Horus

Horus (/hɔːrəs/),[c] also known as Heru, Har, Her, or

Hor (/hɔːr/)[d][6] in Ancient Egyptian, is one of the Horus
most significant ancient Egyptian deities who served
many functions, most notably as the god of kingship,
healing, protection, the sun, and the sky. He was
worshipped from at least the late prehistoric Egypt
until the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt.
Different forms of Horus are recorded in history, and
these are treated as distinct gods by Egyptologists.[7]
These various forms may be different manifestations of
the same multi-layered deity in which certain attributes
or syncretic relationships are emphasized, not
necessarily in opposition but complementary to one
another, consistent with how the Ancient Egyptians
viewed the multiple facets of reality.[8] He was most
often depicted as a falcon, most likely a lanner falcon
or peregrine falcon, or as a man with a falcon head.[9]

The earliest recorded form of Horus is the tutelary

deity of Nekhen in Upper Egypt, who is the first
known national god, specifically related to the ruling
pharaoh who in time came to be regarded as a
manifestation of Horus in life and Osiris in death.[7]
The most commonly encountered family relationship
describes Horus as the son of Isis and Osiris, and he
plays a key role in the Osiris myth as Osiris's heir and
Horus was often the ancient Egyptians'
the rival to Set, the murderer and brother of Osiris. In
national tutelary deity. He was usually depicted
another tradition, Hathor is regarded as his mother and
as a falcon-headed man wearing the pschent,
sometimes as his wife.[7]
or a red and white crown, as a symbol of
Claudius Aelianus wrote that Egyptians called the god kingship over the entire kingdom of Egypt.
Apollo "Horus" in their own language.[10] However, Name in
Plutarch, elaborating further on the same tradition hieroglyphs
reported by the Greeks, specified that the one "Horus" Major cult center Nekhen, Edfu[1]
whom the Egyptians equated with the Greek Apollo
Symbol Eye of Horus
was in fact "Horus the Elder", who is distinct from
Horus the son of Osiris and Isis (that would make him Genealogy

"the Younger").[11] Parents Osiris and Isis, Osiris and

Nephthys,[2] Hathor[3]
Siblings Anubis,[a] Bastet[b]
Etymology
Horus is recorded in Egyptian hieroglyphs as ḥr.w Consort Hathor, Isis, Serket[4]
"Falcon", 𓅃; the original pronunciation has been Nephthys[2] Ta-Bitjet[5]
reconstructed as /ˈħaːɾuw/ in Old Egyptian and early Offspring Ihy, Four Sons of Horus
Middle Egyptian, /ˈħaːɾəʔ/ in later Middle Egyptian, (Horus the Elder)
and /ˈħoːɾ(ə)/ in Late Egyptian. Additional meanings
Equivalents
are thought to have been "the distant one" or "one who
is above, over".[12] As the language changed over time, Greek Apollo

it appeared in Coptic varieties variously as /hɔr/ or Nubian Mandulis

/ħoːɾ/ (Ϩⲱⲣ) and was adopted into ancient Greek as
Ὧρος Hō̂ ros (pronounced at the time as /hɔ̂ ːros/). It also survives in Late Egyptian and Coptic theophoric
name forms such as Siese "son of Isis" and Harsiese "Horus, Son of Isis".

Horus and the pharaoh

The pharaoh was associated with many specific deities. He was
identified directly with Horus, who represented kingship itself and
was seen as a protector of the pharaoh,[13] and he was seen as the
son of Ra, who ruled and regulated nature as the pharaoh ruled
and regulated society.

The Pyramid Texts (c. 2400–2300 BCE) describe the nature of the
pharaoh in different characters as both Horus and Osiris. The
pharaoh as Horus in life became the pharaoh as Osiris in death,
Horus offers life to the pharaoh,
where he was united with the other gods. New incarnations of
Ramesses II. Painted limestone.
c. 1275 BCE, 19th dynasty. From
Horus succeeded the deceased pharaoh on earth in the form of
the small temple built by Ramses II new pharaohs.[14]
in Abydos, Louvre museum, Paris,
France. The lineage of Horus, the eventual product of unions between the
children of Atum, may have been a means to explain and justify
pharaonic power. The gods produced by Atum were all
representative of cosmic and terrestrial forces in Egyptian life. By identifying Horus as the offspring of
these forces, then identifying him with Atum himself, and finally identifying the Pharaoh with Horus, the
Pharaoh theologically had dominion over all the world.

