Project Review 2 Report

On

ADSORPTION OF IMPURITIES PRESENT IN WASTEWATER

OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER OVER HYDERABAD
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWA
AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

By
PROJECT BATCH :209DBK

BANOTH PRIYANKA (160121732312)

SALENDAR SNEHA (160121732082)

GU JEEVAN (1601217320101)
Under the guidance of

Dr. DUDAM BHARAT KUMAR

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering

CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous)
Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075

October 2024

i
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work review entitled, " Adsorption of Inpurities and

Modelling Using Conveyance Estimation System: A Case Study on Musi River” is a bonafide

work carried out by B. Akshitha (160121732304), M. Sreeja (160121732012), R. Asritha

(160121732016) in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in CIVIL ENGINEERING by the OSMANIA

UNIVERSITY during AY 20242025 at CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY(A), Hyderabad. To the

best of our knowledge, the matter embodied in the report has not been submitted to any other

university or institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Project Guide Head of the Department

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Khuntia Dr. K. Jagannadha Rao

Assistant Professor, Professor & Head

Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering

ii
 DECLARATION

We B.Priyanka (160121732312), S.Sneha (160121732082), G.Jeevan (1601217320101)

students of Bachelor of Engineering, Final year, Department of Civil Engineering,

Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (A), declare that the Project entitled

“Adsorption of Impurities Present in Wastewater of Surface and Groundwater over

Hyderabad” has been independently carried out in Chaitanya Bharathi Institute Of

Technology as a part of Project Review Report.

Signature of candidate:

B. Priyanka (160121732312)

S. Sneha (160121732082)

G. Jeevan (1601217320101)

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are deeply grateful towards our institution the Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology

for providing a fantastic platform to develop strong technical skills in civil engineering, helping

us to achieve our goal.

We would like to extend our sincere thanks to our Project guide Dr. DUDAM BHARAT

KUMAR , Assistant professor in the civil engineering Department, and Sri. M. KALYAN,

Smt. N. LALITHA KUMARI Assistant professors in Civil Engineering Department, for their

excellent guidance, support, and supervision.

We would like to thank Prof. K. JAGANNADHA RAO, Head of the Civil Engineering

Department at CBIT.

Lastly, we express our appreciation to all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of the

Civil Engineering Department.

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 ABSTRACT

The presence of impurities such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and hardness in surface

water and groundwater is a significant concern due to their detrimental effects on water quality

and human health. In recent years, the use of natural, eco-friendly materials for water treatment

has gained attention. This study explores the adsorption capabilities of Senna auriculata, a

medicinal plant, for the removal of COD and hardness from wastewater, surface water, and

groundwater. The phytochemicals present in Senna auriculata exhibit strong adsorption

properties, effectively reducing the concentrations of COD and hardness through biosorption

processes. The NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformation

spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.

The plant material was processed and used as a bio-adsorbent in batch experiments to evaluate

its performance. Results demonstrated that Senna auriculata significantly reduced the COD and

hardness levels, with adsorption efficiency dependent on factors such as pH, contact time, and

initial pollutant concentration. This study highlights the potential of Senna auriculata as an

affordable, sustainable, and eco-friendly alternative to conventional water treatment methods.

Its use could be particularly beneficial for rural and low-resource communities, providing an

accessible solution for improving water quality.

Key words: Absorption , COD , Hardness , Biosorbents , Ag nanoparticles ,Wastewater

treatment

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 TABLES OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE ii
DECLARATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF FIGURES
vii

CHAPTER 1 (INTRODUCTION)
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY 2
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 4
CHAPTER 2 (LITERATURE REVIEW)
2.1 GENERAL 5
2.2 FINDINGS 5
2.3 CRITICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7

