
respect as their big man-brother. Well may the Macleods
look with thankfulness at their six healthy, happy children;
and if a tear dims their eyes as they think of the loved
daughter so early taken to glory, it is but for a moment, for
the child's short life had not been lived in vain, and the Lord
had made her death a means of softening some hard
hearts, and drawing the parents' affections more and more
heavenward.

"The Lord hath been mindful of us, and he will bless us,"
was the unspoken utterance of both the owners of Benvourd
House, as they looked round the assembled group.

Ronald, Eric, and Nora were there, though in altered

circumstances from the time we first saw them. Beside
Ronald, now a partner in his cousin's mercantile house in
London, stood his fair wife, the Clara Ross of earlier years.
They have only been married a few months, and this is their
first trip since then to the Highlands. A quiet, happy light
shines in Clara's eyes; and of her it can truly be said, she is
a helpmeet for her husband. Hand in hand they are fighting
beneath the royal banner of the great King; hand in hand
they are engaged in the noble crusade which so many,
thank God, are now waging against the powers of darkness
in the overcrowded London streets; and from amongst
many poor ones there, who through their instrumentality
have been rescued from destruction, there are those who
call them blessed.

Husband and wife have strolled out together, leaving a

group of merry youngsters behind them. Ronald was the
first to speak. "How well Nora looks, does she not, even
with the thoughts of to-morrow's ceremony and the sad
parting from so many whom she dearly loves. She wears a
look of calm heart-joy; and the more I see of him, the more
I feel that Eustace Ashley is the very husband for her,
though one would fain have kept her in our own country.
Still, when we think of the greatness of the work she is
called upon to share as a missionary's wife, we dare not
murmur; and every day it is becoming plainer that China,
with its teeming millions, is a mighty field for mission work.
Yes, as uncle said to me this morning, 'We must give her up
willingly to the Lord's work, for he loveth a cheerful giver.'"

"And Eric, too, Clara, what a fine man he has turned out—
first-rate at business, I hear! Indeed, Ashley told me
yesterday that he knows the head of the firm in China
where Eric is, and that he speaks confidently of ere long
taking him in as a junior partner. If it be so, we may say his
fortune, as regards this world, is made. And he is a true
Christian, quiet, but real. We little thought, when he first
went to Edinburgh to your father's house, Clara, that it was
to be there he would awake to a personal knowledge of
Christ!"

"And was it so, Ronald?" said Clara, in a surprised tone.

"Yes, indeed; he has told me so himself. It was Pedro's firm

belief that he was a Christian boy, because he shrank from
spending the Lord's day in the way many of you then did,
that first led him to see that he took his religion only from
the 'precepts of men,' but was a stranger to Jesus, as his
Saviour and Friend; so, as he says, it was Pedro who all
unconsciously led him to seek the Lord. But see—here
comes Sir James Dudley with uncle; let us join them."

It was well for Ronald that whilst thus occupied in talking to

his wife, he did not hear the conversation which Sir James
Dudley was carrying on with Mr. Macleod, for, indeed, praise
of his friend Ronald was the chief theme of it: the lad's
admiration of the counsellor of his boyhood was increasing
with his years, and in his ardent way, he loved to speak of
the one to whom he felt he owed so much.

"Why, Mr. Macleod," he said, "I don't believe you half know
what a splendid fellow he is, nor how he is adored by all
who serve with or under him. You see, there is a friend of
my mother's, whose only son is a clerk in the house, and
you should hear how he speaks of Macintosh. Why, he says,
but for him he might have been a dissipated man. He was
just standing on the verge of ruin, when Ronald came to his
aid, took him from the society of bad companions, and led
him into the right path."

Mr. Macleod's eyes glowed with pleasure as he listened. God

had indeed given to him and his wife a rich reward, in the
way the three orphan children whom they had brought up
had turned out; and their praises were sweet to his ear. And
with growing pleasure, he saw the influence for good that
all three were exercising over his own children as they
advanced in years.

In the meantime, Nora had contrived to get alone with her

aunt on this the last day in her happy home, for the morrow
was to be her bridal day, and also that of a long farewell to
Scotland's shores; for after a short visit in England, she and
her husband, accompanied by Eric, were to set sail for
China, the land in which her husband worked as a
missionary and her brother as a merchant. Her heart was
full as she thought of leaving so many dear ones, but yet
new ties and a new love filled her heart; and it was no small
addition to her happiness that she was going to help in the
work of spreading the knowledge of Jesus in a heathen
land. Many loving words of advice and encouragement did
she receive that day from her mother-aunt,—words to be
pondered over and acted on when seas rolled between
them.

Evening had come, and the youngsters, under the

leadership of Sir James Dudley and Pedro, started for a
walk, when Ronald, Eric, and Nora, detaching themselves
from the rest, set out together. Almost involuntarily, it
seemed, they turned their steps in the direction of the
Wishing-Well. The sun's parting beams were just striking
there when they reached it, and a rich golden hue was
glowing on all around, lighting up the brilliantly coloured
leaves of the various trees that formed the background to
the well. For a minute or two they paused beside it, each
heart recalling vividly the last time they had all stood there
together, on the eve of Ronald's departure for school in
England.

Eric was the first to break the silence. "Who remembers,"

he said, "the day, many years ago, when we stood here,
and each wished for something beside this well? I wonder if
our wishes have been fulfilled."

For a moment there was no reply.

Ronald remembered vividly how his wish had been to be a

true Knight of the Cross, and bear the royal banner boldly
into the enemy's country; and with that remembrance there
arose the form of the mysterious stranger who had showed
him the real meaning of his somewhat fanciful desire.
And Nora, too, was recalling the wish of her heart, that she
might obtain what her mother desired for her, that she
might be above rubies.

