AIRCRAFT PROPULSION SYSTEMS

UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA

ESEIAAT

Exercise 5B: Turbojet off-design analysis

(fixed nozzle)

Jaime Ahijado Garrote

December 17, 2024

Contents
1 Introduction and Statement 1

2 PART ONE: 2
2.1 Obtain the required mass-flow ṁ0 for the engine to operate . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1.1 1st way: Using Table 1 data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1.2 2nd way: Using installed thrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Compute the areas at the entrance of the turbine, A4 , as well as the nozzle throat
and exit areas, A8 and A9 respectively. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2.1 Turbine Area A4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2.2 Nozzle Throat and Exit Areas, A8 and A9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 PART TWO: 4
3.1 First scenario: The turbine entry temperature (Tt4 ) is reduced to 60% of the
reference value, and the A9 nozzle area is adjusted to align with the operational
characteristics of the nozzle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1.1 1st Iteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.2 Alternative method to get Πc (1st iter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.3 2nd Iteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.4 M8 : Iterative way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.5 M8 : Graph Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Second scenario: The reference turbine entry temperature (Tt4 ) is maintained
with A9 /A9R = 0.45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4 Code 13
1 Introduction and Statement
This report examines the performance and design characteristics of a standard turbojet engine
with a convergent-divergent nozzle, as outlined in the block diagram in Figure 1. The engine
operates under a design condition corresponding to cruise flight at an altitude of h = 11 km and
a freestream Mach number of M0 = 0.9. A parametric analysis of the engine at these reference
conditions has been conducted, with summarized results presented in Table 1.

Stage T Tt P Pt v M
Freestream 216.80 251.92 0.23 0.38 265.66 0.90
Inlet - 251.92 - 0.38 - -
Compressor - 565.71 - 4.52 - -
Combustor - 1800.00 - 4.39 - 1.00
Turbine - 1548.07 - 1.91 - -
Nozzle 1007.76 1548.07 0.23 1.46 1157.11 1.89

Figure 1: Turbojet block diagram. Table 1: On-design analysis results.

The turbojet is integrated into a twin-engine aircraft that requires a total installed thrust
of 50.72 kN, with the installed-to-uninstalled thrust ratio estimated at T/F = 0.9. Building on
this design scenario, the analysis explores key operational parameters and performance metrics,
including:

PART ONE:
The objective of this study is to determine the mass flow rate (ṁo ) and the cross-sectional areas
at critical points in the engine, specifically the turbine inlet (A4 ), nozzle throat (A8 ), and nozzle
exit (A9 ).

PART TWO:
The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the engine in question when
subjected to conditions that deviate from the standard design parameters. An evaluation of
engine performance under two distinct sea-level static scenarios is presented along.

• First scenario: The turbine entry temperature (Tt4 ) is reduced to 60% of the reference
value, and the A9 nozzle area is adjusted to align with the operational characteristics of
the nozzle.

• Second scenario: The reference turbine entry temperature (Tt4 ) is maintained with A9 /A9R =
0.45.

1
2 PART ONE:
2.1 Obtain the required mass-flow ṁ0 for the engine to operate
We will discuss two ways of solving for the mass flow knowing the on-design parameters of Table
1 and the given installed thrust data.

2.1.1 1st way: Using Table 1 data.

The procedure is to get the mass flow ṁ0 through the corrected mass flow in the compressor
ṁc2 . The dimensionless corrected mass flow is related to the mass flow in the following way:
p p
ṁ2 Tt2 /Tref no bypass ṁ0 Tt2 /Tref
ṁc2 = = (1)
Pt2 /Pref Pt2 /Pref
Then from the compressor map, one can obtain in the on-design analysis:
Tt4 /Tt2
=1
(Tt4 /Tt2 )R
intersect point
−−−−−−−−−−→ Πc = 12 and m˙c2 ≈ 73 kg/s
Operating Line Figure 2 (left)

Figure 2: Compressor Map On-design Point

Then we can compute ṁ0 as:

ṁc2 Pt2 /Pref

ṁ0 = p where Tref ≈ TSL , Pref ≈ PSL
Tt2 /Tref

ṁ0 = 30.27 kg/s

2.1.2 2nd way: Using installed thrust

Since the installed thrust given is relative to the two mounted engines, the installed thrust per
engine is:

2T ∗ = T = 50.72 kN

2
 Since we know that the relationship between installed and uninstalled thrust is: T /F = 0.9

T 50.72 · 103 /2
F = = = 28177.78 N = 28.18 kN
0.9 0.9
The expression for the uninstalled thrust of a turbojet is:

:0

F = ṁ9 v9 − ṁ0 v0 + A9 9−
(p p
0)

The area term cancels since the nozzle is adapted. And we know that

no bypass
ṁ9 = (1 + f )ṁ2 = (1 + f )ṁ0
We can get f from the combustion chamber balance as I explained in the report Exercise
4B (alternative method):

Combustor: ṁf ηb hP R = (ṁ3 + ṁf )Cpf Tt4 − ṁ3 Cp Tt3

Cpf Tt4 − Cp Tt3

f= = 0.041270239
ηb hP R − Cpf Tt4
F
ṁ0 =
(1 + f )v9 − v0
ṁ0 = 30.001761 kg/s

2.2 Compute the areas at the entrance of the turbine, A4 , as well as the
nozzle throat and exit areas, A8 and A9 respectively.
2.2.1 Turbine Area A4
We can get the turbine area using the relationship between the mass flow parameter and the
mass flow (1D channel flow formula):

Pt4 A4
ṁ4 = M F P4 √
RTt4
Since we have choked conditions at turbine, M4 = 1, one can get the mass flow parameter
as:
 γf +1
γf − 1 2 − 2(γf −1)

√
M F P (γf , M4 ) = γ f M4 1 + M4 = 0.66726235
2
p
ṁ4 Rf Tt4
A4 =
Pt4 M F P4

A4 = 0.077197 m2
Where ṁ4 = ṁ2 (1 + f ) by continuity.

3
2.2.2 Nozzle Throat and Exit Areas, A8 and A9
γf +1
 −
√ γf − 1 2 2(γf −1)
M F P (γf , M9 ) = γ f M9 1 + M9 = 0.416039
2
p
ṁ9 Rf Tt9
A9 =
Pt9 M F P9

A9 = 0.34525 m2
For the throat area, first we notice that if M9 > 1 then M8 = 1.
In an adiabatic convergent-divergent nozzle with no mixer or afterburner upstream the noz-
zle, we also know that Tt9 = Tt8 = Tt5 .

To get A8 , the only thing we need to know now is Pt8 . We will assume that the isentropic
efficiency from 5 −→ 8 is the same as from 5 −
→ 9 as they are in the same isoline. In other words,

ηN,5−
→8 = ηN,5−
→9 = 0.9

With the isentropic efficiency we can get P8 and, with M8 , Pt8 :

Tt8
T8 =  γf −1
 = 1346.15 K
1+ M 2
2 8

1 − T8 /Tt5
ηN = γf −1 = 0.9
γf
1 − (P8 /Pt5 )
  γf
1 − T8 /Tt5 γf −1
P8 = Pt5 1 − = 0.9691 bar
ηN
  γf
γf − 1 2 γf −1
Pt8 = P8 1 + M8
2

Pt8 = 1.7758 bar

Then we can get the critical area of the nozzle as:
 γf +1
γf − 1 2 − 2(γf −1)

√
M F P (γf , M8 ) = γ f M8 1 + M8 = 0.66726235
2
p
ṁ8 Rf Tt8
A8 =
Pt8 M F P8

A8 = 0.176978 m2

3 PART TWO:
3.1 First scenario: The turbine entry temperature (Tt4 ) is reduced to 60% of
the reference value, and the A9 nozzle area is adjusted to align with the
operational characteristics of the nozzle.
The off-design conditions reflected are:

4
 
 M0 = 0

· Sea Level Static P0 = PSL ≈ Pref · Tt4 reduced to 60% (Tt4 = 0.6Tt4R )

T0 = TSL ≈ Tref


θ0 can be calculated from M0 , P0 , T0 . This will give us access to the new compressor pressure
ratio due to the change in the maximum temperature.
γ−1 2
θ0 = 1 + M0 = 1.0
2

3.1.1 1st Iteration

In the first iteration, we will assume we are keeping in the operating line. From θ0 map:

θ0 = 1
θ 0
Operating Line −−→ Πc ≈ 4.2
Tt4 /Tt4R = 0.6 Map

Figure 3: θ0 Map

With the value obtained of Πc , we can obtain a value for the mass flow at the inlet using the
compressor map. From compressor map:

πc intersect point
−−−−−−−−−−→ m˙c2 ≈ 36 kg/s
Operating Line CMP Map

5
 Figure 4: CMP Map

As a result:
ṁc2 Pt2 /Pref
ṁ0 = p = 35.28 kg/s
Tt2 /Tref
It is important to clarify, that we assume nothing in the inlet (adiabatic) is changing, and
that the maximum compression ratio is maintained:

Πd,max = Πd,maxR = Pt2R /Pt0

Therefore, we compute the new freestream conditions and then compute the new
pressure through Πd,maxR .
 
