2

1 In which changes do the particles move further apart?

1 A gas is heated from 0 C to 25 C.

2 Pressure is applied to a gas at a constant temperature.
3 Steam condenses to form water.
4 Water evaporates at room temperature.

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4

2 Data about two compounds is given. Both compounds have a simple molecular structure.

melting point boiling point

compound
/ C / C

H2S –85 –61

PCl 3 –112 76

Two bottles are placed, close together, inside a large container at a temperature of 90 C. One
bottle contains 1.0 g of H2S, the other bottle contains 1.0 g of PCl 3.

A detector is placed in the container 2.0 m away from the two bottles. The two bottles are opened
at the same time.

Which row is correct?

compound that
explanation
reaches detector first

A H2S gases diffuse faster than liquids

B H2S H2S has a lower Mr than PCl 3
C PCl 3 gases diffuse faster than liquids
D PCl 3 PCl 3 has a lower Mr than H2S

3 Substances can be elements, compounds or mixtures.

Which row is correct?

element compound mixture

A copper brass zinc

B methane carbon petroleum
C nitrogen carbon dioxide water vapour
D oxygen glucose air

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4 The letters X, Y and Z represent different atoms.

40 39 40
19 X 19 Y 20 Z

Which statement is correct?

A X and Y are the same element.

B X and Z are the same element.
C X has more protons than Y.
D Z has more neutrons than Y.

5 A student makes three statements.

1 Calcium ions have a 2+ charge and oxide ions have a 2– charge.

2 Magnesium ions and oxide ions have the same electronic configuration as neon.
3 Calcium ions have three full electron shells and magnesium ions have two full
electron shells.

Which statements are correct?

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

6 Four statements about graphite, diamond and silicon(IV) oxide are listed.

1 Diamond and silicon(IV) oxide are both very hard and have similar structures.

2 In diamond, each carbon atom is joined to four other carbon atoms.

3 Silicon(IV) oxide forms a giant structure of silicon and oxygen atoms.

4 Diamond and graphite both conduct electricity because they are both forms of
carbon.

Which statements are correct?

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1, 2 and 4 C 1, 3 and 4 D 2, 3 and 4

7 Which row is correct?

compound molecular formula

A ammonia NH4
B ethene C2H6
C methanol CH4O
D propanoic acid C3H8O2

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8 Compound Y is the only substance formed when 500 cm3 of ammonia reacts with 250 cm3 of
carbon dioxide. All measurements are at r.t.p.

What is the formula of Y?

A (NH4)2CO3
B NH2COONH4
C (NH2)2CO
D NH4COONH4

9 How many sodium ions are there in 30 g of sodium sulfate?

A 1.52  1023 B 2.54  1023 C 6.02  1023 D 1.20  1024

10 Three compounds are listed.

copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2

zinc sulfate, ZnSO4

sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3

Which row shows the element that is present in the greatest percentage by mass in each
compound?

[relative formula masses, Mr: Cu(NO3)2, 188; ZnSO4, 161; Na2S2O3, 158]

copper(II) nitrate zinc sulfate sodium thiosulfate

A copper oxygen oxygen

B copper oxygen sulfur
C oxygen zinc sodium
D oxygen zinc sulfur

11 The complete combustion of 20 cm3 of a gaseous alkane, X, requires 130 cm3 of oxygen. Both
volumes are measured at r.t.p.

What could be the identity of X?

A butane
B ethane
C methane
D propane

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12 Aqueous copper(II) sulfate is electrolysed with copper electrodes.

What is the equation for the reaction occurring at the anode?

A Cu  Cu2+ + 2e–

B Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu

C 4OH–  O2 + 2H2O + 4e–

D 2SO42– + 2H2O  2H2SO4 + O2 + 4e–

13 Three statements about fuel cells are given.

1 A hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell requires a continuous input of fuel and oxygen.

2 In a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, hydrogen is burned in oxygen to produce electricity.
3 When a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is operating, water is the only chemical product.

Which statements are correct?

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

14 Under certain conditions, nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form N2O.

2N2(g) + O2(g) 2N2O(g)

The reaction pathway diagram is shown.

energy
2N2O(g)
+447 kJ / mol

2N2(g) + O2(g) +164 kJ / mol

progress of reaction

What is the activation energy of the reverse reaction?