Origin mythology
In one tale, Horus is born to the goddess Isis after she retrieved all the dismembered body parts of her
murdered husband Osiris, except his penis, which was thrown into the Nile and eaten by a
catfish/Medjed,[15][16] or sometimes depicted as instead by a crab, and according to Plutarch's account
used her magic powers to resurrect Osiris and fashion a phallus[17] to conceive her son (older Egyptian
accounts have the penis of Osiris surviving).

After becoming pregnant with Horus, Isis fled to the Nile Delta marshlands to hide from her brother Set,
who jealously killed Osiris and who she knew would want to kill their son.[18] There Isis bore a divine
son, Horus. As birth, death and rebirth are recurrent themes in Egyptian lore and cosmology, it is not
particularly strange that Horus also is the brother of Osiris and Isis, by Nut and Geb, together with
Nephthys and Set. This elder Horus is called Hrw-wr - Hourou'Ur - as opposed to Hrw-P-Khrd - the child
Horus, at some point adopted by the Greeks as Harpocrates.

Genealogy
Ra
God of
the sun

Tefnut Shu

Geb Nut

Isis Osiris Nephthys Set

Osiris is depicted on a lapis lazuli pillar in the
center, flanked by Horus on the left and Isis on
the right in this Twenty-second Dynasty statuette
Horus Hathor

Mythological roles

Sky god
Since Horus was said to be the sky, he was considered to also contain the
Sun and Moon.[19] Egyptians believed that the Sun was his right eye and rˁ-ḥr-3ḫty "Ra-Horakhty"
the Moon his left and that they traversed the sky when he, a falcon, flew in hieroglyphs
across it. [20] Later, the
reason that the Moon was
not as bright as the sun was
explained by a tale, known
as The Contendings of
Horus and Seth. In this
tale, it was said that Seth,
the patron of Upper Egypt,
and Horus, the patron of Horus, Louvre, Shen rings in his
Detail of Horus's face, from a statue Lower Egypt, had battled grasp
of Horus and Set placing the crown for Egypt brutally, with
of Upper Egypt on the head of
neither side victorious,
Ramesses III. Twentieth Dynasty,
until eventually, the gods sided with Horus.
early 12th century BC.
As Horus was the ultimate victor he became known as ḥr.w or "Horus the Great", but more usually
translated as "Horus the Elder". In the struggle, Set had lost a testicle, and Horus' eye was gouged out.

Horus was occasionally shown in art as a naked boy with a finger in his mouth sitting on a lotus with his
mother. In the form of a youth, Horus was referred to as nfr ḥr.w "Good Horus", transliterated Neferhor,
Nephoros or Nopheros (reconstructed as naːfiru ħaːruw).

The Eye of Horus is an ancient Egyptian symbol of protection and

royal power from deities, in this case from Horus or Ra. The
symbol is seen on images of Horus' mother, Isis, and on other
deities associated with her. In the Egyptian language, the word for
this symbol was "wedjat" (wɟt).[21][22] It was the eye of one of the
earliest Egyptian deities, Wadjet, who later became associated
with Bastet, Mut, and Hathor as well. Wadjet was a solar deity and
this symbol began as her all-seeing eye. In early artwork, Hathor
is also depicted with this eye.[23] Funerary amulets were often
Eye of Horus or Wedjat
made in the shape of the Eye of Horus. The Wedjat or Eye of
Horus is "the central element" of seven "gold, faience, carnelian
and lapis lazuli" bracelets found on the mummy of Shoshenq II.[24] The Wedjat "was intended to protect
the king [here] in the afterlife"[24] and to ward off evil. Egyptian and Near Eastern sailors would
frequently paint the symbol on the bow of their vessel to ensure safe sea travel.[25]

Horus was also thought to protect the sky.[13]

Conflict between Horus and Set

Horus was told by his mother, Isis, to protect the
people of Egypt from Set, the god of the desert, who
had killed Horus' father, Osiris.[27][28] Horus had
many battles with Set, not only to avenge his father
but to choose the rightful ruler of Egypt. In these
battles, Horus came to be associated with Lower
Egypt and became its patron.

