me WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT ‘soit an in which cach whi iting ise with al, may gi ‘ths isl ale and romsin a f as before (Eres Ry: The Sil Contract, Book Chap. Vp 19) ROUSSEAU'S SOCIAL CONTRACT Q. 2 How did Rousseau build the Political hich guaranteed equality andliberty to men? Comment’ Or Describe Rousseau's views on 1 Social Contract. as Reuse not fu cna xpd hi eon of soil contact heen he ‘nividl for the mata benefit of bc Soci fs ermal Dvaugh Socal Contact. To Rousseau the \ of man over man could hhave_ne_ rational ‘eo ptm aprenent and coat. The socal conor at sore maki of siiiarine a Sane ociyc Te oh tn os sae SSE et oe a wilh sudont ofthe site The cour atts br hee a individuals. express ‘het willingness to group themselves into a seve mended erat aks tlie Mery and pep The Social Contract: Th poss by which pola soci fommed is soi founc sn: oly by apcanen td coment can aur ot usted and liberty reained. The terms of contact hos bere eseibed by Rousseau in the flloning words Bach of us us his person and all his power in coms inks bee det Fa SPI We EEC embelgas Spear A os pc of be ind posal oS “FAN JACQUES Rousseau co ist EH and ove hen eng ih, are thts the ast* Yer ‘Thc eneron oa Peuonce mega ate Ye ‘sb han gs tt HE tek nr sani Pnion jc has given * Forcast ata ty nee na witha (am of GCon capable of defending Frey aca: go cate pen nae SS ih ech oe uieng fit 1 efor” In shor, each sing hn is oe What we have" Fram th hon of lenin of Rousean, we dese out the lowing oe en (2) Fach member inpars all hs sighs 0 saci, thas Shaking he tombe hie. Thveh ARSC sheet ye en 08 poles out nat im over orcs, we aun he cue ofa Re "els, and mre poner pve wit we ene (4) The individual makes sured, 2t tan inponsble sovecen, but lo toch an say ef wine oy individual ‘is a constituent part and "over whose activities chs th same dere of coal aay ete seas he community= esTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT owseay every individ ees ito two Accorting? eamenbc othe sveren BS bound tons das and a a ene! of Be ste, ee ae ers. Rese eats oe ent, / gindals in their personal capacity and 12,8, B,C aad Seen remo aes. Bis at Npcerb ce Aste ree ated of AvBtCID. eA Sa ee pang hie to al gies himslg Stee tach woucon bemreteriet) veer coat subte geer aor fe te (0 Te on tr came ie craton clans poses 0 PEPE oPSaee tery ie ce 2 nal nombre he commun ba Simms ae ta eestor sme ee ad beet — sone wove vie ats cons as oi 0 wis a oer af Govt see te Utes mary wh dt pede pone tn eyes afaconnet ROUSSEAU GENERAL WILL (0. 3 Rowse olds shat "tere, i, en conidtibiederence between the General Wi ant SIavafaiy riety examine ths sltement. ‘oR The constant will ofall th the General Will. I is by that they are citi Cominent. i oR ‘Write a detailed critical essay on Rovssea! General Will ye members of the stat zens and free" ‘a sAcauesnovsseay at see Stet ergs tte Sooagete (Sabin: A History of Polincal Theory p. S47) “The will ofeach De NeDal fis Genel Goal ewe Gx ena Wl The ied cn te ten ey nna rp ot 8 conception or idea of the group as 2 whole and identifies his good with the good of that whole” ia Accoring to Macks “Te anes The see ws» don aed aby dete eno amine ol pace a Terence, i.e. 3 wlizng the Coctbton ‘of cach centre mbes goup ant edn of indcedwar™ oui espinal by the fe ato 2. te ofthe who exer spencer powers and yead fe community and ther respective wills are supereded by the general wll Defining what genera wil is, Rousseu wel ws tat man Posseses te wil) ae (2) Rea wil To nd of general wil 10 ieee tease (1 