A – 447 kJ / mol
B –283 kJ / mol
C +141.5 kJ / mol
D +283 kJ / mol

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15 Hydrogen and bromine react to form hydrogen bromide.

H2 + Br2  2HBr

Bond energy data is given in the table.

bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol

H–H 436
Br–Br 193
H–Br 366

What is the enthalpy change, H, for this reaction?

A –263 kJ / mol
B –103 kJ / mol
C +103 kJ / mol
D +263 kJ / mol

16 Octane, C8H18, is a hydrocarbon.

When octane is mixed with an excess of oxygen, no change takes place unless energy is
supplied.

If energy is supplied, in the form of heat or an electric spark, a change takes place quickly.

The products of this change include carbon dioxide.

Which part of this description shows that the change is a chemical change?

A Octane is a hydrocarbon.
B No change takes place unless energy is supplied.
C The change takes place quickly.
D Carbon dioxide is produced.

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17 A student plans to investigate how the rate of the reaction changes when hydrochloric acid and
calcium carbonate react.

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq)  CaCl 2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Three methods are described.

1 2 3
cotton wool

HCl
CaCO3 CaCO3
balance water
HCl

51.2 g
CaCO3 HCl

Record the mass of the Measure and record Count and record the
flask and contents every the volume of gas in the total number of bubbles
30 seconds for 5 minutes. syringe after 30 seconds. of gas in the water every
30 seconds for 5 minutes.

Which methods could be used to measure how the rate of reaction changes?

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

18 Aqueous bromine is an equilibrium mixture.

Br2(aq) + H2O(l) OBr –(aq) + Br –(aq) + 2H+(aq)

Aqueous bromine is orange in colour. The species on the right-hand side of the equation are
colourless.

Changes are made to three separate portions of the equilibrium mixture.

Which row shows how the colour of the mixture changes when a small amount of each substance
is added?

adding adding solid adding

sulfuric acid sodium bromide water

A darker orange darker orange darker orange

B darker orange darker orange paler orange
C darker orange paler orange darker orange
D paler orange darker orange paler orange

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19 In which substance does the nitrogen atom have the same oxidation number as the nitrogen
atom in HNO2?

Assume the following oxidation numbers for the other elements in these compounds: H, +1;
F, –1; O, –2.

A NF3 B NH4+ C NO D NO2+

20 Limewater is aqueous calcium hydroxide.

Which statement about limewater is correct?

A It has a pH below 7.
B It gives a blue-green colour in the flame test.
C It reacts with ammonia to form an ammonium salt.
D It turns yellow when methyl orange is added.

21 Which two oxides will both react with aqueous sodium hydroxide?

A calcium oxide and copper(II) oxide

B calcium oxide and zinc oxide

C copper(II) oxide and sulfur dioxide

D sulfur dioxide and zinc oxide

22 A solution of sodium carbonate is added to tap water.

A white precipitate forms.

Which ion present in the tap water causes the precipitate to form?

A chloride
B magnesium
C potassium
D sulfate

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23 The characteristic properties of elements change from left to right across Period 2 of the
Periodic Table.

On the left of the period, the charge on the ion formed by an element is:

1 the same as the group number

2 negative.

Which statements are correct?

A both 1 and 2
B 1 only
C 2 only
D neither 1 nor 2

24 Which statement about the Group VII halogens is correct?

A Bromine consists of Br2 molecules at room temperature and pressure.

B Iodine will displace bromine from aqueous potassium bromide.
C The halogens become darker in colour as the relative molecular mass decreases.
D The halogens become more volatile as the relative molecular mass increases.

25 A power cable requires an element that:

1 conducts electricity
2 has a relatively low density
3 is ductile.

Which of these properties does aluminium have?

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

26 Which diagram represents the structure of an alloy?

A B C D

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27 Most metals react with oxygen in the air to form a metal oxide.

Which metal forms a metal oxide layer that reduces its apparent reactivity?

A aluminium
B copper
C iron
D silver

28 Which statement about corrosion of metals is correct?

A A barrier method is needed to prevent the corrosion of stainless steel.

B Iron corrodes to produce hydrated iron(I) oxide.

C Sacrificial protection uses a less reactive metal attached to the metal object that is being
protected.
D When corrosion occurs, the metal loses electrons to become positive ions.

