DIPIN SIR – MAINS Current Affairs 2024 [BY justupscpyq Telegram Channel]

Lecture 1 : IR – International Relations comparative advantage -> led to OFFSHORING (transferring

Ingredients = Different views | Authors/Writers (News papers) activities to other countries) – which is based on GLOBAL
ex- C Rajamohan | Quotes External Affair Minister ex- S VALUE CHAIN (which depends on idea of JUST IN TIME|
Jaishankar (SJ) | Map drawing (India & World) | Examples & Post COVID – JUST IN TIME was weaponized so SJ in his book
Case studies to substantiate answers | Good enough argued to focus rather on JUST IN CASE (alternate option –
Introduction & Conclusion | Practice & Revision FRIEND SHORING = start working w/ trusted partners &
IR = 4 Qs | Q.9 + Q.10 + Q.19 + Q.20 | Direct current or current trusted territories) | Gzn based on Washington Consensus
based | For important topics create Intro & conclusion (Market led model) – challenged by entry of CHN as WTO
templates | Themes – foreign policy, neighbourhood, major member – new market for CHN – became major trading
powers, regional groupings, global groupings etc partner of all countries where CHN followed BEIJING
India’s Foreign policy - Quote books / authors like “WHY CONSENSUS (State led model)|
BHARAT MATTERS - SJ ” - is about comprehensive national Now western countries u/d pitfalls of mkt model & are coming
power of India | FP = Defn + Quotes | FP What is a good FP? | w/ NEW WASHINGTON CONSENSUS (after realization that old
FP & National Security | FP & Eco | State of World – Emerging model is not suitable for growth & development of western
global dynamics | Transformational decade (2020s) = Phase of countries => mix of both mkt & state – even US saying “State
Emerging diplomacy | Views by others needs to invest” to address problems like “Chip War” –
Global order = Arrangement of countries based on power digression from free market model | In Biden’s administration
authorities | Present G/O = 2 bloc world (US & EU vs CHN & – New consensus called CORNWALL CONSENSUS (by G7) - to
RUS) = NEW COLD WAR (Strategic competition b/w US & CHN push global coordination to minimise corporate taxation -
unlike ideological competition of original cold war) – plans to revitalise state's economic profile & support building
Manifested as Democracy v/s Authorization && De- of int’l solidarity – aims to bring reformation in global
Americanization/De-dollarization (↓ dominance of US / $$ by governance for common good.
CHN & RUS) vs NATO-ization (US & EU = Feature is Expansion – FOREIGN POLICY – Instrument/tool of countries to promote its
Recently Finland in 2023 & Sweden 2022 joined NATO – nat’l interests [CORE nat’l interest = protecting sovereignty &
Finland follows policy of neutrality still it joined a security territorial integrity + protecting interest of people] | A goodFP
alliance –leading to ARMS RACE) | SIPRI report (India eying = FP which benefits common man | SHIVSHANKAR MEMON –
more stockpiles of Nuclear weapons than PAK) | 2023 RUS book CHOICE = FP is about mini-maxing (Minimizing harms &
withdrew from CTBT – ARMS RACE => indicating period of maximizing gains) & balancing of different interests &
GEOPOLITICS considerations | “IR is an exercise of forging convergences &
Cold war - Bipolar world US-RUS = period of Geopolitics – managing divergences” - SJ | Diplomacy = Established method
Cuban crisis, Space race = Games nation play – major power of influencing decision & behaviour of foreign govts through