According to The Contendings of Horus and Seth, Set

is depicted as trying to prove his dominance by
seducing Horus and then having sexual intercourse
with him. However, Horus places his hand between Isis, in the form of a bird, copulates with the
his thighs and catches Set's semen, then subsequently deceased Osiris. At either side are Horus,
throws it in the river so that he may not be said to although he is as yet unborn, and Isis in human
have been inseminated by Set. Horus (or Isis herself form.[26]
in some versions) then deliberately spreads his semen
on some lettuce, which was Set's favourite food. After
Set had eaten the lettuce, they went to the gods to try to settle the argument over the rule of Egypt. The
gods first listened to Set's claim of dominance over Horus, and call his semen forth, but it answered from
the river, invalidating his claim. Then, the gods listened to Horus' claim of having dominated Set, and call
his semen forth, and it answered from inside Set.[29][30]
 However, Set still refused
to relent, and the other
gods were getting tired
from over eighty years of
fighting and challenges.
Horus and Set challenged
each other to a boat race,
where they each raced in a
boat made of stone. Horus A personified Eye of Horus offers
and Set agreed, and the incense to the enthroned god Osiris
race started. But Horus had in a painting from the tomb of
an edge: his boat was made Pashedu, thirteenth century BC[31]
of wood painted to
resemble stone, rather than
Horus spears Set, who appears in
true stone. Set's boat, being made of heavy stone, sank, but Horus'
the form of a hippopotamus, as Isis did not. Horus then won the race, and Set stepped down and
looks on officially gave Horus the throne of Egypt.[32] Upon becoming king
after Set's defeat, Horus gives offerings to his deceased father
Osiris, thus reviving and sustaining him in the afterlife. After the
New Kingdom, Set was still considered the lord of the desert and its oases.[33]

In many versions of the story, Horus and Set divide the realm between them. This division can be equated
with any of several fundamental dualities that the Egyptians saw in their world. Horus may receive the
fertile lands around the Nile, the core of Egyptian civilization, in which case Set takes the barren desert or
the foreign lands that are associated with it; Horus may rule the earth while Set dwells in the sky; and
each god may take one of the two traditional halves of the country, Upper and Lower Egypt, in which
case either god may be connected with either region. Yet in the Memphite Theology, Geb, as judge, first
apportions the realm between the claimants and then reverses himself, awarding sole control to Horus. In
this peaceable union, Horus and Set are reconciled, and the dualities that they represent have been
resolved into a united whole. Through this resolution, the order is restored after the tumultuous
conflict.[34]

Egyptologists have often tried to connect the conflict between the

two gods with political events early in Egypt's history or
prehistory. The cases in which the combatants divide the kingdom,
and the frequent association of the paired Horus and Set with the
union of Upper and Lower Egypt, suggest that the two deities
represent some kind of division within the country. Egyptian
tradition and archaeological evidence indicate that Egypt was
united at the beginning of its history when an Upper Egyptian
kingdom, in the south, conquered Lower Egypt in the north. The
Upper Egyptian rulers called themselves "followers of Horus", and
Horus became the tutelary deity of the unified polity and its kings.
Yet Horus and Set cannot be easily equated with the two halves of
the country. Both deities had several cult centers in each region, Horus and Set binding together
and Horus is often associated with Lower Egypt and Set with upper and lower Egypt
Upper Egypt. Other events may have also affected the myth.
Before even Upper Egypt had a single ruler, two of its major cities were Nekhen, in the far south, and
Nagada, many miles to the north. The rulers of Nekhen, where Horus was the patron deity, are generally
believed to have unified Upper Egypt, including Nagada, under their sway. Set was associated with
Nagada, so it is possible that the divine conflict dimly reflects an enmity between the cities in the distant
past. Much later, at the end of the Second Dynasty (c. 2890–2686 BCE), Pharaoh Seth-Peribsen used the
Set animal to write his serekh name in place of the falcon hieroglyph representing Horus. His successor
Khasekhemwy used both Horus and Set in the writing of his serekh. This evidence has prompted
conjecture that the Second Dynasty saw a clash between the followers of the Horus king and the
worshippers of Set led by Seth-Peribsen. Khasekhemwy's use of the two animal symbols would then
represent the reconciliation of the two factions, as does the resolution of the myth.[35]

