UNIT I

Introduction to the Internet of Things Definition & Characteristics of IoT, Genesis of IoT, IoT
Impact and Challenges IoT Network Architecture and design: M2M IoT Architecture, IoT World Forum
Standardized Architecture, Simplified IoT Architecture, Core IoT Functional stack. Application Domains of
IoT: Smart Home, Smart Cities, Smart Environment, Logistics, Agriculture, Industry, Health, and Lifestyle.

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT):

In 1999, Kevin Ashton, a British entrepreneur coined the term IoT when he was working with Auto-ID
Labs. Internet of Things (loT) comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to the
Internet. Internet of Things is a new revolution in the capabilities of the endpoints that are connected to the
Internet, and is being driven by the advancements in capabilities (in combination with lower costs) in
sensor networks, mobile devices, wireless communications, networking and cloud technologies. Experts
forecast that by the year 2020 there will be a total of 50 billion devices/things connected to the Internet.
Therefore, the major industry players are excited by the prospects of new markets for their products. The
products include hardware and software components for loT endpoints, hubs, or control centers of the loT
universe. The scope of IoT is not limited to just connecting things (devices, appliances, machines) to the
Internet. IoT allows these things to communicate and exchange data (control & information, that could
include data associated with users) while executing meaningful applications towards a common user or
machine goal. Data itself does not have a meaning until it is contextualized processed into useful
information. Applications on loT networks extract and create information from lower level data by filtering,
processing, categorizing, condensing and contextualizing the data. This information obtained is then
organized and structured to infer knowledge about the system and/or its users, its environment, and its
operations and progress towards its objectives, allowing a smarter performance, as shown in Figure 1.1.

The applications of Internet of Things span a wide range of domains including (but not limited to) homes,
cities, environment, energy systems, retail, logistics, industry, agriculture and health as listed in Figure 1.2.
For homes, loT has several applications such as smart lighting that adapt the lighting to suit the ambient
conditions, smart appliances that can be remotely monitored and controlled, intrusion detection systems,
smart smoke detectors, etc. For cities, loT has applications such as smart parking systems that provide
status updates on available slots, smart lighting that helps in saving energy, smart roads that provide
information on driving conditions and structural health monitoring systems. For environment, IoT has
applications such as weather monitoring, air and noise pollution, forest fire detection and river flood
detection systems. For energy systems, loT has applications such as including smart grids, grid integration
of renewable energy sources and prognostic health management systems. For retail domain, loT has
applications such as inventory management, smart payments and smart vending machines. For agriculture
domain, loT has applications such as smart irrigation systems that help in saving water while enhancing
productivity and green house control systems. Industrial applications of loT include machine diagnosis and
prognosis systems that help in predicting faults and determining the cause of faults and indoor air quality
systems. For health and lifestyle, loT has applications such as health and fitness monitoring systems and
wearable electronics.

Today the Internet has become ubiquitous, has touched almost every corner of the globe, and is affecting
human life in unimaginable ways.
 We are now entering an era of even more pervasive connectivity where a very wide variety of appliances
will be connected to the web. IoT Ecosystem (Figure 1.1) have acquired high attention.
 IoT Ecosystem.
Definition:
 “The Internet of Things as simply an interaction between the physical and digital worlds. The
digital world interacts with the physical world using a plethora of sensors and actuators”.
 “A dynamic global network infrastructure with self – configuring based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” have identified,
physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, often communicate data
associated with users and their environment”.
 ITU-GSI has defined IoT as “the network of physical objects - devices, vehicles, buildings and other
items - embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these
objects to collect and exchange data”. The notion of IoT is to interconnect various things making
use of electronic sensors. Its major goal is to get embedded and involved in every aspect of the real
world. Attainment of this goal finally brings us where we ever want to reach, i.e., increased
efficiency, availability and optimised use of resources.

Characteristics
The Internet of Things (IoT) is characterized by the following key features that are mentioned below.
1. Connectivity
Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT infrastructure. Things of IoT should be connected to
the IoT infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere, anytime can connect, this should be guaranteed at all times. For
example, the connection between people through Internet devices like mobile phones, and other gadgets,
also a connection between Internet devices such as routers, gateways, sensors, etc.

2. Intelligence and Identity

The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very important. For example, a sensor generates
data, but that data will only be useful if it is interpreted properly. Each IoT device has a unique identity.
This identification is helpful in tracking the equipment and at times for querying its status.
3. Scalability
The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day by day. Hence, an IoT setup should be
capable of handling the massive expansion. The data generated as an outcome is enormous, and it should be
handled appropriately.

4. Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity)

IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to changing contexts and scenarios. Assume a camera
meant for surveillance. It should be adaptable to work in different conditions and different light situations
(morning, afternoon, and night).

5. Architecture
IoT Architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be hybrid, supporting different manufacturer’s
products to function in the IoT network. IoT is not owned by anyone engineering branch. IoT is a reality
when multiple domains come together.

6. Safety
There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users getting compromised when all his/her devices
are connected to the internet. This can cause a loss to the user. Hence, data security is the major challenge.
Besides, the equipment involved is huge. IoT networks may also be at risk. Therefore, equipment safety is
also critical.

7. Self Configuring
This is one of the most important characteristics of IoT. IoT devices are able to upgrade their software in
accordance with requirements with a minimum of user participation. Additionally, they can set up the
network, allowing for the addition of new devices to an already-existing network.

8. Interoperability
IoT devices use standardized protocols and technologies to ensure they can communicate with each other
and other systems. Interoperability is one of the key characteristics of the Internet of Things (IoT). It refers
to the ability of different IoT devices and systems to communicate and exchange data with each other,
regardless of the underlying technology or manufacturer.

9. Embedded Sensors and Actuators

Embedded sensors and actuators are critical components of the Internet of Things (IoT). They allow IoT
devices to interact with their environment and collect and transmit data.
Sensors are devices that can detect changes in the environment, such as temperature, light, sound, or
movement. In IoT systems, sensors are embedded into devices, allowing them to collect data about the
environment.
Actuators are devices that can interact with the environment, such as turning on lights, opening or closing
doors, or controlling the speed of a motor. In IoT systems, actuators are embedded into devices, allowing
them to perform actions based on data collected by sensors.

