EE 13 – CIRCUITS 1
RESISTIVE NETWORKS
• KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
• VOLTAGE DIVIDER
• CURRENT DIVIDER
• SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS
• SAMPLE PROBLEMS
• PROBLEM SETS
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
• Resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical
component which exhibit solely a resistance. It is
used to model the current-resisting behavior of a
material. Resistor can either be fixed or variable.
• Fixed resistors are those whose resistance does not
change with the change in voltage or temperature
while variable resistors are those which the electric
resistance value can be adjusted.
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
• Most common fixed resistors are the wire wound and the
composition. Wire wound resistors are used when there
is a need to dissipate a large amount of heat while the
composition are used when large resistance is needed.
• Most common variable resistors are the potentiometer
and the rheostat. Potentiometer (pot) is a three terminal
resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an
adjustable voltage divider while the rheostat is used to
control current. They are able to vary the resistance in a
circuit without interruption.
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
• Ohm’s Law states that the ratio of potential difference (V) between any two
points on a conductor to the current (I) flowing between them, is constant,
provided the temperature of the conductor does not change.
• In applying ohm’s law the current direction and voltage polarity is important.
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
• Two extreme possible value of resistance are zero
resistance and infinite resistance.
• The value of resistance is zero when the circuit is short.
Short Circuit happens when two points are connected
together by a wire. In short circuit no voltage can exist
across it and current through it is very large.
(Theoretically Infinite)
• The value of resistance is infinite when the circuit is
open. Open circuit happens when there is no direct
connection between the two points. In open circuit
there is no flow of current and resistance between two
points is infinite.
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
Power in the resistor:
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑟
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑝 = 𝑖𝑟𝑖 = 𝑖 2 𝑟
𝑣
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑖 =
𝑟
𝑣 2 𝑣2
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑝 = ( ) 𝑟 =
𝑟 𝑟
Using conductance:
𝑝 = 𝑣𝐺𝑣 = 𝑣 2 𝐺
𝑖 2 𝑖2
𝑝= ( ) 𝐺=
𝐺 𝐺
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
Circuits have different types. The following are the types of circuit:
➢Linear Circuit is a circuit whose parameters are constant.
➢Non-Linear Circuit is a circuit whose parameters change with voltage or current.
➢Bilateral Circuit is a circuit whose properties or characteristics are the same in
either direction.
➢Unilateral Circuit is a circuit whose properties or characteristics change with the
direction of its operation.
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
Networks have two different types.
➢Passive Network is a network that contains no source of electromotive
force (EMF) while Active Network is a network that contains one or
more than one source of electromotive force (EMF).
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
➢Network Topology is the properties relating to the placement of
elements in the network and the geometric configuration of the
network.
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
• Branch is a part of a network which lies between two junction or
nodes.
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
• Node is a point/junction in a circuit where two or more circuit elements
are connected together.
nodes
nodes
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
• Loop is a close path in a circuit in which no element or node is
encountered more than once.
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
➢Independent Loop/Mesh is loop that contains no other loop within it.
It contains at least one branch that is not part of any other
independent loop.
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
• Kirchhoff’s Law are formally known as Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
and Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL). Kirchhoff’s law were first
introduced in 1847 by the German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the
algebraic sum of the voltages around a closed circuit
path (loop) must be zero.
v R + EMF = 0
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the algebraic
sum of all currents entering and exiting a node or
junction must be zero.
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔
SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Using the KVL and KCL solve for the following current.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Using the KVL and KCL solve for the following current.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Using the Voltage Divider solve for the following
current.
VOLTAGE DIVIDER
• Circuits can be connected either series or parallel
connection or the combination of the two.
VOLTAGE DIVIDER
• In the series connection elements share a single node and carry the same
current but voltage is dropped (lost) across each of the resistances. The
sum of voltages consumed by each individual resistance is equal to the
source voltage.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIES CIRCUITS:
• Same current flows through all parts of the circuit.
• Different resistors have their individual voltage drops.
• Voltage drops are additive.