29 Some metals and the compounds in their ores are shown.

metal Al Ca Pb Na Fe Mg
compound in ore Al 2O3 CaCO3 PbS NaCl Fe2O3 MgCO3

Which type of reaction occurs in the extraction of each of these metals from its ore?

A decomposition by heat
B electrolysis
C precipitation
D reduction

30 Which statement about natural sources of water and the domestic water supply is correct?

A Chlorine is used to remove tastes and odours in the treatment of the domestic water supply.
B Metal compounds from detergents can deoxygenate natural sources of water.
C Photosynthesis provides the oxygen needed for aquatic life in natural sources of water.
D Sedimentation removes nitrates in the treatment of the domestic water supply.

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31 Gases that may be present in the air are listed.

1 neon
2 carbon monoxide
3 nitrogen
4 methane

Which gases are atmospheric pollutants?

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4

32 Which compounds are in the same homologous series?

A CH3CH2CH2CH3, CH3CHCHCH3 and CH3CH(CH3)CH3

B CH2CHCH3, CH3CH2CHCH2 and CH2CHCH2CH3
C CH3CHOHCH3, CH3CH2CH2OH and CH3CH2COOH
D CH3CH2CH3, CH3CH2CH2CH3 and CH2CHCH2CH2CH3

33 The diagrams show four structures of C4H8.

1 2 3 4
H H H
H
H C H H H C H H C H H
H H H C H
H H C C C C
C C C H
C C C H H C H H H C H H
H H
H H H H

Which structures represent the same molecule?

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

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34 The displayed formulae of two organic compounds are shown.

1 2
H O H H

H C O H H C O C C H

H H H

What are the names of these compounds?

compound 1 compound 2

A methanoic acid ethyl methanoate

B methanoic acid methyl ethanoate
C methanol ethyl methanoate
D methanol methyl ethanoate

35 Two products of the separation of petroleum are the lubricating oil fraction and the
kerosene / paraffin fraction.

Which statement is correct?

A The lubricating oil fraction is more viscous than the kerosene / paraffin fraction.
B The lubricating oil fraction is more volatile than the kerosene / paraffin fraction.
C The lubricating oil fraction has lower boiling points than the kerosene / paraffin fraction.
D Molecules in the lubricating oil fraction have smaller chain lengths than molecules in the
kerosene / paraffin fraction.

36 An incomplete equation for the reaction of propane with chlorine is shown.

C3H8 + Cl 2  C3H7Cl + X

A student writes three statements about this reaction.

1 The activation energy for this reaction is provided by ultraviolet light.

2 C3H7Cl has two different structural formulae.
3 X is an acidic gas.

Which statements are correct?

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

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37 Glycerol is an alcohol with three –OH groups per molecule.

glycerol

H H H

H C C C H

OH OH OH

What is the equation for the combustion of glycerol?

A C3H8O3 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O

B 2C3H8O3 + 3O2  6CO2 + 8H2

C 2C3H8O3 + 7O2  6CO2 + 8H2O

D 4C3H5O3 + 11O2  12CO2 + 10H2O

38 Compound X decolourises acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII).

Compound X has the empirical formula C2H5O.

Some possible structures of X are shown.

1 2

H H H H H H

H C C OH HO C C C C H

H H H H OH H

3 4

H H H H H H H O

HO C C C C OH H C C C C

H H H H H H H OH

Which structures could be correct for compound X?

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 only C 2 and 3 only D 3 and 4

39 Which statement is correct?

A A filtrate is left on the filter paper during filtration.

B A saturated solution contains only substances with single bonds.
C A solute is a substance that dissolves a solvent.
D A solution can never be described as pure.

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40 A student does two experiments.

In experiment 1, ammonium carbonate is reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid.

In experiment 2, ammonium carbonate is heated with aqueous sodium hydroxide.

In each experiment, the gas evolved is tested with damp blue litmus paper and damp red litmus
paper.

damp blue damp red damp blue damp red

litmus litmus litmus litmus
paper paper paper paper

dilute aqueous
hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide
ammonium ammonium
carbonate carbonate

heat

experiment 1 experiment 2

Which row correctly shows the colour of both pieces of litmus paper at the end of each
experiment?

experiment 1 experiment 2

A blue blue
B blue red
C red blue
D red red

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1 A solid substance is placed in a flask.

The flask is gently heated and the temperature of the substance is recorded at regular time
intervals.

The diagram shows a graph of temperature against time for this experiment.