10. Autonomous operation

Autonomous operation refers to the ability of IoT devices and systems to operate independently and make
decisions without human intervention. This is a crucial characteristic of the Internet of Things (IoT) and
enables a wide range of new applications and services.
In IoT systems, devices and systems are equipped with sensors, actuators, and processing power, allowing
them to collect and process data about the environment, make decisions based on that data, and take action
accordingly.

11. Data-driven
Data-driven is a key characteristic of the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT devices and systems collect vast
amounts of data from sensors and other sources, which can be analyzed and used to make data-driven
decisions.
In IoT systems, data is collected from embedded sensors, actuators, and other sources, such as cloud
services, databases, and mobile devices. This data is used to gain insights into the environment, improve
operational efficiency, and make informed decisions.

12. Security
Security is a critical concern for the Internet of Things (IoT), as IoT devices and systems handle sensitive
data and are connected to critical infrastructure. The increasing number of connected devices and the
amount of data being transmitted over the Internet make IoT systems a prime target for cyberattacks.

13. Ubiquity
Ubiquity refers to the widespread and pervasive presence of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and
systems in our daily lives. The goal of IoT is to create a seamless and interconnected world where devices
and systems can communicate and share data seamlessly and transparently.

14. Context Awareness

Context awareness refers to the ability of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and systems to understand and
respond to the environment and context in which they are operating. This is achieved through the use of
sensors and other technologies that can detect and collect data about the environment.
GENESIS OF IOT:
The age of IoT is often said to have started between the years 2008 and 2009. During this time period, the
number of devices connected to the Internet eclipsed the world’s population. With more “things” connected
to the Internet than people in the world, a new age was upon us, and the Internet of Things was born.
The person credited with the creation of the term “Internet of Things” is Kevin Ashton. While working for
Procter & Gamble in 1999, Kevin used this phrase to explain a new idea related to linking the company’s
supply chain to the Internet.
Kevin has subsequently explained that IoT now involves the addition of senses to computers. He was
quoted as saying: “In the twentieth century, computers were brains without senses—they only knew what
we told them.” Computers depended on humans to input data and knowledge through typing, bar codes, and
so on. IoT is changing this paradigm; in the twenty-first century, computers are sensing things for
themselves.
It is widely accepted that IoT is a major technology shift, but what is its scale and importance? Where does
it fit in the evolution of the Internet?
As shown in Figure 1-1, the evolution of the Internet can be categorized into four phases. Each of these
phases has had a profound impact on our society and our lives. These four phases are further defined in
Table 1-1.
Each of these evolutionary phases builds on the previous one. With each subsequent phase, more value
becomes available for businesses, governments, and society in general.
The first phase, Connectivity, began in the mid-1990s. Though it may be hard to remember, or even
imagine if you are younger, the world was not always connected as it is today. In the beginning, email and
getting on the Internet were luxuries for universities and corporations. Getting the average person online
involved dial-up modems, and even basic connectivity often seemed like a small miracle.
Even though connectivity and its speed continued to improve, a saturation point was reached where
connectivity was no longer the major challenge. The focus was now on leveraging connectivity for
efficiency and profit. This inflection point marked the beginning of the second phase of the Internet
evolution, called the Networked Economy.
With the Networked Economy, e-commerce and digitally connected supply chains became the rage, and this
caused one of the major disruptions of the past 100 years. Vendors and suppliers became closely interlinked
with producers, and online shopping experienced incredible growth. The victims of this shift were
traditional brick-and-mortar retailers. The economy itself became more digitally intertwined as suppliers,
vendors, and consumers all became more directly connected.
The third phase, Immersive Experiences, is characterized by the emergence of social media, collaboration,
and widespread mobility on a variety of devices. Connectivity is now pervasive, using multiple platforms
from mobile phones to tablets to laptops and desktop computers. This pervasive connectivity in turn enables
communication and collaboration as well as social media across multiple channels, via email, texting,
voice, and video. In essence, person-to-person interactions have become digitized.
The latest phase is the Internet of Things. Despite all the talk and media coverage of IoT, in many ways we
are just at the beginning of this phase. When you think about the fact that 99% of “things” are still
unconnected, you can better understand what this evolutionary phase is all about. Machines and objects in
this phase connect with other machines and objects, along with humans. Business and society have already
started down this path and are experiencing huge increases in data and knowledge. In turn, this is now
leading to previously unrecognized insights, along with increased automation and new process efficiencies.
IoT is poised to change our world in new and exciting ways, just as the past Internet phases already have.

IOT IMPACT AND CHALLENGES

Impact of IoT
Projections on the potential impact of IoT are impressive. About 14 billion, or just 0.06%, of “things” are
connected to the Internet today. Cisco Systems predicts that by 2020, this number will reach 50 billion. A
UK government report speculates that this number could be even higher, in the range of 100 billion objects
connected. Cisco further estimates that these new connections will lead to $19 trillion in profits and cost
savings. Figure 2 provides a graphical look at the growth in the number of devices being connected.
The following examples illustrate some of the benefits of IoT and their impact. These examples will
provide you with a high-level view of practical IoT use cases to clearly illustrate how IoT will affect
everyday life.
Connected Roadways
People have been fantasizing about the self-driving car, or autonomous vehicle, in literature and film for
decades. While this fantasy is now becoming a reality with well-known projects like Google’s self-driving
car, IoT is also a necessary component for implementing a fully connected transportation infrastructure. IoT
is going to allow self-driving vehicles to better interact with the transportation system around them through
bidirectional data exchanges while also providing important data to the riders. Self-driving vehicles need
always-on, reliable communications and data from other transportation-related sensors to reach their full
potential. Connected roadways is the term associated with both the driver and driverless cars fully
integrating with the surrounding transportation infrastructure.
Connected Factory
For years, traditional factories have been operating at a disadvantage, impeded by production
environments that are “disconnected” or, at the very least, “strictly gated” to corporate business systems,
supply chains, and customers and partners. Managers of these traditional factories are essentially “flying
blind” and lack visibility into their operations. These operations are composed of plant floors, front offices,
and suppliers operating in independent silos. Consequently, rectifying downtime issues, quality problems,
and the root causes of various manufacturing inefficiencies is often difficult.
The main challenges facing manufacturing in a factory environment today include the following:
 Accelerating new product and service introductions to meet customer and market opportunities
 Increasing plant production, quality, and uptime while decreasing cost
 Mitigating unplanned downtime (which wastes, on average, at least 5% of production)
 Securing factories from cyber threats
 Decreasing high cabling and re-cabling costs (up to 60% of deployment costs)
  Improving worker productivity and safety.
Smart Connected Buildings
Another place IoT is making a disruptive impact is in the smart connected buildings space. In the past
several decades, buildings have become increasingly complex, with systems overlaid one upon another,
resulting in complex intersections of structural, mechanical, electrical, and IT components. Over time, these
operational networks that support the building environment have matured into sophisticated systems;
however, for the most part, they are deployed and managed as separate systems that have little to no
interaction with each other.