Actuat - (This corresponds to tHe will ofthe ‘gtonal yall, iainm WestERN POLITICAL THOUGHT 4) se eat tat pon slant and (0 ta ato ret sevice for te “inf ay: Thin il kes mans ‘confined and self centered en Wado sain tomes elcotiing (Rea Wi 1 Real fendi ia raion il aay ime oul wlio BE Cy, fw) W esides permancnly in the heart of a man and it oS “the, characteristics of “true freedom. It Senceysiles dakota activities prposey Sra fr bho te ocey (kaso ea eon np hema selfatisfaction to (oo is pu and slays magnanimously endenourng Tre welfare ofthe rocity, (6) Wis based upon eason and rational Rowse’ whiléSguments depended upon the fct that 2 commanityofeizens i unique with ts members, they neither make {tor have rhs agnostic Its an ‘association’ mot ‘an agurcgation, 8 moral and elective personality. The word contract was about 35 ‘leading as nytt Rousseau could have chosen, "The social ore sa sacred ght whichis the basis ofall. ‘ther sighs, The problem is ond a form of association which will, Sefend and protet withthe whole common fore the person and ‘oad of each associate, and in which each, while uniting himself Seba race esd a ear ‘Each of us puts hs person and all his power in common under the supe TEC rm Su compote . ne each ‘3S an indivisible pat of the whole” —— (Rousseau Social Conroe) JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAL m Reusea cles dtigsths the genera wil from the wi cttw wd ton etl fom te i coincide with any of thse wil, it may someties be eoncdet th the will fan ind Wie the wil an txente fal the wills ofthe individuals the cammunty aout er pate fees. the gen wil esas te aggregate a ich of he sul te gion al Be ints ad cal be following conchsiéns are deduible fom Roustens conezpion of general wil 4 (1) The genera wil coresponds tothe commen interest of allmembers ef th commonity without distinction, (2) The will ofeach individual is merged it genera will |, snd hus gener will is ideniied an an indivnble ‘corporate body: (3) tis rived at by asking each member to surshdr bis will and rigs for what he Beloses for the sake of ‘common good, (4) The general wil uelf however, is never wrong beasse by definition it repreents the Best interest of the common asa bole, (5) Ite the inate soureeof all man laws alas aiming at common interest, (6) Wiethe rue of hat is just and aims at ple good, (1) The general wil ites fom willl (8) The gener ill is alvays ight and sovereign in we sccm eT pe ni ee san, OERENS eS Se Seg ceciets StS me ‘common good: though this impulse may be mastered and cheated in Sree tee aa” Laie wae Tape sig oe moked aie240 WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT rccesaiy a common good. what Rowsca plainly has before minis accourt of gene will” CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERAL WILL ‘The falling ae (1) Voi: eis ot scloatadctor It is indivisible, Cease if were ded i would not remain general ‘sil bt cold Become ston will H remains Beeral as preserves tunity i bts of the general wil Aig nein ere St sion See snd ec ee otc i, NS oe Spreopanicieacacastepeeae (AR Leed Preps of Plies p. 140) panes ieee oa pews asians ieee ene Sees eaten eee eae ome sn which he has a pan”, WS ote oe ant Be Sober WT Jon Masters of Pot Though p23) * G) taaentble The gece wil and sor RSF ad nce Rowse say at sovereignty, being merely the exercise of the gene werent an ‘sandeep eed batt wl ma am Temes oie ni indivisible. For willis. ori atat einer ears seth eae ioaueek Pees xpd wil sah at ef verdana ae second casts ona pan wloractofmapaing. ‘JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU