1 1

01 4 13 104
02 12 14 110
03 20 15 118
04 28 16 130
36 17 138
05 38 144
06 44
07 50 2
08 56
18 146
09 68
19 154
76
20 160
21 166
174

2 3
10 78 22 176
11 88 23 184
12 96 24 192
102 25 200
208
1 1
26 210 33 270
27 220 34 278
28 226 35 284
29 234 36 296
244 302

2 2
30 246 37 304
31 254 38 312
32 262 320
268

01 ~ 04
A B

20 A
1
15 B
(

×
103 10
km
s 5
)

0 100 200 300

-2 2 (Mpc)

LCD

A B
A B
A B
LCD

2 A B C D A

C
-3
D

B
D

3 1

LCD A

-1 1
2.7 K

400 500 600 700

A B C

400 500 600 700 3500 km/s 1400 km/s 3500 km/s
50 Mpc 20 Mpc 30 Mpc

400 500 600 700

(nm)

H
30000
V A￣C 2 7`K
20000 C B
r
(

km
s 10000
75`km s Mpc
)

1
0 100 200 300 400 500
H
c (Mpc)
c V=H r H
H

6 36
4
 1

-2 2

-3

3 1

-1 1

400 500 600 700

400 500 600 700

400 500 600 700

(nm)

H
30000
V
20000
r
(

km
s 10000
)

1
0 100 200 300 400 500
H
c (Mpc)
c V=H r H
H

4
2 -2 I

3 1

\
\

5
 2

6
 A B

486 (nm)
I
A B

B A

7
 X

A￣D

A￣D
A￣D
A￣D

A B

A
A￣E
B

C
D B
E

A￣E

A C A D B C
A C E B D E

8
 30000

20000
I

(
km 10000
s
0 100

)
200 300 400 500
(Mpc)

A B

400 500 600 700

A
400 500 600 700

B
400 500 600 700
(nm)

A
B
A B
B A

9
 3

3 1

A B

A￣C

10
 I
A B C
￣

A
A B B

C
C

A B C

3 1

11
 1

-1
-
-
+ u d -1

u + d -
+

= 2 + 1 1 + 2
u u u d
+ +1 0
d + d
+ ++ +- =+1 + +- +- =0

+
1
1 2 2

2
+ 2
1

-3
1 2 3 4 3

-2 2

3
3
7 =
1 1 7 1
1

3 1

12
 38 -2 I
`K

3
10—#%
10—^ 3 38
38
3000`K

1 3:1

74 % 24 %
3 1
-1
14 2 = 12 1
7 1 = 3 1
2 2

12 1
12 1
3 1
1 1
=12 =4
4 -2

3000 `K
2 38

2 7`K

2 7`K
3
3
3000
3 1

A E
A
3 B

C 3000`K

A B C D E D

13
 C
A

D
B

B C
A

A + B -
C D
B C D
A￣C

u u u d

u d d d
3
1 2

-1

d d
u u

d d
A B C

A
A B
C 1

14
 A A
d
I
u
u

B B A B C

A +
B

A B C +
A 4 B 1
B C

A B C

A￣C

u
B
u d

￣
d
u d C
A

A B
A B
￣
B C +1

15
 3

3000`K
7

38 K

A B

B A
A

3 A

3 1 A 38
38 B

A B C

A
B
3 C 10 `K

16
 A B

3 38
C I
A B
B
A

A B
A 1 3 38

A 3 1

B 3000`K
B
A B C
C

38

38

38

2
7 1

17
 2
2

7 1

A B

7 1

3
3000`K
A B
=12 =4
A 2 1
A B 9 1
7 1
3 1
1 1 4 1 1 3 1 4 1
3 1 7 1 12 1

18
 PLANK

38

2 7`K

3000`K

38

1964

2 7`K

19
 1

-1, 2

`K

4
-2 1

>
<
=

-1 1

1000 `K H He
1 ￣2 `K He C O
8 `K C
20 `K O Si S
30 `K Si Fe

20
2 -2, 3 I

￣
1 K

3 10

4 -4

<
10 >

H He
He
6 < 26

1000

21
 1000`K

1 K

1000 `K

22
 H H
I
+
H H
A B
4H He

Au Si
C H U
1000 K
A B

1 `K B
A
A
B

A B
A B

23
 H 38

He

3 10

1 2 3 4 5

10

H He
He C O
Si Fe

10

24
 A B I

A B

7 ￣9

C
B

A
B
C

25
 A B

A B
B

A B

A B B
A B

A
A

5800`K

10 A

A B
B

26
 I
(A)

(B)

(C)

30

100 100

50 50
( )

( )

% %
0 350000 700000 0 350000 700000
km km

27
 1 50

-1

1000 `K

-2 2

28
 -1 I

<

2
10 -2
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
40 30 20 10 0

3.3 %
3.7 %
2%
24 % 35 % 30 %
9.5 %
18.5 %
65 % 70 %
74 % 2.4 % 15 %
4.6 % 13 %

> >
> > > > >
> > > >

A B C D
C
\
D
A

29
 A B C

A
B
C

A B C

2
￣

30
 I
A B

A B

A B
A

A B

2000 K 300 K 50 K

A B

A B

A B
A
B

B A
A

O A

A B
A B
B

A B

31
 X Y

Y 35 % 30 %

15 %
2.4 %
4.6 % 13 %
O X

X
Y

6378 71492 60268 3396

km

3 5 51 1 33 0 69 3 93
g m

32
 I

A B C

A
B
C

33
 ￣

10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
40 30 20 10 0

1.0
1
0.1
A B
0.01

A B 0.001
0.0001
0 10 20 30 40

34
 1.5 %
I
24 % 35 % 30 %
3% 1%
74 % C
10 % D E
35 % 30 %
15 % B
13 % 18.5 % A
65 %
15 %
￣ 2.4 %
4.6 % 13 %

A D
B
C D

3 1
> > >
>
70`%

3.7 %
3.3 %
2% B
24 % 35 % 30 %
9.5 % C
18.5 %
65 %
24 % 2% 30 % A 74 %
35 % 15 %
2.4 %
74 %
4.6 % 13 %
15 %
2.4 %
4.6 % 13 % 3

A
A
B
B
B
B C

35
 Ⅰ

01 ~ 04
A B

20 A

15 B

(
×
103 10
km
s 5

)
0 100 200 300
(Mpc)

LCD

A B
A B
A B

A B C D A

B
D

2.7 K

A B C

3500 km/s 1400 km/s 3500 km/s

50 Mpc 20 Mpc 30 Mpc

A￣C 2 7`K
C B
75`km s Mpc

36
 I

H H
He
H H

73 9 % 24 0 % 2 1%

1 2
2

A￣D

(A)
(B)

(D)
(C)

A B
D B
C
2
1
B

37
 1

-1 110

2
-2

33 1817

63

1869

1913
Ar K

1￣18
1￣7
1 18 18
1 1 1 H 2
1
2 13 14 15 16 17
3 4 11 5 6 7 8 9 10
2

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5

55 56 57~71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6

87 88 89~103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

113 115 117 118

38
2 -2 I

B Si

18

Al N
Cu O
Fe P

1 H
2
\ H He C
2 Li Be
1￣17
3 Na Mg

1￣7
H Li Na
Li Be Be

39
 2

110

33

40
 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 I
1 A

2 B

3 C

￣
A￣C

A
B C

7 18

2 14

41
 H Li O K S

H Li K O S
H K S Li O
H O S Li K
Li O H K S
Li K H O S

Li, Na, F

2 Li

Li

42
 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 I
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 2 A B
1 A 3 C D
2 B C D E 4 E
3 F G
A￣E A￣E

B F G A C D E
A
B
A￣G C

D
E

A￣D

A￣D

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

1
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
2
1
3
2

3 A B

4 B C

A￣D

A￣D D
A B C D

43
 1 Li 1

Na
K
-1 Li Na K
Rb
1
Cs
1 2
Fr

4M+O2 2M2O M Li Na K

2M+2H2O 2MOH+H2 M Li Na K
Li<Na<K

1￣2

-2

Li

Na

44
 I
1 17 F

F Br I Cl
Br
2 I
1 7
18
2 At

2Na+X2 2NaX X F Br I

HF HBr
X2+H2 2HX X F Br I

F2> 2>Br2>I2

F2

Cl2

Br2

I2

1
17

\ \

< <

45
 1

2￣4
A￣C

1￣2
A B C

A B C

Li

A<B<C
X
B

46
Na

Li Na K I

1￣2

17

47
 2￣4

iodes
°C °C
113 7 °C 184 3 °C
A2 -220 -188

B2 -101 -35

C2 -7 59

A￣C A￣C
2

C<B<A

A2 B2 C2

A￣C 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 A

2 B

3 C D

A￣D

A C
B D C
B D

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

2 A B C

3 D E

A￣E

A D
2 B
C
D
E

48
2

A B I
A B C
A -
B
-

A
B 2 A￣C

A
B 1
C
A B
A C
B C
A B C

Li F Na Cl Ar

A￣D

A B C D
F Ar Li Na
3
x 1 y 7
F Li Na Ar
A￣D

B D

Na Li F Ar x+y=8

7 B B2O
D 2Na+D2
2NaD
A B C D

49
 1

-1

2 0

-2

= =

6 6

2
8+ 6
8 8 8

50
4 -4 I

3￣12

18 0

1+ 1+ 2+

H He

3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ 7+ 8+ 9+ 10+

Li Be B C N O F Ne

11+ 12+ 13+ 14+ 15+ 16+ 17+ 18+

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

1￣18
2 8
5

A B
C 8+ 16+

A B
\
\
A B C
A B
A B A B
A +B A 8
C B 3 6
C A B
A C A B
A B
A

51
 A￣C

C
A B
A +1
B
C

A
B
A B C 0

A￣C

A 6 7 6
A D
B 6 8 x
B
C y 8 7

A B
￣
A B A￣C
B
C x+y=13
B C
A C B C
C D
A
6

52
 2 3 1.2 A Na

A￣D
1.0
B D
8+ 11+ I
C A
0.8 3 B
9 10 11 C
1
A<B<C

A
B D A￣C 11
C 2

A B

9+ 17+

A B

A B
8+ 11+
A
AB2 B 3
C
A B
A B
2 16 A2 B2
6 A2 B2
B2<A2
A B

N 8+ 8+
Mg 11+ 11+
A A
B B
C C
N

53
 A￣C

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

7+ 13+ 15+ 2 Be F

3 Na S Ar

A B C
2

Be F
A￣C
Ar
2
A C
Be Na
B C
F S Ar
B
A C B

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

1
2 3 11 13
2 A B
He Li Na Al
A B
A B

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
A￣E
1 A

2 B A￣E

3 C D E 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

3
A￣E
4

A B C A B C
C D E B 1
E A D 7

A D E A￣E

54
 A￣D 20 A￣C

A￣D I
A B C
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
2
2
2 16
3

A B
A￣C
D C
B D
C<A
B 2
3
A￣D

A
B C
A D

A￣D

3 D
B C
2
A
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A￣D

A 2
A B
B C
C D 4 7
D

55
 1 18
He Ne Ar Kr
-1

2+ 10+ 18+

(He) (Ne) (Ar)

