Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 09

Design of Reinforced Concrete

Retaining Walls

By:
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar

[email protected]
www.drqaisarali.com
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 1
Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture Contents

 General

 RC cantilever retaining wall

 Stability evaluation of retaining wall

 Earth pressure and Soil parameters

 Design of RC cantilever retaining wall

 Design Example

 Practical Design Examples

 References

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Learning Outcomes

 At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

➢ Identify different types of retaining walls

➢ Explain failure mechanism of retaining walls

➢ Analyze and Design RC Cantilever Wall

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General

 Introduction
⚫ A retaining wall is a structure that holds or retains soil masses of
earth or other loose material behind it.

⚫ Used in the construction of railways, highways, bridges, canals,

basement walls in buildings, walls of underground reservoirs,
swimming pools etc.

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Introduction

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Types of retaining walls

⚫ Retaining walls are generally classified based on the method of
attaining stability against the lateral load imposed by the retained
earth.

Gravity Wall Cantilever Wall Counterfort Wall

Uses its own weight and that of Weight of the soil on the heel of Similar to Cantilever wall but the
the retained soil for stability the footing provides the primary stem is stiffened by buttresses,
and are either lightly reinforced contribution to overall stability. to achieve more strength
or contain no reinforcement.

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General

 Selection of suitable type of retaining wall

⚫ Gravity walls are economical only for relatively low walls; possibly
up to about 10 ft.

⚫ Cantilever Retaining Walls are generally economical up to a height

of approximately 20ft.

⚫ For greater heights or for the conditions where the backfill pressure
is unusually high, Counterfort or Buttress Retaining Walls are
recommended.

⚫ This lecture is only focused on the structural analysis and design of

Cantilever retaining wall.

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RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Different terms related to Retaining wall

⚫ A typical Cantilever retaining wall is an assembly of the following
components
1. Stem: Stem is a Vertical arm that provides horizontal resistance
against the overturning force of the soil

2. Base: It is a horizontal footing that is typically divided into two parts,

the Toe and the Heel.

3. Key: A key is basically a small vertical element constructed below

the footing (base) to increase sliding resistance.

⚫ Illustration of these components have been shown on the next

slide.

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RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Different terms related to Retaining wwall

Surcharge

Backfill

Arm / Stem

Toe Heel

Shear Key

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Types of cantilever retaining walls

h h h

GL GL GL

(a) Typical (b) with heel only (c) with toe only

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 10

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Behavior of cantilever retaining wall

• Applied loading on wall

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Behavior of cantilever retaining wall

• Applied loading on wall

• Deflected shape

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Behavior of cantilever retaining wall

• Applied loading on wall

• Deflected shape

• Reinforcement locations

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Various failure modes

⚫ RC retaining wall may fail in two different ways:

1. Stability Failure

⚫ The wall as a whole may be bodily displaced by the earth

pressure, without breaking up internally. This can be
I. Overturning

II. Sliding

III. Bearing / Settlement

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Various failure modes

1. Stability Failure

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 15

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Various failure modes

2. Body Failure

⚫ The individual structural parts (stem, toe, heel) of the wall may
not be strong enough to resist the acting forces.

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Various failure modes

Animation explaining behavior of Cantilever retaining wall under lateral pressure

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Earth Pressure and Soil Parameters

 Various conditions of loading

1. Horizontal surface of fill at the top

⚫ From Rankine’s formula, we have

1 − sin ∅
𝑝𝑎 = 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑠 ℎ Where, 𝐾𝑎 =
1 + sin(∅)

The Resultant of this pressure is

1 1 h
𝑃 = (𝑝𝑎 )(ℎ) = 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑠 ℎ2
2 2 P

And the location of “P” from the GL

y
base is
ℎ
𝑦=
3

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 18

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Earth Pressure and Soil Parameters

