CBSE Class 12 Mathematics Question Paper 2023

Set - 1 (65/2/1) Solutions

SECTION – A

(Multiple Choice Questions)

Each question carries 1 mark.

0 1
1. If A= , then A2023 is equal to:
0 0

0 1  0 2023  0 0  2023 0 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
0 0 0 0  0 0  0 2023 

0 0
Ans: (C)  
0 0

2 0
2. If 5 4  = P + Q , where P is a symmetric and Q is a skew symmetric
 
matrix, then Q is equal to 1

 2 5 / 2
(A) 5 / 2 4 
 

 0 −5 / 2 
(B) 5 / 2
 0 

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  0 5 / 2
(C)  −5 / 2 0 
 

 2 −5 / 2 
(D) 5 / 2
 4 

 0 −5 / 2 
Ans: (B) 
5 / 2 0 

1 2 1
3. If  2 3 1 is non-singular matrix and a  A , then the set A is: 1
3 a 1

(A)

(B) 0

(C) {4}

(D) − {4}

Ans: (D) − {4}

4. If | A |=| kA | , where A is a square matrix of order 2, then sum of all

possible values of k is

(A) 1 (B) -1 (C) 2 (D) 0

Ans: (D) 0

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 d
5. If [f ( x)] = ax + b and f (0) = 0 , then f ( x) is equal to 1
dx

(A) a+b

ax 2
(B) + bx
2

ax 2
(C) + bx + c
2

(D) b

ax 2
Ans: (B) + bx
2

 dy 
6. Degree of the differential equation sin x + cos   = y 2 is 1
 dx 

(A) 2

(B) 1

(C) not defined

(D) 0

Ans: (C) not defined

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7. The integrating factor of the differential equation

(1 − y ) dy
2 dx
+ yx = ay, (−1  y  1) is 1

1
(A)
y −1
2

1
(B)
y2 − 1

1
(C)
1− y 2

1
(D)
1 − y2

1
Ans: (D)
1 − y2

8. Unit vector along PQ , where coordinates of P and Q respectively are (2,1, −1) and
(4, 4, −7) , is 1

(A) 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 6kˆ

(B) −2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6kˆ

−2i 3j 6k
(C) − +
7 7 7

2iˆ 3 ˆj 6kˆ
(D) + −
7 7 7

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 2iˆ 3 ˆj 6kˆ
Ans: (D) + −
7 7 7

9. Position vector of the mid-point of line segment AB is 3iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ . If position vector of
the point A is 2i + 3j − 4k , then position vector of the point B is

5iˆ 5 ˆj 7kˆ
(A) + −
2 2 2

(B) 4i + j − 2k

(C) 5iˆ + 5 ˆj − 7kˆ

iˆ ˆj kˆ
(D) − +
2 2 2

Ans: (B) 4i + j − 2k

10. Projection of vector 2iˆ + 3 ˆj on the vector 3iˆ − 2 ˆj is 1

(A) 0

(B) 12

12
(C)
13

−12
(D)
13

Ans: (A) 0

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11. Equation of a line passing through point (1,1,1) and parallel to z-axis is 1

x y z
(A) = =
1 1 1

x −1 y −1 z −1
(B) = =
1 1 1

x y z −1
(C) = =
0 0 1

x −1 y −1 z −1
(D) = =
0 0 1

x −1 y −1 z −1
Ans: (D) = =
0 0 1

12. If the sum of numbers obtained on throwing a pair of dice is 9 , then the probability
that number obtained on one of the dice is 4 , is : 1

1
(A)
9

4
(B)
9

1
(C)
18

1
(D)
2

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 1
Ans: (D)
2

tan x − 1
13. Anti-derivative of with respect to x is
tan x + 1


(A) sec2  − x  + c
4 


(B) − sec2  − x  + c
4 

 
(C) log sec  − x  + c
4 


(D) − log sec  − x  + c
4  


Ans: (B) log sec  − x  + c
4  

14. If (a, b), (c, d) and (e, f) are the vertices of ABC and  denotes the area of
2
a c e
ABC then b d f is equal to
1 1 1

(A) 2 2

(B) 4 2

(C) 2

(D) 4

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Ans: (B) 4 2

15. The function f ( x) = x | x | is 1

(A) continuous and differentiable at x = 0 .