3+ 4+ 7+ 8+ 9+ 10 +

Li Be N O F Ne

11+ 12+ 13 + 15 + 16 + 17+ 18 +

Na Mg Al P S Cl Ar
1 1 2 15 3 16 2
2 13 3 17 1

-1

1￣3

5￣7
2 2 2 2

12 + 12 + 8+ 8+

56
 I

LiF
-
+
1
1
11+ 17+ 11+ 17+ 1 1 H2O CO2 F2 N2 O2

2
8+ 2
8+
1
2
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+

2 3

1 2 3

9+ 9+ 8+ 8+ 7+ 7+

2 8
(F2) (O2) (N2)

A C A B
B C A
A￣C
-

+ B C

3+ 17+ 1+ 17+
A B
H 2O CO2
Na F

57
 2+ 2+
A B- C D
10 10 10 18

A￣D

A B
18
A D
B 1 C
C

He Ne Ar

Ne 3+ 8+ 10+

10 ￣

58
 A￣E

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 I
1 A 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

2 B C D 2 A B C

3 E 3 D E

A￣E A D B C E
C E A B D
+
A B
2
A D
C E D
A￣E

A￣D

A￣D

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

A D
C D

A￣D

A B
O
C
B D

59
 A￣C

KI LiF OH 2

CO2 CH3OH

A B- C2+

A￣C

A￣C 2
A H2A
A￣C - 2+
B C CB2

1+ 3+ 8+

A B C

A￣C

B 3
Na Na+
B C

A B AB
Mg Cl
-
+

11+ 11+ 17+ 17+

12+ 17+
A B

A B
Mg Cl
A 2 B 3
A B
A B
+ -
A B
A B

AB

60
 MX X Y

2+ 2-
I
+ 2-
2X +Y

X Y
M 2+ X2-

X2Y
M X X 1 Y 16
+ 2-
X Y
M X
M X
M X 2

AB2 M
- -
n+

aM+bO2 c a￣c

B- An+ B-

A B
a+b+c=7
MO
n=2
A B
AB2
AB2
AB2

61
 A￣D

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
A￣D
1
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
2 A
2
3 B C D
3

A￣D
A C
B C
A 8 D B
B C
C D
A￣D

A B
B C
D C 2 1 D2 C

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 A

2 B C

3 D E F

3 12 8 9

A C D F C E A B E F
3 2 2 3

A￣F

C D E
2

62
 2 3 A￣D A
￣D
I
A<B C<D

A B C D

6 3 3 1

A￣D

A B

H2O K2O LiF SO2

LiBr CO2 NH3

A B
-
+

1+ 17+

A+ BC-
A B

A￣C C<B
A B
A C
A B C A
9 A B
A B A2B B

63
 X
2- 2- H2O
X
X 8+
8+

1+ 1+ 1+ 1+

3
X2

A B

1+ 7+
A B
BA3
A B

A B

A 1

A B C ABC

1+ 6+ 7+

H C

1+ 6+ A B C
1

H C
A￣C
X

X
B
A B C
ABC 3
X 1

64
 H 2O CH4

I
O F 3
H H

O C

H H H H

H2O CH4

2
2

O2 H2 O

O O O
H H

A￣E

A 1 1
B 1 2
C 2 3
D 3 3
E 7 3
4
2

AE BE CE2
DE3 E2

65
 A￣C
C O
1 0
1 2 0
8+ 9+ 11+

18
A B C

4
A￣C

A2 2
C 1

A B A C

N2 3

KF NH3 2
H 2O 1

0 1 2 3 4
￣

AB BC2

2+
2-

2 A￣C
AB BC2

A B C A￣C
2

A￣C AB
BC2
B<C<A

C2 1 B C

A C A C
A C AC2
B2 C2

66
 A￣D

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
A D
I
3
1 A
C
2
2 B C D E B
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A￣E

A D A￣D
C 1 A 4
B2D B D A B
CDE 2 A C A D

C2 D2 3

2 3 A￣D
A￣D
A￣D 1 2 16 17
D<C<B<A
A B C D
C<B<D<A
1 8 11 17
0 10 10 18

A￣D
A￣D
3
A B 2 1 A 2
2
B C C2B A B AB2
AD CD C D

67
 1

+
-
(Na+)
(Cl )

-
-
-
Cl -
Cl Cl- Cl
Na+ Na+ Na+
+ +
Na - Na Na+ Cl- +
Cl

-1

2
NaCl CaCl2 NaOH

0`°C
Mg OH 2 CaCO3 NaHCO3

-2

68
 I
C2H6O C4H10 C12H22O11 C9H8O4

4-
SiO4

N2 78 % 99 %

21 %

70 %
H2O

CO2 O2

A B A
A B
B
A B

A
A
B
B
\ A B

69
 NaCl

(Na+)

(Cl-)

Cl- Cl-
Na+
+
Na Na+
Cl-

Na+ -

t ( C)

t`°C

X C12H22O11

70
 2+
A B-

-
2+
-
CaCl2
I

0`°C
B- A2+ B-

A B

B A
B A
A B
AB2
2+ -
A B

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 A

2 B
C6H12O6
3 C D

A￣D +

A￣D 17
B C
C D

71
 A B NaCl C12H22O11

B A B

A B

A B
A B

AB2

CH4 3

C2H6O NaOH
C6H12O6 NaHCO3
A￣C

°C °C

A -182 -162
B 801 1413
C -78 -33
H2 O CaCl2
A￣C

A
B
C
B C

A C B

72
 AB C2 A B

+
-
C6H12O6
A B CuCl2
I
11+ 17+ 7+ 7+

A B
AB C2

A B
A￣C

A B
AB
C2

A B

A
B
A
B
B
￣ B

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
A

1 A

2 B C D

3 E

AD BC2 ExCy

A￣E

x 2 y 3

73
 + -

A B
A B NaCl C12H22O11

C4H10
OH 2

C9H8O4

A B

A
B
A B

74
 X

X2 I
X2
2 16

X
X
70 %
99 %

8+ 8+ 7+ 7+

78 %

75
 Ⅰ

05 ~ 09

1￣20
Ar K

X Y Z-
X￣Z 2 ￣
H, Li, Mg, Si

3
X Y Z-
a 7 b+1

5 a+b b

a+1 8 b+1

X￣Z
￣

H Si Li X￣Z Y
H Li Si X 11
Si Li H
Si H Li
Si Li H

76
 3 A B A￣D ￣

A 2< <4
Mg
A￣D O F Na
I
B
2 3 3 3

A B A B A B A
B A C C D

4 6 7
8 10

B
￣
C D 1 1

C H O

24
35 30
74
15

2 1 1

77
 > > > >

92 %

> > > >

> > 2.6 % 2.1 % 3.3 %

2.8 % 1.5 % 3.7 %
> > > > >
3.6 %
> > > 5%
9.5 % %
> > >
￣ 46.6 %
> > 18.5 % 65.0 %
8.1% 27.7 %
> >

-1 1

Si 4
14 3 14

Si O Si 1 O 4 Si
2-
SiO4

O Si Si 4
O O
O
O

O 2

Si
O O 0 1 2 3 4
O Si O 1 4 1 3 4 11 2 5 1 2

78
 I

2 2 1 2

2 -2

4 6 4
2 14
4
CH4 1 4

2 3
C C C C C C C C C 2

C C C
C C
C C C C C C C C 3
C C 4
C C
4

9.0 % 3.3 % 3.7 % Si

3.6 % O
5% 9.5 %

A D
B 46.6 % 18.5 % C
8.1 % 27.7 % 65.0 %

\
\
A B
C D
A
B 4
C
D
1 4
D
B 10

79
 2.1 % 2.6 %
1.5 % 2.8 %
3.6 %
5.0 %
A
46.6 % 8.1 %
B
27.7 %

> > > > > > 3

> > > > > > A 4
> > > > > > A
> > > > > > B 4
> > > > > > B 4

92 %

1.5 % 3.7 %
3.3 %
A
9.5 %
B
18.5 %
C
65.0 %

A B
C
A B C

80
 100 100
I
60 60
40 40

( )

( )
% 20 % 20
0 0
3

9.0 % 3.3 % 3.7 %

3.6 %
5% 9.5 %
B
A 46.6 % 18.5 %
8.1 % 27.7 % 65.0 %

A B

5.0 % 3.3 %
8.1 % 9.5 % 3.7 % 8.1 % 5.0 %
3.6 % 3.6 %
2.8 % 2.8 %
2.6 % 24 % 2.6 %
27.7 %
2.1 % 2.1 %
46.6 % 18.5 % A
1.5 % 1.5 %
74 %
65.0 % B
27.7 % 46.6 %
2%

A
B
A B

81
 1.1 %
13.0 % % %
15.0 % 1.9 %
A 35.0 % B 30.0 %
46 6 95
50 65 0
2.4 % 81 18 5
1.1 % 0. 5 %
27 7 33
36 15
2.1 %
2.8 % 28 10
C 46.6 % D 27.7 %
26 04
8.1 % 1.5 % 21 03
5.0 %
3.6 % 2.6 % 15 05

A B
A C
A
D
￣

1.9 %
1.1 %
A 85.8 % 0.5 %
10.7 %
A￣C
18.5 % 3.3 % 1.5 %
A B B 65.0 % 1.2 %
18.5 % 65.0 % 9.5 %
C 3.3 % 9.5 % 1.0 %
3.7 %
3.6 % 2.8 %
5.0 % 2.6 %
B C
20.9 % 78.1 % C 46.6 % 27.7 % 1.5 %
0.07 %
8.1 %
0.93 % 2.1 %