CHAPTER 3 (METHODOLOGY)
3.l CES SOFTWARE 8
3.2 PROCEDURE 10
CHAPTER 4 (SUMMARY) 11

REFERENCES 12

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no. Figure Title Page

Figure 1.1 Musi River floods during 1908 2

Figure 1.2 Low-lying areas inundated as Musi River swells 3

vii
viii
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Water pollution in urban areas is a significant environmental challenge, particularly in rapidly

growing cities like Hyderabad, India. As industrialization and urbanization continue to expand,
the demand for water increases, leading to the overuse and contamination of local water bodies.
The city's surface water, including lakes and rivers, and its groundwater sources have been
affected by various pollutants, including industrial effluents, sewage, and agricultural runoff.
Key indicators of water pollution in Hyderabad include elevated levels of Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) and water hardness.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the amount of organic pollutants present in water.
High COD levels are associated with a large amount of biodegradable and non-biodegradable
organic matter, which can lead to oxygen depletion in aquatic systems. This not only harms
aquatic life but also degrades the overall quality of water, making it unsuitable for domestic and
industrial use. Water hardness, primarily caused by high concentrations of calcium and
magnesium, poses additional challenges, as it affects water usability for drinking, cleaning, and
industrial processes. Both COD and hardness are critical indicators of water pollution in
Hyderabad’s surface and groundwater sources.

Traditional water treatment methods, such as chemical treatment and reverse osmosis, are often
expensive and may generate secondary pollutants, limiting their practical use in large-scale
applications. In this context, the use of natural adsorbents has gained traction as a cost-effective
and eco-friendly alternative. Adsorption is a process by which pollutants are removed from
water by adhering to the surface of an adsorbent material. Recent research has explored the use
of natural materials like plants, agricultural waste, and other bioproducts for adsorbing various
impurities from water.

1
Senna auriculata, a medicinal plant native to India, has shown promise as an efficient natural
adsorbent for removing impurities from wastewater, surface water, and groundwater. The plant
is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and phenols, which provide active
sites for the adsorption of organic and inorganic pollutants. Its availability and low cost make it
an attractive solution for water treatment, especially in regions like Hyderabad, where water
contamination is a growing concern.

This study investigates the potential of Senna auriculata for the adsorption of COD and
hardness from wastewater and contaminated water sources in Hyderabad. By evaluating key
parameters such as contact time, pH, and adsorbent dosage, the research aims to assess the
efficiency of this natural adsorbent in improving water quality. The findings could offer a
sustainable and accessible approach to water treatment in Hyderabad, contributing to the
broader effort of mitigating water pollution in urban environments.,

1.2. SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of this study is to explore the effectiveness of Senna auriculata as a natural adsorbent
for the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and hardness from wastewater, surface
water, and groundwater in Hyderabad. The study examines the adsorption potential of Senna
auriculata , assessing its ability to remove COD and hardness from water samples. It involves
the preparation of bio-adsorbent materials from the plant and testing their performance in batch
experiments. Different nanomaterials can be prepared from various biomass such as leaves,
bark, stem, flower buds etc. Focus on the removal of impurities present in wastewater. A series
of controlled experiments will be conducted to optimize parameters affecting the adsorption
process, such as contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentrations of COD and
hardness. These variables will be adjusted to identify optimal conditions for maximum
adsorption efficiency. Assessment of groundwater quality.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The Tank Bund area in Hyderabad, which includes Hussain Sagar Lake, has been experiencing
significant water pollution due to the discharge of untreated industrial effluents, domestic
2
sewage, and runoff from urban activities. This project aims to utilize the natural biosorbent to
remove the dissolved impurities present in wastewater of surface and groundwater.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

Aim: Adsorption of impurities present in wastewater of surface and groundwater over

Hyderabad

Objective:
• To check the severity of water pollution in different tanks of Hyderabad.
• Assessment of groundwater quality in judiciously chosen location in Hyderabad.
• Removal of chemical and physical impurities from surface and groundwater using
adsorption process with material (senna auriculata) as adsorbents.

3
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL

The increasing frequency and severity of flooding events worldwide necessitate a comprehensive
understanding of flood dynamics and effective management strategies. This literature review
aims to explore the existing body of research related to flood analysis and modeling, with a
particular focus on Conveyance Estimation Systems (CES).