Golden Horus Osiris

Horus gradually took on the nature as both the son of Osiris and Osiris himself. He was referred to as
Golden Horus Osiris.[36][37][38][39] In the temple of Denderah he is given the full royal titulary of both
that of Horus and Osiris. He was sometimes believed to be both the father of himself as well as his own
son, and some later accounts have Osiris being brought back to life by Isis.[40]

forms of Horus

Horus represented as a Horus as a falcon Horus represented as a

falcon-headed man crowned falcon

Har-em-akhet, a form of Hor-imy-shenut, a form of Horus represented as a

Horus in which he had the Horus in which he had the winged sun
body of a lion, based on body of a crocodile
depictions from antiquity
 Horus represented as a
child

Heru-ur (Horus the Elder)

Heru-ur, also known as Heru-wer, Haroeris, and
Heru-ur
Horus the Elder, was the mature representation of the
god Horus.[41] This manifestation of Horus was
especially worshipped at Letopolis in Lower Egypt.
The Greeks identified him with the Greek god
Apollo.[42]

His titles include: 'foremost of the two eyes', 'great

god', 'lord of Ombos', 'possessor of the ijt-knife, who
resides in Letopolis', 'Shu, son of Ra', 'Horus, strong of
arm', 'great of power' and 'lord of the slaughter in the
entire land'.[43] 'Foremost of the two eyes' was a
common epithet which was referring to the two eyes of
the sky god. The two eyes represent the sun and the
moon, as well as the Wadjet-eye, and played an
important role in the cult of Heru-ur. His cult center
was originally Letopolis; later he was also worshipped Major cult Heliopolis, Giza
in Kom Ombo and Qus.[44] In Kom Ombo, he was center
worshipped as the son of Ra and Heqet[45] ,the Symbol falcon, falcon-headed man,
husband of his sister-wife Tasenetnofret and father of Hieracosphinx
the child god Panebtawy.[46] Genealogy

In his Moralia, the Greek philosopher Plutarch Parents Geb and Nut, or Ra and Heqet
mentions three additional parentage traditions that (in Kom Ombo)
supposedly existed for Heru-ur during the Ptolemaic Siblings Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys,
period. According to Plutarch's account, Heru-ur was or Tasenetnofret (in Kom Ombo)
believed to be the son of Geb and Nut, born on the Consort Serket, Hathor, Tasenetnofret (in
second of the five intercalary days at the end of the Kom Ombo)
year, after Osiris and before Set, Isis, and Nephthys.
Offspring Imset, Hapi, Duamutef,
Plutarch also records a variant tradition that assigns
Qebehsenuef, or Panebtawy (in
different fathers to Nut's children: Osiris and Heru-ur
are attributed to Nut and Ra, Isis to Nut and Thoth, Kom Ombo)
while Nephthys and Set are said to be the children of
Nut and Geb. Additionally, similar to other manifestations of Horus, Heru-ur is sometimes regarded as the
child of Isis and Osiris, conceived by the pair while still within the womb of Nut.[47]

Heru-ur was sometimes depicted fully as a falcon; he was sometimes given the title Kemwer, meaning "
(the) great black (one)".. Heru-ur was also depicted as a Hieracosphinx (a falcon headed lion).[48]

Other variants include Hor Merti 'Horus of the two eyes' and Horkhenti Irti.[49]

Heru-pa-khered (Horus the child)

Heru-pa-khered (Harpocrates to the Ptolemaic Greeks), also known as Horus the child, is represented in
the form of a youth wearing a lock of hair (a sign of youth) on the right of his head while sucking his
finger. In addition, he usually wears the united crowns of Egypt, the crown of Upper Egypt and the crown
of Lower Egypt. He is a form of the rising sun, representing its earliest light.[42]