 Various conditions of loading

2. Inclined surface of fill at top
⚫ The Resultant of this pressure is

1 1
𝑃= (𝑝𝑎 )(ℎ) = 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑠 ℎ2
2 2

And the location of “P” is given by

ℎ
𝑦=
3 h

Here, 𝛿 = ∅𝐾𝑎 = cos ∅

GL
y

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 19

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Earth Pressure and Soil Parameters

 Various conditions of loading

3. Horizontal surface of fill carrying UDL surcharge
⚫ The increase in pressure caused by uniform surcharge “S” is computed
by converting its load into an equivalent imaginary height of earth ℎ𝑠
above the top of the wall such that,
ℎ𝑠 = 𝑆/𝛾 hs

Then Resultant of pressure is

1
𝑃= 𝐾 𝛾 ℎ(ℎ + 2ℎ𝑠 )
2 𝑎 𝑠
And the location of “P” from the base is h

𝑃
ℎ2 + 3ℎℎ𝑠
𝑦= GL
3(ℎ + 2ℎ𝑠 ) y

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Earth Pressure and Soil Parameters

 Soil parameters
⚫ The following table gives representative values of typical soil
parameters, often used in engineering practice.
Table: Unit weight (γ s ), effective angles of internal friction (φ'), and the coefficient of friction with concrete (𝜇)

Typical parameters

Unit Weight Internal friction angle

S. No Type of Soil Coefficient of friction Remarks
6 φ' [2]
[1]
(pcf) (degrees)
Sand or gravel without fine particles,
1 highly permeable 110 to 120 30 to 40 0.5 to 0.6
Should be used as backfill for
Should be used as backfill for
retaining walls where ever possible
Sand or gravel with silt mixture, low retaining walls wherever possible
2 permeability 120 to 130 25 to 35 0.4 to 0.5

Silty sand, sand and gravel with high

3 clay content 110 to 120 25 to 30 0.3 to 0.4
The value of Φ may be un-
conservative under saturated
4 Medium or stiff clay 100 to 120 25 to 35 0.2 to 0.4
conditions

5 Soft clay, silt 90 to 110 20 to 35 0.2 to 0.3

[1] The φ values do not account for probable additional pressures due to pore water, seepage, frost, etc.

[2] Coefficient of friction between concrete and various soils.

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Stability Evaluation of Retaining Wall

 Stability checks
⚫ To evaluate the stability of retaining wall against overturning, sliding
and bearing pressure, the following three factors of safety must be
computed and compared with recommended values suggested in
ACI Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook Volume-2_Special
Topics, MNL-17(21).
1. Factor of safety against overturning (𝑭𝑺𝑶𝑻 )

2. Factor of safety against sliding (𝑭𝑺𝑺𝑳 )

3. Factor of safety against bearing (𝑭𝑺𝑩𝑹 )

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Stability Evaluation of Retaining Wall

 Stability Checks
1. Factor of safety against overturning
⚫ The factor of safety against overturing about the tip of toe is given by
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑅
𝐹𝑆𝑂𝑇 = =
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑂𝑇
Where;
W4
𝑀𝑅 = ∑(𝑊𝑥) = 𝑊1 𝑥1 + 𝑊2 𝑥2 + 𝑊3 𝑥3 + 𝑊4 𝑥4 x4
x3
𝑀𝑂𝑇𝑀 = 𝑃 𝑦 GL x2 P
W3
W2
⚫ General recommended value for factor y
of safety against overturning 𝐹𝑆𝑂𝑇 is ≥ 2.0. W1
O O'
x1 𝜇∑𝑊

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 23

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Stability Evaluation of Retaining Wall

 Stability checks
2. Factor of safety against sliding
⚫ The factor of safety against sliding at base is given by;
𝜇∑𝑊
𝐹𝑆𝑆𝐿 =
𝑃
Where;

𝜇 = Coefficient of friction b/w soil and concrete.