(B) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0 .

(C) differentiable but not continuous at x = 0 .

(D) neither differentiable nor continuous at x = 0 .

Ans: (A) continuous and differentiable at x = 0 .

 x+ y dy
16. If tan   = k , then is equal to 1
 x− y dx

−y
(A)
x

y
(B)
x

(C) sec2  
y
x

(D) − sec 2  
y
x

y
Ans: (B)
x

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17. The objective function Z = ax + by of an LPP has maximum value 42 at (4, 6) and
minimum value 19 at (3, 2) . Which of the following is true? 1

(A) a = 9, b = 1

(B) a = 5, b = 2

(C) a = 3, b = 5

(D) a = 5, b = 3

Ans: (C) a = 3, b = 5

18. The corner points of the feasible region of a linear programming problem are (0,4),
(8,0) and  ,  . If Z = 30 x + 24 y is the objective function, then (maximum value of
20 4
 3 3
Z − minimum value of $ Z $) is equal to

(A) 40

(B) 96

(C) 120

(D) 136

Ans: (B) 96

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ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions 19 & 20, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a

statement of Reason (R).

Choose the correct answer out of the following choices:

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

19. Assertion (A) : Maximum value of ( cos−1 x ) is  2 .

2
1

− 
Reason (R): Range of the principal value branch of cos−1 x is  ,  .
 2 2

Ans: (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

20. Assertion (A): If a line makes angles  ,  ,  with positive direction of the coordinate
axes, then sin 2  + sin 2  + sin 2  = 2 . 1

Reason (R): The sum of squares of the direction cosines of a line is 1 .

Ans: (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

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 SECTION - B

This section comprises Very Short Answer Type questions (VSA) of 2 marks each.

 3 
21. (a) Evaluate sin −1  sin  + cos −1 (cos  ) + tan −1 (1) . 2
 4 

Ans:

 3π 
1. Evaluate sin −1  sin  :
 4 

3π 2
sin =
4 2

 2  3π 3π
sin −1   = (since is within the range of sin −1 )
 2  4 4

2. Evaluate cos−1 (cos π ) :

cos π = −1

cos−1 (−1) = π

3. Evaluate tan −1 (1) :

π
tan −1 (1) =
4

4. Sum up:

3π π
+ π + = 2π
4 4

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  3 
 sin −1  sin  + cos −1 (cos ) + tan −1 (1) = 2
 4 

OR

(b) Draw the graph of cos−1 x , where x  [−1, 0] . Also, write its range. 2

Ans:

1. Graph: The function cos−1 x for x∈[−1,0] is decreasing. The graph starts at π when x = −1

and ends at when x = 0.
2

 
2. Range: The range of cos−1 x for x∈[−1,0] is  ,   .
2 

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22. A particle moves along the curve 3 y = ax 3 +1 such that at a point with x -coordinate
1, y -coordinate is changing twice as fast at x -coordinate. Find the value of a. 2

Ans:

1. Differentiate implicitly:

dy 3ax 2
= = ax 2
dx 3
At x = 1 :
dy
=a
dx

dy dx
2. Given =2
dx dx

So, a = 2

This gives a =2.

23. If a, b , c are three non-zero unequal vectors such that a  b = a  c , then find the angle
between a and b − c . 2

Ans:

Given: a, b , c are three non-zero unequal vectors such that a  b = a  c

Find the angle between a and b − c .

Solution:

1. From the given condition a  b = a  c

2. This implies: a  (b − c ) = 0

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 3. Therefore, a⃗ is perpendicular to b − c .