Smart Creatures
When you think about IoT, you probably picture only inanimate objects and machines being connected.
However, IoT also provides the ability to connect living things to the Internet. Sensors can be placed on
animals and even insects just as easily as on machines, and the benefits can be just as impressive. One of
the most well-known applications of IoT with respect to animals focuses on what is often referred to as the
“connected cow.” Sparked, a Dutch company, developed a sensor that is placed in a cow’s ear. The sensor
monitors various health aspects of the cow as well as its location and transmits the data wirelessly for
analysis by the farmer.

CHALLENGES OF IOT
1. Security and Privacy: With a vast network of interconnected devices, IoT systems are vulnerable
to cyber-attacks. Ensuring data privacy and device security is a critical challenge, especially in
sensitive industries like healthcare.
2. Interoperability: IoT devices often come from different manufacturers and follow different
protocols, leading to challenges in communication and integration. Achieving standardization is a
major concern.
3. Data Overload: IoT generates massive amounts of data. Managing, storing, and analyzing this data
efficiently requires advanced cloud computing and big data analytics, which may pose infrastructure
challenges.
4. Scalability: As IoT ecosystems expand, scaling the infrastructure to accommodate growing
numbers of devices without sacrificing performance or security is a significant challenge.
5. Power Consumption: Many IoT devices rely on batteries, creating challenges for long-term power
management. Energy-efficient designs and technologies are necessary to ensure devices remain
functional over time.
6. Cost of Implementation: While IoT provides long-term benefits, the initial costs of deploying
sensors, connectivity, data storage, and analytics infrastructure can be high, particularly for small
and medium-sized enterprises.
7. Ethical and Legal Issues: IoT involves extensive data collection, raising concerns about user
consent, data ownership, and legal implications, especially when personal data is involved.
 8. Network Reliability: IoT devices require stable and reliable internet connections. In regions with
poor connectivity, maintaining the required infrastructure can be difficult, affecting the performance
of IoT applications.

IOT NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN: M2M IOT ARCHITECTURE

In an effort to standardize the rapidly growing field of machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) created the M2M Technical Committee in 2008.
The goal of this committee was to create a common architecture that would help accelerate the adoption of
M2M applications and devices. Over time, the scope has expanded to include the Internet of Things. One of
the greatest challenges in designing an IoT architecture is dealing with the heterogeneity of devices,
software, and access methods. By developing a horizontal platform architecture, oneM2M is developing
standards that allow interoperability at all levels of the IoT stack. The oneM2M architecture divides IoT
functions into three major domains: the application layer, the services layer, and the network layer
 Applications layer: The oneM2M architecture gives major attention to connectivity between devices and
their applications. This domain includes the application-layer protocols and attempts to standardize
northbound API definitions for interaction with business intelligence (BI) systems. Applications tend to be
industry-specific and have their own sets of data models, and thus they are shown as vertical entities.
 Services layer: This layer is shown as a horizontal framework across the vertical industry applications. At
this layer, horizontal modules include the physical network that the IoT applications run on, the underlying
management protocols, and the hardware. Examples include backhaul communications via cellular, MPLS
networks, VPNs, and so on. Riding on top is the common services layer.
 Network layer: This is the communication domain for the IoT devices and endpoints. It includes the
devices themselves and the communications network that links them. Embodiments of this communications
infrastructure include wireless mesh technologies, such as IEEE 802.15.4, and wireless point-to-multipoint
systems, such as IEEE 801.11ah.
IOT WORLD FORUM STANDARDIZED ARCHITECTURE

In 2014 the IoTWF architectural committee (led by Cisco, IBM, Rockwell Automation,
and others) published a seven-layer IoT architectural reference model. While various
IoT reference models exist, the one put forth by the IoT World Forum offers a clean,
simplified perspective on IoT and includes edge computing, data storage, and access. It
provides a succinct way of visualizing IoT from a technical perspective. Each of the
seven layers is broken down into specific functions, and security encompasses the
entire model. Figure 2-2 details the IoT Reference Model published by the IoTWF.
 Figure 2-2 IoT Reference Model Published by the IoT World Forum

As shown in Figure 2-2, the IoT Reference Model defines a set of levels with control
flowing from the center (this could be either a cloud service or a dedicated data center),
to the edge, which includes sensors, devices, machines, and other types of intelligent
end nodes. In general, data travels up the stack, originating from the edge, and goes
northbound to the center. Using this reference model, we are able to achieve the
following:

Decompose the IoT problem into smaller parts

Identify different technologies at each layer and how they relate

to one another

Define a system in which different parts can be provided by

different vendors Have a process of defining interfaces that leads
to interoperability
Define a tiered security model that is enforced at the transition points between
levels

The following sections look more closely at each of the seven layers of the IoT Reference
Model.

Layer 1: Physical Devices and Controllers Layer

The first layer of the IoT Reference Model is the physical devices and controllers layer.
This layer is home to the “things” in the Internet of Things, including the various
endpoint devices and sensors that send and receive information. The size of these
“things” can range from almost microscopic sensors to giant machines in a factory.
Their primary function is generating data and being capable of being queried and/or
controlled over a network.
Layer 2: Connectivity Layer

In the second layer of the IoT Reference Model, the focus is on connectivity. The most
important function of this IoT layer is the reliable and timely transmission of data.
More specifically, this includes transmissions between Layer 1 devices and the network
and between the network and information processing that occurs at Layer 3 (the edge
computing layer). The functions of the connectivity layer are detailed in Figure 2-3.