a (WZ. Hoes: Master of Pot Though 285) The geet will canct_be — ‘Sao Lr das ai te nto ot Je Secchi gel nl cin coment Ye release a? whee i pereon ‘assemble and pass laws for their voters. We does oot ‘Smit of epevemaive democrey. “Appreciation of Rousseau's theory of General Wil: ‘tis Rousteau's theory of general wil om which it based ‘Gres dtu hat "wil nto, th bass of he ta Tee vor thon, Te mtn fe cl iat a et tet Re eo cay ea cron nd realy mo PE ea Sachbemadetoplted 7" Cw nes Maer of PT 18) GH Sabine pays abate to Roasseay fr his isp ory of pene wll "Te goer] wil. eps 2 AE tant Scones, namely that ia a calesine good WRG fac tote ang as te privat incr ofits members. Ia fe ot saan Ue, iiss wn esiny, and sues on = U tisrory of Po. Theoryp 588-58) of Rousseau's theory of General Will: Roasca' theory of general has-been clogs! by Sy and simultancously eid on he following varous rounds 1) Reousseau's theory of general wil is incomplete an ease He seems To regard he general wil as id of WeabSctal balance to be arved at by striking ov he Sport odgements ofthis and that en PTS Sree ear increta. Tas is sound berase vrai opinion ofthe aon ot nthe nace of 3 Hs erage tis moe like the eat ofS Tran fring i magne ad dein: Ceti_. .— am WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT nnn ats aaa dna fifo ofa Wh we a eter ne eee ae Sion teenenaraas Serrano if may evincide with it. In fact General . “as own ments and demerits. wa 0 ee td seal wills at th i ar Suicemaresirs se mmdal ofany division, cenphen sis (age te alt Uaniekiomateraee es ‘mye at owt ostand at ‘minerally erly and auton r a fe or ant Seaham Sa ) Again whoever epee a etre! wi sta be oni * ant eae Hey ab 7» Denorsho YM atera, ~~ JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU” _yriins Begach - leads othe cocci of the sae asa super ext. 2 exe of the meas becoming a8 ead’ oll. The overeat instead fanning fst te geal wal ff he sxe, may ty fo noel the gael wl co thing eh Be rons elctve means of fropagands and ve ceil ss Spon (10) This teary is, at to te Tia, ary i tapi oe Kee (11) Tes rarely and for a short time it gener will scaly realized. SelPconsciousoes can exit oa at pesods of great css in the lie of a nation, when the ‘whole of scien is in danger. (12) Where we ae determine to decide what are te vse ~ ‘manifestation ofthis will, Rowseau Teves-us ia be ~ teal of darkaes. He sueses tht general wil abs tends to the ple avantage and thts infalibl,But it foes act fallow tat he deiberasons ofthe people 3 sully conc. i (13); Rousse'sepinion, wha interferes withthe epson Of the general wil is the existence of suborale sontatons within te state. Each of these wil Bae it town general wil, ich may conic with ts of 6 ity asa whole. Imagine what such a ent of cailocoph would involve in practice.The stats would atone $a. Nery =wesreRN POUTICAL THOUGHT a ve pain tures (EL 8 SE cer, wes 1 ole unions, ete. The. emt . VEREIC sousseavsCOCETION OF SOVEREIGNTY vce diated els died by be sovig epe (ay Rose credited with advocating the 1 wat the enpmic cretion of thee ft ce den of oc sverigny of he people? How did he elaborate Rousseau assign sich swesping and volied powers to the aft Sorcogn “te stent mal person whe Hi co in he i ‘Soo ts mentor ad iretfpeorirepetct of ¥ , ‘Soi cunt teape arte Ts naborate Roosseau's views on popular sovereignty. Se er oes Ans Acariag Rouen, soepty Hes wid te | soigh Win Wah ihe ewiebe of i ablsisar ToT a setts 6 eta cal tbe ae atoms not th Hoth on fe dni cqastecenes SESS pale Tesgacalwl | onconen. staat