∑𝑊 = Total weight of retaining wall including

front fill and backfill. P
GL
𝑃 = Active soil pressure. R
y
?W
∑w
⚫ General recommended value for factor
O O'
of safety against sliding 𝐹𝑆𝑆𝐿 is ≥ 1.5. a f? W
𝜇∑𝑊

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 24

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Stability Evaluation of Retaining Wall

 Stability checks
3. Factor of safety against bearing
⚫ The factor of safety against bearing can be determined as;
𝑞𝑎
𝐹𝑆𝐵𝑅 =
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥
Where;

𝑞𝑎 = Allowable bearing capacity of soil

P
GL GL
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Maximum soil bearing Rpressure R
y
∑W
⚫ General recommended
o
value for factor o' o o'
l/3 l/ 3
a
of safety against bearing 𝐹𝑆𝐵𝑅 is ≥ 3. a

q qmin
l qmax
l

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 25

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Stability Evaluation of Retaining Wall

 Stability checks
3. Factor of safety against bearing
⚫ The bearing pressure diagram of soil below the base, depends on the
location of resultant as shown below.

P P
PP
GL GL
GL
GL GL
GL R R
R R y y
R R y
y
∑W ∑W
∑W
o o' o o'
o o' o o' l/ 3 l/ 3
o l/3 o' o l/ 3 o' a a
l/3
a 3
l/a
a qmin qmin
a
q qmin qmax qmax
q l qmax qmin l 3a
l qmax l
l

P=0 R = ∑W R = P +∑W R outside middle third

R at edge of middle third (uplift pressure at Heel)
R at mid location R within middle third

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 26

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Stability Evaluation of Retaining Wall

 Stability checks
3. Factor of safety against bearing
❑ Calculation of bearing pressure

Let “a” be the location of resultant R from the exterior end of toe (point
O). Then we have;

∆𝑀 = 𝑀𝑅 − 𝑀𝑂𝑇

Since, ∆𝑀 = ∑𝑊 𝑎

Therefore, solving for 𝑎 gives;

𝑀𝑅 − 𝑀𝑂𝑇
𝑎=
∑𝑊

𝜇∑𝑊

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 27

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Stability Evaluation of Retaining Wall

 Stability checks
3. Factor of safety against bearing
❑ Calculation of bearing pressure

Case 1: a > l/3 Case 2: a = l/3 Case 3: a < l/3

P P P
GL GL GL
R R R
y y y
∑W ∑W
∑W
o o' o o' o o'
l/ 3 l/ 3 l/ 3
a a a
qmin qmin
qmin
qmax
l qmax qmax
l 3a
∑𝑊
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4𝑙 − 6𝑎
𝑙2 2∑𝑊
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2∑𝑊
∑𝑊 𝑙 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
3𝑎
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 6𝑎 − 2𝑙 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 <0
𝑙2

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 28

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Design criteria
⚫ The stem of a cantilever retaining wall shall be designed as a one–
way slab in accordance with the applicable provisions of Chapter 7
(one - way slabs). (ACI 318 -19, section 13.3.6.1)

⚫ The base is designed as one–way shallow foundation using

applicable provisions of Chapter 7 (one - way slabs) and Chapter 9
(Beams). (ACI 318 -19, section 13.3.2.1)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 29

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Load combinations
⚫ Load combination relating to structural design of retaining walls shall
be in accordance with ACI 318 -19, section 5.3.1.
▪ U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 1.6H

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Preliminary sizes
⚫ ACI recommends the dimensions from the guidelines presented by
“Bowels” in the fifth edition of “Foundations Analysis and Design”, for
preliminary calculations. tstem,top
t
stem

⚫ In case of surcharge, “h” is bbase = (0.4 - 0.7)h

tbase = (0.07 - 0.1)h

replaced by heq = h + hs
tstem = (0.07 - 0.12)h
where; h1
but notless
butnot
tstem,top =less than8″8″
8" than
min

hs = height of surcharge h btoe = (0.25 - 0.33)bbase

bheel= bbase - btoe - tstem

GL

h2
tbase

btoe tstem bheel

bbase

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 31

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Preliminary sizes
⚫ The estimated sizes must be checked with the minimum thickness
requirements for one-way cantilever slabs provided in ACI 318-19
Table 7.3.1.1