4. Angle between a⃗ and b − c is 90 .

x y −1 z + 1
24. Find the coordinates of points on line = = which are at a distance of 11
1 2 2
units from origin. 2

Ans:

1.Parametric form of the line:

x = t, y = 1 + 2t , z = −1 + 2t

2. The distance from the origin is:

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = t 2 + (1 + 2t ) 2 + (−1 + 2t ) 2

= t 2 + (1 + 4t + 4t 2 ) + (1 − 4t + 4t 2 )

= 9t 2 + 2 = 11

3. Equating:

9t 2 + 2 = 11  9t 2 = 9  t 2 = 1  t = 1

4. For t =1:

( x, y, z ) = (1,3,1)

For t = -1:

( x, y, z ) = (−1, −1, −3)

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The coordinates are (1,3,1) and (−1,−1,−3).

 d 2 y   dy 
2

25. (a) If y = ax + b , prove that y  2  +   = 0 . 2

 dx   dx 

Ans:

1. Differentiate y = ax + b with respect to x:

dy 1 a a
= a = =
dx 2 ax + b 2 ax + b 2 y

d2y
2. Differentiate again to find :
dx 2

d 2 y d  a  a −1 dy −a 2
=  =   =
dx 2 dx  2 y  2 y 2 dx 4 y 3

3. Substitute into the given expression:

2
−a 2  a  −a 2 a 2
y 3 +  = 2 + 2 = 0
4y  2y  4y 4y

Proved.

OR

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 ax + b ;0  x  1
(b) If f (x) =  is a differential function in (0, 2), then find the values of a
2x − x ;1  x  2
2

and b. 2

Ans:

1. For f(x) to be continuous at x=1:

From ax + b = 2 x 2 − x at x = 1:

a(1) + b = 2(1)2 − 1  a + b = 1 (Equation 1)

2. For f ′(x) to be continuous at x = 1, match the derivatives:

d
f ( x) = a and (2 x 2 − x) = 4 x − 1
dx

3. Substitute a = 3 into Equation 1:

3 + b = 1  b = −2

Values are a = 3 and b = -2.

SECTION - C

This section comprises Short Answer type questions (SA) of 3 marks each.

 /4
26. (a) Evaluate  log(1 + tan x)dx . 3
0

Ans:

1. Substitute u = tan x , du = sec2 x dx

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 du

1
log(1 + u)
0 1+ u2

2. Use integration by parts or standard integral results:

OR

dx
(b) Find  sin x cos( x −  )
3
. 3

Ans:

1 csc2 x
Let I =  dx =  dx
sin 3 x cos( x − α) sin α + cos α cot x

Put sin α + cos α cot x = t

1
 csc2 xdx = − dt
cos 

1 2 t
I = −  dt = − +c
cos α t cos α
2
I = +c
cos α sin α + cos α cot x

 1 − x + x2 
27. Find  ecot
−1

 dx . 3
x

 1 + x 2


Ans:

dx
1. Let θ = cot −1 ( x) so x = cot(θ ) and = − csc2 (θ )
dθ

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 2. The integral becomes:

 1 − cot(θ ) + cot 2 (θ ) 
 eθ    ( − csc (θ )dθ )
2

 1 + cot (θ )
2


3. Simplify using trigonometric identities:

1 − cot(θ ) + cot 2 (θ )
= sin 2 (θ )
csc (θ )
2

The integral becomes:

−  eθ  sin 2 (θ )dθ

4. Integrate by parts, or recognize that the integrand can be solved directly:

−1
ecot ( x )
− +C
2

1

log 3
28. Evaluate dx 3
log 2
(e x
+e −x
)( e x
− e− x )
Ans:

1. Simplify the Integrand:

e x + e − x = 2 cosh( x)
e x − e − x = 2sinh( x)

So, the integrand becomes:

1 1
=
4cosh( x)sinh( x) 2sinh(2 x)

