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Volume 5 Issue 3 2024

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https://doi.org/10.59298/NIJPP/2024/5367710

Prevalence and Epidemiology of Diabetes in West Africa:

Trends and Challenges
Bizimana Rukundo T.

Faculty of Biological Sciences Kampala International University Uganda

ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has emerged as a major public health concern in West Africa, marked by a notable rise in
prevalence due to rapid urbanization, lifestyle changes, and socioeconomic factors. This review examines the
current epidemiology of diabetes in the region, discussing key trends, risk factors, and the socioeconomic
determinants contributing to its rising prevalence. Urbanization has led to sedentary lifestyles and increased
consumption of energy-dense diets, significantly raising Type 2 diabetes cases. Epidemiological analysis shows
that factors such as genetic predispositions, obesity, and socioeconomic disparities impact diabetes risk and
management. Diabetes management faces numerous challenges, including limited healthcare infrastructure, low
public awareness, and financial barriers that hinder access to essential care, diagnostics, and medications.
Addressing this growing crisis requires a multifaceted approach, involving improved healthcare systems, targeted
awareness campaigns, and socioeconomic support to foster early detection and promote healthier lifestyle choices.
This review emphasizes the urgency for collaborative efforts to mitigate the diabetes burden and improve
outcomes for affected populations in West Africa.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, West Africa, prevalence, epidemiology, Type 2 diabetes, public health, urbanization.