At which point does the flask contain both a solid and a liquid?

temperature C
B

0
0 time

2 A crystal of sodium chloride is dropped into a beaker of water and the crystal dissolves.

There are four stages in this process.

1 The water molecules collide with the ions in the crystal lattice.
2 The ionic bonds in the crystal break.
3 The ions move randomly in all directions until they are evenly spread throughout the
solution.
4 The ions continue to move randomly in all directions but remain evenly spread
throughout the solution.

At which stages is diffusion occurring?

A 1, 2 and 4 B 2 and 3 C 3 only D 4 only

3 W is ethene, X is air, Y is iodine and Z is brass.

Which row is correct?

element compound mixture

A W Z X and Y
B W Y X and Z
C Y W and Z X
D Y W X and Z

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4 Which statement about the isotopes of bromine is correct?

A They are atoms with the same number of electrons and a different number of protons.
B They are atoms with the same number of neutrons and the same number of electrons.
C They are atoms with the same number of protons and the same chemical properties.
D They are atoms with the same number of protons and the same physical properties.

5 Which diagram shows a section of the ionic lattice of sodium chloride?

A B
Cl – Na+ Na+ Na+

Na+ Cl – Na+ Na+

Na+ Cl – Cl – Cl –

Cl – Na+ Cl – Cl –

C D
Cl + Na– Na– Na–

Na– Cl + Na– Na–

Na– Cl + Cl + Cl +

Cl + Na– Cl + Cl +

6 When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to aqueous lead(II) nitrate, a white precipitate of
lead(II) chloride is formed.

What is the ionic equation for this reaction?

A Pb2+(aq) + 2HCl (aq)  PbCl 2(s) + 2H+(aq)

B Pb2+(aq) + 2HCl (aq) + 2HNO3(aq)  PbCl 2(s) + 4H(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)

C Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl (aq)  PbCl 2(s)

D Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2HCl (aq)  Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl (aq) + 2HNO3(aq)

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7 Which row shows a pair of molecules where the Mr of compound X is exactly half that of
compound Y?

[Ar: C, 12; Cl, 35.5; H, 1; O, 16]

X Y

A CH3CH2CH3 CO2
B CH3CH2Cl CH2Cl CH2Cl
C CH3CO2H CH3CH2CH3
D CO2 CH3CO2C2H5

8 One volume of a gaseous element, X2, combines with an equal volume of gaseous hydrogen to
form two volumes of a gaseous hydride.

What is the formula for the hydride of X?

A H2X B HX C HX2 D H2X2

9 Which reaction would produce the greatest volume of carbon dioxide at room temperature and
pressure?

[Mr: CaCO3, 100; Na2CO3, 106; CuCO3, 124]

A burning 1 g of carbon in excess oxygen

C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g)

B thermal decomposition of 10 g of calcium carbonate in the air

CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)

C adding 10 g of sodium carbonate to an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid

Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl (aq)  2NaCl (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

D adding 50 cm3 of 1 mol / dm3 sulfuric acid to an excess of copper carbonate

CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq)  CuSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

10 Chrome alum is the common name for a salt which has the formula CrK(SO4)2.

What is the percentage by mass of chromium in chrome alum?

A 17.3 B 18.4 C 20.7 D 21.3

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11 The equation shows the production of iron by the reduction of iron(III) oxide.

Fe2O3 + 3CO  2Fe + 3CO2

80 tonnes of iron(III) oxide produces 50 tonnes of iron.

What is the percentage yield?

A 45% B 63% C 68% D 89%

12 Aqueous copper(II) sulfate is electrolysed using copper electrodes.

Which row correctly describes what happens?

mass of anode mass of cathode colour of electrolyte

A increases decreases remains blue

B remains the same decreases becomes colourless
C decreases increases remains blue
D remains the same increases becomes colourless

13 Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride.

H2(g) + Cl 2(g)  2HCl (g)

The enthalpy change, H, for this reaction can be calculated using bond energies.

bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol

H–H 436
Cl –Cl 242
H–Cl 431

What is the value of ∆H for this reaction?

A –247 kJ / mol B –184 kJ / mol C +184 kJ / mol D +247 kJ / mol

14 Nitrogen and oxygen react as shown.

N2(g) + 2O2(g)  2NO2(g)

The enthalpy change for the reaction shown is +66 kJ.