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2. Integral Simplification:

log 3 1 1
 log 5 2sinh(2 x)
dx = ln∣ tanh(log 3)∣ − ln∣ tanh(log 5)∣ 
2

3. Evaluate at the Bounds:

a −1
tanh(log a ) =
a +1

Substituting a=3 and a=5:

1  2  4  1  1  1
 ln   − ln    = ln   = − ln(3)
2 4  6  2  3  2

Final Answer:

1
− ln(3)
2

29. (a) Find the general solution of the differential equation: ( xy − x 2 ) dy = y 2 dx

Ans:
1. Rewrite the equation in a more manageable form:
dy dx
=
y 2
x( y − x)
y
2. Use the substitution v = ,so y = vx and dy = vdx + xdv
x
vdx + xdv dx
=
(vx) 2
x( xv − x)
3. Simplify:
dv
v+x
dx = 1
2
v x 2
x v − x2
2

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 4. Separate and integrate both sides to solve for v(x), and then back-substitute
to find y(x).
5. After integration, we get the general solution:
x
y= +C
log( x)

OR

(b) Find the general solution of the differential equation:

(x 2
+1) dy
dx
+ 2 xy = x2 + 4 3

Ans:
1. This is a linear differential equation. Write it in standard form:
dy 2x x2 + 4
+ 2 y= 2
dx x + 1 x +1
2. The integrating factor (IF) is:
2x
 dx
+1)
IF = e = elog( x = x2 + 1
2
x 2 +1

3. Multiply the entire equation by the integrating factor:

dy
( x 2 + 1) + 2 xy = x 2 + 4
dx
4. Integrate both sides:
y( x 2 + 1) =  x 2 + 4dx
5. The integral on the right-hand side is a standard integral, and the solution is:
1
y=  x 2 + 4dx + C
x +1
2

x x2 + 4
y(1 + x 2 ) = + 2log x + x 2 + 4 + C
2

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30. (a) Two balls are drawn at random one by one with replacement from an urn
containing equal number of red balls and green balls. Find the probability distribution
of number of red balls. Also, find the mean of the random variable.

Ans:

X: Number of red balls out of the two balls drawn

X 0 1 2

P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4

1 1 1
Mean = 0  + 1 + 2  = 1
4 2 4

OR

(b) A and B throw a die alternately till one of them gets a ' 6 ' and wins the game. Find
their respective probabilities of winning, if A starts the game first. 3

Ans:

1
(b) P(getting a six) =
6

2 4
1 5 1 5 1 1 1 6 36 6
P(A wins) = +    +    + =  =  =
6 6 6 6 6 6 5
2
36 11 11
1−  
6

6 5
P(B wins) = 1 − P(A wins) = 1 − =
11 11

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31. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically: 3

Minimize : Z = 5 x + 10y
subject to constraints :
x + 2y  120, x + y  60, x − 2y  0,
x  0, y  0
Ans:

Corner Points Value of Z

A(40, 20) 400

B(60, 30) 600

C(120, 0) 600

D(60, 0) 300(Min)

This gives the minimum value of the objective function Z =300 at x= 60; y=0.

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 SECTION - D

This section comprises Long Answer type questions (LA) of 5 marks each.

 −3 −2 −4  1 2 0
 
32. (a) If A =  2 1 2 , B =  −2 −1 −2 , then find AB and use it to solve the
 2 1 3  0 −1 1
following system of equations: 5

x − 2y = 3
2x − y − z = 2
−2 y + z = 3
Ans:
1. Calculate AB
1 0 0
 
AB =  0 1 0 
0 0 1
 

2. Solve the System of Equations

Given:
 x − 2y = 3

2 x − y − z = 2
 −2 y + z = 3

Substitute z from the third equation into the second equation:
z = 3+ 2y
Then:
2 x − y − (3 + 2 y ) = 2
2x − 3y − 3 = 2
2x − 3y = 5