A A B C
B 70 %
C C

82
 A B

I
A
B

Si O
Si O 4 1
Si O

Si O

A B
B

A B

A
A 4
A B
A
B

Si
O

14

14

83
 ￣

Si
O
Si
O

1 ￣ Si O

Si
O

Si O 1 3
1

￣ Si O
4 3

84
 I

Si
O

A B C D E

A
A B￣D
Si
A E
O
A E

A
B

A B
4 A 1 B

A
Si O 4 11

85
 Si C

Si C

1 4
2 3

6+

6
4

86
 C C C C C C C
H
^CH™OH
%C O
H R¡ O R™ O R£ O
I

- -
=

- -
=

- -
=
H
$C H !C
-
N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-
OH

-
C OH #C @C OH H H H H H H
C
C C C C C C H OH
C C
C C C

1 5

C2H4 H H
C C
H H

2
6

H
C
C C C C C C C
H H
C
H
3
3 8
1 2

8 4

2 3
3

87
 1

C H
O

C H
O N

C H
O
C H
O N DNA RNA
P

-2 2 4%
18 %

1.5 %
70 %
6.5 %

> > P K Na
>

R
1 R
H R
O
N C C
-2 2 2 H H OH

1
1 3

10 4
1
9

88
 I
1 -1
A G C T U
20
2
A DNA
4 RNA 4
G DNA RNA

DNA A G C A G C
T
T 4
C 8
DNA
DNA

3 DNA RNA -3
DNA RNA
DNA RNA T
DNA U
RNA

A G C A G C
T 4 U 4

-4
4 DNA DNA
A T
A T G
G C
C
A T A=T G T A
C G=C 20
C G
DNA A 30 % 1 1 1

T 30 % DNA
A+G
A=T G=C A+G=T+C =1
T+C

DNA

1 1 2
T
A C

G T
4
\

89
 A￣C A￣C
DNA

A
B
C

A
B
C

B
18 % C 4%
1.5 %
A￣C A
70 % 6.5 %

2 C

A
A

DNA RNA
DNA RNA
1 1 2

90
 I

A B

A
B

H R
O
A￣C ￣
N C C
￣ A￣C H OH
H

A \
B
20
C \ \
\

A 2
B P
B
C

A
1 2 1 2

DNA B
10 B 10

91
 A B

A B

120
121

92
 X

R1 R2
I
NH2 C COOH + NH2 C COOH

H H

R1 H R2
NH2 C C N C COOH

H O H 1 1
DNA 4
DNA RNA

X
5 5
X
(U)

RNA

DNA

NH2 C COOH

X R

20 X
20
X
X

4
R 5 R

93
 DNA

G A
+ +
1 1 1
U
4

DNA RNA
A

G
DNA RNA

DNA RNA

A G C T

DNA RNA C

G U
C A

94
 DNA RNA
DNA RNA
I
A

DNA RNA
T C

C T

DNA

DNA

A C C A A A C C G A C A

DNA

2
U DNA

5 A 18 % DNA
G T
G
G T G T
18 % 32 % 32 % 18 %
25 % 25 % 32 % 32 %
18 % 18 %

95
 1 Si Ge
-1

p n

3 13 5 15
B Al Ga In P N As Sb

Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si

Si B Si Si Si P Si Si

Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si

3 5
1 1

p n
p
- n
+ ( ) ( )
+
- p n
n p

p n p
n
LED

CPU LED

-2 2
0 0
0
0

O
-3
MRI

3
LCD

LCD LED
LCD

LED

96
4 -4 I

Si

p
n

LCD

Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si

Si Si Si Si As Si Si In Si

Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si

\
\

p n

In B Al

￣ Si Ge

97
 Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge

Ge As Ge Ge In Ge

Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge

Ge
In

0 p n p n

5 a

p 3 b

LED p n p n a
b

b p
n

Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si

Si Si Si Si As Si Si In Si

Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si

4 14 p n p n

98
 p n
LED
I
O 4.2 K

p a
LED
n b 3`K
20 °C
4`K

a +
LED
LED

A
A A

O Tº

T0
A
A T0
A

99
 ￣

LED TV LCD

O O

LCD

LCD

LCD

100
 ￣

MRI

101
 10 ~ 12

0.5 %
1.5 % 6%
5% 4%
16 %
18 %
5% 51 % 70 %
11 %
12 %

Si
O

< <
Si
< <
O
￣

102
 DNA LED A B
DNA 200
n
A X Y p
I
DNA
A+T A
=3 X Y
G+C
A =60 B
p n

A+T
G+C
400 X p
A G B
115 A p p n
n p n

DNA

15 15 1 1
1 05 1 05 1 1
A
13 13 1 1

A
A
20 %
%

DNA ￣ ￣
2 DNA

%
A G T C
A
18 11
A
18 40
26 18
A
31 18

+ +

103
 1

-1

20 N 20`N+30`N=50`N
30 N 50`N
50`N

-1 1
=

= \ 9 8`m s2

=
=

104
 -1

`N g kg
0
II
=9 8\
1`kg 9 8`N

6
/
1 = \1
6
/

588 N
60 kg

98 N
60 kg

-2

A B
B A A B

A B B A

m1 A m2 B r \

F1 B A
A
B m1 F1
F1 F2
m1 m2 F1 F2
2
A B r
r r F1 F2

105
 kg

2`kg
0

106
 2
A￣E

A D
B
C
II

10`kg
98`N
C

107
 2

A B
A B
A B
B A A B A B

A B

A B B A

A B B A A A
A B
A B B

108
 m1 m2 A B r m1 m2 A B r
F 1 F2

A
B
F1 F2 A
m1 m2 B
F1 F2
m1 m2
r
r
II
2
F1 F2
F1 B A
F1 F2
m1 F1 F2
F1

F1 30`N F2

r F1 F2

m M r
4m 3M 2r

A B
F F
m M 4m 3M

r 2r
A B
B A A B
F
F

109
 1

-1
0

0
:5m
B 5m
A B
:5m 3m
A :3m

5`m 5`m 5`m+3`m=8`m

3`m 0`m 5`m-3`m=2`m

-2 2

= m s km h

-
= = m s km h

+
400`m 40

400`m 0
400`m
= = =10`m s = =0
40`s
10`m s 0

-3 3

9 8`m s2
- 2
1 = = ms
9 8`m s

1`N 1`kg 1`m s2

= = \
1`N=1`kg\1`m s2

20`m s 1200`kg 10
50`m s
- 50`m s-20`m s 2
= = =3`m s
10`s
2
= \ =1200`kg\3`m s =3600`N 3`m s2 3600`N

110
1 -1

II

=0
=0 =0
s s s s = \
t t s=vt
t ts s s
v= t
OO t t OO t t

2 -2

11 at
at22
ss == 00tt
22
ss
2
at22 at
11 at at v=v0+at s=v0t+1
2at
/
22 =
00

tt
00
v v0
 
a t s -
O
O tt O
O tt
0

0￣2 5`m s2
0￣2
(

m 10
s
0￣6 40`m
)

2￣4 0
0 4￣6
2 4 6
(s)

111
 80`m

10`m s 30`m s
4
80 m
P 100`m
50`m Q
10 m/s 30 m/s
P Q 10

2
ms

50 m
P
100 m

P Q m

P Q m s

P Q m s 01

10 cm 20 cm 30 cm 40 cm 50 cm

2
ms

9 8`m s2 p
5`m s

5 m/s

s 0 1 2 3
m s 10 15 20 25
p 3 q v
2
ms v ms

112
 10`kg 10 05
F 20`m s
F N 05

1m
II
3m
6m
10 m

s 0￣0 5 0 5￣1 1￣1 5 1 5￣2 2￣2 5

m 1

2
m s

2
m s

10`m
P
10

P
10 m

5`kg 20`N
10 20`m 10`N
10 2 `m s
5 2 `m s 10 N 20 N
5 kg

2
ms

113
 01 0
A￣F
01 cm
A￣F
A
1010NN 5 5NN
1010NN 5 5NN 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1010NN 5 5NN
A B 55 NN
1010NN 1515NN 1515NN 1515NN
1010NN 1515NN 1515NN 1515NN B
1010NN 1515NN 1515NN 1515NN
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1010NN C 1010NN 1010NN D1515NN
1010NN 1010NN 1010NN 1515NN
1010NN 1010NN 1010NN 1515NN
1010NN 1010NN 1515NN
1010NN 1010NN 1515NN
E F

1`m s 5`m s 10`m s

50`m s 100`m s
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A￣F
B

0 5`m s2 1`m s2 5`m s2

10`m s2 50`m s2

￣ A B
1

1 2 3 4

O O O

A B A B

A￣F

114
 10
( )

m
II
0 2 (s) O

0
05 5`m s
0 2 10`m

3`m s2
0 2`m s

3 m s

0 4 m A B
0 B A 20`m

A
m 10
(

s
)

B
5

0 5 (s)

0 10`m s A
2`m s 4 A B
5 A B 5`m
0

5 6 7
8 9

115
 m F

m 10

(
s

)
O O
0 4 6 8 (s)

0￣4 2 5`m s2
0￣8 50`m
F 4￣6 0
m
6￣8
6￣8

0￣4 6￣8

A B

A
8
(

m
s
)

4 B

0 2 4 (s)

5 m/s 10 m/s 15 m/s 20 m/s

A B
0 1 2 3

A B

5`m s2

5 30`m s

A B

A B

116
 2`m s
4 10`m s 4

10`m 12`m 15`m

20`m 24`m m 5

(
s 4

)
2 II
0 2 4 6 8
(s)

0￣2
2￣6
10`m s 6￣8 0

10`m s2

1 5`m 1 10`m
2 20`m 5 1`m
10 1`m
( )

m 6

0 2 4 6
(s)
4
m
(

s@ 0
)

2 4 (s)

2￣4 6
0￣2 3`m s
4￣6 0
2 4

117
 1
1 `m s 0 0
1
9.8 m/s
-1 2
19.6 m/s
3
29.4 m/s
2
9 8`m s 4
39.2 m/s

0
-2

g h
2h
t=
vº
g
v0

h
s=v0t

s
g
v0
s=v0t
v=gt A<B<C
C
h=1
2gt
/ 2 A B C
A
2h
A B C
t=
g C

B C

118
1

-2
II
2

98

A B A B

A B

A B
B
A
A B

×
A B
\
A
A
A B
A 1 9 8`m s
B
B
B
B
B
A B

119
 2

19 6`m s2

H M
M 5
H

10`m s2

0
1
3
2 H=125`m
2M 2
2 4 60`m
3

2`kg 4`kg A B
A B h 2 kg 4 kg

A B
h 45 m
3`kg

10`m s2
45 m

120
 h m 2m 3m
A
A B A B C
A B A B C
B m 2m 3m

h
II
A 0
A B C
B 9 8`m s
A B

A B C

A B C
1`kg 2`kg 2`kg
10`cm2 30`cm2 10`cm2

A B C

A B
B C
B A 2

s 0 01 02 03 04
cm 0 5 20 45 80

05
m s

20 45
2
10`m s

121
 P Q
A4

A4 Q

A4

A4
A4

A4

Q P

h 5 m/s
5`m s
3
h
1 5 `m
R
R
A A B

m h
A

4 B
2
10`m s B
B

122
 v

II

2v
2

(a) (b) (c)