2.2 FINDINGS

J.Shim et al. (2022): In this study, the calcium nanoparticle was synthesized using
Senna auriculata L flower extract and characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM-EDX analytical
methods and confirmed the formation of calcium nanoparticles. The outcome of the
investigation con-firmed, the reducing and stabilizing property of S. auriculata L plant flower
extract for nanoparticle synthesis and its effluent treatment efficiency. The results of this
study have clearly indicated that CaNP is a useful tool for the treatment of dairy wastewater.
Thus, it is also concluded that the green synthesized Ca nanoparticles can be used as an
alternative source of expensive adsorbents for the treatment of waste water especially cheese
processed effluent.
S.Deyet al. (2021): Biosorption is a simple, economical and environmental-friendly method
for removal of ammonia and nitrates from contaminated water. In present research work, the
orange peels are locally available biosorbents (with and without chemical treatment) for
nitrate and ammonia removals by biosorption processes were used. The orange peels are
highly used as adsorbents in the wastewater treatment because of their high surface areas and
active functional groups, but their high cost inhibits sometimes their use. The 4 gm orange
4
 peels biosorbents highly effective for complete removal of ammonia and nitrate present in
water. The optimum sorption was obtained at basic pH is 5.5, dosage is 4 gm, contact time is
60 min, temperature is 35 °C and agitation speed is 90 rpm. The size range of particles
present in orange peels biosorbents is 2.45–3.4 µm, crystallite size is vary from 3.02 to 4.24
nm, surface area is 40.56–45.42 m2/g, pore volume is 0.474–0.512 cm3/g and average pore
size is 51.6–56.4 Å. The amazing performance of orange peels biosorbents prepared in
optimum conditions for ammonia and nitrates removal processes was associated with the
modification in inherent textural and morphological characteristics such as surface area,
crystallite size, particle size and oxygen-deficient faulty composition which can creates high
density of active sites. The reusability of orange peels biosorbent was also measured and
found that the orange peels biosorbent does not show any high level of significant change in
its performances even after reuses.
L.Cuevas et al. (2022):
The literature review presents numerous successful studies in developing bioadsorbents for
fluoride reduction or removal from drinking water. The extensive research includes evidence of
good adsorption capacities and the certainty of not leaving chemical traces (leaching of
elements) that pose other risks. Furthermore, bioadsorbent regeneration and reuse studies are
shown, and most importantly, the validation of the materials when used in groundwater or other
real matrices. The progress and improvement of analytical techniques have made it possible to
infer the probable mechanisms and critical steps for fluoride sequestration by bioadsorbents.
Understanding how and why such a process occurs allows for refining methodologies,
preparation, and anion capture. It also predicts the bioadsorbents’ stability under different
operating conditions. Since non-carbonized lignocellulosic-based bioadsorbents are competitive
in fluoride capture at different concentrations and conditions, it is essential to explore their
application on larger scales and include economic feasibility studies.
Haripavan et al. (2021): Examined the Sorption capacity of various sorbents. The 0.2gm of
mausmi powder biosorbent removed 84% of nitrates and cassia auriculata biosorbent
removed 86% of ammonia. Among all sorbent these two sorben having high removal
efficiency.
S.Srinivasulu et al.(2021): The bio-waste of S. auriculata L. flower petals were used as a
pre-Cursor for the preparation of biosorbent for the removal of fluoride. Physico chemical
characterization of biosorbent including Zero Point Charge (ZPC), FTIR, BET, and SEM

5
 along with EDX revealed the favorable conditions as surface morphology, functional groups
and surface area for the removal of fluoride. Batch experimental findings reveale that the
flower petal biomass of S.auriculata L as biosorbent could have higher removal efficiency (as
80%) towards fluoride from aqueous solutions at optimum experimental conditions. The
fluoride biosorption on the S. auriculata L flower petal biomes process fits well with the
Lang-Muir model which indicates that the fluoride removal is on a uni-layer Process. The
kinetic calculations indicated that the biosorption data Well fitted with the pseudo-second –
order model, indicating that the adsorption was possibly a chemisorption process. The results
obtained can thus be useful for the design and establishment of a continuous fluoride-
enriched treatment of water or wastewater. The expense involved in the process is very low
as the biosorbent is cheap and abundant in nature.

A.Mani et al.(2022): Biofabrication of Ag NPs is an eco-friendly, simple, less Time .

consuming, and inexpensive process. In this work, the Synthesis of silver NPs obtained from
the flower extract of C. auriculata was reported. The formation of silver NPs with FCC
structure and a size of 42 nm was revealed by XRD analysis. A characteristic UV-vis
absorption peak was observed at 430 nm. Using TEM analysis, spherical morphology of the
synthesized Ag NPs was confirmed and particles size was found to be ca 43 nm. The FTIR
spectrum reiterated that the plant biocompounds attributed to the reduction, stabilization and
capping of silver NPs. The photocatalytic activity of biosynthesized Ag NPs was investigated
with MB and analyzed with pseudo-first-order kinetics. The photocatalytic results for MB
degradation showed that the biosynthesized NPs effectively degrade 70 % within 120 min
under xenon-lamp visible light. Thus, the green route to synthesis NPs is a capable candidate
for the synthesis of silver NPs in a simple and facile manner.