Figure 2-3 IoT Reference Model Connectivity Layer Functions

Layer 3: Edge Computing Layer

Edge computing is the role of Layer 3. Edge computing is often referred to as the “fog”
layer and is discussed in the section “Fog Computing,” later in this chapter. At this
layer, the emphasis is on data reduction and converting network data flows into

information that
 Figure 2-4 IoT Reference Model Layer 3 Functions

is ready for storage and processing by higher layers. One of the basic principles of this
reference model is that information processing is initiated as early and as close to the
edge of the network as possible. Figure 2-4 highlights the functions handled by Layer 3
of the IoT Reference Model.

Another important function that occurs at Layer 3 is the evaluation of data to see if it
can be filtered or aggregated before being sent to a higher layer. This also allows for
data to be reformatted or decoded, making additional processing by other systems
easier. Thus, a critical function is assessing the data to see if predefined thresholds are
crossed and any action or alerts need to be sent.
Upper Layers: Layers 4–7

The upper layers deal with handling and processing the IoT data generated by the
bottom layer. For the sake of completeness, Layers 4–7 of the IoT Reference Model are
summarized in Table 2-2.

Table 2-2 Summary of Layers 4–7 of the IoTWF Reference Model

SIMPLIFIED IOT ARCHITECTURE

Although considerable differences exist between the aforementioned reference models,

they each approach IoT from a layered perspective, allowing development of
technology and standards somewhat independently at each level or domain. The
commonality between these frameworks is that they all recognize the interconnection of
the IoT endpoint devices to a network that transports the data where it is ultimately used
by applications, whether at the data center, in the cloud, or at various management
points throughout the stack.
In fact, it can be noted that IoT architectures may differ somewhat depending on the
industry use case or technology being deployed, and each has merit in solving the IoT
heterogeneity problem discussed earlier. Thus, in this book we present an IoT framework
that highlights the fundamental building blocks that are common to most IoT systems and
which is intended to help you in designing an IoT network. This framework is presented
as two parallel stacks: The IoT Data Management and Compute Stack and the Core IoT
Functional Stack. Reducing the framework down to a pair of three-layer stacks in no
way suggests that the model lacks the detail necessary to develop a sophisticated IoT
strategy. Rather, the intention is to simplify the IoT architecture into its most basic
building blocks and then to use it as a foundation to understand key design and
deployment principles that are applied to industry-specific use cases. All the layers of
more complex models are still covered, but they are grouped here in functional blocks
that are easy to understand. Figure 2-6 illustrates the simplified IoT model.

Figure 2-6 Simplified IoT Architecture

Nearly every published IoT model includes core layers similar to those shown on the left
side of Figure 2- 6, including “things,” a communications network, and applications.
However, unlike other models, the framework presented here separates the core IoT and
data management into parallel and aligned stacks, allowing you to carefully examine the
functions of both the network and the applications at each stage of a complex IoT system.
This separation gives you better visibility into the functions of each layer.

The presentation of the Core IoT Functional Stack in three layers is meant to simplify
your understanding of the IoT architecture into its most foundational building blocks. Of
course, such a simple architecture needs to be expanded on. The network
communications layer of the IoT stack itself involves a significant amount of detail and
incorporates a vast array of technologies. Consider for a moment the heterogeneity of
IoT sensors and the many different ways that exist to connect them to a network. The
network communications layer needs to consolidate these together, offer gateway and
backhaul technologies, and ultimately bring the data back to a central location for
analysis and processing.
Many of the last-mile technologies used in IoT are chosen to meet the specific
requirements of the endpoints and are unlikely to ever be seen in the IT domain.
However, the network between the gateway and the data center is composed mostly of
traditional technologies that experienced IT professionals would quickly recognize.
These include tunneling and VPN technologies, IP-based quality of service (QoS),
conventional Layer 3 routing protocols such as BGP and IP-PIM, and security
capabilities such as encryption, access control lists (ACLs), and firewalls. Unlike with
most IT networks, the applications and analytics layer of IoT doesn’t necessarily exist
only in the data center or in the cloud. Due to the unique challenges and requirements of
IoT, it is often necessary to deploy applications and data management throughout the
architecture in a tiered approach, allowing data
collection, analytics, and intelligent controls at multiple points in the IoT system. In the
model presented in this book, data management is aligned with each of the three layers
of the Core
 Figure 2-7 Expanded View of the Simplified IoT Architecture
IoT Functional Stack. The three data management layers are the edge layer (data
management within the sensors themselves), the fog layer (data management in the
gateways and transit network), and the cloud layer (data management in the cloud or
central data center

THE CORE IOT FUNCTIONAL STACK

IoT networks are built around the concept of “things,” or smart objects performing functions and
delivering new connected services. These objects are “smart” because they use a combination of
contextual information and configured goals to perform actions.
These actions can be self-contained (that is, the smart object does not rely on external systems for its
actions); however, in most cases, the “thing” interacts with an external system to report information that
the smart object collects, to exchange with other objects, or to interact with a management platform.

 “Things” layer: At this layer, the physical devices need to fit the constraints of the environment
in which they are deployed while still being able to provide the information needed.
 Communications network layer: When smart objects are not self-contained, they need to
communicate with an external system. In many cases, this communication uses a wireless
technology. This layer has four sublayers:
 Access network sublayer: The last mile of the IoT network is the access network. This is
typically made up of wireless technologies such as 802.11ah, 802.15.4g, and LoRa. The sensors
connected to the access network may also be wired.
 Gateways and backhaul network sublayer: A common communication system organizes
multiple smart objects in a given area around a common gateway. The gateway communicates
directly with the smart objects. The role of the gateway is to forward the collected information
through a longer-range medium (called the backhaul) to a headend central station where the
information is processed. This information exchange is a Layer 7 (application) function, which is
the reason this object is called a gateway. On IP networks, this gateway also forwards packets
from one IP network to another, and it therefore acts as a router.
 Network transport sublayer: For communication to be successful, network and transport layer
protocols such as IP and UDP must be implemented to support the variety of devices to connect
and media to use.
 IoT network management sublayer: Additional protocols must be in place to allow the headend
applications to exchange data with the sensors. Examples include CoAP and MQTT.
 Application and analytics layer: At the upper layer, an application needs to process the collected
 data, not only to control the smart objects when necessary, but to make intelligent decision based
on the information collected and, in turn, instruct the “things” or other systems to adapt to the
analysed conditions and change their behaviours or parameters.