If two moles of nitrogen and two moles of oxygen are used, what will be the enthalpy change?

A +16.5 kJ B +33 kJ C +66 kJ D +132 kJ

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15 Physical changes and chemical changes can occur in substances.

Which process describes a chemical change?

A covalent bonds in methane molecules are broken

B intermolecular attractions between water molecules are broken
C ionic bonds in a sodium chloride lattice are broken
D the manufacture of brass from copper and zinc

16 Two methods used by students to measure the rate of a reaction are the ‘disappearing cross’
method and the ‘loss of mass’ method.

● For the ‘disappearing cross’ method, the student measures the time taken for the
reaction mixture to go cloudy.
● For the ‘loss of mass’ method, the student measures the loss of mass over a known
time interval.

The rates of two reactions are investigated.

reaction 1 Warm aqueous silver nitrate is added to chlorobutane dissolved in ethanol.

Two products are formed. One is an organic compound which is soluble in
ethanol and the other is silver chloride which is insoluble in ethanol.
reaction 2 Pieces of solid calcium carbonate are added to dilute hydrochloric acid.

Which method should be used for each reaction?

reaction 1 reaction 2

A disappearing cross disappearing cross

B disappearing cross loss of mass
C loss of mass disappearing cross
D loss of mass loss of mass

17 Hydrogen is used as a reactant both in the Haber process and in its addition to alkenes.

Which row is correct?

product of addition
catalyst in the
of hydrogen to
Haber process
an alkene

A iron alkane
B iron alcohol
C nickel alkane
D nickel alcohol

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18 Chlorine, Cl 2, reacts with iron(II), Fe2+, ions.

Cl 2 + 2Fe2+  2Cl – + 2Fe3+

Which statement about this reaction is correct?

A Chlorine is oxidised.
B Cl – ions are formed by loss of electrons.
C Fe2+ ions have gained electrons.
D Fe3+ ions are formed by oxidation.

19 Which statement is correct?

A A base will react with an ammonium salt to produce a gas that turns damp blue litmus paper
red.
B Adding a base to an acidic solution will increase the pH of the solution.
C Aqueous sodium hydroxide is an alkali but not a base.
D In a neutralisation reaction, a base donates a proton to an acid.

20 Information about three oxides, Q, R and T, is given.

Q reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to form a salt and water.

R reacts with both acids and bases to form a salt and water.

T reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a salt and water.

Using only this information, which row correctly classifies the three oxides?

Q R T

A acidic amphoteric basic

B amphoteric basic acidic
C basic acidic amphoteric
D basic amphoteric acidic

21 Which definition of a hydrated substance is correct?

A A hydrated substance is a soluble ionic compound such as barium sulfate.

B A hydrated substance is an ionic compound that contains no water.
C A hydrated substance is one that is chemically combined with hydrogen.
D A hydrated substance is one that is chemically combined with water.

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22 A student has five reagents.

● dilute hydrochloric acid

● dilute sulfuric acid
● dilute nitric acid
● solid calcium carbonate

● solid copper(II) carbonate

How many soluble salts can be prepared from these five reagents?

A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6

23 The table shows the number of electrons in one atom of each of the elements W, X, Y and Z.

number of electrons
element
in one atom

W 9
X 15
Y 19
Z 35

Which statement is correct?

A W and Z are in the same group.

B X is a metal.
C X and Y will form the compound X3Y.
D Y is a non-metal.

24 Some properties of elements in Group VII and the reasons for these properties are shown.

Which row shows a property and the reason for this property?

property reason for the property

A all the elements exist as each atom has seven electrons in the outer shell
diatomic molecules and can share a pair of electrons
B the elements are when solid, the elements are shiny
classified as metals
C iodine displaces bromine from bromine is more reactive than iodine
aqueous potassium bromide
D the boiling point increases as the group is descended it becomes harder to
as the group is descended break the covalent bond between the atoms

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25 Aircraft manufacture requires a metal that:

1 has a relatively low density

2 is resistant to corrosion.

Which properties apply to aluminium?

A both 1 and 2
B 1 only
C 2 only
D neither 1 nor 2

26 Which diagram represents an alloy?

A B C D

27 A small piece of metal is added to a large beaker of water.

A vigorous reaction occurs.

When the reaction stops, a few drops of litmus are added to the solution.