From x−2y=3, solve for x:

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x=3+2y
Substitute x into 2x−3y=5:
2(3 + 2 y ) − 3 y = 5
6 + 4 y − 3y = 5
y = −1
Find x and z:
x = 3 + 2(−1) = 1
 x = 1, y = −1, and z = 1

OR

cos  − sin  0
(b) If f ( ) =  sin  cos  0  , prove that f ( )  f (− ) = f ( −  ) 5
 0 0 1 

Ans: Given:

cos α − sin α 0 
f (α ) =  sin α cos α 0 
 0 0 1 
cos(− β ) − sin(− β ) 0 
f (− β ) =  sin(− β ) cos(− β ) 0 
 0 0 1 

Note: cos(− β ) = cos β and sin(− β ) = − sin β , so:

 cos β sin β 0
f (− β ) =  − sin β cos β 0 
 0 0 1 

Calculate f (α)  f (− β ) :

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 cos α − sin α 0  cos β sin β 0
f (α)  f (− β ) =  sin α cos α 0   − sin β cos β 0
 0 0 1   0 0 1 

cos(α − β ) − sin(α − β ) 0
f (α)  f (− β ) =  sin(α − β ) cos(α − β ) 0 
 0 0 1 

Which is exactly:

cos(α − β ) − sin(α − β ) 0
f (α − β ) =  sin(α − β ) cos(α − β ) 0 
 0 0 1 

Conclusion: f (α)  f (− β ) = f (α − β ) is proven.

33. (a) Find the equations of the diagonals of the parallelogram PQRS whose vertices
are P(4, 2, −6),Q(5, −3,1), R(12, 4,5) and S(11,9, −2) . Use these equations to find the point of
intersection of diagonals. 5

Ans:

Equation of diagonal PR:

Direction ratios of PR = (12 − 4, 4 − 2,5 − (−6)) = (8, 2,11)

The equation of the line passing through P(4,2,−6) with direction ratios (8, 2, 11) is:

x−4 y−2 z+6

= =
8 2 11

Equation of diagonal QS:

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Direction ratios of QS= (1−5,9−(−3),−2−1) = (−4,12,−3)

The equation of the line passing through Q(5,−3,1) with direction ratios (-4, 12, -3) is:

x − 5 y + 3 z −1
= =
−4 12 −3

Finding the point of intersection of the diagonals.

Since the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, the point of intersection is the
midpoint of PR and QS.

Midpoint of PR:

 4 + 12 2 + 4 −6 + 5  1
Midpoint of PR =  , ,  = (8,3, − )
 2 2 2  2

Midpoint of QS:

 5 + 1 −3 + 9 1 − 2  1
Midpoint of QS =  , ,  = (3,3, − )
 2 2 2  2

1
Since the midpoints are the same, the point of intersection is (3,3, − )
2

OR

(b) A line l passes through point (-1,3, -2) and is perpendicular to both the lines
x y z x + 2 y −1 z + 1
= = and = = . Find the vector equation of the line l. Hence, obtain its
1 2 3 −3 2 5
distance from origin.

Ans:

The line passes through the point (1,3,−2) and is perpendicular to the lines:

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x y z x + 2 y −1 z + 1
= = and = =
1 2 3 −3 2 5

• Direction ratios of the first line: (1,2,3)

• Direction ratios of the second line: (−3,2,5)

The direction ratios of the required line are given by the cross product of the direction ratios
of the two lines:

i j k
d =∣ 1 2 3∣ = i(2  5 − 3  2) − j(1 5 − 3 1) + k (1 2 − (−3)  2)
−3 2 5
d = i (10 − 6) − j(5 + 3) + k (2 + 6) = 4i − 8 j + 8k

So, the direction ratios are (4, −8,8).

Equation of the required line.

The equation of the line passing through (−1,3, −2) with direction ratios (4,−8,8) is:

x +1 y − 3 z + 2
= =
4 −8 8

Finding the distance from the origin to the line.