confrontation. dialogue negotiation & other means; short of war & violence.
Post Balkanization of USSR –> Unipolar world = period of Geo- |“Diplomacy is a Shield & sword of polity” – SJ = to Prevent
Economics | Economy became major tool -> ↑ globalization conflict |IND insist “Dialogue & diplomacy for peace talks for
led by US based on idea of Washington Consensus (Free- RUS-Ukraine; Israel-Hamas; | Diplomatic Capital can win more
market liberalization) friends | In neighbourhood (IND – Energy diplomacy w/
2008 Global Financial Crisis -> Period of Hyper Globalization Bhutan, BND, NPL ; Transit/ Connectivity diplomacy – BBIN,
(mobility, migration) – made world multipolar – new militarily IMT (IND MYN Thai), BCIM, Kaladan, Mekong-India Economic
& economically strong countries emerged (CHN) corridor, Sagarmala (connectivity through sea), IMEC ; Climate
Heteropolar world (both state & Non-state actors became diplomacy (Institution bailing – Int’l solar alliance, 1 Sun 1
powerful) like BigTech companies (Google, Meta, Apple, World 1 Grid, LiFE movement)
Amazon, Microsoft) presently challenging sovereignty of WHAT IS A GOOD FP ? | WHY BHARAT MATTERS - It must
countries –revenue > GDP of many small nations – Economic work for you personally ; facilitate pursuit of people's
power – Not complying with data protection laws etc. aspirations ; ensure national security ; make country strong,
Scholar C Rajamohan– challenge of “POLARITY DILEMMA” | when unexpected happens it must respond effectively | It
Some say world is Unipolar –Largest GDP (US ~28.7tn > CHN should benefit common man – Support sys for common man
~18.5tn > GER ~4.5 tn) + Expenditure on defence USA ~$900bn in need (ex- Indians in Ukraine evacuated) – govt needs to be
> CHN ~ $300bn > RUS ~$100bn > IND ~83bn > Saudi Arabia responsive & efficient | “A benchmark for successful
~75bn – Based on Major Military & economic power = US diplomacy is when consumer pays less for petrol, when a
cannot be challenged | Some say it is Bipolar – emergence of household is paying less for cooking oil, when farmer is getting
CHN = strategic competition b/w US & CHN [CHN is a fertilizer at lesser cost.” – SJ| RUS-Ukraine conflict led to 3F
REVISIONIST power – revise present order => Chinese problem (Food, Fuel, Fertilizer) | IND’s stand in conflicts is
Expansionism] | Some say it is Multipolar world = Many diplomatic balancing – consumer should pay less (IND is
power centres (US, CHN, EU, RUS, JPN, IND, S Korea) European protecting interest of its citizens = core national interest ) – In
countries looking for strategic autonomy | Some say it is Swiss Peace Conference for RUS-ukraine war – India diplomatic
Heteropolar (interference of Tech giants) balancing stance 1. Russia should be on board (it wasn’t on
Present Global order –Geo-politics | Geo-Economics (Issue of board), 2. It should be acceptable for both sides | A goodFo
Globalization – SJ calls Gzn as Double Edged Existence – Gzn must read global trends well & anticipate what portends for
has its benefits & risk/vulnerabilities– Gzn led to our nation & our people
↑interdependence ↑mobility ↑migration, + Vulnerabilities Some scholars call IND as MIDDLE POWER – country having
like Covid – Supply chain disruption – Global Mobility in term = significant influence in world but is not a major power. | IND is
Double Edged Existence | Gzn is based on principle of showing leadership capabilities – as leader/ voice of global