What is the metal and which colour is the solution after the litmus is added?

metal colour of solution

A calcium blue
B calcium red
C magnesium blue
D magnesium red

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28 The rusting of iron can be prevented by coating the iron with another material.

Which statement explains why coating with zinc is more effective than painting?

A If the coating is damaged, zinc corrodes instead of iron.

B Iron is above zinc in the reactivity series.
C Zinc does not react with air or with water.
D Zinc forms an unreactive alloy coating with iron.

29 The list shows the position of metal X in the reactivity series of metals.

Na Al Fe X Cu Ag

Which methods could be used to extract metal X?

1 electrolysis of the solid metal oxide

2 heating the metal oxide with carbon
3 heating the metal oxide with copper

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 2 only D 2 and 3 only

30 Which statement about water is correct?

A Distillation is used to remove insoluble impurities from the domestic water supply.

B Water containing impurities turns anhydrous copper(II) sulfate blue.

C Water containing impurities turns cobalt(II) chloride paper blue.

D Water containing impurities boils at 100 C.

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31 Some compounds that can be used as fertilisers are listed.

● ammonium nitrate
● potassium nitrate
● potassium phosphate
● sodium phosphate

Three of the elements required for plant growth have the atomic symbols N, P and K.

How many of these three elements are present in each of the compounds?

ammonium potassium potassium sodium

nitrate nitrate phosphate phosphate

A 1 1 1 2
B 1 2 2 1
C 2 1 1 2
D 2 2 2 1

32 Different strategies to reduce the effects of environmental issues have been suggested.

Which row is correct?

strategy to reduce the strategy to reduce

effects of climate change the effects of acid rain

A reduction in livestock farming planting trees

B reduction in livestock farming using low-sulfur fuels
C reduction in use of renewable energy planting trees
D reduction in use of renewable energy using low-sulfur fuels

33 Which statement about organic compounds is correct?

A Each molecule of propan-1-ol has one –OH group and each molecule of propan-2-ol has two
–OH groups.
B Octane and decane are in a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n.
C The ester butyl butanoate has eight carbon atoms in each molecule.
D The structure of the functional group in a carboxylic acid is –C–O–O–H.

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34 In the fractional distillation of petroleum, different fractions are obtained at the top and bottom of
the fractionating column.

Which properties does the fraction obtained at the top of the fractionating column have,
compared with the fraction obtained at the bottom?

1 higher viscosity
2 lower boiling point
3 lower volatility
4 shorter chain length

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4

35 A chlorine atom can replace a hydrogen atom in a molecule of butane, CH3CH2CH2CH3, to form
chlorobutane.

How many different structural isomers of chlorobutane can be formed?

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

36 Two statements are shown.

1 When ethanol is made from glucose by fermentation, each glucose molecule

produces three molecules of ethanol.
2 When ethanoic acid is made from ethanol, the ethanol acts as an oxidising agent.

Which row about these statements is correct?

statement 1 statement 2

A   key
B   = true
C   = false
D  

37 Polymer X is an addition polymer. The monomer used to make X is but-1-ene.

Polymer Y is a condensation polymer. The monomers used to make Y are HOCH2CH2OH and
HOOCCH2COOH.

Which statement about X and Y is correct?

A The repeat unit of X is [ CH(CH3)CH(CH3) ] and Y is a polyamide.

B The repeat unit of X is [ CH(CH3)CH(CH3) ] and Y is a polyester.
C The repeat unit of X is [ CH2CH(C2H5) ] and Y is a polyamide.
D The repeat unit of X is [ CH2CH(C2H5) ] and Y is a polyester.

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38 Which statement is correct?

A A filtrate is a substance that remains on the filter paper after filtration.

B A saturated solution has the maximum amount of solvent dissolved in the solute.
C A solution is a compound produced when a solute reacts with a solvent.
D A substance that remains in the heated flask after distillation is called a residue.

39 The diagram shows a chromatogram.

Which spot has an Rf value of 0.75?

10
solvent front
9
8
D
7 C
6
cm 5
4
3 B
A
2
baseline
1
0

40 The results of some tests on polluted river water are shown.

observation on adding observation on adding

reagent
reagent slowly excess reagent
aqueous sodium hydroxide white precipitate precipitate dissolves to give
a colourless solution

aqueous ammonia white precipitate no further change

Which metal ion must be present in the water?