O O O

a b c

a b c

20`m
5`m s 10`m s2

123
 H 3 m/s A B

3`m s A B
A B
H
6`kg
18`m
10`m s2 18 m

A
B
H m
A B
A B
A B
A B A B
1 B A
1 5`m
A B

s 0￣1 1￣2 2￣3 3￣4

m
m s

A B
B A
s 0￣1 1￣2 2￣3 3￣4
m
m s A B

s 0￣1 1￣2 2￣3 3￣4

m
m s

A B

124
 A B 2`kg A
A 1`kg B
B

A B
2 kg 1 kg

A B II

A B
A B 2
B

A B

A B

A
B x
1
x y

x y
A 0`m s 0`m s A B C

B 10`m s 0`m s A B
C A

10`m s2 B C

B 0￣4 A
B
B x x C

125
 m 2m 3m A B C
A B C A B C C
A B C A
v 2v

C
A

A B C

A
A B A
A B B C 0
A C C
B C C
1 2

A>B>C

A B
5`m s v A B
20`m 40`m
10`m s2
5 m/s v
A B

20 m 40 m

A B tA tB tA tB

B v

126
 10 m/s
10`m s A B
A B

10`m s2 A
B
0 5
II

A B
(

m m A B
s s
A B
)

A
(s) (s) A B
A B

A B
m E
A
D 20`m s
A 2 B
A￣E A B C T

20 m/s
A

x y

T 2
x A 40`m
y B 20`m s

127
 A
10`m s B
2 P

A 10 m/s B

P
￣

10`m s2

10`m
B 20`m s
B P 20`m
A

128
 II

129
 1

-1

-2

3 0
-3

1 v
p mv
m

p= m\ v `kg m s
m
v
p=mv

400`g 20`m s

0 4`kg\20`m s=8`kg m s 8`kg m s

-2 2 pA mA A pB mB B pA mA A pB mB B

A B B A B
mA A
mB mA mB

mAvA+mBvB = mAvA'+mBvB'

130
1 F
t I F t -1

II
2
N s= kg m s s=kg m s
F
I= F\ t N s t
I=F t

10`N 20
F
10`N\20`s=200`N s
200`N s

O t

= = -

mv p
= =m a=F
t

O t

5`m s \
5`kg A 2`m s A B A
2`kg B
A 5`kg m s
A B A
B 9`kg m s
4`m s B vB
vB 4 5`m s
A B A B A 5`N s
5 m/s 2 m/s 4 m/s B
5 kg 2 kg 5 kg 2 kg B 9`kg m s

A B

131
 3

132
 2`kg 3`m s
A 5`m s
150`g 20`m s 150 g

A
20 m/s
A
2 kg 2 kg
3`kg m s
15`kg m s
7 5`kg m s
750`kg m s
3 m/s 5 m/s
II
3 000`kg m s
A kg m s

5 kg
150 g A 3`m s
50 g
B 4`m s A
70 m/s 10 m/s 2 m/s
2`kg B m

A B
2 1 16 07 3 m/s 4 m/s
2 kg m

B A 3 B
> >
m
> >
> >
> >
> >

6`m s
A 1 5`m s B A
B A 3`m s
A B 60`kg 40`kg
6 m/s 3 m/s
1.5 m/s

> > 60 kg 40 kg

> > A B A B

> >
> > B v A B
> >

133
 15`m s 3`kg
10`N 2

10`N 5
20`N 2
30`N 1
30`N 2
40`N 1

3`kg 2`m s
2
5`m s 2
N s

￣
￣

200`N 2 1`kg
70`N 12 4`kg
2`kg
25`N 20 5`kg
150`N 5 10`kg

6
(

kg
.
m
s 5`kg m s
)

0 4
(s) ￣

0￣4

2`N s 3`N s 6`N s

12`N s 24`N s

134
 2`kg
2

kg m s

( )
N8

2 II
0 5 10
(s)

10

A B
5`kg

A A

B 20
(

kg
.
m
s
)

0 5 10
(s)
A B 2

5 5`m s
0￣5 4`N
0￣10 20`N s

135
 A B 3`m s

A B
10`kg
6 m/s 3 m/s
4 kg A 2 kg B

( )
N

A B 20
4 m/s
4 kg A 2 kg B B

0 4 6
B m s (s)

6
B N s

0 6

(
kg
.
m
s
)

(s)

2`kg
( )

N 30
20
2 kg 10

0 1 2 3
(s)

0￣1 10`N s
2 1 3
3 30`m s

136
 A B A
B
A B A B A
B 1`kg 2`kg

A P Q A
3
II

(
m
s 2
B
A B

)
A A, B
1
B
O B
0 (s)

A 3`kg m s
B 2`N s
A Q A B
A B

B
A

137
 1 0
v
v
-1
v

-2
= =

O t
I t
I
F=
t

A B

(A) A=B
SA (B)
A=B SA=SB
(A) (B) FA A<B tA<tB
FB
SB A>B FA>FB
O tA
tB

-1 1

138
3 -3

II

5`kg 7`m s
3`m s

5 kg A
7 m/s

S¡ B
3 m/s
S™
O
\

\
35`kg m s
20`kg m s
50`N s S1 S2

50`N s A B

02 A B B

250`N B

139
 50`g 900`m s

0 02

m A B v=900 m/s

A v B m=50 g
2v

v 2v
m A m B

40 `m s 40
A 0 0 05`kg
B 80`m s 80
2m v
B 01
B N

150`g 20`m s
10`m s

m
2v 20 m/s
v
150 g
10 m/s

2v v
m m

1 5`kg m s

4 5`N s
3m v 0 15
10`N

140
 A m v

2
m
v
m
v II
B A
A B
B A
B A

B
B

A B

00:00

B s 0 0 01 0 02 0 03 0 04 0 05
S¡
S™
A m s 8 7 5 3 1 0
O B m s 8 6 3 1 0 0

A B

S1 S2
B
A A B A B
A B
A B B A

141
 A

B
A B

m 3v v

5m v
m
A 3 A

B
m
B
O t 2t

A>B
A B 2
B A 2

142
 S¡

S™
S1
S2 II
S1 S2

143
 13 ~ 17
3h
h A B
4
h
vA vB
2
A￣D

A vÅ
A
vı B
kg B
10
(

m
A 10 s h 3h
)

B 20 C h -
5 - 4
2
C 50 2 D
1 R R
D 100
0 1 (s)
A B R
vA vB

1 2 1 2 1 4
2 1 2 1
A￣D
A￣D

B A
B

A M B m A B
r
F
P P

A B
G
vA vB
M A
m
F F A B
A B B

vA

8 B A
4

05 2 25
3 35

144
 A B m 2m
A B FA FB

S1 S2 S1 S2=2 1 FA FB

A B
A
m
FÅ
2Fº FÅ II
B
S¡ S™ Fı Fº Fı
2m

0 tº 2tº

B A 2

0 t0 A B
0
F0 t0 F0 t0
t0 A B
2m m
2t0 A B

A B

A B
B A 15
2`kg 20`m 2 kg
A
2
10`m s B
20 m 10 m/s

10`m s2 0

80`kg m s

60`N s A B
A B
A B

145
 1

-2 2

80 %
(km)
100

100`km￣400`km

-3 3

(。C)
0 5 10 15 20 25

1000

2000

m 3000
( )

-4 4
120
> > 110
( )

km
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
99 % 30`km 10
0
80 60 40 20 0 20
(。C)

146
5 -5

II
6
-5, 6

150
( )

km
D D
A C
80
\ C \ E
50
B B
11 A
0
C
D
A
B
A
E
B
U A
40`km￣50`km
C
A￣D D
B
D
C
A D

147
 2

A￣E B
C
E D

D B

A B
A
A B C D
B C
C 99 %
D A B C
A￣D E

148
 km
A 0￣35
B 35￣2900
C 2900￣5100
D 5100￣6400 II

A B
2900`km
A￣D A
D

0.62 % 0.93 %
2.15 % 0.03 % 0.04 %
0.03 %
A
20.9 %

B
78.1 %
97.2 %

10~35 km) 10~100 km)

A B
A
5~7 km)
B

(km) 2900 6400 6400 5100 2900 400 (km)

149
 O N S (。C)
A 60æ 30æ 0æ 30æ 60æ 0 5 10 15 20 25
0
B
500

m 1000

( )
C
1500

A
B A C
B
C
C
A
B

15

0~20 m
10
(

。C 40 m
)

60 m
A￣C 100 m
5
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2

(。C)
0 5 10 15 20 25 2
0
A B C
5 40`m
500
8 5
m 1000
( )

8
1500
1 8
8 2

A
B
B C
A C

150
 II
100
D 0
km 80 a

( )
100
C
60 200 b
40 300
B
20 400 c
0 A
500
100 60 20 20

( )
150 m
( )

km (。C)
D

80
C
50
B
11 A A
0
a

2 A a

A
B b

A
B
B
A C
C B
C D

100
d
A A
( )

km 80
B
A c
60
C
40 D
a￣d b
20
a
a￣d 0
A

a A D
C
b d

151
 A B

A B
A B
A B

D
A B

E
C

A￣E

A
A A

C B C B C
B

B
B C
A B C

152
 A B

C D
II
E

A C
D A
B
E
C
U D
B E

A￣E
2

A
B
C

D
E

A￣D
￣

C D

B C

A￣C
A
`A` `B` `C` B C
A D

153
 30 %
1
17.3 1016 W
5.2 1016 W
-1
12.1 1016 W
2.7 1012 W
>
>
5.4 1012 W

17 3×1016`W

5 4×1012`W

2 7×1012`W

2
C
B

A>B>C

-2 2
=
-

=
< 380
96
> 320 60
= 284
+ 284+36=320
= 36
+ 96=60+36
=
+ + 60+320=96+284 ( 1000 km3)

154
1 -1

II

CO2
2-
CO3 CH4

A
B
A D C
C
D
B

155
 17.3 1016 W
5.2 1016 W

12.1 1016 W
2.7 1012 W

5.4 1012 W

30 %

A
B
C

A
B
C

156
 380
W
12
A 2 7×10
96 60 320
B 284
12
C 5 4×10
A II
( 1000 km3)
A
A
5 4×1012

A 60

C
B

320 284 A 96
A<B<C B

( 1000 km3)
A C
C A

A
B A

157
 1 100

A B
C
A 84 25 75

A
B
C
D

(0.013)
(29)
B 0.037
0.11

0.037 A 0.423
(0.13)
(1370)
(9.5)

( ) ( 106 km3)