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 DIPIN SIR – MAINS Current Affairs 2024 [BY justupscpyq Telegram Channel]

South (Ex- G20 presidency – IND’s diplomatic efforts secured trusted territories) | 3. ↑Trade & Economic Activity – more
seat for Africa in G20) export, economic expansion, domestic biz of exports, strong
India’s FP = IND 1st approach/FP – ensuring core national trade partnerships | 4. Strengthening of Skills & capabilities |
interests | Unexpected events - need for responsive & 5. Enhanced employment & economic growth – job creation,
efficient govt; Ex- Operation Ganga (evacuated students from sectoral growth | 6. Better standards & quality – updates &
Ukraine – can use Ex in Higher Edu as students opting foreign improvements as per global requirement | 7. Stronger FP -
universities over Indian in Higher edu sys => need better & Attract FDI, investment
more affordable Universities in IND), Operation Kaveri
(evacuated Indians from Sudan – Majorly Hakki Pikki tribe from
Karnataka), Operation Devishakti (Evacuation when Talibaan
took over Afghanistan – Evacuated Indians & foreigners both =
Leadership), Operation Ajay (evacuated indians from Israel-
Hamas war) = These show how goodFp benefits ordinary
people
DIPLOMACY & NATIONAL SECURITY = Diplomacy has a
responsibility as both shield & sword of a polity | Diplomacy is
1st line of defence | IND need to stabilize neighbourhood to
ensure that IND becomes a regional power, domestically
improve its capabilities, regional integration = Factor in IND’s
growth & development | Ex in book = Conclusion of Land
boundary Agreement w/ BND (resolved problem of enclaves +
citizenship to people in border areas -> ensured better security
in border areas) | IND also used diplomatic channel to expose
& delegitimise PAK’s cross border terrorism [I2 diplomacy –
Incursion & infiltration of CHN (state actor) & PAK (non state
actors) respectively + IND went for counter action when
required (PYQ – surgical strike & hot pursuits) IND-MYN border
– stopped Free Movt Regime= Discourage neighbours to
provide shelter & support to anti Indian insurgents | In book
he says - need to ctrl separatism propagated from far off
countries like UK & Khalistan movt in CND|
Indian national
security challenge =
NARRATIVES –
problem of GRAY STATE OF WORLD (Flow diagram)
ZONE WARFARE of 1. Interdependence (Mobility/ Migration) -> 2. Gzn (double-
CHN– in spectrum of edged existence – vulnerabilities / risk vs Dependence/
peace & war – CHN benefit) -> 3. Weaponization (Post covid – Wpzn of trade,
using 3 warfare energy, finance, information, data – “Now anything can be
strategy = new weaponized” – SJ– including Tourism through restrictions -> 4.
warfare to control narratives.1. Information/ Media warfare Potential of Critical & Emerging Technologies – have its own
(to control narratives / create new narratives – ex MAP) | 2. double edged existence – advancing in tech & benefitting from
Psychological warfare – (US – proactive policy; other countries promise of science – “World politics is moving back to future”
– Reactive policy- reacting to situation vs US where it creates – SJ (it is moving to cold war period of geopolitical situations –
situations | 3. Legal warfare (CHN claim certain areas & claim W Asian Crisis, Middle East Crisis, African Crisis, Israel-Hamas,
those areas legally based on legal agreements) RUS-Ukraine, S CHN Sea, | Both #3 & #4 holds requirement of
ECONOMIC ADVISORY COUNCIL to PM – in a paper “Why IND 5. DERISKING (Decoupling vs Derisking debate – Decoupling is
does poorly on global perception indices?” – they concluded - a complete separation from CHN/ Derisking means to mitigate
these opinion based indices CHERRY-PICK certain media risk) coz complete separation is not possible as CHN is trading
reports or opinions of a tiny group – selectively avoiding facts partner of most countries Ex- Supply Chain Resilience
to create narratives [Ex- In Press freedom index India lower Initiatives (SCRI) b/w IND JPN & AUS | #5 led to 6. Revival of
than Afghanistan] STRATEGIC AUTONOMY – dependence control strategy ;
-> leveraging multipolar world in terms of weapons & “Ensure national interests in core & sensitive areas” – SJ =
technology Eg MH60 (USA) S400(RUS) Rafale (Fr) difference b/w Atmanirbhar bharat abhiyaan & previous 1990s
ACCELERATING NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - In his book he model of Import Substitution (now we are trying to address
talks of Virtuous Cycle [Can Use in Economic Diplomacy, FDI, challenges which will have effect on IND’s domestic economy –
FTA, Gzn etc Qs ] – 1. Building capabilities @Home - focus on so need to invest & develop strength in economically sensitive
Human Capital (Education, Skill Dt, Infrastructure (FP helps areas of core national interest – Ex- investment in
attract investments in these areas like Higher edu etc) | 2. semiconductors for SELF RELIANCE) => IND’s diplomatic
Securing biz abroad (capabilities @home can help capture mkt balancing, IND’s positioning, IND’s posture, IND’s actions &
abroad by mkt access or via better networking imp due to inactions are to ensure strategic autonomy to protect core
present model of FRIENDSHORING – trusted partners & national interests.