A Al 3+ B Ca2+ C Fe2+ D Zn2+

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1 Choose from the list of compounds to answer these questions.

calcium oxide

carbon dioxide

carbon monoxide

lead chloride

propan‑1‑ol

sodium nitrate

sodium sulfate

sulfur dioxide

water

Each compound may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Identify the compound that:

(a) is a toxic gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon‑containing compounds

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) turns anhydrous copper(II) sulfate blue

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) leads to deoxygenation of water in rivers

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) in aqueous solution, gives a white precipitate on addition of acidified aqueous barium chloride

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) contains an anion with a charge of –1.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 5]

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2 This question is about metals.

(a) Potassium is an element in Group I of the Periodic Table.

Copper is a transition element.

State two physical properties of potassium that are different from those of copper.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Complete the diagram in Fig. 2.1 to show the electronic configuration of a potassium ion.

Include the charge on the ion.

.......

Fig. 2.1 [2]

(c) Table 2.1 shows the observations when four different metals react with cold water.

Table 2.1

metal observations
cerium bubbles form slowly
potassium bubbles form rapidly
uranium bubbles form very slowly
vanadium no bubbles seen

Put the four metals in order of their reactivity.

Put the least reactive metal first.

least reactive most reactive

[1]

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(d) Deduce the number of protons and neutrons in the copper atom shown.

65 Cu
29

number of protons ....................................................................................................................

number of neutrons ..................................................................................................................

[2]

(e) In the presence of oxygen, copper reacts with sulfuric acid, H2SO4, to form copper(II) sulfate
and water.

Construct the symbol equation for this reaction.

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(f) Copper can be used as a catalyst.

(i) State how a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the catalyst used in the Contact process.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(g) Give two reasons why copper is used in electrical wiring.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 13]

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3 A student investigates the reaction of small pieces of zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid at 25 °C.
The dilute hydrochloric acid is in excess.

(a) Complete the equation for this reaction by adding state symbols.

Zn(......) + 2HCl (......) ZnCl 2(aq) + H2(......) [2]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows the volume of hydrogen released as the reaction proceeds.

60

50

40

volume of
hydrogen 30
/ cm3

20

10

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

time / s

Fig. 3.1

(i) Deduce the time taken from the beginning of the experiment to collect 39 cm3 of
hydrogen.

time ....................................................... s [1]

(ii) The student repeats the experiment using dilute hydrochloric acid with a higher
concentration.

All other conditions stay the same.

Draw a line on the grid in Fig. 3.1 to show how the volume of hydrogen changes when
dilute hydrochloric acid with a higher concentration is used. [2]

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(c) The student repeats the experiment at 30 °C.

All other conditions stay the same.

Describe and explain, using collision theory, how the rate of reaction differs when a
temperature of 30 °C is used.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) A sample of hydrogen is put into a gas syringe. The end of the gas syringe is then blocked so
that no gas can escape.

Explain, using kinetic particle theory, why decreasing the pressure in the gas syringe
increases the volume of gas when the temperature stays the same.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]

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4 (a) Concentrated aqueous calcium bromide is electrolysed using graphite electrodes.

Predict the product at each electrode.

anode ........................................................................................................................................

cathode .....................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Molten calcium bromide is electrolysed using graphite electrodes.

Construct the ionic half‑equation for the reaction at each electrode when molten
calcium bromide is electrolysed.

anode ........................................................................................................................................

cathode .....................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Describe a test for aqueous bromide ions. Include the observations for a positive result.

test ............................................................................................................................................

observations .............................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) Calcium reduces zinc ions to zinc.

Ca + Zn2+ Zn + Ca2+

(i) Explain, in terms of the movement of electrons, how calcium acts as a reducing agent in
this equation.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the oxidation number of the Zn2+ ion.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(e) Sulfur dibromide is produced when sulfur reacts with bromine.

Complete Fig. 4.1 to show the dot‑and‑cross diagram for a molecule of sulfur dibromide.

Show only the outer shell electrons.

Br Br

Fig. 4.1 [2]

[Total: 10]

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5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows the displayed formula of compound A.

H
H
C O H
H H
C C O
H
C C
H
H C
H
H

Fig. 5.1

(i) Draw a circle around the functional group on Fig. 5.1 that is also present in alkenes. [1]

(ii) Deduce the molecular formula of compound A.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Compound A is a solid at 20 °C.