oe SPs a nod alles : . ; Sreaaaee naam Ae may | Semewateh . SSoeyee comet 4 a . SSeS pong fang tn coving. BA | crate ee wl Fn Sat ree Saar oF es a metpys rome fe i eaten eet ee Ce Te a sen teal ts bbe transfered but aot will. It is a collective being, which can be irvate intrest of all the individuals itis the aggregate of such of repreceased only by itself, ‘hese wills which ae common toll the individuals. Ths the oubt, Rouseau's sovereign appears to be an absolute ‘Aegan othe wits people aks fhe qual of sovereign law fit | being with unlimited power, but even then he impose cen ‘Jats with ary rane ors no involve the toe interest oF €¥eNY + | limitations upon his powers: : (0) Rowsenis sverign cannot act arity Ros ia ft win the Hobs abot soverionty iad _ 7 ‘ontarily what i mot meant for tho gencral wel ‘vid the Pepe conse ‘phat not ean fore general vel philoso "rill ave ont popular soveriany. (2) He must ensure equa ofall befor law of land and “which is saheat feature offs potitieal philosophy. ‘promulgatal ules ofjustice and equality. ‘Sovereignty and Government. Raasseauceaty distinguishes (@) He must impose any restraints upon the corumusity, berween sovereign an goverment as "merely the individual of tec uration of Teslom is aprende- «pata Sree alae engl gril ey cee soverngh will” Thus the Govemment is the repoester POLITICAL THOUGHT conepion of verity vasa Tous Ree Smtoalsm of Lack andthe conting to Rowse, The soversan canoe impose (0 Accra FES thal ae wekss to te ea te sovereigas wil 1 e exceed Teen which become the soe jd of win, ‘beget ie te comment Te prc se cutt,righ 50 wompua #8 powers as to coe oppontenineffce. Fuher bow can we "oe eon of goverunent which deeares them Se ail of the sovereign. Ain can lad 0 rama ofthe sovereign over the subjects in the inert oft 2) Rows et far inthe absolutism ofthe sate 2 10 O) ecae tat "he ae, elton to 88 members, sasercf al ei good. . § Rousseu's view om liberty and individ! rights Comment. ‘Avs Rese s a ark sore of te abetiono beset eo came a saan easade ofthe people’ ‘And he eorilel bh ese extreme views by adopting the theory of mph. Acorn to Rosendaal fee te Se teats he docs oot sured i ght 0 one pean 3 oy bt alecve baby of hich be imei i a mE ‘The opening soeee et Reese's immoral csi Saal een sires tke 2 har on the brain. "Man is bor fee but tverpbere in ha Any hinds of tant onthe ber of individuals are sFampenel "Obedience toa bow_which we prescribe foF wares ber”. The right-of liber, oqualny a oe aa maa iO equal as ROSE SIS “BF conaton had suid bocause thei physical pomer is substantially pte ae oi etn of eta qewitid tim a moyeb iets ee eee we eearinaar da eee eres enter irrery ters pes consent ated fo be Bow” Any sigeciOn To Tg See anne a de area wee oe andar a ae oe nes ee (to whose esata suche oat ey tse He mre aia antl eae eerie ates roses ee eager ee ae wt eb {HOUSSEAUS CONTRIBUTION OF OLINCAL THOUAT 0, 6 Rouen is sid to have fnfuenéed Inter potted” Fabopien hot ey died among themselves. Comment by giving illustrations. OR * cnet 6 Ronan to Palit Estimate Thought ‘Ans. Rousseau won fame and immortality because of his clibscal works in wbich he adel longed foe the rome of tity and slaty ia the ste ad, therefore, REE APOY CATE the ‘wigiaior of modem aaboml iste. The impact of Rousza's poli pilsophs sll Te i his madera age. He belongs to the Bhilsophical and not-to,the bstoreal schol of thought He Inoue the notions that the Beple isthe wlimate source ofall politi authority. tat goverment mE te fs steno Ua exer gt tera legis an aaetcnevenuass