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 DIPIN SIR – MAINS Current Affairs 2024 [BY justupscpyq Telegram Channel]

CHN’s arrival is full of strategies – Revisionist power, focus on infra, UPI (in Nepal, UAE, BND), IND’s IT sector (7.5% to GDP) ,
expansionism through grayzone warfare, salami slicing Digital public goods
(incremental approach), Chinese Marshall plan (BRI) – On Diplomacy – Soft power – Technological diplomacy - Success
stage for infrastructural development behind stage is to of Chandrayaan -3; Diplomatic success of G20; vaccine Maitri,
contain USA & IND - debt trap in IND’s neighbourhood rich history a culture - cultural diplomacy (Buddhist diplomacy
[Original Marshall plan was on stage it was for reconstruction – Dalai Lama; Nalanda University)
of war ravaged Europe & behind scenes was for containment 5 Arcs given by RAJIV SIKRI (former embassador) – Use a map
of communism/ USSR] | Brahma Chellaney = US wants Arc of Growth & Prosperity – CHN, SE Asia & IND
Unipolar world, CHN want bipolar world & Unipolar Asia, IND Arc of Energy – Persian Gulf, RUS, Central Asia
wants Multipolar world, Bipolar Asia, Unipolar S Asia | So, Arc of Communication – maritime trade route; Sealines of
CHN’s strategy is expansion to ensure Unipolar Asia | communication
"freezing moment" – strategy practiced by major powers – Arc of Instability – Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan (Golden
they don’t want any change which will undermine their power Crescent)
– maintain status-quo | They want to freeze their glory to their Arc of Uncertainty – NPL, Tibet, Myanmar
peak past ex- US as post-cold war era – to ensure their HOW TO USE ? – Why CHN is a problem? Coz we are arc of
domination| Challenges for IND – as institutions are not communication – need to protect our sealine of
changed to new demand (UNSC – is not reflective of present communication; maritime trade route? Why W Asia is a
global order) problem? Coz we’re part of Arc of Instability | Why there is
| After 2008 - rebalancing & steady emergence of instability? We are part of Arc of Uncertainty where regions
multipolarity | But now growth of minilateralism – least are influenced by CHN
number of countries coming together for specific objectives IND’s Geography - large geography - Indo Pacific – diversity in
[Ex- AUKUS – AUS, UK, US – to achieve 1 objective of security landscapes = mountains, glaciers, plateau, rivers, grasslands,
of Indo-Pacific by deploying Nuclear Submarines] Ex- I2U2 plains, coastal regions, desert, swamps, marshlands, etc.
Plurilateralism – Ex- QUAD 4 countries but have multiple -> UN Peacekeeping operations
objectives -> First responder in humanitarian & disaster situations
Two big contradictions = E-W divide (coz of RUS-Ukraine war -> voice of Global South
West is US EU grouping, East is CHN RUS grouping) & Global -> consensus builder in a polarised world
North-South gap -> promotes rule based order
TRANSFORMATIONAL DECADE – called as phase of energetic MESSAGES OUT OF NEW DELHI = IND’s contribution to FP
diplomacy (SJ) when he discussed audit of IND’s FP | lexicon [Conclusion remarks] | Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam [1
formalisation of Neighbourhood 1st Policy | Indo-Pacific - world, 1 family] | Reformed multilateralism [Can use in UNSC,
SAGAR Outlook | Link West Approach (to link W Asia) | ASEAN multilateralism Qs] | A world free of terror (No Money for
– Act East Policy -upgradation of LEP | connect central Asia Terror Conference) | Digital for Development Initiative (DPI –
Policy | IND as voice of global south | Public diplomacy digital pubic infra) | Mother of Democracy (showing IND’s
(Diaspora Diplomacy) | Migrations & Mobility Partnership pluralistic traditions – unity in diversity) | One world one
Agreements (Ex- with AUS) | Connectivity initiatives (IMEC – health (No discriminatory approach towards Global Health) |
India Middle East Economic Corridor) | invention of new IND’s FP approach = multi-vector approach (multiple alignment
mechanisms ; Quad, I2U2, IMEC | IND’s G20 Presidency w/ CHN, JPN, US, RUS etc.)
(inclusion of African Union) | active in shaping global agenda ‘A civilizational state is once again regaining its place in
(G20 , COP , ISA, OSOWOG , IY Millets comity of nations'
-> Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan Civilizational state = 1000s of years of continuous history w/o a
WHY BHARAT MATTERS [7D’s & 5 Arc] broken link – ensuring Unity in diversity [IND & CHN are
7 D | Demography – UN State of World Popln Report – Most civilizational state unlike European countries which are
populous country in world – surpassing CHN (18% W popln Modern-Nation states – which are based on Ethno-linguistic
with 68% of it being working age population) – World identity]
countries are aging – youthful working popln needed to run Q. Analyze current state of world highlighting key global
growth engines of global Economy | Democracy that delivers – challenges & opportunities. Also discuss significance of India
IND is mother of democracy – peaceful coexistence – pluralism in this context evaluating its strategic importance on a global
| Dynamic Economy – 5th largest GDP – one of fastest growing stage.
economy as per IMF – provides market demand | Diaspora – Decode Q – 1. Current state of World – Key global challenges
soft power – human potential – influential in many regards – & Key opportunities | 2. Significance of India – strategic
CEOs for Fortune500 companies – Sundar Pichai (Google) ; importance
Satya Nadella (Microsoft); Leena Nair (Chanel); Arvind Krishna Ans Framework -
(IBM); Shantanu Narayen (Adobe); Nikesh Arora (Palo Alto) - 1. Intro – Current state of world
Rishi Sunak PM of UK (2022 to Jul 2024) + Contributing to 2. Global challenges [Use Hub & scope]
national development through remittances - World 3. Key opportunities [Point format]
remittances report IND largest recipient (>$110 bn in 2023) + 4. India on global stage
influence in public policy (ex- civil nuclear deal of USA; & in 5. India’s significance & strategic importance
Pacific Island countries) | Defence – 4th largest defence 6. Conclusion
budget, shows hard power, net buyer, Exporting Brahmos to Expand Ans
Philippines | Digitization – Digital technology, Digital public 1. Interdependent world, effect on 1 country shows
domino effect on other regions.