γf − 1 2
Tt0 = T0 1 + M0 = 300 K
2
  γa
Tt0 (γa −1)
Pt0 = P0 = 100 kP a
T0
So that at the inlet:

Tt2 = Tt0 and Pt2 = Πd,max Pt0 = 98 kP a

And in the compressor, we can obtain Tt3 and Pt3 from the compressor efficiency ηc = ηcR
and the Πc :
γa −1
Tt3′ − Tt2 Πc γ a − 1
ηc = =
Tt3 − Tt2 τc − 1
γa −1
Πc γa − 1
τc = +1
ηc
Since no value for ηc nor ηcR has been provided, no value will be given for τc . Instead, we will
compute it at iteration 2 using Equation 2.

Then, we can go to the turbine to see the change. We will obtain a useful equation through
continuity at the inlet and outlet of the turbine:

Continuity: ṁ4 = ṁ8

6
 Pt4 A4 Pt8 A8
M F P4 p = M F P8 p
Rf Tt4 Rf Tt8
q
Tt8 √
Tt4 A8 M F P8 τt A8 M F P8
= so = Πn,c
Pt8 /Pt4 A4 M F P4 Πt A4 M F P4
At this point, we are going to make a second assumption fro the 1st iteration. Besides
τt = τtR , we will assume M8 = M8R = 1 (in this case). As a result, the latter equation reduces
to: √ √ 
τt τt
=
Πt Πt R
Then:

τt = τtR and Πt = ΠtR

Finally, we will solve the nozzle, and check if the assumptions of the first iteration are
correct.
Nozzle: Tt9 = Tt5 and Πn = ΠnR and matched P9 = P0
We can get Pt9 from the pressure ratio at the nozzle:

(From C.C): P t4 = Πb P t3 = 4.116 bar

(From Turbine): P t5 = Πt P t4 = 1.791 bar
Πn = ΠnR = Pt9 /Pt5
Pt9 = 1.369 bar
And finally M9 :
  γf
γf − 1 2 γf −1
Pt9 = P9 1 + M9
2
v
 γf −1
u  

u 2  Pt9
u γ f
M9 = t − 1 = 0.7078076
γf − 1 P9

M9 ≈ 0.71 < 1 assumption not valid

3.1.2 Alternative method to get Πc (1st iter)

Had not the θ0 map been provided, one could have obtained the value of Πc through the equation
derived from the shaft balance, such that:

(1 + f )ṁ0
ṁ2 Cpa (Tt3 − Tt2 ) = ηM Cpt 4 (Tt4 − Tt5 )
ṁ
>

And although f ̸= fR , since both f, fr << 1, then 1 + f ≈ 1 + fR . Then moving constant

magnitudes to one side:
Tt4 − Tt5 cpa
= = cte.
Tt3 − Tt2 ηM Cpf (1 + f )
In other words,
Tt4 − Tt5 Tt4R − Tt5R
=
Tt3 − Tt2 Tt3R − Tt2R

7
 Dividing the equation by Tt4 /Tt2 :
   
1 − τt Tt4 Tt4 1 − τtR
= (2)
τc − 1 Tt2 Tt2 R τcR − 1

In the first iteration we assume that τt = τtR . As a result the previous equation can be
further simplified as:
γa −1
Πc γa − 1
   
Tt4 Tt4
γa −1 = /
Tt2 Tt2 R
ΠcRγa − 1
With all the known values, from this latter expression we could obtain Πc .

3.1.3 2nd Iteration

We will start the second iteration with the obtained value of M9 . First, we recompute the Mach
number in the throat of the convergent-divergent nozzle (M8 ) through the continuity equation:

Continuity: ṁ9 = ṁ8

Pt9 A9 Pt8 A8
M F P9 p = M F P8 p (3)
Rf Tt9 Rf Tt8
Since the area is allowed to adapt to the changes in pressure and Mach, then
 γf +1
γf − 1 2 − 2(γf −1)

√
M F P (γf , M9 ) = γf M9 1 + M9 = 0.6113043
2
p
ṁ9 Rf Tt9
A9 = = 0.292073 m2
Pt9 M F P9
with ṁ9 = ṁ4 = ṁ0 (1 + f ) where (1 + f ) ≈ cte.
Now we can rearrange Equation 3, rearranging terms and dividing by the reference condition:

Pt9 /Pt8 A8 /A9 M F P8 /M F P9

=
Pt9R /Pt8R (A8 /A9 )R (M F P8 /M F P9 )R
Throat area is fixed by design so that A8 = A8R :
 
M F P9 M F P9
A9R = A9
M F P8 R M F P8

So everything is a known value except M F P8 :

M F P8 = 0.64247
Then, M8 can be obtained from the definition of the mass flow parameter.
 γf +1
γf − 1 2 − 2(γf −1)

√
M F P (γf , M8 ) = γf M8 1 + M8 (4)
2
This is not an equation to obtain an easily solvable analytical equation. Therefore, we need
to solve it iteratively.

We expect M8 to be less than 1, so we will start with a 1st iteration close to 1:

M8,0 = 0.95

8
 At this point I realized that the only way I can make the target value
match any of the iterative values for M8 is if instead of getting ṁc2
through the graph, I do it the alternative way as explained in Section 3.1.2
In that way ṁc2 ≈ 37.38 kg/s
So new target M F P8 :

M F P8 = 0.667100

3.1.4 M8 : Iterative way

If we input the initial guess on the MFP Equation 4, we obtain:
M F P8,0 = 0.665775578326759
We iterate for several more values until matching closely the solution

Table 2: Iteration guesses (M8i ) and corresponding function values (M F P8i ).

Iteration Guess (M8i ) Value of Function (M F P8i )

0.8000 0.64188
0.9500 0.66578
0.9900 0.66720
0.9970 0.66726
0.9990 0.66726

So we can see that:

M8 ≈ 0.99 − 0.9990
Therefore although our assumption os wrong, the solution is close to the expected values.
Then, there is no need to continue iterating and we will assume these solutions as sufficiently
good enough.

3.1.5 M8 : Graph Way

Figure 5: M F P8 vs γ

9
 M8 ≈ 0.99 − 0.9990
Finally, the analysis parameters:
p
T = m9 M9 γf Rf T9 = 15.299489 kN

For T SF C since f ̸= fR , we will do C.C balance. For that we need to obtain the new τc
1
1 − >T  T 
τt

565.71

t4 t4
τc − 1 =  (τcR − 1) = 0.6 · 5/6 · −1
1 − τtR Tt2 Tt2 R
 251.92

τc = 1.622797

Cpf Tt4 − Cp Tt3

Combustor: f= = 0.0206281
ηb hP R − Cpf Tt4

T SF C = ṁf /F = 4.939091 · 10−5 kg/s/N = 49.39091 mg/s/N

For the efficiencies, we need the specific kinetic energy:
0
∆ek = 1/2((1 + f )v92 −  2
v0
7 ) = 8.2098224 · 104 J/(kg/s)

∆ek
ηt = = 0.093645 (9.36%)
f · hP R

0
v
0 (F/ṁ0 )
>
ηp =  =0
∆ek

3.2 Second scenario: The reference turbine entry temperature (Tt4 ) is main-
tained with A9 /A9R = 0.45
I we are fixing the area, it cannot adapt to the changes in the off-design. As a result we cannot
fix a pressure (matching condition) as before. Therefore P9 is unknown.

Consequently we need an extra equation to cope with the extra unknown in our system of
equations. This new equation is continuity at the nozzle throat and exit or between nozzle entry
and exit (Equation 3). Then, we can get M F P8 and, from there, M9 .
p p
Rf Tt9 Pt8 A8 Rf Tt9 Pt5 A5
M F P9 = M F P8 p = M F P5 p (5)
Pt9 A9 Rf Tt8 Pt9 A9 Rf Tt5

We have 2 unknowns in the best case (M F P9 , A8 ), therefore, it is better to see what is

happening physically to try to estimate M9 .

A9 /A9R = 0.45 A8 /A9R = 0.5126

Before, let’s say we had A9 /A9R = 1 (for reference). Physically, this means:

10
 Figure 6: Convergent and Conv.-Div. Nozzles

The right convergent-divregent nozzle represents the previous situation, now the change in
area ratios yields the left convergent nozzle.

Then we can assume first choked conditions on the convergent nozzle M9 = 1 and check if
assumption is true or not (as in regular convergent nozzles).