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex, chronic metabolic disorder that is increasingly recognized as a major public
health challenge worldwide [1]. Characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, diabetes results from defects in
insulin secretion, insulin action, or a combination of both [2]. The two most common forms of diabetes are Type 1
and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes is primarily an autoimmune condition leading to the destruction of insulin-producing
beta cells in the pancreas, while Type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance and often correlates with
obesity, physical inactivity, and genetic predispositions [3]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has
identified diabetes as a global epidemic, with substantial increases in prevalence rates documented in both high-
income and low- to middle-income countries [4]. The number of adults living with diabetes worldwide has nearly
quadrupled since 1980, rising from 108 million to 422 million in 2014. This rise is particularly pronounced in sub-
Saharan Africa, where diabetes prevalence is expected to escalate sharply in the coming decades [5, 6]. The region
is experiencing a dual burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases, with diabetes emerging as a
significant contributor to morbidity and mortality [7]. The diabetes prevalence in West Africa is on the rise,
largely due to rapid urbanization, lifestyle changes, and socio-economic factors. Urban areas are adopting
sedentary lifestyles and energy-dense diets, which are linked to increased income levels and improved access to
processed foods. This has led to rising obesity rates, a significant risk factor for Type 2 diabetes [8]. The
epidemiological landscape is further complicated by cultural attitudes towards health, healthcare access variations,
and health education disparities. Limited awareness of diabetes as a serious health condition often leads to
underdiagnosis and inadequate management, leading to advanced stages of complications like cardiovascular
disease, neuropathy, and nephropathy [9].
This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of diabetes prevalence in West Africa by analyzing existing
literature and data, identifying key risk factors, highlighting emerging trends, and discussing barriers to effective
prevention and management [10]. The review emphasizes the urgent need for targeted public health strategies
and interventions to address the diabetes epidemic and improve health outcomes for affected populations.
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Understanding the epidemiological dynamics of diabetes in this region is crucial for developing culturally sensitive
and contextually appropriate prevention and management programs [11].
Prevalence of Diabetes in West Africa
Diabetes is a significant health issue in West Africa, with an estimated 19.4 million adults aged 20-79 years living
with the condition [12]. The prevalence of diabetes in West Africa ranges from 5% to over 10% of the adult
population, with some countries showing alarming statistics. Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, bears a
substantial share of the diabetes burden, with prevalence estimates reaching as high as 10.8% in certain urban Page | 68
areas [13]. A 2019 study indicated that diabetes is projected to affect approximately 10 million Nigerians by 2030,
underscoring the urgency of addressing this public health challenge.
Recent studies indicate a concerning upward trend in the prevalence of diabetes in West Africa, with a 35%
increase between 1980 and 2020. This increase can be attributed to profound lifestyle changes driven by
urbanization and socio-economic development [14]. A notable shift has been observed in dietary patterns, with a
transition from traditional diets rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables to more Westernized diets high in
processed foods, sugars, and unhealthy fats. This dietary shift has been linked to increased rates of obesity and
metabolic disorders, significantly raising the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. Sedentary behavior has become
more prevalent due to urban lifestyles, leading to less physical activity and poor dietary choices [15]. The socio-
economic landscape in West Africa also plays a critical role in these trends, with rapid urbanization leading to
increased stress and changes in community dynamics, which can impact mental health and influence lifestyle
choices. Socio-economic disparities in healthcare access contribute to the underdiagnosis and undertreatment of
diabetes, further exacerbating the epidemic. The trends in diabetes prevalence in West Africa reflect a combination
of dietary changes, lifestyle modifications, and socio-economic factors that necessitate urgent attention. Public
health initiatives aimed at improving health literacy, promoting healthier lifestyle choices, and enhancing
healthcare access are essential for addressing this growing crisis [16].
Epidemiological Factors
The increasing prevalence of diabetes in West Africa is attributed to a combination of risk factors and
demographic variations. Urbanization has led to lifestyle changes, such as adopting sedentary lifestyles and
consuming fast foods and processed snacks that are high in sugars and unhealthy fats [17]. This shift towards
convenience and instant gratification often results in poorer dietary choices, leading to increased caloric intake and
a higher risk of obesity and diabetes. Obesity is a significant risk factor for the development of Type 2 diabetes,
with approximately 25% of adults in urban areas classified as obese. Obesity not only increases the risk of diabetes
but also complicates its management, creating a cycle that exacerbates the condition's prevalence [18].
Genetic predispositions play a crucial role in the development of diabetes, with studies identifying specific genetic
markers associated with Type 2 diabetes within West African populations. Understanding the genetic
underpinnings of diabetes can help identify at-risk populations and develop targeted interventions. Socioeconomic
status is a key determinant of health, influencing access to healthcare, nutritious food, and health education. Lower
socioeconomic status is often associated with limited access to quality healthcare services and healthy food options,
leading to a higher risk of developing diabetes [19]. Demographic factors such as age, gender, and ethnicity
significantly influence the prevalence and manifestation of diabetes in West Africa. Older adults, particularly those
aged 45 years and above, exhibit significantly higher rates of diabetes due to the cumulative effects of aging on
insulin sensitivity and the increased likelihood of developing other comorbid conditions, such as hypertension and
hyperlipidemia. Gender differences in diabetes prevalence are notable in West Africa, with men generally
presenting higher rates of diabetes in urban settings, while women may experience higher rates in rural areas due