Layer 1: Things: Sensors and Actuators Layer

Battery-powered or power-connected: This classification is based on whether the object carries its own
energy supply or receives continuous power from an external power source. Battery-powered things can
be moved more easily than line-powered objects. However, batteries limit the lifetime and amount of
energy that the object is allowed to consume, thus driving transmission range and frequency.
Mobile or static: This classification is based on whether the “thing” should move or always stay at the
same location. A sensor may be mobile because it is moved from one object to another (for example, a
viscosity sensor moved from batch to batch in a chemical plant) or because it is attached to a moving
object (for example, a location sensor on moving goods in a warehouse or factory floor). The frequency
of the movement may also vary, from occasional to permanent. The range of mobility (from a few inches
to miles away) often drives the possible power source.
Low or high reporting frequency: This classification is based on how often the object should report
monitored parameters. A rust sensor may report values once a month. A motion sensor may report
acceleration several hundred times per second. Higher frequencies drive higher energy consumption,
which may create constraints on the possible power source (and therefore the object mobility) and the
transmission range.
Simple or rich data: This classification is based on the quantity of data exchanged at each report cycle.
A humidity sensor in a field may report a simple daily index value (on a binary scale from 0 to 255),
while an engine sensor may report hundreds of parameters, from temperature to pressure, gas velocity,
compression speed, carbon index, and many others. Richer data typically drives higher power
consumption.
This classification is often combined with the previous to determine the object data throughput (low
throughput to high throughput). You may want to keep in mind that throughput is a combined metric. A
medium-throughput object may send simple data at rather high frequency (in which case the flow
structure looks continuous), or may send rich data at rather low frequency (in which case the flow
structure looks bursty).
Report range: This classification is based on the distance at which the gateway is located. For example,
for your fitness band to communicate with your phone, it needs to be located a few meters away at most.
The assumption is that your phone needs to be at visual distance for you to consult the reported data on
the phone screen. If the phone is far away, you typically do not use it, and reporting data from the band to
the phone is not necessary. By contrast, a moisture sensor in the asphalt of a road may need to
communicate with its reader several hundred meters or even kilometers away.
Object density per cell: This classification is based on the number of smart objects (with a similar need
to communicate) over a given area, connected to the same gate- way. An oil pipeline may utilize a single
sensor at key locations every few miles. By contrast, telescopes like the SETI Colossus telescope at the
Whipple Observatory deploy hundreds, and sometimes thousands, of mirrors over a small area, each with
multiple gyroscopes, gravity, and vibration sensors.

Layer 2: Communications Network Layer

Access Network Sublayer
There is a direct relationship between the IoT network technology you choose and the type of
connectivity topology this technology allows. Each technology was designed with a certain number of
use cases in mind (what to connect, where to connect, how much data to transport at what interval and
over what distance). These use cases deter- mined the frequency band that was expected to be most
suitable, the frame structure matching the expected data pattern (packet size and communication
intervals), and the possible topologies that these use cases illustrate.
As IoT continues to grow exponentially, you will encounter a wide variety of applications and special use
cases. For each of them, an access technology will be required. IoT sometimes reuses existing access
technologies whose characteristics match more or less closely the IoT use case requirements. Whereas
some access technologies were developed specifically for IoT use cases, others were not.
PAN (personal area network): Scale of a few meters. This is the personal space around a person. A
common wireless technology for this scale is Bluetooth.
HAN (home area network): Scale of a few tens of meters. At this scale, common wireless technologies
for IoT include ZigBee and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).

NAN (neighborhood area network): Scale of a few hundreds of meters. The term NAN is often used to
refer to a group of house units from which data is collected.

FAN (field area network): Scale of several tens of meters to several hundred meters. FAN typically
refers to an outdoor area larger than a single group of house units.

The FAN is often seen as “open space” (and therefore not secured and not controlled). A FAN is
sometimes viewed as a group of NANs, but some verticals see the FAN as a group of HANs or a group
of smaller outdoor cells. As you can see, FAN and NAN may sometimes be used interchangeably.
LAN (local area network): Scale of up to 100 m. This term is very common in net- working, and it is
therefore also commonly used in the IoT space when standard net- working technologies (such as
Ethernet or IEEE 802.11) are used. Other networking classifications, such as MAN (metropolitan area
network, with a range of up to a few kilometre’s) and WAN (wide area network, with a range of more
than a few kilometre’s), are also commonly used.
Point-to-point topologies: These topologies allow one point to communicate with another point. This
topology in its strictest sense is uncommon for IoT access, as it would imply that a single object can
communicate only with a single gateway.
However, several technologies are referred to as “point-to-point” when each object establishes an
individual session with the gateway. The “point-to-point” concept, in that case, often refers to the
communication structure more than the physical topology.
Point-to-multipoint topologies: These topologies allow one point to communicate with more than one
other point. Most IoT technologies where one or more than one gateways communicate with multiple
smart objects are in this category. However, depending on the features available on each communicating
mode, several subtypes need to be considered. A particularity of IoT networks is that some nodes (for
example, sensors) support both data collection and forwarding functions, while some other nodes (for
example, some gateways) collect the smart object data, sometimes instruct the sensor to perform specific
operations, and also interface with other net- works or possibly other gateways.
Gateways and Backhaul Sublayer
Data collected from a smart object may need to be forwarded to a central station where data is processed.
As this station is often in a different location from the smart object, data directly received from the sensor
through an access technology needs to be forwarded to another medium (the backhaul) and transported to
the central station. The gateway is in charge of this inter-medium communication.
Network Transport Sublayer
The previous section describes a hierarchical communication architecture in which a series of smart
objects report to a gateway that conveys the reported data over another medium and up to a central
station. However, practical implementations are often flexible, with multiple transversal communication
paths. For example, consider the case of IoT for the energy grid. Your house may have a meter that
reports the energy consumption to a gateway over a wireless technology. Other houses in your
neighbourhood (NAN) make the same report, likely to one or several gateways. The data to be
transported is small and the interval is large (for example, four times per hour), resulting in a low-
mobility, low-throughput type of data structure, with transmission distances up to a mile.
Several technologies (such as 802.11ah, 802.15.4, or LPWA) can be used for this collection segment.
Other neighbourhoods may also connect the same way, thus forming a FAN.