If M9 = 1, we can compute M F P9 (Equation 4):

M F P9 = 0.6672624
Then, from Equation 5, one can cancel out constant terms and rearrange such that,

A5 M F P8
= Πn
A9 M F P9
Dividing by the reference condition:
 
A5 /A9 M F P8 /M F P9 M F P8 A9 M F P8
=1 ; =
(A5 /A9 )R (M F P8 /M F P9 )R M F P9 A9R M F P9 R

M F P8 = 0.481583
Therefore, we can get M8 using the graph method (M8 vs γ):

11
 Figure 7: M8 vs γ

M8 ≈ 0.45
Now we can solve the turbine through a system of 2 equations and 2 unknowns. The
first equation comes from continuity (ṁ4 = ṁ8 ), after rearranging terms and dividing by the
reference condition. The second equation is the turbine isentropic efficiency:
√ √ 
τt τt M F P8
= (6)
Πt Πt R M F P8R
Tt4 − Tt5 1 − τt
ηt = ηtR = = γf −1 = 0.800985
Tt4 − Tt5′ γf
1 − Πt
γf −1
γf
τt = 1 − ηt (1 − Πt ) (7)
MATLAB’s fsolve function was used to solve the system.

τt = 0.916997 Πt = 0.622471
To solve the turbine, we use the relation obtained in the shaft balance:
 
1 − τt Tt4 Tt4
τc − 1 = (τcR − 1)
1 − τtR Tt2 Tt2 R
γa −1 γa −1
Tt3′ − Tt2 Π γa − 1 Πc γa − 1
ηc = ηcR = = cR =
Tt3 − Tt2 τcR − 1 τc − 1

τc = 1.620306 Πc = 4.279026
Now we can solve for the full cycle and check chocked hypothesis.

Tt9 = Tt5 = Tt4 τt = 1650.59 K

Pt5 = Pt0 πd πc πb πt = 2.61029 bar
Pt9 = Πn Pt5 = 1.99531 bar
Pt9
P9 =   γf
γf −1 2 γf −1
1+ 2 M9

12
 P9 = 1.08889 bar > P0 , assumption OK

The fuel-to-air ratio can be obtained as before through C.C balance. The new mass flow can
be obtained through the mass definitions as a function of M F P9 .

Pt9 A9
ṁ9 = M F P9 p
Rf Tt9

f = 0.045199 ṁ0 = 30.1097kg/s

Finally, the analysis parameters:

γf Rf T9 + A9 (P9 − P0 ) = 2.3373497 · 104 N = 233.73 kN

p
F = m 9 M9

f m9
1+f
TSFC = = 5.105703 · 10−5 kg/s/N = 51.06mg/s/N
F
 
1  2
= 2.788073 · 105 J/kg/s
p
∆ek = (1 + f ) M9 γf Rf T9
2
∆ek
ηt = = 0.145138 (14.51%)
f hP R

ηp = 0

4 Code
clc; clear; close all;

%% TABLE ON-DESIGN
% Freestream (subscript 0)
T_0 = 216.80; % Temperature [K]
Tt_0 = 251.92; % Total Temperature [K]
P_0 = 0.23; % Pressure [bar]
Pt_0 = 0.38; % Total Pressure [bar]
v_0 = 265.66; % Velocity [m/s]
M_0 = 0.90; % Mach number

% Inlet (subscript 2)
T_2 = NaN; % Temperature [K] - Not provided
Tt_2 = 251.92; % Total Temperature [K]
P_2 = NaN; % Pressure [bar] - Not provided
Pt_2 = 0.38; % Total Pressure [bar]
v_2 = NaN; % Velocity [m/s] - Not provided
M_2 = NaN; % Mach number - Not provided

% Compressor (subscript 3)
T_3 = NaN; % Temperature [K] - Not provided
Tt_3 = 565.71; % Total Temperature [K]
P_3 = NaN; % Pressure [bar] - Not provided
Pt_3 = 4.52; % Total Pressure [bar]

13
v_3 = NaN; % Velocity [m/s] - Not provided
M_3 = NaN; % Mach number - Not provided

% Combustor (subscript 4)
T_4 = NaN; % Temperature [K] - Not provided
Tt_4 = 1800.00; % Total Temperature [K]
P_4 = NaN; % Pressure [bar] - Not provided
Pt_4 = 4.39; % Total Pressure [bar]
v_4 = NaN; % Velocity [m/s] - Not provided
M_4 = 1.00; % Mach number

% Turbine (subscript 5)
T_5 = NaN; % Temperature [K] - Not provided
Tt_5 = 1548.07; % Total Temperature [K]
P_5 = NaN; % Pressure [bar] - Not provided
Pt_5 = 1.91; % Total Pressure [bar]
v_5 = NaN; % Velocity [m/s] - Not provided
M_5 = NaN; % Mach number - Not provided