to traditional dietary practices and lower socioeconomic status [20]. Understanding these risk factors and
demographic variations is essential for public health interventions aimed at reducing the burden of diabetes in
West Africa. Targeted education, lifestyle modification programs, and improved healthcare access can significantly
mitigate these risks and improve health outcomes for vulnerable populations [21].
Challenges in Diabetes Management
The management of diabetes in West Africa faces numerous challenges that hinder effective control and
prevention of the disease. Understanding and addressing these challenges is crucial for improving health outcomes
and reducing diabetes-related complications.
Healthcare Infrastructure: A primary obstacle in managing diabetes in West Africa is the inadequate healthcare
infrastructure, particularly in rural and underserved areas. Many healthcare facilities lack essential resources,
including diagnostic tools, medications, and trained personnel needed for effective diabetes management. Insulin,
which is crucial for patients with Type 1 diabetes and many with Type 2 diabetes, is often in short supply, making
it difficult for patients to maintain optimal blood glucose levels [22]. Additionally, equipment like glucometers
and test strips, critical for regular monitoring, is often unavailable or unaffordable, which severely limits patients'
ability to manage their condition independently.
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Further, there is a shortage of healthcare professionals trained specifically in diabetes care. With many healthcare
workers overburdened by multiple responsibilities, they may lack the time and specialized knowledge to provide
comprehensive diabetes education and management support. This gap leaves patients without the necessary
guidance on lifestyle adjustments, medication management, and long-term complications of diabetes, impacting
overall diabetes control [23].
Awareness and Education: Low levels of awareness and understanding of diabetes among the general population
significantly hinder both prevention and management efforts. Many people are unaware of the symptoms, risk Page | 69
factors, and complications associated with diabetes, resulting in delayed diagnoses. For example, symptoms like
excessive thirst and frequent urination may be dismissed as minor ailments, leading to a worsening of the
condition before it is identified.
Public health campaigns focusing on diabetes awareness are limited in scope and frequency in many West African
countries. This scarcity leaves gaps in public knowledge and means that individuals at high risk of developing
diabetes are often unaware of the lifestyle changes that could help prevent the disease [24]. Furthermore, people
with diabetes may lack adequate knowledge of self-management practices, including proper diet, physical activity,
and medication adherence, which are essential for effective disease control.
Improving diabetes awareness through targeted education programs can empower communities to recognize
symptoms early, adopt healthier lifestyles, and seek timely medical intervention. Educational initiatives could also
foster understanding of the importance of blood glucose monitoring and adherence to prescribed treatments,
which are essential components of diabetes management.
Socioeconomic Barriers: Socioeconomic factors present a significant barrier to diabetes management in West
Africa. Poverty and low-income levels mean that many patients cannot afford essential diabetes medications or
regular medical consultations [25]. The cost of insulin, glucose-monitoring devices, and other medical supplies
can be prohibitive for individuals with limited financial resources. Without these essential items, patients often
experience poor disease control, which can lead to complications such as kidney disease, vision problems, and
cardiovascular issues.
Furthermore, access to nutritious food can be limited in lower socioeconomic groups, impacting dietary
management, which is crucial for diabetes control. Many individuals rely on inexpensive, calorie-dense foods that
are often high in sugar and unhealthy fats, leading to increased blood sugar levels and making it difficult to
manage diabetes effectively. Financial limitations also restrict access to transportation, meaning patients in remote
areas may face significant challenges in attending regular check-ups or visiting healthcare facilities for diabetes
management.
Socioeconomic barriers can be mitigated through public health policies aimed at subsidizing essential diabetes
medications, improving healthcare access in rural areas, and providing financial assistance to low-income
individuals [26]. Additionally, community-based programs that focus on low-cost dietary strategies and promote
affordable, healthy food options could help improve diabetes control among financially disadvantaged populations.
Addressing these challenges in healthcare infrastructure, awareness, education, and socioeconomic disparities is
essential for improving diabetes management in West Africa. Efforts to enhance healthcare access, promote
diabetes awareness, and reduce financial barriers could collectively lead to better health outcomes for those living
with diabetes in the region.
CONCLUSION
The increasing prevalence of diabetes in West Africa poses a significant public health challenge, exacerbated by
rapid urbanization, lifestyle changes, and limited healthcare resources. This review highlights the complex
interplay of factors driving the rise in diabetes, including genetic predispositions, dietary shifts, and socioeconomic
disparities. Diabetes management in the region is hindered by inadequate healthcare infrastructure, low awareness,
and financial constraints, which limit access to essential care and promote poor disease outcomes. Addressing these
challenges requires a multifaceted approach. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure, especially in rural areas, can
improve access to necessary medications and diabetes management tools. Public health campaigns are vital to raise
awareness, fostering early detection and preventive behaviors in communities. Socioeconomic support measures,
such as subsidizing medications and promoting affordable, nutritious food options, can also mitigate barriers to
effective diabetes control. In conclusion, combating the diabetes epidemic in West Africa demands targeted public
health strategies that consider the region's unique cultural, economic, and environmental context. Collaborative
efforts among governments, healthcare providers, and community organizations are essential to implement
sustainable interventions, ultimately improving health outcomes and quality of life for individuals affected by
diabetes.
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022-00660-5

CITE AS: Bizimana Rukundo T. (2024). Prevalence and Epidemiology of

Diabetes in West Africa: Trends and Challenges. NEWPORT
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND PHARMACY,
5(3):67-71. https://doi.org/10.59298/NIJPP/2024/5367710