Whilst she and Ronald hesitated, Eric spoke again—"My

wish has, I believe, been granted, though not in the way I
expected. I have got riches, great riches—even the untold
wealth of the saving knowledge of Christ Jesus, which is
indeed 'better than gold.'"

"Yes," said Ronald, "Eric is right; I do believe that the Lord

has indeed given unto us exceeding abundantly above what
we desired. He has given to me the desire of my heart—to
be a banner-bearer in his glorious army, and to help in
some small degree the weak and oppressed ones. And you
also, Nora, can say that your wish has been fulfilled. Is it
not so?"

And Nora bowed her head in grateful acknowledgment of

the fact. She knew in her inmost heart that she too had
long ago obtained that which is above rubies.

CHAPTER XV.
THE BRIDAL DAY.

"He traineth us,

That we may shine for Him in this dark world,
And bear His standard dauntlessly unfurled;
That we may show
 His praise by lives that mirror back His love—
His witnesses on earth, as He is ours above."

THE marriage day had come at last. The quiet ceremony

was to take place in the drawing-room of Benvourd House.
And Clara was putting the finishing touches to her sister-in-
law's bridal dress, and arranging the simple white wreath,
with just a small spray of orange-blossom in it, on her head,
when a thought struck her.

"Why, Nora," she said, "what has become of the costly

diadem of gold and rubies I used to envy you the
possession of when we were girls? I don't believe you have
ever once worn it."

Nora smiled. "No, Clara, I never have; and now it is mine no

longer."

"Why not, dear? Have you given it away? Of course, you

were entitled to do so, for it was your own. To whom have
you given it?"

At that question, the bride's eyes sparkled with a glad light,

and she quietly answered, "To the Lord, Clara dear; right
into his treasury it went, some three or four months ago.
Uncle and aunt and Ronald also knew and approved;
indeed, they felt as if I could have done nothing else. I have
given myself, you know, Clara, to the Lord for his service
and could I withhold the most precious earthly possession I
had? No, dear; I was only too glad I had it to give; and
Eustace felt the same. How could I hear of the spiritual
destitution of the millions of souls in China without desiring
to aid them, not only by my life, but also by my means?
And so, when Ronald found a trustworthy jeweller, willing to
give a full price for the diadem, I sold it, and the money has
gone ere this to aid the funds of the Chinese mission."
Clara's eyes filled. "O Nora, I am glad it is so! And Eustace
will feel as I do, if he be not blind, that it needs no diadem
of gold and rubies to beautify the brow of his bride to-day.
But a truce to more talking now. I believe Ronald is waiting
impatiently to take you down."

One moment the cousins knelt together in silent prayer,

then quietly descended to the drawing-room.

The autumn sun was still brightly shining, when the carriage
drove up, after the luncheon was over, to bear off the bride
and bridegroom.

There was a mixed feeling of joy and sorrow in the hearts of

all, for Nora Ashley was bidding, it might be, a long adieu to
the home of her childhood, every spot of which was
endeared to her by loving associations. Only that morning
she had gone alone to strew some of her bridal flowers on
the graves of her mother and of her little cousin Minnie, well
knowing that she might never again revisit the spot. And
now, even as with tear-dimmed eyes she drove once again
through the lovely pass, gorgeous in its autumn dress, she
cast around her a look which seemed as if it would
stereotype the scene for ever on her memory's eye, to arise
clearly in distant lands.

As she passed the hut where the old nurse had lived and
died, she pointed it out to her husband; and as she did so,
she seemed once more to feel the kind touch of the loving
hand as it one day had pushed back her golden brown hair,
and to hear the voice which had said, "I'm wonderin', my
lambie, what kind o' a crown will sit on that bonnie brow;
whether it will be the crown o' a vain world's folly, or the
everlastin' one that your mother prayed so earnestly might
rest there?"
And Nora knew now which it was; and even in the midst of
her bridal happiness, she could look forward with joy to the
day when she would take the golden crown put on her head
by the Saviour's own hand, and casting it at his feet, give to
him all the glory for evermore.

Meantime, the party assembled at the door of Benvourd

House to see the young couple drive off, turned slowly
indoors; only Mr. and Mrs. Macleod and Ronald lingered a
few minutes, to catch sight of the carriage as it wound
down the steep road below the pass.

"God's blessing go with them both," said Mr. Macleod. "Long

shall we miss our Nora, Ronald; beautifully has she fulfilled
her home duties. And now she goes forth to a foreign land
to work for the Lord in a distant part of his vineyard. As I
told Eustace Ashley, ere parting, he was a happy man to
have secured her for a wife; for truly 'the heart of her
husband may safely trust in her. Her price is above rubies.'"

"Yes," said Ronald, "it is even so. Our mother's dying prayer
has been truly answered as regards Nora; she has obtained
that wisdom of which it is written, 'The topaz of Ethiopia
shall not equal it, neither shall it be valued with pure gold,'
for 'the price of it is above rubies.' It can be said of her with
truth that 'she stretcheth out her hand to the poor; yea, she
reacheth forth her hands to the needy,' and also that 'in her
tongue is the law of kindness.'"

"I believe she will exert an influence for good wherever she
goes, and prove to be well fitted for the arduous duties of a
missionary's wife. And well may we ask God to bless and
keep both her and her husband, as they go forth to lift high
in heathen lands the Royal Banner of the King of kings; and
may both be as crowns of glory in the hand of the Lord, and
as royal diadems on the head of our God!"
THE END.
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