% Nozzle (subscript 9)
T_9 = 1007.76; % Temperature [K]
Tt_9 = 1548.07; % Total Temperature [K]
P_9 = 0.23; % Pressure [bar]
Pt_9 = 1.46; % Total Pressure [bar]
v_9 = 1157.11; % Velocity [m/s]
M_9 = 1.89; % Mach number

% Air properties
gamma_air = 1.4; % Specific heat ratio (before combustion)
C_pair = 1004.5; % Specific heat capacity at constant pressure [J/(kg K)]
gamma_f = 1.3; % Specific heat ratio (after combustion)
C_pf = 1239; % Specific heat capacity after combustion [J/(kg K)]

R = (gamma_air-1)/gamma_air*C_pair;
Rf = (gamma_f-1)/gamma_f*C_pf;
% Component parameters
pi_d = 0.98; % Diffuser pressure ratio
eta_b = 1.0; % Combustor efficiency
hPR = 42.5e6; % Fuel heating value [J/kg] (converted from MJ/kg)

% Reference properties
%T_ref = 300; % Reference temperature [K]
%P_ref = 1; % Reference pressure [bar]

%% ON-DESIGN
T_SL = 300; P_SL = 100000;
mc2 = 73;
pi_c = 12;
T_ref = T_SL; P_ref = P_SL;

%% 1.1

14
F = 28177.78; %N
T_t2 = 251.92; P_t2 = 0.38*1e5;

m_0 = mc2*(P_t2/P_ref)/(sqrt(T_t2/T_ref));

f = (C_pf*Tt_4 - C_pair*Tt_3)/(eta_b*hPR - C_pf*Tt_4);

m_0_2 = (F)/((1+f)*v_9 - v_0);

eta_t = (1 - (Tt_5/Tt_4))/(1 - (Pt_5/Pt_4)^((gamma_f - 1)/gamma_f) );

%% 1.2
%A_4
MFP_4 = sqrt(gamma_f)*M_4*(1 + (gamma_f - 1)/2*M_4^2)^(-(gamma_f+1)/(2*(gamma_f-1)));
m_4 = m_0*(1+f);
A_4 = (m_4*sqrt(Rf*Tt_4))/(Pt_4*1e5*MFP_4);

%A_9
MFP_9 = sqrt(gamma_f)*M_9*(1 + (gamma_f - 1)/2*M_9^2)^(-(gamma_f+1)/(2*(gamma_f-1)));
m_9 = m_4;
A_9 = (m_9*sqrt(Rf*Tt_9))/(Pt_9*1e5*MFP_9);

%A_8
M_8 = 1; eta_N = 0.9;
T_t8 = Tt_5;
T_8 = T_t8/(1 + (gamma_f-1)/2*M_8^2);
P_8 = Pt_5*(1-(1-T_8/Tt_5)/eta_N)^(gamma_f/(gamma_f-1));

Pt_8 = P_8*(1 + (gamma_f-1)/2*M_8^2)^(gamma_f/(gamma_f-1));

m_8 = m_9;
MFP_8 = sqrt(gamma_f)*M_8*(1 + (gamma_f - 1)/2*M_8^2)^(-(gamma_f+1)/(2*(gamma_f-1)));
A_8 = (m_8*sqrt(Rf*T_t8))/(Pt_8*1e5*MFP_8);

%% OFF- DESIGN
theta_0 = 1;
Tt_4R = Tt_4;
Tt_4 = 0.6*Tt_4R;
pi_cR = pi_c;
pi_c = 4.2; mc2 = 37.38; pi_dmax = 0.98;
m_0R = m_0;

%% 2.1.1 1st iter

%Freestream
T_0 = T_SL; P_0 = P_SL; M_0 = 0;
T_t0 = T_0/(1 + (gamma_air-1)/2*M_0^2);
P_t0 = P_0*1e-5*(T_t0/T_0)^(gamma_air/(gamma_air-1));
%Inlet
Tt_2R = Tt_2;
Tt_2 = T_t0;
P_t2 = pi_dmax*P_t0;

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m_0 = mc2*(P_t2*1e5/P_ref)/(sqrt(Tt_2/T_ref));

%Compressor
Tt_3R = Tt_3;
%tau_c = pi_c^(gamma_air/(gamma_air-1) - 1)/eta_c + 1;
tau_c21 = 0.6*(5/6)*(Tt_3R/Tt_2R-1) + 1;
Tt_3 = Tt_2*tau_c21;
P_t3R = Pt_3;
Pt_3 = P_t2*pi_c;