A B
0 11-A 0 037
80 %

A B C

A
B
C

158
 A
B A

E CO™ CO™
C D

II
CO™

CO™
B
CaCO£
C
A B
D C
E A B C

A
720

4130
2000
60000000
( 1012 kg) a￣d
37400

c
a
a
b
c
A b
d
d

159
 1

-2 2

SiO2

-3 3

P S P S
P S

-4 4

160
1 -1
100`km 0
100 II
200

(
300 km

)
400

100`km￣400`km

10

1`cm ￣10`cm

5.4

3.7 1.8
5.4 2.3
2.3
2.5
2.0 3.0
10.5 10.0 6.0 10.1
16.8
1.3 6.2 7.1
3.7 10.3 6.0
1.7 7.7 3.3 4.1
7.3 5.7
7.5 7.2

( cm/ )

161
 2

A
5% 5%
5%
C B

15 % 70 %

A
B
B
C

SiO2

162
 A B SiO2 2014

SiO2
A 49 %
B 72 %

A B
II

1991 8.7

0.4
0.2
0
(

℃
0.2
)

0.4
1990 1991 1992
( )

A B C

2010
A

1 12 2 17 B
70 88
C
15`km 115`km
316 000 521
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

A￣C
A C
B A
C B

163
 1978 52

B A
B A
60 B

0 250

10 200
150
20
100
30 50
( )

( )

km cm
40 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
1991 1992

164
 2

II

A
100
A B

200
( )

km
B
300

400

0
100
B
A
C
(

km
)

400

A+C B+C
C

165
 1

-2 2

-3 3

166
 K
B
C
D

G
￣
II
E
￣
A
F
H J
I

A B C D E F

G H I J K

< <

A C D

B A
B C D
E

G
F

\
\
A
A
B
B
B
C
C
D
C
E
A￣C
F
D
G

167
 ￣

A B C

`A` `B` `C`

A B C

A￣C

A￣D

2
D
B C
A

A￣D

A￣D

168
 A B

A B
A B
C
A B

D
cm
6
II

A B
A B
C
B A
D
6

C
1 2

A B

1 2 A B C

NW

SE

3.0 3.3
1000 km (g/cm#)

B
A C E
D

A￣E

169
 ￣ ￣

A C
B

A￣C

A
B
C

C
A D
B

￣
2

A
B
B
C
C
A D ￣
D C

170
 ￣

B
A C
D
F
E
II

A￣F

A D C E A C E
B D F C D E

A C D E
2
A B D C
A C
D E
E

A
B E C
B A
A
C
C D
D
B C D

A￣E

A
A B
C
B
C
D
E

A B
B C
A￣E

A B C
D E

171
 A
B
A B
E
C

D
C

A B
A￣E 2 C
A
B
C
C E
D E
A E
D

B
B D

B
A

B
A

A B A
A
A B
B B
C
C
A

172
 100
6

II

B
70 km
70~300 km
300~700 km A

A B
A B

A B

A￣C

B 0
100
C 200
300
( )

km 400
500
A B C
A B C
A C

A B A C B
C

173
 18 ~ 21

300 300 300

200 200 200 A

( )

km
100 80 100
B A
A 50
11
A
0 200400 600 800 0 200400 600 800 0 200400 600 800
(K) (K) (K) A

10
1
A A B
0.1
B 0.01
(

0.001
)

0.0001
40 30 20 10 0 C

40
A￣C
A
B A 20

C P S

174
 A C

%
A D A B C
0 011 0
0 004 A

0 194 B C
250
II

( )
B km
99 791
C 500

A C
A￣D D
B
A C
A B B C

A B

B
C
A
B
O
D

A B
B
A
A B
C D

175
 1

-2 2

-3 3

176
2

2
DNA
DNA II

ATP

DNA

G
A
F

E
B

C D

\
\
A B
A
B G
D DNA
E F
E F C

177
 A￣C

B C

A
B
C

178
 II

A￣C
A￣C

A B C
DNA
DNA

B
￣

179
 DNA

A B C

D E

180
 ￣
￣
A E

C
B
II

A￣E

A
B
C
D
E

A B
B D
D E
C D
D E

A￣C ￣
￣ A￣C

A
￣
A \ F B
B \ \ C
C \ \ E

\
D

A B

B C

C D
E
E
F

181
 A C
A￣C ￣ ￣
B
D

C
A B

￣
A \ 2 C D
B \ D
C \
\

A
2

A￣C

B A
A
B

A B C

A DNA
B C

182
 C C
1 2
A

B D
II
A B 1 2

A C
A C 2
A
A
B
C
B
D

D
A

E
B
F
C

A B ￣

2
￣
A B

A A B

A
B
C D
E

183
 1
2

-2

2
2

-1 1

O O

Na+ K+

184
2 -2

II

A
A C
B
C
D
D

A B C D

185
 C

B
A
A

A
A B
B C 2
B

Na+
A B
A B
2

A B
B

A B A

B A
A
B 2
B

186
 A B

II
A

A
B Na+ K+ A
A B
A

A B B
B B

A B

A
A
B C

187
 A B

A B

A B 10 %
20

ATP

U A B

A B A B

A B
A B
B B'

188
 U U
￣ A B ￣
X
A B

A B
U
A
A
B
B
mm
X
II
30
-12
0
X

￣ A B

02% 09%
2%
A

A B

A B 0 2%

189
 ￣ A￣C

A>B>C

A B

A B

A B

190
 X Y

II
Y

A￣D

A B C D
A B C D 0 21`g 0 18`g 0 42`g

A
A￣D D
A B C
D B D

191
 1

-1

> >

-3
3

400 °C

ATP

, ,
CO2, H2O CO2, H2O

192
1 DNA

2 -2
II

3 -3

A B

2H2O2 2H2O+O2
B
-4

A
B
B+C
C
A
C

193
 CO2 H2O
+ +
+ +
2

400 °C

194
 CO2, H2O O 2,
II

ATP

C
A

A A C
A B C
B
A+B B+C
C

A￣C
B

195
 X

A
X B

X
A B
C

A
B

, ,
CO2, H2O CO2, H2O

2
A

A-B
C

196
 A

B
C

2
D
II
A C

A
A
B D

A
C D
A

B
B
X

A C D
B

A+B

197
 ￣ ￣
A￣C

0 t1 t2
C

B C

t1 t2

A B 3% 5`m

A 1`m B
1`m
A B 3%
+
5`m
A B
S1 S2

S2 S1
S1 S2
S2 A

198
 A￣C 3`m
A B
2 1`cm 2
C

A B 5%
100`m
A 10`m
II
B 10`m
A B
A B C
A￣C
2`m
cm

A \ \
A 1 1
B
B 1 13
C \ \
\

A B
A B

B B

199
 1

2 DNA

DNA 3

DNA

DNA
A B DNA

A B A A
DNA

-1 1 DNA RNA
DNA RNA
DNA DNA RNA

A G C T
RNA

DNA RNA RNA

A G C U RNA

RNA
-2 2
DNA
1
4 3 DNA 3 3
2 16 =42
RNA 3
64
64 =43 20

200
3 DNA
-3
DNA
DNA RNA DNA A G C T
DNA
RNA C G A
RNA A
G
T
C II
3
G T T A T T G G
C G T G
DNA
C A A T A A C C
G C A C
DNA
RNA
C G U U A U U G G RNA T -4
G G U U

RNA 3
1

1 2 3 4
DNA RNA
DNA T A
4 RNA
GAA GUA

DNA C T T C A T

RNA G AA G U A
RNA RNA

DNA
U
DNA

DNA RNA
DNA UUU
A A A G C T C G G G A A
DNA RNA GCT
T T T C G A G C C C T T
3 CGG

RNA U U U G C C C U U

1 2 3 4

201
 DNA

DNA A B

A B

DNA
DNA RNA
A B
A A

DNA

DNA
DNA

DNA

A G C
U

202
 A

DNA
RNA DNA

A
DNA RNA 3 II
3
DNA 2

DNA RNA

RNA

DNA

DNA RNA 3
DNA DNA
RNA 1 3
RNA

203
 25
DNA

DNA
RNA

G T T A T T
RNA C G T G G G

C A A T A A
G C A C C C

C G A G G
G G

3
12
12
RNA
C RNA G

DNA
DNA RNA
A
RNA
B
T T G C T A C C A T A C
DNA
C A A C G A T G G T A T G C G A

RNA
C U A C C A U A C G C U

A
B DNA A GCT

C 3 2 U
RNA 5
RNA DNA
RNA 5 5

204
 DNA ￣ RNA
RNA DNA

AAACCGAGT
DNA
TGGTTTGGC
RNA UGG GGCUCA

￣
T

A
G

C
G

C A A A
G

C
G

C
C

G
T

A
C

G
A

T
II
U G G U U U G G C U C A

RNA
2

DNA DNA
UUU
DNA
3
T A C G C C A A T G G C C A A G G C
DNA 3
RNA

RNA

T A C A A C C G T C A T
DNA
A T G T T G G C A G T A
DNA
T C T G T T G G C

RNA A U G U U G G C A G U A
RNA U C U G U U G G C

1 2 3 4

RNA
RNA
2 AAC AGACAACCG
DNA A RNA 2
U DNA

205
 DNA RNA 100 DNA
RNA

TATTTTGGATTGTCCTGGCGC
UUU UCU UAU UGU
A G T C U
UUC UCC UAC UGC
UUA UCA UAA UGA 23 33 17 0 100
UUG UCG UAG UGG 17 27 33 100
CUU CCU CAU CGU
33 0 17 100
CUC CCC CAC CGC
CUA CCA CAA CGA
CUG CCG CAG CGG
AUU ACU AAU AGU
AUC ACC AAC AGC DNA
AUA ACA AAA AGA
+ = +
AUG ACG AAG AGG
GUU GCU GAU GGU 0
GUC GCC GAC GGC
GUA GCA GAA GGA
GUG GCG GAG GGG

RNA

RNA

DNA RNA
RNA

DNA T AC C A A G T T ACA AUG

AUU AUC
RNA AUGGU U CAAUGU CAA CAG
GUU GUC
UGC UGU

DNA C GG T C A G T CG T T
A G T CAGCAAAC C CAG CAA
AGU AGC
RNA G C C AG U CA GCAAAC C ACC ACA
T
GCC GCG
CCA CCC
C

206
RNA RNA
￣

RNA AAGCCUGUAGAGCGA
- - - - II
RNA AAGCCUGAAGAGCGA
- - - -

GAA GAG
GUA GAA

DNA

DNA

C T T C A T

G A A G U A
RNA RNA

CTT CAT
DNA 1
DNA

207
 22 ~ 25
￣
￣

A￣C

DNA

C B

A
A C
B
B DNA
C

A
A B
￣
B
C A B

: 3 mg : 2 mg
A￣C : 2 mg : 1 mg
: 1 mg : 2 mg

3
A B C
A ￣ 2

mg 1
(

\ \
)