As early as the third millennium BCE, Ancient Egyptian ext like the Pyramid Texts referenced the birth,
youth, and adulthood of the god Horus. However, his image as a child deity was not firmly established
until the first millennium BCE, when Egyptian theologians began associating child gods with adult gods.
From a historical perspective, Harpocrates is an artificial creation, originating from the priesthood of
Thebes and later gaining popularity in the cults of other cities. His first known depiction dates to a stele
from Mendes, erected during the reign of Sheshonq III (22nd Libyan Dynasty), commemorating a
donation by the flutist Ânkhhorpakhered. Initially, Harpocrates originated as a duplicate of Khonsu-pa-
khered, providing a child-god figure for the funerary gods Osiris and Isis. Unlike Horus, who was
traditionally depicted as an adult, Khonsu, the lunar god, was inherently associated with youth. The cults
of Harpocrates and Khonsu originally merged in a sanctuary within the Mut enclosure at Karnak. This
sanctuary, later transformed into a mammisi (birth house) under the 21st Dynasty, celebrated the divine
birth of the pharaoh, connecting the queen mother with the mother-goddesses Mut and Isis. The merging
of local Theban beliefs with the Osiris cult endowed Harpocrates with dual ancestry, as seen in
inscriptions at Wadi Hammamat which name him 'Horus-the-child, son of Osiris and Isis, the Elder, the
first-born of Amun.' The Osirian tradition solidified Harpocrates as the archetype of child-gods, firmly
integrated into the Osirian family.[50]

Heru-Behdeti (Horus of Behdet)

The winged sun of Horus of Edfu is a symbol in associated with divinity, royalty, and power in ancient
Egypt.[51] The winged sun is symbolic also of the eternal soul. When placed above the temple doors it
served as a reminder to the people of their eternal nature.[52][53] The winged sun was depicted on the top
of pylons in the ancient temples throughout Egypt.

Her-em-akhet (Horus in the Horizon)

Her-em-akhet (or Horemakhet), (Harmakhis in Greek), represented the dawn and the early morning sun.
He was often depicted as a sphinx with the head of a man (like the Great Sphinx of Giza), or as a
hieracosphinx, a creature with a lion's body and a falcon's head and wings, sometimes with the head of a
lion or ram (the latter providing a link to the god Khepri, the rising sun). It was believed that he was the
inspiration for the Great Sphinx of Giza, constructed under the order of Khafre, whose head it depicts.
Other forms of Horus include:

Hor Merti ('Horus of the Two Eyes');

Horkhenti Irti;[49]
Her-sema-tawy ('Horus Uniter of the Two Lands'), the Greek Harsomptus, depicted like the
double-crowned Horus
Her-iunmutef or Iunmutef, depicted as a priest with a leopard-skin over the torso;
Herui (the "double falcon or Horuses"), the 5th nome god of Upper Egypt in Coptos

Heru-pa-khered Heru-Behdeti ("Horus Her-em-akhet (Greek: Her-sema-tawy

("Horus the child", of Behedet") as a Harmakhis), the wall ('Horus, Uniter of the
known as winged sun disk on relief of a Two Lands'), tying the
Harpocrates to the the ceiling to the hieracosphinx papyrus and reed
Greeks) in the form of entrance to the depicted at the plants in the sema
a child wearing the temple of Ramses III Temple of Horus in tawy symbol for the
pschent and a Edfu unification of Upper
sidelock of youth and Lower Egypt
opposite with Set
(Sutekh)

Her-iunmutef Herui, the 5th nome

(Iunmutef), ('Horus, god of Upper Egypt in
Pillar of His Mother'), Coptos besides the
depicted as a priest pharaoh Sahure
wearing a leopard-
skin over torso in the
Tomb of Nefertari,
Valley of the Queens

Celebrations of Horus
The Festival of Victory (Egyptian: Heb Nekhtet) was an annual Egyptian festival dedicated to the god
Horus. The Festival of Victory was celebrated at the Temple of Horus at Edfu, and took place during the
second month of the Season of the Emergence (or the sixth month of the Egyptian calendar).
The ceremonies which took place during the Festival of Victory included the performance of a sacred
drama which commemorated the victory of Horus over Set. The main actor in this drama was the king of
Egypt himself, who played the role of Horus. His adversary was a hippopotamus, who played the role of
Set. In the course of the ritual, the king would strike the hippopotamus with a harpoon. The destruction of
the hippopotamus by the king commemorated the defeat of Set by Horus, which also legitimised the king.