Describe the motion and arrangement of the particles in a solid.

motion ...............................................................................................................................

arrangement ......................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Alkenes react with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.

(i) Draw a circle around the type of reaction that takes place.

addition condensation neutralisation substitution [1]

(ii) Name the catalyst used.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(c) Fig. 5.2 shows the structure of compound B.

H H
Cl
H C C C
H
H

Fig. 5.2

Compound B can be polymerised.

Draw two repeat units of the polymer formed when compound B is polymerised.

[2]

(d) Fig. 5.3 shows part of the structure of a protein.

H O H O
N C N C N C
H O

Fig. 5.3

(i) Name the type of monomer used to make proteins.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the linkage in proteins.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]

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6 The equation for the Haber process used in the production of ammonia is shown.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

(a) (i) The nitrogen for this process comes from the air.

State the percentage by volume of nitrogen in clean, dry air.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State a source of hydrogen for the Haber process.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The forward reaction in the Haber process is exothermic.

(i) Explain, in terms of bond making and bond breaking, why this reaction is exothermic.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The transfer of thermal energy in a chemical reaction is called the enthalpy change.

Write the symbol for an enthalpy change. Include the sign for an exothermic enthalpy
change.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Aqueous ammonia is an alkali.

Aqueous ammonia reacts with dilute nitric acid to form a salt.

(i) Name this salt.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the experimental technique used to make a solution of this salt from dilute
nitric acid and aqueous ammonia.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]

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7 (a) Dilute ethanoic acid reacts with aqueous calcium hydroxide.

2CH3COOH + Ca(OH)2 (CH3COO)2Ca + 2H2O

A student reacts 25.0 cm3 of 0.0100 mol / dm3 aqueous calcium hydroxide with dilute
ethanoic acid using thymolphthalein as an indicator.

A volume of 12.5 cm3 of dilute ethanoic acid reacts exactly with the 0.0100 mol / dm3 aqueous
calcium hydroxide.

Calculate the concentration, in mol / dm3, of the dilute ethanoic acid.

concentration of dilute ethanoic acid .......................................... mol / dm3 [3]

(b) State the colour of thymolphthalein in aqueous calcium hydroxide.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid.

(i) Define the term weak in the phrase weak acid.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Write the formula of the ion present in aqueous solutions of acids.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(d) Dilute ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate.

2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

Calculate the volume, measured at r.t.p., of carbon dioxide produced, in cm3, when 3.18 g of
sodium carbonate reacts with excess dilute ethanoic acid.

volume of carbon dioxide .................................................. cm3 [2]

(e) Sulfur dioxide contributes to acid rain.

(i) State one source of sulfur dioxide in the air.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe one method of reducing the amount of sulfur dioxide getting into the air.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) In the Contact process, sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen.

Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.

2SO2 + O2 .................... [1]

[Total: 11]

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8 (a) Ethanoic acid is manufactured from methanol.

CH3OH(g) + CO(g) CH3COOH(g)

The forward reaction is exothermic.

(i) Predict and explain the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium when the pressure is
decreased and the temperature remains constant.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Predict and explain the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium when the temperature
is decreased and the pressure remains constant.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Ethanoic acid can be produced by bacterial oxidation.

Describe one other method of making ethanoic acid by oxidising an alcohol other than
methanol.

name of alcohol ........................................................................................................................

name of oxidising agent ............................................................................................................

[2]

(c) Ethanoic acid reacts with propan‑1‑ol, CH3CH2CH2OH, to produce an ester.

Name the ester and draw its displayed formula.

name .........................................................................................................................................

displayed formula

[2]

[Total: 7]

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9 (a) Table 9.1 shows the melting points and relative electrical conductivities of three elements.

Table 9.1

carbon
magnesium phosphorus
(graphite)
melting point
3652 649 44
/ °C
relative electrical
good good poor
conductivity of solid

Use ideas about structure and bonding to explain:

(i) the difference in the melting points of magnesium and phosphorus

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) the difference in the electrical conductivities of graphite and phosphorus.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Diamond and graphite are different forms of carbon.

Explain, in terms of its structure and bonding, why diamond is used in cutting tools.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(c) A compound of phosphorus, oxygen and chlorine contains 20.2% phosphorus, 10.4% oxygen
and 69.4% chlorine by mass.

Deduce the empirical formula of this compound.

empirical formula ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

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To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer‑related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
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