\ \ \
\

A
B C
A B B A

208
 U RNA ￣
A B RNA
B RNA

A B
RNA
h AU II
AUA
h
AACG
0
t1 t2

AUA
AAU AAC
A B
RNA
A t1 t2
t2 A B

DNA 1 DNA
DNA RNA

DNA

UUUCGAGCCCUUGGU

A B

ADP Pi

ATP UUU, UUC CUU, CUC

GCA, GCC CGU, CGC,
GGC, GGU CGA, CGG
CCU, CCC UGG

DNA
A
B AAAGCTCGGGAAGCA
AAAGCTCGGGAAGCCA
AAAGCTCGTGGAACCA
UUUCGAGCACCUUGGU
UUUCGAGCCCUUCGGU

209
 1

C + O2 CO2 2CuO 2Cu + O2

2CuO + C 2Cu + CO2 CuO

=C

-2 2
+

4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3

2 + O2 2

CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
2CuO + C 2Cu + CO2

C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2+6H2O

2Cu + O2 2CuO CuO + CO Cu + CO2

O2 O 2 O 1

210
 -1

2+ 2+
+2 Cu +2 Cu

III
2+ 2+
+ Cu + Cu
2+
=Cu

2
Ag+ Ag
Cu2+ Ag
Cu2+ Cu Cu2+ Cu
Cu
Cu Cu Ag
Cu Cu
Ag+ Ag
Cu Cu Cu2+ Ag
Cu Cu Cu
Ag+ Ag Cu Ag Cu
Cu Ag

C OH 2+CO2
C C 3+H2O

2+
Cu + 2Ag+ Cu + 2Ag -2

1
2
1 1 =2 1

Na++C -
C

2+ Cl- H+ H+
Zn + 2H+ Zn + H2
Cl-

Zn2+

AgNO3 Cu \

211
 CuO C

ZnO+C Zn+CO
C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2+6H2O
4Fe+3O2 2Fe2O3

CuO C
2C+O2 2CO
Fe2O3+3CO 2Fe+3CO2
3CuO+2NH3 3Cu+N2+3H2O 2CuO+C 2 +

CuO C
CO CuO
CuO

212
 Cu

Mg

2 III

CO

CO2
Mg

+O2 2NO
2NO+2CO +2

N2
CO

213
 Cu

Cu

C
1g
C
CO2

A 2Cu CO2

2CuO C

A CO2
1g
C

Cu

Mg
CO2

214
 Na O2 Na2O

aNa+bO2 cNa2O a￣c

a+b+c=5
Na
O2 III

CuSO4 Zn

CuSO4+Zn ZnSO4+Cu

2Na+C 2 2 C Zn
2NO+2H2 N2+2H2O
2+
C OH 2+CO2 C C 3+H2O Cu

215
 Ag Ag2S CuSO4 Zn
Cu

2Ag+S Ag2S

2Al+3Ag2S Al2S3+6Ag

Ag
Al Ag

CuSO4 Mg

AgNO3 Cu
Ag

216
 Fe AgNO3 HCl Mg

H2 H2
H+ H+ H+ H+
Cl- H+ Mg Mg
Mg Mg
+ Mg Cl-
Mg Mg H
Cl-
Cl- Mg Mg
Mg Mg Mg2+
H+ Mg
Mg Mg Cl- Mg2+ Mg Mg
Mg Mg
Cl- Cl-
H+
Cl-

2Ag++Fe 2Ag+Fe2+
III
1 Fe<Ag

NO3- Ag+

HCl A B
A
A B
A B

A B
A B

A
A B
1 A B B A

217
 X Y

X Y 12+ 9+ 9+

Y
A B2

- 2+ -

9+ 12+ 9+

X Y

Y
1 X Y =1 3 A B
Y X

A
A B2

A B
AgNO3 M B

8N
6N

1.0

0 2N
B
0

A B
M

M A 4N
1 <M A
1 <M 1 B <A

218
 X Y Z X

X￣Z X
Zn+2 C C 2+X
X
Y Z Y
CuO+X Cu+Y

X Y Z
III
X H2
H2O
Cu Zn

A B

CuSO4 A B

A B

A￣C

ASO4 B

C A

A B
A￣C

C
A B 1 C A
A A￣C C<A<B

219
 1

-1

C6H12O6

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +

2
C H
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

2C + O2 2CO

-4

+
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2

+
+

+
4

220
1 -1

4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3

2 III
-2

O2
CO2
CO2 + +

H2O + +
+ +
H2O (C6H12O6)
\

CO2
C6H12O6

221
 aCO2+bH2O  cC6H12O6+dO2 a￣d

a+b-c+d

7 9 13
17 19

C6H12O6 CO2

O2 A

A H2O
O2

222
 6CO2 + 6H2O

C6 H12O6 + 6O2

III
CO2

C6H12O6

CH4

C3H8

6CO2+6H2O  +6 C3H8+aO2  bCO2+cH2O a￣c

+6  6CO2+6H2O

a+b+c=12

223
 Fe2O3
C
C Fe
CO
Fe2O3
Fe CO2

2C+O2 2CO
aFe2O3+bCO cFe+dCO2 a￣d

a+b=c+d

O2

C CO Fe2O3 Fe 2C+O2 2

Fe
Fe2O 3
2O3+3 2Fe+3CO2

C C 3+SiO2 C 3+
A Fe

C
A
A

224
 O2

C CO Fe Fe2O3 Fe

Fe2O3

A Fe

O2
Fe

III

CH4 Fe

2
￣

225
 1
H+
-1 C H2SO4 CH3COOH H2CO3 HNO3
-
OH
CH4 H
H +
NaOH KOH C OH 2 NH3

NH3
OH-
NH3+H2O NH4++OH-

CH3OH C2H5OH
H O
H+ OH-

-2

H+

+ H+

C H+ + C -
C 1 H+ 1 H2SO4 1 H+
2 1 H+ H2SO4
2
H2SO4 2H+ + SO4 - C 2
+ -
CH3COOH H + CH3COO

-3

- H+ -

H+ K+ C -
NO3- H+

OH-

+ OH-
KNO3
+ -
K NO3
NaOH Na+ + OH- NaOH 1 OH- 1 C OH 2 1
OH- 2 1 OH-
2+
C OH 2 C + 2OH- C OH 2 NaOH 2

KOH K+ + OH-

226
 -4

+ OH-
+
+

Na+ K+ OH- NO3- OH-

III
4
-5

BTB

-
H+

H+
HA HB
HA>HB
5 pH H+ 0￣14 pH HA<HB
H+
pH pH pH
pH<7 pH=7 pH>7

pH

pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH

KNO3 \
NaOH
+

-
+

227
 +
+

H+

OH-

H2O NH3 KOH

NaOH H2CO3

NH3 OH 2

C2H5OH CH3COOH

228
 2 ￣

C H++C -

H2SO4 H++SO4-
2 2+ 2+
H2CO3 2H++CO3 - H+ C Ba
C OH 2 C +
+OH
2- NO3- OH- OH-

C2H5OH C2H5++OH-
￣
CH3COOH CH3CO++OH-

1 2 III

pH

pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH 7
AOH BOH

AOH BOH

A B

C2H5OH

229
 NaOH A￣C
NH3 A￣C HCl
NaOH H2O

A B C

Na+ Na+
OH- NH4+ OH-
OH- OH-
+
Na NH3 NH3
OH- Na+
Na+ NH3 NH3
OH-

BTB

A
B
C

HCl CH3COOH

CH3OH NH3 HNO3 H2CO3

C C 3

< 2 2 2
pH < 3 2 1
3 2 2
4 1 1
4 2 2

230
 ￣

H2SO4 , CH3COOH, C2H5OH, NaOH

KNO3
C

BTB

III
H2SO4

C2H5OH

1
2
-
+

H2SO4 Zn

X2

HCl

KNO3
C

X
+

X2 H2
pH <

231
 KNO3 A￣C
NaOH
A
A B C

A B
A

C pH 7
A B

KNO3
A B

A B BTB

,
,
A B
+

A BTB

232
 A B
H2O Ca OH 2

H2CO3
BTB
H2O
H2CO3 A B
Ca(OH)2

III

A B

A B
HCl 50 mL
Mg
2+
Mg

Mg2+

2 1 +2

pH

233
 1
H+ OH-

C H+ + C -

NaOH OH- + Na+

H++OH- H2O
C + NaOH H2O + C

Na+ C -

H+ OH-

H+ OH- H+ =OH- H+ OH-

H+ OH-

2
H+ OH-

C NaOH

-2
Na+OH- Na+ OH- Na+ OH-

￣ H2O Na+
H2O Na+ Na+ -
H2O Cl- OH H2O
- H2O
H Cl+
Na+ - H+ Cl-
Cl- -
Cl- Na+ Cl-
H+ Cl Na+ Cl

4 4 4 6
H+ 2 1 0 0
-
Cl 2 2 2 2
+
Na 0 1 2 3
-
OH 0 0 0 1
O NaOH

H+ H+ OH- OH-

0 1 2 2 Na+ H+ OH-
-
Cl
-
H+ C
OH- Na+
OH- H+
O NaOH
O NaOH

234
 -2

BTB

H+ III
-
OH

H+ OH-

O
HCl 10 20 30 40 50 (mL)
NaOH
50 40 30 20 10 (mL)

1 1 2 1
C NaOH

1 1 1 2
C NaOH

1 1
> <

HCl NaOH \

BTB
￣
O NaOH

235
 NaOH
HCl

NaOH+ C + C

H2O

Na++C -
C
+ -
H OH

BTB NaOH
H+ 30 HCl
CO2
OH- 60 NaOH

30
30
30
60 H2SO4 10 mL NaOH
60 10 mL

H+
?
H+ SO4
2-
OH- Na+

HCl NaOH

10 mL pH 7
C mL 10 20 30 40 50
NaOH
50 40 30 20 10 H 2 SO 4 NaOH
mL
NaSO4
￣

236
 HCl NaOH

A2+
-
Cl-
-
Cl
Na+ Cl- Na+ OH- Na+ Cl
Cl- H+ Cl- Na
+
Na+ Cl-

A
III
pH < < AOH

<

HCl NaOH

HCl 10 mL NaOH
10 mL
OH- OH- OH-
Na+ Na+ Na+ +
H2O Na
H2O Na+ Na+ - H O
H+ H2O Cl- H2O OH 2 ,
Cl- Cl- Na+ - H+ Cl- + Cl- Cl- + Cl-
H+ Cl Na Na
,

HCl NaOH

HCl 15 mL NaOH 10 mL
pH 7

=1 1
￣
BTB

237
 ￣ 15 mL HCl 20 mL NaOH
￣ 10 mL

: H+
: Na+
: Cl-

1
C NaOH

15 mL 15 mL 30 mL NaOH 20 mL

HA 20 mL BOH 10 mL
￣

BOH BOH
10 mL 10 mL

,
?