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
The formula for the distance of a line = = from the origin is:
a b c
∣ ax1 + by1 + cz1 ∣
Distance =
a 2 + b2 + c2

Substituting the values:

∣ 4(−1) − 8(3) + 8(−2)∣ ∣ −4 − 24 − 16∣ ∣ −44∣ 44 11

Distance = = = = =
42 + (−8)2 + 82 16 + 64 + 64 12 12 3

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 11
The distance from the origin to this line is units.
3

34. Using integration, find the area of region bounded by line y = 3x , the curve
y = 4 − x 2 and y -axis in first quadrant. 5

Ans:

Point of intersection is at x=1:

1 1
ar(OAB) =  4 − x 2 dx −  3xdx
0 0
1
 x 4 − x2  x  3 21
ar(OAB) =  + 2sin −1    − [x ]0
 2  2   2
 0
3  3 
ar(OAB) = + 2 − =
2 6 2 3

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35. A function f[−4, 4] → [0, 4] is given by f ( x) = 16 − x 2 . Show that f is an onto function
but not a one-one function. Further, find all possible values of ' a ' for which f (a) = 7 .
5

Ans:

1. Onto Function:

o The function f ( x) = 16 − x 2 maps [−4,4] to [0,4].

o For every y [0, 4], 16 − x 2 = y can be satisfied by x =  16 − y 2 , so f(x) is

onto.

2. One-One Function:

o If f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) , then x1 =  x2 . For example, f (2) = f (−2) , showing f is not

one-one.

3. Values of a for f (a) = 7 :

16 − a 2 = 7  16 − a 2 = 7  a 2 = 9  a = 3

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This section comprises 3 source based/case-based/passage based/integrated units of
assessment questions of 4 marks each.

36. Engine displacement is the measure of the cylinder volume swept by all the pistons
of a piston engine. The piston moves inside the cylinder bore

The cylinder bore in the form of circular cylinder open at the top is to be made from a
metal sheet of area 75 cm2 .

Based on the above information, answer the following questions, give text of the image

(i) If the radius of cylinder is r cm and height is h cm, then write the volume V of
cylinder in terms of radius r . 1

Ans:

From the surface area equation:

2πrh = 75π
75
h=
2r

Substitute h into the volume formula:

75 75πr
V = πr 2  =
2r 2

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So, the volume in terms of r is:

75πr
V (r ) =
2

dV
(ii) Find . 1
dr

Ans: Differentiate V(r) with respect to r:

dV 75π
=
dr 2

(iii) (a) Find the radius of cylinder when its volume is maximum. 2

dV 75π
Ans: Since = is a constant and positive, the volume V(r) is a linearly increasing
dr 2
function with respect to r. This means the volume continues to increase as r increases.
Therefore, the volume reaches a maximum when r is as large as possible within the
constraints of the surface area.

To find the maximum volume, let's express the height h again:

75
h=
2r

To maximize r, the entire metal sheet must be used for the lateral surface area. So, the only
constraint would be h approaching its minimum, which doesn't happen until r approaches
infinity. However, physical constraints would naturally bound r.

dV
Since is positive for all r >0, there's no finite maximum—hence the volume is
dr
theoretically maximized as r increases.

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 OR

(b) For maximum volume, h  r . State true or false and justify. 2

Ans: False.

dV 75π
Justification: The derivative = is not zero; it's a positive constant. This implies that
dr 2
the volume continues to increase as r increases, rather than reaching a maximum where the
derivative equals zero. The volume is maximized as r increases without bound, limited only
by physical constraints.

37. Recent studies suggest that roughly 12% of the world population is left handed.

Depending upon the parents, the chances of having a left-handed child are as follows:

A : When both father and mother are left handed :

The chance of left-handed child is 24% .

B: When father is right handed and mother is left handed:

Chances of left-handed child is 22% .