It is unlikely that the king attended the Festival of Victory every year; in many cases he was probably
represented by a priest. It is also unlikely that a real hippopotamus was used in the festival every year; in
many cases it was probably represented by a model.[54]

The 4th-century Roman author Macrobius mentions another annual Egyptian festival dedicated to Horus
in his Chronicon. Macrobius specifies this festival as occurring on the winter solstice. The 4th-century
Christian bishop Epiphanius of Salamis also mentions a winter solstice festival of Horus in his
Panarion.[55] However, this festival is not attested in any native Egyptian sources.

Suggested influence on Christianity

William R. Cooper's 1877 book and Acharya S's self-published 2008 book, among others, have suggested
that there are many similarities between the story of Horus and the much later story of Jesus.[56][57] This
outlook remains very controversial and is disputed.[58][59][60]

In popular culture
Declan Hannigan portrays Horus in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series Moon
Knight (2022).[61]

In the film series Night at the Museum, a group of underworld warrior deities appear in Night at the
Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian when Kahmunrah uses the combination to open the gate to the
underworld and summon an army of Horus warriors. The warriors appear from the underworld carrying
spears ready to attack and join Kahmunrah's fight to take over the world.

Horus is a Warrior class God in the multiplayer online battle arena game Smite with the title of "The
Rightful Heir".[62]

In the book trilogy The Kane Chronicles by Rick Riordan, main character Carter Kane hosts the spirit of
Horus when he is released in the British Museum along with four other Egyptian deities. Horus speaks to
Carter throughout the trilogy, offering him his advice and wisdom.

In the fantasy action film Gods of Egypt Horus is portrayed by Nikolaj Coster-Waldau. In the film, he
helps out a mortal named Bek to stop his uncle Set while also trying to reclaim his throne and bring peace
to Egypt.
Horus appears in a 1980 science fiction graphic novel La Foire aux immortels written and illustrated by
French cartoonist and storyteller Enki Bilal.

Gallery

Horus, patron deity of Horus (right) in the Tomb of Horus relief in the Temple of
Hierakonpolis (near Edfu), Horemheb (KV57) in the Edfu
the predynastic capital of Valley of the Kings
Upper Egypt. Its head was
executed by means of
beating the gold then
connecting it with the
copper body. A uraeus is
fixed to the diadem which
supports two tall openwork
feathers. The eyes are
inlaid with obsidian. Sixth
Dynasty.

In Duat Horus conducts Relief in the temple of Seti I Head of Horus statue, 664–
Hunefer to a shrine in which of pharaoh Seti I presenting 30 BCE, Late Period–
Osiris sits enthroned an offering to Horus Ptolemaic Period
Copper-alloy of Horus Relief of Horus in the God Horus as a falcon
(centre) as a Roman officer temple of Seti I in Abydos wearing the Double Crown
with contrapposto stances of Egypt. 27th dynasty.
(National Archaeological State Museum of Egyptian
Museum, Athens) Art, Munich

Statue of Horus from the Head of Horus from Horus represented in relief
reign of Amenhotep II Memphis, 1196 BCE, Penn with Wadjet and wearing
(Eighteenth Dynasty, Museum the double crown. Mortuary
c. 1400 BCE) in the Musée Temple of Hatshepsut
royal de Mariemont,
Belgium

Statue of Horus in the Falcon Horus, deity of

Temple of Edfu Hierakonpolis, on a Naqada
IIC jar, c. 3500 BCE, British
Museum EA36328.[63][64]

See also
 Sky deity
Hawk of Quraish
Hauron, Egyptian deity

Notes
a. In some accounts.
b. Rarely attested.
c. Ancient Greek: Ὧρος, romanized: Hō̂ ros, Greek pronunciation: [hɔ̂ ː.ros]; Latin: Hōrus, Latin
pronunciation: [hoː.rus]
d. Ancient Egyptian: ḥr; Coptic: Ϩⲱⲣ, romanized: Hōr, Coptic pronunciation: [hɔr]

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External links
Britannica Online: Horus (Egyptian God) (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2725
28/Horus)

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