• Applied voltage equals to the sum of different voltage drops
• Resistances are additive.
• Powers are additive.
VOLTAGE DIVIDER 𝑉1 = 𝑖𝑅1 𝑉2 = 𝑖𝑅2
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
= 𝑖𝑅1 + 𝑖𝑅2
= 𝑖(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )
𝑉 𝑉
𝑏𝑢𝑡: 𝑖 = =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅𝑇
𝑅1
therefore: 𝑉1 = 𝑉
𝑅𝑇
𝑅2
𝑉2 = 𝑉
𝑅𝑇
SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Using the Voltage Divider solve for the following
current.
CURRENT DIVIDER
• In the parallel connection elements are connected to the same two nodes
and have the same voltage across them. The current has two or more paths
to flow through. The sum of the currents through each paths is equal to the
total current that flows from the source.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF PARALLEL CIRCUITS:
• Same voltage acts across all parts of the circuit.
• Different resistors have their individual current.
• Branch current are additive.
• Conductances are additive.
• Powers are additive.
CURRENT DIVIDER 𝑉1 = 𝑖𝑅1 𝑉2 = 𝑖𝑅2
𝑏𝑢𝑡: 𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2
𝑉 = 𝑖𝑅1 = 𝑖𝑅2 = 𝑖𝑅𝑇
𝑉 𝑉
therefore: 𝑖1 = , 𝑖2 =
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑖𝑅𝑇 𝑖 𝑖𝑅2
𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑖1 = = =
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑖𝑅2
𝑖2 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Using the Current Divider solve for the following current.
SERIES – PARALLEL CIRCUITS
• Find Rab for the circuit.
SERIES – PARALLEL CIRCUITS
• For the circuit, find I1,I2, and I3 and calculate the power
absorbed by each resistor.
SERIES – PARALLEL CIRCUITS
• Determine Vo and i in the circuit.
SERIES – PARALLEL CIRCUITS
• Determine Vo and io in the circuit.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Find i and R
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. Calculate GEQ in the circuit.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. Find the currents and voltages in the circuit.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. A potential difference of 250 V is applied to a field winding at 15 deg Celsius
and the current is 5A. What will be the mean temperature of the winding when the
current has fallen to 3.91A, applied voltage being constant. Assume temperature
coefficient at 15 deg. Celsius is 1/254.5.
5. A dc shunt motor after running for several hours on constant voltage mains of 400V
takes a field current of 1.6A. If the temperature rise is known to be 40 deg. Celsius,
what value of extra circuit resistance is required to adjust the field current to 1.6A
when starting from cold at 20 deg. Celsius? Temperature coefficient = 0.0043/deg
Celsius at 20 deg. Celsius.
6. An electric radiator is required to dissipate 1 kW when connected to a 230 V
supply. If the coils of the radiator are of wire 0.5 mm in diameter having resistivity of
60 µ Ω-cm, calculate the necessary length of the wire.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
7. An electric heating element to dissipate 450 watts on 250V mains is to be made from
nichrome ribbon of width 1 mm and thickness 0.05 mm. Calculate the length of the ribbon
required (the resistivity of nichrome is 110 x 10-8 Ωm).
8. A piece of resistance wire, 15.6 m long and of cross-sectional area 12 mm2 at a
temperature of 0 deg. Celsius, passes a current of 7.9 A when connected to dc supply at
240V. Calculate (a) resistivity of the wire (b) the current which will flow when the
temperature rises to 55 deg. Celsius. The temperature coefficient of the resistance wire is
0.00029 ohm per ohm per deg. Celsius.
9. A coil is connected to a constant dc supply of 100V. At start, when it was at the room
temperature of 25 deg Celsius, it drew a current of 13 A. After sometime, its temperature
was 70 deg Celsius and the current reduced to 8.5A. Find the current it will draw when its
temperature increase further to 80 deg Celsius. Also, find the temperature coefficient of
resistance of the coil material at 25 deg. Celsius.
PROBLEM SETS
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