C: When father is left handed and mother is right handed:

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Chances of left-handed child is 17% .

D : When both father and mother are right handed:

Chances of left-handed child is 9 %.

1
Assuming that P( A) = P( B) = P(C ) = P( D) = and L
4
denotes the event that child is lefthanded. Based on the above information, answer the following questions:

(i) Find P(L / C) 1

Ans:

(i) P( L∣ C )

C corresponds to the event where the father is left-handed and the mother is right-
handed.

• P(L∣C)=17%

(ii) P( L∣ A)

• A corresponds to the event where both parents are left-handed.

• P(L∣A)=24%.

(iii) P(A∣L)

We use Bayes' theorem to find P(A∣L):

P( L∣ A)  P( A)
P( A∣ L) =
P ( L)

First, find P(L) (total probability of left-handed child):

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P( L) = P( L∣ A)  P( A) + P( L∣ B)  P( B) + P( L∣ C )  P(C ) + P( L∣ D)  P( D)
1 1 1 1
= 0.24  + 0.22  + 0.17  + 0.05 
4 4 4 4
0.24 + 0.22 + 0.17 + 0.05 0.68
= = = 0.17
4 4

Then:

1
0.24 
P ( A∣ L) = 4 = 0.06  0.353
0.17 0.17

OR

(b) Probability that a randomly selected child is left-handed given that exactly one
parent is left-handed:

Ans:

The events where exactly one parent is left-handed are B and C.

Using the law of total probability:

P( L∣ B)  P( B) + P( L∣ C )  P(C )
P( L∣ one parent left-handed) =
P( B) + P(C )

1 1
0.22  + 0.17 
= 4 4 = 0.055 + 0.0425 = 0.195
1 1 0.5
+
4 4

So, the probability is 0.195.

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38. The use of electric vehicles will curb air pollution in the long run.

The use of electric vehicles is increasing every year and estimated electric vehicles in
use at any time t is given by the function V:

1 5
V (t ) = t 3 − t 2 + 25t − 2
5 2
where t represents the time and t = 1, 2,3 . corresponds to year 2001, 2002, 2003,
respectively.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions:

(i) Can the above function be used to estimate the number of vehicles in the year 2000?
Justify. 2

Ans:

• The function V(t) is defined for t  1 corresponding to years 2001 and onward.

• For the year 2000, we need t=0.

Substitute t=0 into V(t):

1 5
V (0) = (0)3 − (0)2 + 25(0) − 2 = −2
5 2

Interpretation:

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 • The function V(t) predicts −2 vehicles for t = 0, which is not a feasible value for the
number of vehicles.

(ii) Prove that the function V(t) is an increasing function. 2

Ans:

To prove that V(t) is an increasing function, we need to show that its derivative is positive
for all t  1.

Differentiate V(t):

1 5
V (t ) = t 3 − t 2 + 25t − 2
5 2

d 1 3 5 2 
V (t ) =  t − t + 25t − 2 
dt  5 2 

3
V (t ) = t 2 − 5t + 25
5

To determine if V′(t) is positive for t ≥1:

3
• Analyse V (t ) = t 2 − 5t + 25
5

• Check if V′(t) is positive:

1. Find the discriminant of the quadratic expression

3 2
t − 5t + 25
5

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 3
Discriminant = b 2 − 4ac = (−5) 2 − 4    25
5
3
= 25 − 4   25
5
= 25 − 60 = −35

2. Since the discriminant is negative, the quadratic expression has no real roots and is always
positive or always negative.

Check the value of V′(t) at t=1:

3
V (1) = (1) 2 − 5(1) + 25
5
3 3 3
= − 5 + 25 = − 5 + 25 = + 20 = 20.6
5 5 5

Since V′(t) > 0 at t =1 and the discriminant is negative, V'(t) is positive for all t ≥1.

So, the function V(t) is an increasing g function for t ≥1.

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