%Combustor
pi_b = 1;
P_t4R = Pt_4;
Pt_4 = pi_b*Pt_3;

m_4 = m_0*(1+f);

f21 = (C_pf*Tt_4 - C_pair*Tt_3)/(eta_b*hPR - C_pf*Tt_4);

% Turbine
P_t5R = Pt_5;
T_t5R = Tt_5;

pi_t = P_t5R/P_t4R; tau_t = T_t5R/Tt_4R;

Tt_5 = tau_t*Tt_4;

Pt_5 = pi_t*Pt_4;

%Nozzle
P_9 = P_0*1e-5; pi_n = Pt_9/P_t5R; MFP_9R = MFP_9; MFP_8R = MFP_8; A_9R = A_9;
Pt_9 = Pt_5*pi_n; Tt_9 = Tt_5;

M_9 = sqrt( 2/(gamma_f - 1)*( (Pt_9/P_9)^((gamma_f-1)/gamma_f) - 1) );

MFP_9 = sqrt(gamma_f)*M_9*(1 + (gamma_f - 1)/2*M_9^2)^(-(gamma_f+1)/(2*(gamma_f-1)));

m_9 = m_4;
A_9 = (m_9*sqrt(Rf*Tt_9))/(Pt_9*1e5*MFP_9);

%% 2.1.2 2nd iter

% Target Value
MFP_8 = (A_9/A_9R)*MFP_9*MFP_8R/MFP_9R;

%Iterative Solver for M_8

M_8i = [0.8, 0.95, 0.99, 0.997, 0.999];

MFP_8i = sqrt(gamma_f).*M_8i.*(1 + (gamma_f - 1)./2.*M_8i.^2).^(-(gamma_f+1)./(2.*(gamma_f-1

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T_9 = Tt_9/(1 + (gamma_f-1)/2*M_9^2);

F21 = m_9*M_9*sqrt(gamma_f*Rf*T_9);

TSFC21 = (f21*m_0)/F21;

d_ek = 1/2*((1+f21)*(M_9*sqrt(gamma_f*Rf*T_9))^2);

eta_th = d_ek/(f21*hPR);
eta_p = 0;

%% 2.2
% Recover On-Design Variables
A_9 = 0.45*A_9R;

Ratio_A9A9R = A_9/A_9R;
Ratio_A9A8R = A_8/A_9R;

% Assume Choked conds.

M_9 = 1;
MFP_9 = sqrt(gamma_f)*M_9*(1 + (gamma_f - 1)/2*M_9^2)^(-(gamma_f+1)/(2*(gamma_f-1)));

MFP_8 = Ratio_A9A9R*(MFP_8R/MFP_9R)*MFP_9;

% Turbine
eta_tR = eta_t; pi_tR = pi_t; tau_tR = tau_t;

system_eqs = @(x) [ ...

sqrt(x(1))/x(2) - (sqrt(tau_tR)/pi_tR * (MFP_8 / MFP_8R)); % eq1
x(1) - (1 - eta_t * (1 - x(2)^((gamma_f - 1)/gamma_f ) ) ) % eq2
]; %x(1) is tau_t x(2) is pi_t

x0 = [0.95, 0.5];

[x_solution, fval, exitflag] = fsolve(system_eqs, x0);

% Compressor
tau_cR = Tt_3R/Tt_2R;

tau_c = (1 - x_solution(1))/(1 - tau_tR)*1*(Tt_2R/T_t0)*(Tt_3R/Tt_2R-1) + 1;

pi_c = ( ((tau_c-1)/(tau_cR-1)*(pi_cR^((gamma_air - 1)/gamma_air ) -1)) +1)^...
...(gamma_air/(gamma_air - 1));

% Nozzle
Tt_9 = Tt_4R*x_solution(1);
Pt_5 = P_t0*pi_dmax*pi_b*pi_c*x_solution(2);

Pt_9 = pi_n*Pt_5;

P_9 = Pt_9/(1 + (gamma_f-1)/2*M_9^2)^(gamma_f/(gamma_f - 1));

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%Analysis

f22 = (C_pf*Tt_4R - C_pair*T_t2*tau_c)/(eta_b*hPR - C_pf*Tt_4R);

m_9 = Pt_9*1e5*A_9*MFP_9/sqrt(Rf*Tt_9);

T_9 = Tt_9/(1 + (gamma_f-1)/2*M_9^2);

F22 = m_9*M_9*sqrt(gamma_f*Rf*T_9) + A_9*(P_9*1e5 - P_0);