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 DIPIN SIR – MAINS Current Affairs 2024 [BY justupscpyq Telegram Channel]

2. Geopolitical (multipolar, RUS-Ukraine), GeoEconomics

(de-globalization, trade protectionism, friend
shoring), Socio-political (Immigrations, Big Tech
companies, sovereignty issues, Non-provisioning of
public goods called as Kindle-Burger trap), Security
(Maritime security, Red-sea crisis, W Asia Crisis, gray
zone warfare, Chinese actions, revisionism)
3. Technological Advancements, democratizing
information especially for global south, climate
change cooperation, SDG goals, New initiatives like
Minilateral groupings |
4. Having said that present stage is moving towards
Multipolar world where some scholar also view india
as a middle power, hence india’s significance
5. India’s comprehensive exceptionalism – strong
democracy, dynamic economy, India will be growth
engine of/ will drive global economy because of its
market & demand, fastest growing economy, IND’s
digital public infrastructure contributor toward Global
South especially UPI, India’s leadership role in climate
change negotiations, Operation Ajay (evacuated
Indians & foreigners from Afghanistan), India’s role in
shaping agendas (IY of Millets), Diaspora & cultural
diplomacy/ Buddhist diplomacy, India’s technological
prowess (Chandrayaan 3 + ANTRIX deploying
satellites)
6. As global politics continues to evolve, India’s role will
be significant. India is no more a rule taker, it is a rule
shaper.
Kindle Burger trap = individuals in 21st century are apt to
allow themselves to be trapped in an endless loop of
consuming digital content on Kindles, e-readers, or devices,
much like a burger is consumed w/o need to chew fully. This
phenomenon is believed to stem from convenience &
addictive nature of consuming digital content => individuals
may overlook importance of taking breaks, engaging in
meaningful activities, or forming authentic human
connections.

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