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Biology
DD
GUIDED BY:
MRS. Sandhya Mam
REPRESENTED BY:
NAME- Partha Barkandajs
Class:- X
ROLL NO.- 33(\
TOPIC- CANCER abc
 CERTIFICATE

It is certified that Partha Barkandaj of class XIl

has completed this project under the guidance of Miss.
Sandhya mam The project for the subject of biology.
Titled CANCER is up to the standard of the Central
board of secondaryeducation and can be sent for
evaluation.

leacher in-charge external examiner

 INDEX

Introduction 4

Description of Human Cancer Cells 5

Difference between healthy and cancer 6-7

cells
Cancer cell division 8-9

Causes of Cancer 10

Cancer types- Symptoms, Prevention 11-13

Cancer Treatment 14

Acknowledgement 15

Bibliography 16
 Introduction
Cancer is a qroup of diseases involving abnormal cell
growth withthe potential to invade or spread to other
parts of the body.
Not alltumors are cancerous: benign tumors do not
spreadto other parts of the body. Possible sgns and
symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding. prolonged
cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel
movements While these symptoms may indicate
cancer, they may have other causes.
Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
These diseases are characterized by a celular
malfunction. Healthy cells are programmed to 'know
what to do and when to do it. Cancerous celis do not
this programming and therefore replicate and
grow out of control.
Cancerous cells intogether are called Neoplasm.
 Neoplasm

HUMAN CANCER CELLS

Cancer cells are cells that div:de relentlessly. forming
soid tumcrs or flcodngthe blocd with cbnormal cells
Carcer cells have distrquisn ng histo loqi cai features
VISible urn der the m1croscope The nucleus is of ten large
and irregular, and the cytorlasm may ciso display
abrormalities
The shape, size protein compositicn, and texture of
tne nucleus are often altered in mal1gnant celis Tre
nucleus may acquire grooves olds or
indentations chromat.n may aqaregcte or disperse
the nucleolus can become enlarged
Different combinat.ons of abnormaities are
characteristic of different cancer types, to the extent
tnat nuclear appearance can be used as a marker in
cancer diagnostics and stag1ng
 Concer cell formot1on Concer cell multipl1coton

DIFFERENCEBETWEEN Nomal ANID

CANCER CELLS

Normal Cells Cancer Cells

Cell Reproduction

Ceii Communication

thr.'

(ell by spr restr t P crr r

Cell Specialization
Normal elsce the cb!*y 'c

ceils For example ;'s de veicp

Into he ort s rn urG te Isc prc iarce cr repi cate rory re
Gy ether celo
Cell Death
Normaesove "he 1 Wrer he qenes n ancrrl e lare
0TCue 1beycnirepr rton A

dspose i o* by nite o 0 s

Morphological DFFERENCE BETNIEEN Nomal AND

CANCER CELLS

Structure

Noma

Normal Cells Cancer Cells

Large cytoplasm SmaBl cytoplasm
Single nucleus Multiple nucle
Single nucleolus Multiple and large nucleoli
 F1ne chromat1n Coarse chromat1n

CANCER CELL DIVISION

Cell div1sion is a nornal process used by the body for
growth and repair Aparent cell d1vides to fo-m twc
daughter cells and these daugh ter cells are used to
build new tissue or to replace ceils that have died as a
result of ageing or damage Healthy cells stop divdina
when there is no longer a need for more daugnter cells
but concer cells cont1nue to produce copies
Cancer is unchecked cell growth Mutations i geres
can cause cancer by accelerat1ng cell division rates c
inhib1ting normal controis on the system such
as cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death As a
mass of concerous cells grows it can develop into a
tumor
Tumor formation Cancer Development

D
Cen with Cancer cells
genete
mAaton
Microscopic
C
A B

Four basic stages of cancer

Normal Cet Dvision Cancer CellDivision

Damaqed

paptosis
 Differentiating between normal cell division and
cancer cell division

Causes of CANCER
" Tobocco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer
deaths.
Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lcck of
physicai activity, and excessive drinking of alcohol.
" Other factors inciude certain infections, exposure
to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants.
In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are
due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis
C
and human papillomavirus (HPV).
" Approximately 5-10% of cancers are due to inherited
genetic defects from a person's parents.
These factors act, at least partly, by changing
the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are
required before cancer develops.
 Causes of Cancer
Add

Sun and Radon Medicl Food

Oc upaton
Gender
Alcoh l ution bekne tiy

Tobacco
intecton
Det

Pesticides

lypes of cancer and symptoms

Most CommÍn types of Cançer
4 Lung Cancer
A cancer that begns in the lungs and most often occurs in
people who smoke.
Symptoms Cough (often with blood), Chest pa1n,
Wheezing and weight loss.
Prevention Avord smoking and carcinogens at work,
Eat diet full of fruits and vegetables
Exerc1se most days of the week.
Breast Cancer
A Cancer that forms in the cells of breasts.
Symptoms Bloody nipple discharge, d1scomfort
inverted nipple, lump formation near
 breasts
Prevention Keep weight in check and be physically fit.
Avoid alcohol and smoking.
Avoid birth control plls and regular screening.
Avoid post -menopausal hormones

4 Prostate Cancer
walnut shaped gland
A cancer in a man s prostate, a Small
that produces seminal fluid
and
Symptoms- Urinary problems, Blood in the urine
semen. Pan in the hips, pelvis, spine or upper
leg. Pain or discomfort during ejaculation.
Prevention Enough exercise. Maintaining a healthy and a
Balanced diet Ensuring regular ejaculation
Having green tea regularly

4 Throat Cancer
the voca
Throat cancer referS to cancer of the vo!ce box
tons1ls
cords and other parts of the throat Such as the
and oropharyrx.

Symptoms: Respiratory sympt oms like coughing.

Blood wheezing, or shortness of breath, weight
loss, weakness, fever, a change in voice,
Chest pain, ear pain, hoarseness Swollen ymph
 nodes in the neck,d1fficulty in Swallow1ng
Prevention Dont smoke, check for radon at home regular
exerc1se eat variety of fruits and vegetables
limit the intake of alcohol, have a cup of green
tea

Lung Cancer Breast Cancer

 Throot Cancer
Prostote Canser

CANCER TREATMENT
Cancer can be treated in the following ways:
Surgery
Surqery. when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in which
a surqeon removes cancer from the patient's body
Rad1ation Therapy
It is atype of cancer treatment that uses high doses of
radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors
Chemotherapy
 It isatype of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill
Cancer cells

Immunotnerapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune
system fight cancer

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express mny thanks of gratitude to our
Miss.Sandhya mam for giving me the golden opportunity to do
thiswonderful project on the topic "CANCER BIOLOGY" which has
helped me in doing a lot of research.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Www google com
www(oncerescarchuk orq

www.1hovghtco (om