TSFC22 = (f*m_9/(1+f))/F22;

d_ek2 = 1/2*((1+f22)*(M_9*sqrt(gamma_f*Rf*T_9))^2);

eta_th2 = d_ek2/(f22*hPR);
eta_p2 = 0;

%% MATLAB Code to Sketch Convergent-Divergent and Convergent Nozzles

x_CVG = [0, 0.5, 1]; % Axial positions for Convergent Nozzle

x_CVG_DIV = [0, 0.5, 0.75, 1]; % Axial positions for Convergent-Divergent Nozzle

% Define area ratios (normalized to throat area A8/A9R)

A8_A9R = 0.5126;
A9_A9R_CVG = 0.45; % Exit area for Convergent Nozzle
A9_A9R_CVG_DIV = 1; % Exit area for Convergent-Divergent Nozzle

A_CVG = [1, A8_A9R, A9_A9R_CVG]; % Convergent Nozzle

A_CVG_DIV = [1, A8_A9R, 0.8, A9_A9R_CVG_DIV]; % Convergent-Divergent Nozzle

x_fine_CVG = linspace(0, 1, 100); % Fine x-axis points

A_smooth_CVG = interp1(x_CVG, A_CVG, x_fine_CVG, ’pchip’);

x_fine_CVG_DIV = linspace(0, 1, 100);

A_smooth_CVG_DIV = interp1(x_CVG_DIV, A_CVG_DIV, x_fine_CVG_DIV, ’pchip’);

A_mirror_CVG = -A_smooth_CVG; % Mirror for Convergent Nozzle

A_mirror_CVG_DIV = -A_smooth_CVG_DIV; % Mirror for Convergent-Divergent Nozzle

figure;
hold on;

subplot(1,2,1); % Left plot

plot(x_fine_CVG, A_smooth_CVG, ’b’, ’LineWidth’, 2);
hold on;
plot(x_fine_CVG, A_mirror_CVG, ’b’, ’LineWidth’, 2); % Mirror the nozzle
fill([x_fine_CVG, fliplr(x_fine_CVG)], [A_smooth_CVG, fliplr(A_mirror_CVG)], ’cyan’, ’FaceAl

x_labels_CVG = x_CVG; % Positions for vertical lines

A_labels_CVG = A_CVG; % Corresponding area ratios
for i = 1:length(x_labels_CVG)
plot([x_labels_CVG(i), x_labels_CVG(i)], [-1.2, A_labels_CVG(i)], ’k--’, ’LineWidth’, 1)

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 text(x_labels_CVG(i), A_labels_CVG(i) + 0.05, sprintf(’A/A_{9R} = %.2f’, A_labels_CVG(i)
’HorizontalAlignment’, ’center’, ’FontSize’, 8, ’FontWeight’, ’bold’);
end

title(’Convergent Nozzle’);
xlabel(’Axial Position (x)’);
ylabel(’Area Ratio (A/A_{9R})’);
grid on;
ylim([-1.2 1.2]);
xlim([0 1]);

subplot(1,2,2); % Right plot

plot(x_fine_CVG_DIV, A_smooth_CVG_DIV, ’r’, ’LineWidth’, 2);
hold on;
plot(x_fine_CVG_DIV, A_mirror_CVG_DIV, ’r’, ’LineWidth’, 2); % Mirror the nozzle
fill([x_fine_CVG_DIV, fliplr(x_fine_CVG_DIV)], [A_smooth_CVG_DIV, fliplr(A_mirror_CVG_DIV)],

x_labels_CVG_DIV = x_CVG_DIV; % Positions for vertical lines

A_labels_CVG_DIV = A_CVG_DIV; % Corresponding area ratios
for i = 1:length(x_labels_CVG_DIV)
plot([x_labels_CVG_DIV(i), x_labels_CVG_DIV(i)], [-1.2, A_labels_CVG_DIV(i)], ’k--’, ’Li
text(x_labels_CVG_DIV(i), A_labels_CVG_DIV(i) + 0.05, sprintf(’A/A_{9R} = %.2f’, A_label
’HorizontalAlignment’, ’center’, ’FontSize’, 8, ’FontWeight’, ’bold’);
end

title(’Convergent-Divergent Nozzle’);
xlabel(’Axial Position (x)’);
ylabel(’Area Ratio (A/A_{9R})’);
grid on;
ylim([-1.2 1.2]);
xlim([0 1]);

sgtitle(’Smooth, Symmetric Nozzle Shapes’);

hold off;

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References

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