L.Wasewar et al. (2020): The literature review presents numerous successful studies in
developing bioadsorbents for fluoride reduction or removal from drinking water. The
extensive research includes evidence of good adsorption capacities and the certainty of not
leaving chemical traces (leaching of elements) that pose other risks. Furthermore,
bioadsorbent regeneration and reuse studies are shown, and most importantly, the validation
of the materials when used in groundwater or other real matrices. The progress and
improvement of analytical techniques have made it possible to infer the probable

6
 mechanisms and critical steps for fluoride sequestration by bioadsorbents. Understanding
how and why such a process occurs allows for refining methodologies, preparation, and
anion capture. It also predicts the bioadsorbents’ stability under different operating
conditions.

2.3 CRITICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE

From all the paper’s we conclude that adsorption is an effective method for removing
impurities present in wastewater of surface and groundwater, targeting contaminants like
heavy metals and organic pollutants . The adsorbents efficiency is enhanced through
proper preparation and it performs well under varying conditions of contact time, pH and
dosage. Overall Senna auriculata offers an eco- friendly, high adsorption capacity,
cultural and traditional use, cost-effective alternative to conventional methods.
Adsorption play’s a crucial role in enhancing the safety and significantly improving
quality of water. It helps in purification process.

7
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1. CES SOFTWARE

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO CES

The Conveyance Estimation System has been produced in response to the Environment
Agency’s vision for reducing uncertainties in the estimation of river flood levels, discharge
capacities, velocities and extent of inundation. The Conveyance Project was funded by the joint
Agency/DEFRA research programme on flood defence, with contributions from the Scottish
Executive and the Northern Ireland Rivers Agency, and was carried out under a New Research
Framework Agreement between HR Wallingford and the Environment Agency.
During the last twenty years there has been a managed programme of research on the EPSRC
Flood Channel Facility at HR Wallingford, on university laboratory flumes and on real rivers.
This has resulted in an advance in the understanding of flow phenomena in complex river and
floodplain systems and constitutes the leading international research over the last two decades.
This research improved understanding of many of the processes which determine the flood
capacity of river and flood plain systems.

3.1.2 APPLICATION OF CES

The CES/AES software tool aims to improve and assist with the estimation of:
• hydraulic roughness

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 • water levels (and corresponding channel and structure conveyance)
• flow (given slope)
• section-average and spatial velocities
• backwater profiles upstream of a known flow-head control e.g. weir (steady)
• afflux upstream of bridges and culverts
• uncertainty in accuracy of input data and output.

Collect hydrological and hydraulic data, including river cross-sections, historical flood data,
rainfall patterns, and land use data. Use the Conveyance Estimation System (CES) to set up a
hydraulic model of the Musi River. The model will be calibrated using observed flood events to
ensure accuracy.
The CES is composed of four parts:
• the Roughness Advisor is used to assign unit roughness values to all Roughness Zones in
the area under investigation.
• the Conveyance Generator takes these roughness values and uses them in conjunction
with information on cross-sections to calculate a series of rating curves.
• the Uncertainty Estimator which gives an indication of uncertainty associated with CES
outputs.
• the Backwater Calculation Module which provides a simple estimation of the backwater
profile for non-modellers.

9
3.2 PROCEDURE

10
 D
Preliminary Data Analysis

Historical
Data Collection Flow
Measurements

Installation of
CES Software

Roughness File

Conveyance Generator

1. Conveyance
Distribution Plots 2. Depth

Output

CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY

11
The Musi River, which flows through Hyderabad, India, is prone to flooding, especially
during monsoon seasons, leading to significant impacts on local communities and
infrastructure. Flood risk managements and mitigations programmes can be carried out with
the help of flood analysis. The present study will be investigating the implementation of CES
Software, to stimulate the Musi River behaviour and estimate the conveyance and depth.

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