Layer 3: Applications and Analytics Layer

Analytics Versus Control Applications
Analytics application: This type of application collects data from multiple smart objects, processes the
collected data, and displays information resulting from the data that was processed. The display can be
about any aspect of the IoT network, from historical reports, statistics, or trends to individual system
states. The important aspect is that the application processes the data to convey a view of the network that
cannot be obtained from solely looking at the information displayed by a single smart object.
Control application: This type of application controls the behaviour of the smart object or the behaviour
of an object related to the smart object. For example, a pressure sensor may be connected to a pump. A
control application increases the pump speed when the connected sensor detects a drop in pressure.
Control applications are very useful for controlling complex aspects of an IoT network with a logic that
cannot be programmed inside a single IoT object, either because the configured changes are too complex
to fit into the local system or because the configured changes rely on parameters that include elements
outside the IoT object.
Data Versus Network Analytics
Analytics is a general term that describes processing information to make sense of collected data. In the
world of IoT, a possible classification of the analytics function is as follows:

Data analytics: This type of analytics processes the data collected by smart objects and combines it to
provide an intelligent view related to the IoT system. At a very basic level, a dashboard can display an
alarm when a weight sensor detects that a shelf is empty in a store. In a more complex case, temperature,
pressure, wind, humidity, and light levels collected from thousands of sensors may be combined and then
processed to determine the likelihood of a storm and its possible path. In this case, data processing can be
very complex and may combine multiple changing values over complex algorithms. Data analytics can
also monitor the IoT system itself.
For example, a machine or robot in a factory can report data about its own movements. This data can be
used by an analytics application to report degradation in the movement speeds, which may be indicative
of a need to service the robot before a part breaks.
Network analytics: Most IoT systems are built around smart objects connected to the network. A loss or
degradation in connectivity is likely to affect the efficiency of the system. Such a loss can have dramatic
effects. For example, open mines use wireless networks to automatically pilot dump trucks. A lasting loss
of connectivity may result in an accident or degradation of operations efficiency (automated dump trucks
typically stop upon connectivity loss).

Application Domains of IoT: Smart Home, Smart Cities, Smart Environment, Logistics, Agriculture,
Industry, Health, and Lifestyle.
Home Automation:
1. Smart lighting: Smart lighting for homes helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the
ambient condition and switching on/off or dimming the lights when needed. Key enabling
technologies for smart lighting include solid-state lighting such as LED light and IP enabled the
lights. For solid state lighting solution both spectral and temporal characteristics can be configured
to adapt illumination to various needs. Smart lighting solutions for Home achieve energy saving by
sensing the human movements and their environments and controlling the lights accordingly.
Wireless enabled and internet connected lights can be controlled remotely from IoT applications
such as a mobile or web application. Smart lights with sensor for occupancy, Temperature Lux level
etc can be configured to adapt the lighting based on the ambient conditions sensed, in order to
provide a good ambience. In controllable LED lighting system is presented that is embedded with
ambient intelligence gathered from a distributed smart wireless sensor network to optimize and
control the lighting system to be more efficient and user oriented, A solid state lighting model is
implemented on your wireless sensor network that provide services for sensing illumination changes
and dynamically adjusting luminary brightness according to user preferences.
2. Smart Appliances Modern homes have a number of appliances such as TVs, refrigerator, music
system, washer / dryer etc. Managing and controlling these appliances can be cumbersome with the
each appliance having its own controls or remote controls. Smart appliance make the management
easier and also provide status information to the user remotely. Examples smart watches /dryers that
can be controlled remotely and notify when the washing / driving cycle is complete smart
thermostat Allow controlling the temperature remotely and can learn the user preferences smart
refrigerator can keep track of the item stored and send update to the user when an item is low on
stock. Smart TV Allows user to search and stream videos and movies from the internet on a local
storage drive, search TV channel schedule and fetch news weather updates and other content from
the internet. Open remote is an open source automation platform for homes buildings. Open remote
 is platform agnostic and works with standard hardware. With OpenRemote, user can control various
appliances using mobile or web publications. OpenRemote comprises of three components - a
controller that manages scheduling and runtime integrations between device, a designer that allows
you to create both configuration for the controller and create user interface design and control panel
that allow you to interact with the devices and control them.
3. Intrusion Detection: Home Intrusion detection system used security cameras and sensor such as
PIR sensors and door sensor to detect intrusion and raise alert. Alerts can be in the form of an SMS
and an email sent to the user. Advanced systems can even send detailed alert such as an image grab
or a short video clip send to email attachment. cloud controlled intrusion detections system is
described in that uses location aware services, where the geo location of each node of your home
automation system used independently detected and the stored in the cloud in the event of
Institutions the cloud services alert the accurate neighbors who are using the home automation
system is independently detected and stored in the cloud. Event of intrusion, the cloud services after
the accurate neighbors or local police. In an intrusion detection system based on UPnP technology is
described. The system uses image processing to recognize the Institutions and extract institution
subject and to generate Universal plug and play instant messaging for alert .
4. Smoke / Gas Detector Smoke detectors are installed in home and buildings to detect smoke that is
typically and early sign of Fire. Smoke detectors use optical detection class ionization for sampling
techniques to detect smoke. Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of signals to fire
alarm system. Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide
liquid Petroleum gas (LPG). A Smoke / gas detector raise alerts in human was this describing where
the problem is send or an SMS or email to the user or the local fire safety department and provide
visual feedback on its status the design of the system that detects gas leakage on smoke and it gives
visual level indication.