A B

1 1 2

238
 HCl 10 mL
NaOH X
NaOH
HCl
X

C
B

D 0 10 20 30
NaOH (mL)
A
O HCl

III
A￣D -
C
￣
X
C NaOH

NaOH 40 mL HCl

HCl NaOH

A
B
C

0 10 20 30 40 50
HCl (mL)
O NaOH

A B
C D
Na+ C -
2
-
C
pH <
C NaOH

239
 KOH HCl NaOH
HCl A￣D

Cl- H+
+ -
HCl +
HCl + -
HCl -
Na OH Na Na Cl Na+ Cl
OH-

A B C D
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
A￣D

pH D
+
Na A D
-
C D B 3
￣
A￣C
C

NaOH HCl

HCl 10 mL
NaOH 10 mL C
(

C 35
)

30 B D

25 A E

Na+ NaOH (mL) 2 6 10 14 18

HCl(mL) 18 14 10 6 2

A
B Na+ H+
D

NaOH 20 mL D
Na + A￣E E
A￣E
C
A E

240
 HCl NaOH HCl 10 mL NaOH
10 mL

( C)
26 A NaOH NaOH
10 mL 10 mL
24 ?
22

HCl(mL) 10 20 30 40 50
NaOH (mL) 50 40 30 20 10

A
III
C
C NaOH

HCl NaOH

HNO3
C 40 60 80
Ba OH 2 H2O
mL NaOH 80 60 40 -
OH
°C 29 t1 29
2

: OH-
: H2O

t1 29
3 HNO3 Ba OH 2

C 10 mL H+ NaOH 10 mL
+
Na
HNO3
Ba OH 2

241
 25`°C NaOH 100 mL HCl 10 mL NaOH
+
HCl Na
Cl-

Na+ C
1.5
t Cl-
(

C 1.0
B
)

25 0.5 A
0 V 0 5 10 15
HCl NaOH mL

H2SO4

HCl H2SO4
A B
A￣C B
+
C Na
V
H2SO4
2

H2SO4
C

HCl NaOH
HCl NaOH

2N C a 2a
NaOH
3b b
mL

0 40
NaOH mL

Na+
NaOH 20 mL
N NaOH 2b mL
NaOH 40 mL C a mL
NaOH 20 mL 2

242
 HCl NaOH

C mL 20 80
NaOH mL 100 40

5N 12N

C NaOH
III
3 2
3 2
- -
C OH 3 2

HCl KOH
￣

mL
C KOH
5 15 x N
10 10 2N N
15 5 3N y
10 20 - z

z=2N ￣
x y 2
BTB

243
 26 ~ 29
A B
B

HCl Zn
B
0 4N
3N 5N
Cl-
H+ H+
-
Cl
A B
Zn2+

B
A B 1 2
B 6N
Cu
9N

A B
B
A B
XNO3 Y
6N
Z

0 2N Y Z
B

XNO3
A B

X￣Z
A B
1 A B =1 2 Z 1 +3
B 3N A Z
Y Y

244
 HCl NaOH
￣
C6H12O6+6O2 +6H2O

CH4+2O2 +2H2O NaOH 6

C 5
Fe2O3+3CO 2Fe+ 4
50 mL 10 mL 3
2
50 mL 30 mL 1
10 mL 50 mL 0

￣ 30 mL 50 mL
￣ III
￣
￣
￣ 1 2

HA BOH

KOH
H2SO4 2
- 2-
OH SO4
1 P

D
A
OH- SO42- 0
HA (mL) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
B BOH (mL) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

C
0 H2SO4 (mL)
BOH

HA
A C 4 3 1 4
+ +
D H K P
B 2 3 Q A- OH-

245
 1

-1

-2 2 46

46.00 5.41 2.52 0.66

> > >

-1 1

246
 -1

III

2 -2

600

400 3
200

6 5 4 3 2 1 0
5

A
B

A B C D
C
46.00 5.41 2.52 0.66
D
\

A D

247
 A B

C D

A￣D

A￣D

D
A

2
B A
A O
B A
A B C
B D
B
B A
B A

248
 2

III

A C

B D

A￣D D
B C
A B
B

90æ 60æ 30æ 0æ 30æ 60æ 90æ 90æ 60æ 30æ 0æ 30æ 60æ 90æ
N S N S

C D
B
A￣D

A
B A

C
D
C D

249
 B
A C D

A
B

C
D

40
30
(

4
)

2
0
A B C D

A B C D
A
C

46 0 66

12

365

1 1 12 31 24

250
￣ ￣

III

251
 A B C

25

17

(
æC
10

)
5.41 2.52 0.66

A
A
B
C
C
C

A B C

40 30 20 10

A B C
B

A￣C

5.41 4.3 3.5 2.52 6 6

A B C
B A

252
 600

400
E
200 A B
D
C
0
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

A￣E

III

800

400

A B C
5.41 2.52 0.66 0

900

600

300
A B C
0
5.41 2.52 0.66 0

A
A
B
B
C
C

253
 1

-2 2

DNA

-1 1

-2

254
 III

1~5 %
5 ~ 10 %
10 ~ 20 %

255
256
 A B C

B
III
C

257
 2

258
 2

III
4

HbAHbA HbAHbS
1~5 %
5 ~ 10 %
HbAHbS HbAHbA
(

10 ~ 20 %
HbSHbS HbSHbS
)

HbAHbA HbAHbS HbSHbS

HbAHbA

259
 A A

A
A
A B

A
B A

A A

A B
A
B

260
 A B
1 2 5
A B

A 36 B 4 1
20

2
￣ 3 4 III
1 2 3 4
A 36 32 24 8
B 4 8 16 32 2

B
4 4

100 100 100

80 80 80
(

% 60 60 60
)

40 40 40
20 20 20
0 0 0

100 % 95 %
100 100 100 75 % 1800 1850 1900 1950 1985
(

%
50 50 50
)

25 %
0% 5%
0 0 0

261
 1

-1

A
B A B C D
C
4 4 4 3 15
D
10 1 1 3 15
4 4

4 15

-2 2

262
3

III

1 -1

263
 ￣

A￣C

￣ B

A B C A B B C

264
 ￣

III

A￣D

A
B

A B C D
16 1 1 2
6 3 5 6

A￣D

265
 A B

0 20 40 60 80 100
%

A
B
B

266
 III

8.7 ha 8.7 ha

= 64 ha
8.7 ha 8.7 ha
￣ ￣ 6

7 cm

50 cm 50 cm 50 cm

50 cm 50 cm 50 cm

% 0 14 41

267
 30 ~ 32

60 (1976 )

(
A 40 (1978 )

)
B 20

D 0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
C (mm)

C B D A
B C
B C

3 2

7%
30 %

X
X
X
X

268
 A￣C

A A B C

A B A C

III
0 14 28 42

B C

200 160
90˚N
40˚N
0 100 80
40˚S
90˚S 0 0
90˚N 60 30 0 90˚N 60 30 0

269
 1

-1

A B
2
A
A B

-2

1
= =
2 3 1
2

-1 1

(%)
0 100

20

0 24 40

(660 nm)
(600 nm)
(m) (470 nm)

270
2 -2

A A

B C

271
 A￣C
A￣C

￣
￣ B C

A
B
A￣C

< <

272
 I

B C

A B

273
 A B

A￣C

2 A
B
C

A B C
A B B C

274
 A B

(%)
0 100
16 8

20

40
8 16
(660 nm)
(600 nm) A B
(m) (470 nm)

A B
A B
A B I

A B
A B A B
A B

16
(%)
100 50 0
B 12

A 8
0
B A

A
A A
B B

275
 A
B C

100
B

% 0
10 12 14 16
14 12 10 8

100
C

% 0
10 12 14 16
A 14 12 10 8

A
B C

A B

276
 sandfish

277
 1
-1

1 2
1 2
3
3
2 3
2 3

-2 2

1 2

-3 3

1
2 3 3 15 0.1 0.1

2 100 0.66 1.2

1 1.5 104 1.25 14.8

% 7.2 1010 17.7 280
×100
/m2 g/m2 kcal/m2

-1 1

278
2 -2

2
1

1 2
1
2

I
1

1905
10 104
. 8
104 t
6
4 102
2
0
1920 1905 1915 1925 1935

6 D
1 2 3 30 C
B B A 10 %
200
C 2
A
\ 2000 C D
D 5%

279
 2

1
A￣J
2
A B

I J
H
E G
F
D
C
A B

A￣J

B￣J
A
A

280
 A￣D
A￣C A￣D 1 2
3

A B C
A 11 30
B 809 2000
C 15 6
D 37 200

A C
A B C C 1
B C
A D I

3 15 0.1
2 100 1.2
1 1.5 10 4
14.8
7.2 1010 280
/m2 kcal/m2

3 A￣D
A￣D 1 2 3

2 A
10 B
100 C
1 20 1500 D
2
100
A 1000
% ×100

A C
D

2 1 20 % B 20 %
A￣C C

281
 ￣
1 2

39

441

8833
kcal/m2

1 2

282
 ￣ 2 2
1

2
1
1

1
I

C C
B B
A A

A C

1905 30

10 104
. 8
2 104 t
6
1
4 102
2
0
1905 1915 1925 1935

1920
2 1

283
 1
-1

23.5æ

18 16
O O

18 16
O O

18 16
O O
18 18
O O

-2 2
CFC

100 30

70
70

CO2

CO2

284
1 38° -1
38° >

38° <
0
90æ 70æ 50æ 40æ 30æ 20æ 10æ 0æ

-2

30° 60°
2
3
60 N
I
30°
30 N
60°
30° 60° 0
30°
30 S
60°
30°

60 N 60 N
30 30
-3
0 0
30 30
60 S 60 S

1 -1

° 60æN
40æ
20æ
0æ
20æ
40æ
60æS
30

285
35

2 -2

< <

300
A a
200 b
B
)

W 100 c
m2
(

90。N 60。 40。 20。 0。

\ \

A B
A
a
a b
c

286
 I

18 16
O O

40
= - CO2

4
0
4
(。C) 8

CO™ 260
220
(ppm)
180
40 A 30 20 B 10 0

40
CO2
A B

287
 ￣

24.5æ 23.5æ

A B

A B

15
10
40°
5
~

90° 0
(

℃ 5
)