st gc whl al selon and sso 2 and Sac act oppred io each oer bata complementary — pis mos sigan consibaton tthe realm of lial - Valery si donne of ent il. ‘espet, Jones i uot, “The notion be geal will TeWESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT > 208 intone mon cna cnet of Rounds een is also the most original, the most intresting eae Rstoncally the most importat contribution which adele thon (WT. Jones: Maser of Pol. Thong: 218) ireonramy te whstRouseas means by his geal wl, shea 1 URS fouble, eprennble and aly te then dg 10 Rousse he geen wil oe he Fawn fms fy Tofanclaes tit iathe ure favs fay Kappoins ad stolvesthe poet yk can bing revoiton, aginst i agent the (4) Stent Genera Wil ean foe aia 12 te Wil promotes nd preseres th ny fe a eed say, makes md pei he sa A he ia charntr td ies ese Common qualities, which we ou find inthe etzen ofa given sat eds Macerof Pat Tosh p10 re mica Tobin Rese a a en Oe Soong a idarity in the state depicts Him. an solidarity inthe state de | ‘EAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU ms (4) Rousseau is_the first political thinker who retciene an prey mdi a ha nade te sorcmmeat SER abd spec (5) Rowse sims atthe ener interest ofthe masses. Hi seer wis tbr afc poe (6) Rousseau Social Corre ia wok of permaneat vale contig Fa oot Be pret teoks desing EE palsy Rowsseau’s taflence: _Rousscau wiclded an woparalcled influence on succeeding senraos and on fare movers a Face, hase le ote Frach Revoltin of 1789 ln Amora, te cry of soci coat played a pot pat wae mcognied te Ocrsion ot Epa he Bante oct of e peas good of pet te doctine of the pretext good of he gre rumber iad cre famly msonbane wih Roseavs hey of the penal wil epeacatng common intet of fe people, Wi Rogan the age aon mh sai to hve bs ropced by he 297 of Romaicam. Rooseats plosophy emtsied sentiment by Sivoringratalom, Exe Coley and sda deeply acd in Rowcas and hs sack on spell iaqalty bat inspired Karl Marx, Hegel was also considerably influenced by his ‘allviam, He lo sed the mode evobonayfovemes, According to Cole, Rousseau's Political thought "so far from being dead cis easing everyday; ts new gereraces ad 2 Clases of mn come to sady hi or, his concen on Bey {int uneclopad but nearly always of lasting va al asuedy form te bass of a cw pola pilotphy, in which hy wil be” taken up and transformed”. - * Heamshaw pays tributes 1 Rédwsseau is. these words, Rousseau pays the people asthe ultimate sowce of plies duty. be protims the eon god tobe Ue proper ead of goverment be esses the Wie that Ute is = seal ena: Fe develop the idea tt, a8 OF as, ths 2 EON onsionee and a general wi: Ve mattis te dete tha. be {an of pial ligation cons. bs peak the pestet 280 _ ’ cic gen tery. Oa etree 7 ‘ML. Harmon writes that "Rosseau's concept of the generat La ea ot scat iti gabe ta coficttstwesn the pavtcalar andthe general See A Sih conor ten ba ea checks and is (Polincal Thought from Plato to the Preset p.315) COMPARISON BETWEEN HOBBES, LOCKE AND ROUSSEAU 7 Conte views of Haden, Lace aa Rousseau on sovereignty. - ox rosy wy es ek cut eo po Lake es nt wl eh 8 picasa tar Rowena test wl wich Gerealy actual and general.” Discuss. OR > Compare the use made by Hobbes and Locke of the ~ eee eee contracial philosopher differ se ro We have dina up a compirative, statement of the’ theories strongly advocsed and wpheld by each of these" three pala! sia a aleanaieeey \. | JEAN JACQUE ROUSSEAU Origin of noua (1759) rary on Plical Econom it ihe 2 4 EEkes , ann - Ban Bk i 4 i HERE L BL kab “ahi 7) Hobbes 609 i Death in 1