2.3 Cities:
1. Smart Parking Finding a parking space during rush hours in crowded cities can be time consuming
and frustrating. Further for the more drivers blindly searching for parking spaces create additional
traffic conditions for Star smart parking make the search for parking space easier and convenient for
drivers. Smart parking for powered by IoT system that detect the number of empty parking slots and
send the information over the internet to smart parking application back ends.These applications can
be accessed by the drivers from smartphones, tablets and in car navigation system . In smart parking
sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect whether the slot is empty or occupied. This
information is aggregated by your local controller and then send over the internet to the database.
Design and implementation of a prototype smart parking system based on wireless sensor Network
 Technology with just like a remote parking monitoring ,automated guidance , and departing
reservations mechanism .
2. Smart Lighting : Smart lighting system for road parks and building can help in saving energy.
According to a IEA report, lightening is responsible for 19 % of global electricity use and around
6% of global Greenhouse gas emission. Smart lighting allows lighting to be dynamically controlled
and also adapted to the ambient conditions. Smart lights connected to the internet can be controlled
remotely to configure lighting schedules and lighting intensity. Lighting configuration can be set for
different situations such as a foggy day, a festival etc. Smart. Lights equipped with the sensors and
can communicate with other lights and exchange information on the sensed ambient conditions to
adapt lightening.
3. Smart Road Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide information on driving conditions,
travel time estimates and alerts in case of poor driving conditions , traffic congestions and
accidents . Such information can help in making the roads safe and help in reducing traffic jams .
Information sense to from the roads can be communicated via internet to cloud based applications
and social media and disseminated to the drivers who subscribed to such applications. Distributed
and autonomous systems of sensor networks notes for improving driving safety proposed system
can provide the drivers and passengers with a consistent view of the road situations of a few
hundred meters ahead of them or a few dozen miles away, so that they can react to potential dangers
early enough.
4. Structural Health Monitoring: Structural health monitoring system uses a network of sensors to
monitor the vibrations levels in the structures such as bridges and buildings. The data collected from
the sensors is analyzed to assess the health of The structures . By analyzing the data it is possible to
detect cracks and mechanical breakdown, locate the damage to a structure and also calculate the
remaining life of the structure. Using such systems advance warning can be given in the case of
imminent failure of the structure. An environmental effect removal based structural health
monitoring schemes is an IoT environment is proposed. Since structural health monitoring schemes
use large number of wireless sensor nodes which are powered by traditional batteries researchers are
exploring energy harvesting Technologies to harvesting ambient energy, such as mechanical
vibrations, sunlight and wind.
5. Surveillance Surveillance of infrastructure, public transport and even in cities is required to ensure
safety and security. City wide surveillance infrastructure comprising of large number of distributed
and internet connected video surveillance cameras can be created. The video feeds from surveillance
cameras can be aggregated in cloud based storage solutions. Cloud-based video analytics
applications can be deployed to search for patterns for specific events from the video feed.
6. Emergency Response IoT Systems can be used for monitoring the critical infrastructure in cities
such as building , gas and water pipelines, public transport and power substation systems. IoT
 systems for fire directions, gas and water leakage directions can help in generating alerts and
minimizing their effects on the critical infrastructure. IoT systems for critical infrastructure
monitoring enable aggregations and sharing of information is collected from large number of
sensors. Cloud based architecture multi model information such as sensor data, audio, video feeds
can be analyzed in near realtime to detect adverse event. Response to alerts generated by such
systems can be in the form of alerts sent to the public , re-routing of traffic, evacuation of the
affected areas. Traffic management system for emergency services is describe the system adapt by
dynamically adjusting traffic lights, changing related driving policies, recommending behavior
change to drivers and applying essential security controls