5.41 2.52 0.66 181 1

( )

4
18 16
O O
18 16
O O

CFC

288
 1951￣1980
0.5 (A) (C)
380

340 0
(B) (D)
300
0.5 æ

(
C
(

ppm

)
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
)

1951~1980
A B
C D

I
1880 100 30

1979 2012

280
240 4
(ppmv) 200 0
4 (æC)
700 8
600
(ppbv) 500
400
40 30 20 10 5 0

1990 19 16.5
A B 16.0
21 15.5
(

æC
23 15.0
)

14.5 \
25 14.0 10^`km@
)

27 13.5
1990 1996 2002 2008 2014

B A
B A
B A

289
 2 æC 4 æC
= -

400
370
340
310
( )

ppm
280
1908 1950 2000( )

2.0
1.0
0.0
(

æC 1.0
)

2.0
1908 1950 2000( )

A% B%
100 %
65 % C%
5%
109 %
23 %
29 %
47 %

A B C
4
3
2
1
(

æC 0
1 2
)

1860 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060 2100

( ) °C
1920 90 N
12 10 2 16
1990 8 4 8
60 6 6
2040 40 4
2090 20
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 0
( ) 20
40
4
60 8 4
90 S 4 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2090
60°N

290
 A
60æ N
B
30æ
C

0æ

A￣C

3
I
(

0
90æ 70æ 50æ 40æ 30æ 20æ 10æ 0æ
)

0°￣30°N 30°N￣60°N 60°N￣

C
60æ B
30æ
A
0æ
A
30æ
60æ B
C

38°

A
B
N
300
B C
A
30° -
60°N 200
B 60°
30° 100
(

W
0° m@ 0
)

30° 90°N 60° 40° 20° 0°

60°S
S

A B B
38°

291
 A￣C

A B C

A B
B
A B B C

60°N
B
30° A C D E
0°
30°

60°S F
A B C 20°E 60° 100° 140° 180° 140° 100° 60° 20°W

B F
A D
A B C C A
A
D E
B

A￣D

60。N

30。 A C

0。 D
100。E 140。 180。 140。 100。W

A C
B D
C A

292
 0æ
A
30æ
B D
C
60æS

140æ E 180æ 140æ 100æ 60æ W

A
C
D B
I

120°E 180° 120°W

60°N 30 °
A￣C
30°
A B
0°
30°
C
60°S

A
B
C

60°N A
40°
20°
0°
20°
40°
60°N 60°S
30°
0° 3
30° B
A
60°S
90°E 180° 90°W
30°

A A

293
 A B A B

A B
B
B

A
28

A 26

(
。C

)
24

3 6 9 12 3 6 9
2015 2016

30æN 0 0 0 0 æC
0.2 0
0.2 0.4 0.2
0.2 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.2
1.2
0æ 0.8 1.4

0.2 0.2
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
2 30æS 0 0.4 0.2
100æE 140æ 180æ 140æ 100æW

294
 1990 2017
-

2.0 A

1.0
0.0

( )
C
1.0
B
2.0
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

A B
A B
B
A I

A B

A
B -
+ -
24 28 26
26 24 22
30 28
A 30 B A 30 26 B
28 26 24 20
22
℃ ℃

3.0
2.0 B
A 1.0
0.0
A B 1.0
( )

。C 2.0 A
3.0
2000 2005 2010 2015 ( )

A
B +
A B

295
 1

-2 2

-3

-1 1
Q1
W Q2 Q¡
W
Q1=W+Q2
Q1>Q2
Q™
Q2 0
W Q -Q2
1 = = 1
Q1 Q1
100 %

296
 4Q Q

3Q
= - =4Q-Q=3Q, = = =0 75
4Q
0 75

1 %

%= 100

2 -2 I
LED

CO2

kWh/
g

320 J
400 J
A 80 J
02
500 J
A 320 J
320 J

297
 :
:
:
:
:

D C
Q`¡
2

E W

Q1 Q`™
A

B W=Q1+Q2
Q2
A￣E
Q1-Q2
A B Q1
C D
E 1

298
 1000 J
W 650 J 500 J 260 J 500 J

260 J

1000 J

650 J

0 65 A￣D
I
350 J
D
6Q
5Q
C
4Q
3Q
A B
2Q
Q
0 2Q 4Q 6Q 8Q 10Q

A￣D

A=B>C>D A>B>C>D
B>A=C>D C=A>B>D
D>C>A>B

A B

A B
02
100 150 50 kJ
J 50 kJ
J 30 Q
02
Q

03 10 kJ
B A Q 60 kJ
A B 100 kJ
B A Q 90 kJ

299
 Q1
W Q2 Q¡

Q™

kWh/ kWh/
g g

Q2
Q1
Q1=W
W

kWh/
g

A B

A B
40 % 8%

A
B A B
A B 5
C 35 1 35 g
B A

300
 LED

10 %
1 1 J
45 % J
25 %
30 15 28 2 03
25 5 19 4 06
100 % 20 % LED 17 10 2 63 05

25 %
LED > >
150 J
25 % 4 IV

J J
J
200 80 120
100 95 5
250 200 50
300 75 225

301
 Ⅳ

33 ~ 36

A
100 20 ,
￣
30 10 C 10
CO2

A B D
0
B C

A+C=B+D

A O2

B
CO2
C O2

8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6

302
 4W Q0
A Q0
26000 0 3W B

4W 3W
0.03
23.5。
0.02 Qº Qº

0.01

0 1.3 0 2.6 A B
(\10$ )
A

12W
12W
02
0 25
IV
16W 0 16
16W 0 25
20W 0 25

20
20
10
10
0
0
10
10
20
cm 140°E 20
( )

( )

160° cm
180° 20°N
160° 10°
140° 0°
120° 10°
100°W 20°S

303
 1

-2 2

N N S S

N S S N
A A A A
G I G I I G I G I
B B B B
S N N S

N S S N

B A A B A B B A

-1

304
2 -2

IV

1 P

E
= = \ P= =VI W Js
t

2 1 2 -2

1
1 V 1 I 1 N1 2
N¡ 2 V2
I¡ N™ I2 N2
I™
V¡ 1 2 N1 N2=V1 V2
V™ P1=P2 N1 N2=I2 I1
1
2
V1 I N
= 2= 1
V2 I1 N2

3
1 2

154 kV 22.9 kV
345 kV 11.4 kV
10~20 kV 154 kV
765 kV 6.6 kV
380 V
220 V

1 2

305
37

4 -4
R I P
V
R I
V=IR
2 2
= × P =I R W Js

P
1 1
n
n n2

5 -5

N 1 2
1 5

a b 1
R
2
\
\

a R b
1 2 1:5
1 2 5:1
1 2 1:5

306
 N

N G
A B

N
A
A
G G
S
B

IV
A B

A B

N a
a b

2 A B

A B
b

B
A B

307
 h O A

p h A C

B
q
G

A B C

A B

p
B C

h A C

p q

p q

B0 B0
v
v

G
0 t 2t 3t 4t 5t 6t

t 6t

3t
t 6t

308
 IV

a
b

0° 45 ° 90 °

PQ

a
b
b

1 N
12 A 4N
200 V 1 I™
12 A 200 V
1 2 1 1
4 2 2
A

309
 N V R
2N
1 N 2 1 3V 2
2N 4R
1
1 2
2 R 4R
V 3V (N¡) (N™)

1 2
1 2 2
1 2
1 500 W 2 5 4 1 2 N1 : N2

2500 J

1 2 N 500
2 50

A B
V¡ N 50 „ V™
500

1 2

1 V1 2 V2 A 2P V
1:2 B P 2V

A B IA : IB

N 250
A B 4 A
V1 100 V 4A
B RA : RB
V1 100 V 800 W

1 2
N
1:5 5N
400 V
1
80 „
400 V
1
2 2
80

2 V
W
A

1 kW

310
 1 2

IV

10

1
/
1
0

10

1
/
1
00

P0 2P0 A B
A B

A B 2

A X Y
X Y 30P
X Y Pº
B 2P
V 2V A B
P
A B
2Pº O I
30P 30P

V 2V
X Y

A B 2 A Y
B
A B 4 A 4

311
 1

-1
1
1500 K

H
H H
H
6000 K
4
4.032 u
He

1
4.003 u

& m E
2
E= mc c

-2 2

-1 1

2 ￣
3

312
 92 -2
36 Kr
1
0
n

1
E 0
n
1
} 0 n}
1
235
} 92 U } 0
n
141
56 Ba

IV

1 -1

2 -2

4
1

313
38

3 -3

4 -4

-
+ - +
+ H+
H2 H+ O2
H+
H2 H+
H2O
- 2H2 4H++4e- H2O
+ O2+4H++4e- 2H2O
2H2+O2 2H2O

+
-
+ -

2
+

(H™) (O™)

-
(H™O)

314
 A A
A A

A B
A4 B1

IV
C
B
A￣C A

4H
C
H H
B H H
A
4.032 He

4.003

A￣C C
B

315
 235
92 U

316
 IV

1
24

317
 H™
O™
H™
H±
H™
H± O™
H± H™

A B

H2O
A -
B
B
B A

10

A B C

A B C

- A B C

318
 A B
(H™) (O™)

￣
A B +
- 4e-
A :
B :

IV

319
 Ⅳ

37 ~ 38
A B

2 3 4 1
A 1H+1H 2He+0n+ 7 6 MeV
p q B
235 1
` 92 U+0n
141 92
56 Ba+36Kr+ 3 +200 MeV

a b

p q
A

2
A B E= m\c m
p q c
q b a

p q

P0 2P0 A B
A B

A
A
Pº

2Pº 5P B

n
a
B 0 I@ 9I@ @ p n
b p

A B
A B 3 a b
A B n
A B 4

320
 Ⅳ

37 ~ 38
A B

2 3 4 1
A 1H+1H 2He+0n+ 7 6 MeV
p q B
235 1
` 92 U+0n
141 92
56 Ba+36Kr+ 3 +200 MeV

a b

p q
A

2
A B E= m\c m
p q c
q b a

p q

P0 2P0 A B
A B

A
A
Pº

2Pº 5P B

n
a
B 0 I@ 9I@ @ p n
b p

A B
A B 3 a b
A B n
A B 4

320