Environment
1. Weather Monitoring: IoT- based weather monitoring system can collect data from a number of
sensor attached such as temperature, humidity, pressure etc. and send the data to cloud based
application and storage back-ends. The data collected in the cloud can then be analyzed and
visualized by cloud based application. Weather alerts can be sent to the subscribed users from such
applications AirPi weather and air quality monitoring kit capable of recording and uploading
information about temperature, humidity, air pressure light levels, UV levels, carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide and smoke level to the internet .
2. Air Pollution Monitoring IoT based air pollution monitoring system can monitor emission of
harmful gases ( CO2, CO. NO, NO2) by factories and automobiles using gases and dermatological
sensors the collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions control
approaches. In real time air quality monitoring system is presented that comprises of several
distributed monitoring stations that communicate via wireless with a backend server using machine
to machine communication. In addition sums of GPRS modem and GPS module.
3. Noise Pollution Monitoring Due to growing Urban Development, noise levels in cities have
increased and even become alarmingly High in some cities. Noise pollution can cause health
hazards for humans due to sleep destruction and stress. Noise pollution monitoring can help in
generating noise maps for cities. Urban noise maps can help the policy makers in urban planning
and making policies to control noise level near Residency areas, schools and parks. IoT based noise
pollution smart metering system use a number of noise monitoring station that are deployed at
different places in a city. The data on noise levels from the stations is collected on server or in the
cloud. The data is then aggregated to generate noise map. In noise mapping study for a city is
presented which revealed that the cities suffers from serious noise pollution .In the design of smart
phone application is described that allows a user to continuously measure noise level and send it to a
central server where all generated information is aggregated and mapped to a meaningful noise
visualizations map.
 4. Forest Fire Detection Forest fires can cause damage to natural resources, property and human life.
There can be different causes of forest fires including lightening, human negligence, volcanic
eruptions and sparks from rock Falls. Early deduction of forest fires can help in minimizing the
damage . IoT based forest fire detection systems can use a number of monitoring nodes deployed at
a different locations in a forest. Each monitoring node collects measurements on ambient conditions
including temperature, humidity, light levels. A system for early detection of forest fire is described
in that provides early warning of a potential forest fire and estimate the scale and intensity of the fire
if it materializes in a forest fire detection system based on wireless sensor networks is presented.
The system uses multi-criteria deduction which is implemented by the artificial neural network. The
ANN fuses sensing data corresponding to multiple attributes of your forest fire such as temperature,
humidity ,infrared and divisible light to detect forest fire.
5. River Flood Detection: River flood can cause extensive damage to the natural and human resources
and human life. River flood occurs due to continuous train for which cause the river level to rise and
flow rates to increase rapidly. Early warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the water level
and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a number of sensor nodes that monitor
the water level using ultrasonic sensors and flow rate using the flow velocity sensors. Data from a
number of such sensor nodes is aggregated in a server or in the cloud. Monitoring applications raise
alert when rapid increase in water level and flow rate is detected in a river flood monitoring system
is described that measures river and weather conditions through wireless sensor nodes equipped
with different sensors. The systems include water level monitoring module, and data processing
module that provide flood information is in the form of raw data, predicted data, and video feed.
logistics
1. Route Generation and Scheduling Modern transportation systems are driven by data collected
from multiple sources which is process to provide a new services to the stockholders. By collecting
large amount of data from various sources and processing the data into Useful information data
driven. Transportation system can provide new services such as advanced route guidance dynamic
vehicle routing anticipating customer demand for pickup and delivery problem, for instance route
generations and scheduling systems candidate end-to-end using combinations of road patterns and
transportation smooth and feasible schedule based on the availability of vehicles.
2. Fleet Tracking Vehicle fleet tracking system using GPS technology to track the locations of vehicle
in real time. Cloud based fleet tracking systems can be scaled up on-demand to handle large number
of vehicles. Alerts Can be generated in case of deviation in planned routes. The vehicle locations
and routes data can be aggregated and analyzed for detecting bottlenecks in the supply chain such as
a traffic conditions or route of elements and generations of alternative route and supply chain
Optimization in a fleet tracking system for commercial vehicle is described the system can analyze
 messages sent from the vehicles to identify unexpected incidence and descriptions is between the
actual and applied data.
3. Shipment Monitoring: Shipment monitoring solutions for Transportation systems allow
monitoring the conditions inside container. For example, containers carrying Fresh Food produce
can be monitored to prevent spoilage of food. IoT based shipment monitoring system you sensor
such as temperature pressure and humidity for instance to monitor the conditions inside the
container and send the data to the cloud where it can be analyzed to detect food spoilage . The
analysis and interpretation of the data in the environmental conditions in the container and food
truck positioning can enable more effective routing decisions and their time therefore it is possible
to take remedial measures such as the food that has a limited time budget before it get rotten can be
rerouted to a closer destinations, alerts can be raised to the driver and the distributor about the transit
conditions, such as container temperature exceeding the allowed limit, humidity levels going out of
the allowed limit. For instance, and corrective actions can be taken before the food gets damaged. A
Cloudbased frame work for real time fresh Food Supply tracking and monitoring was proposed . For
fragile products vibrations levels during shipment can be tracked using accelerometer and gyroscope
sensors attached to IoT device. A system for monitoring container in integrity and operating
conditions described. The system monitors the vibrations patterns on their container and its contents
to reveal information related to its operating environment and integrity during transport handling
and storage.
4. Remote Vehicle Diagnostics Remote vehicle diagnostic systems can detect faults in the vehicles
warn of impending fault. These Diagnostic system use on-board IoT devices for collecting data on
vehicle operation such a speed, engine RPM, coolant temperature, fault code number ,and status of
the various vehicle subsystem such data can be captured by integrating on-board diagnostic systems
with IoT devices using protocols such as CAN bus. Modern commercial vehicles support on-board
diagnostics OBD standards such as OBDII. OBD system provides real time data status of vehicle
subsystems and diagnostic trouble code which Allow rapidly identifying the fault in the vehicle. IoT
based vehicle diagnostic system can send the vehicle data to centralized serves or the cloud where it
can be analyzed to generate alerts and suggest remedial actions.
Agriculture
1. Smart Irrigation Smart irrigation systems can improve crop yield while saving water. smart
irrigation system using IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to determine the amount of moisture
in the soil and realize the flow of water through the irrigation pipe only when the moisture level go
below a predefined threshold. Smart irrigation systems also collect Moisture level measurements on
a server or in the cloud where they collected data can be analyzed to plant watering schedule.
2. Green House Control Green house structures with glass or plastic roofs that provide conducive
environment for growth of plants . The Climatological conditions inside a Greenhouse can be
 monitored and controlled to provide the best conditions for growth of plants. The temperature ,
humidity, soil moisture, light and carbon dioxide levels are monitored using sensors and their
climatological conditions are controlled automatically using actuation devices. IoT system plays an
important role in greenhouse controlled and help in improving productivity. The data collected from
various sensors is stored on centralized servers or in the cloud where analysis is performed to
optimize the control strategies and also correlate the productivity with different control strategies.
the system uses wireless sensor network to monitor and control the agriculture parameters like
temperature and humidity in real time for better management and maintenance of Agricultural
production
Industry:
1. Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis: Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of a
machine by analyzing the data and the current operating conditions and how much deviations exist
from the normal operating conditions. Machine diagnosis refer to determining the causes of a
machine fault. IoT plays a major role in both the prognosis s and Diagnostics of industrial
machines . Industrial machines have a large number of components that must function correctly for
the machine to perform its operations. Sensors in machine can monitor the operating conditions
such as temperatures and vibrations levels. The sensor data measurements are done on time scale of
few milliseconds to few seconds, which leads to generations of the massive amount of the data.
Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a commonly used method that find solutions to new problem based
on past experience. This past experience is organized and represented as case in a case base. CBR is
an effective techniques for problem solving in the field in which it is hard to establish a quantitative
mathematical model, such as machine Diagnostics and prognosis . Since foe each machine, data
from a very large number of sensors is collected using search high-dimensional data for creation of
a case library reduce the case retrieval efficiency. Data reduction and feature extraction methods are
used to find the representatives set of ability as the of features.
2. Indoor Air Quality Monitoring: Monitoring indoor air quality in factories is important for health
and safety of the workers. harmful and toxic gas such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide and
Nitrogen dioxide etc t can cause serious health problems .IoT based gas monitoring system can help
in monitoring the indoor air quality using various gas sensors. The indoor air quality can vary for
different locations. Wireless sensor networks based IoT devices can identify the other hazardous
zones, so that a corrective measures can be taken to ensure proper ventilation
Health And Lifestyle:
1. Health and fitness monitoring wearable IoT devices that are low non invasive and continuous
monitoring of physiological parameters can help in continuous health and fitness monitoring. These
wearable devices may can be in various forms such as built under wrist bands. The wearable devices
from a wireless sensor networks called body area networks in which the measurements from a
 number of wearable device are continuously Send to a master nodes such as a smartphone which
then send the data to the server or a cloud end for analysis and achieving. Healthcare providers can
analyze the collected Healthcare data to determine any health conditions or anomalies.
2. Wearable Electronics Wearable Electronics such as smart watches smart glasses wristband and
fashion electronics (with electronic integrated in clothing and accessories ,example Google glass for
Moto 360 smart watches provide various functions and future to assist us in our daily activities and
making as lead healthy Lifestyle . . Smart watches the user can search the internet a play audio
video file make calls with or without paired mobile phones, play games and use various kinds of
mobile applications smart classes allow users to take photos and record videos ,get map directions
check flight status and search the internet by using voice commands