Table 7.3.1.1— Minimum thickness of solid nonprestressed one-way slabs

Support condition Minimum h [1]

Simply supported 𝑙/20

One end continuous 𝑙/24

Both ends continuous 𝑙/28

Cantilever 𝑙/10
• 𝑙 = Span length (Center to center length) of beam (Section 2.2)
• [1] For 𝑓𝑦 other than 60,000 psi, the expressions in the table shall be multiplied by (0.4 + 𝑓𝑦 /100,000)

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Concrete clear cover

⚫ ACI 318-19, section 20.5.1.3.1,Non-prestressed cast-in-place
concrete members shall have specified clear cover for reinforcement
at least that given in Table 20.5.1.3.1.

⚫ The minimum specified clear cover is 3 inches for horizontal

concrete members cast permanently in contact with the ground, and
2 inches for vertical members.

2″ cover on all sides

3″ cover on all sides

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Reinforcement limits and detailing

⚫ Overall reinforcement requirement of retaining wall is shown below:
3/4" chamfer

2" clear cover

6" min.

Stem transverse reinforcement

(for both faces)
At = 0.002bh (for = #5) 2" clear cover
At = 0.0025bh (for > #5)
Smax = 5h or 18"
(ACI Table 11.6.1) Stem back-face reinforcement
Amin = 0.0018bh
Stem front-face reinforcement Smax = 3h or 18"
Al = 0.0012bh (for = #5)
Al = 0.0015bh (for > #5)
Smax = 5h or 18" Heel reinforcement
(ACI Table 11.6.1) Amin = 0.0018bh
GL Smax = 3h or 18"

3" clear cover

3" clear cover
ld

Shrinkage reinforcement
(for both faces)
Amin = 0.0018bh
Smax = 5h or 18" ld 3" clear cover
Toe reinforcement
Amin = 0.0018bh
Smax = 3h or 18" 3" clear cover

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 34

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Drainage and other details

⚫ A proper drainage system must be provided to retaining wall for
collecting and redirecting rainwater away from the wall, otherwise the
retaining wall may fail. Drainage can be provided in various ways,
but two common ways are:

Longitudinal Drains Weep Holes

To prevent outflow to seep into usually spaced horizontally at an
the soil underneath the wall interval of 5 to 10 ft.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 35

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of RC Cantilever Retaining Wall

 Summary of design steps

Choose Preliminary Dimensions and

Calculate Horizontal load Calculate Vertical load
verify with ACI minimum thickness
and Overturning Moment and Restoring Moment
requirements

Analyze and Analyze and Calculate Soil Bearing

Apply Stability Checks
Design Heel Design Stem Pressure

Analyze and Design Key Detail reinforcement as

Provide drainage system
Design Toe (if required) per ACI requirements

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Example 9.1
⚫ Design the cantilever retaining wall for the following data:
S = 400psf
▪ Height of stem from GL, h1 = 10.5'

▪ Depth of base from GL, h2 = 3.5'

▪ Surcharge, S = 400 psf

▪ Allowable bearing capacity, 𝑞𝑎 = 8 ksf

10.5'
▪ Base friction coefficient, 𝜇 = 0.6

▪ Internal friction angle , ∅ = 30⁰

GL

▪ Unit weight of Soil, 𝛾𝑠 = 120 pcf

3.5'
▪ 𝑓𝑐′ = 4.5𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 60𝑘𝑠𝑖

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Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 1: Preliminary dimensions

Equivalent depth of surcharge is calculated as

𝑆 400 tstem,top
t
stem

ℎ𝑠 = = = 3.33′
𝛾 120 bbase = (0.4 - 0.7)h

tbase = (0.07 - 0.1)h

ℎ𝑒𝑞 = ℎ + ℎ𝑠 = 14 + 3.33 = 17.33′
tstem = (0.07 - 0.12)h
h1
tbut not= less
stem,top
8" min
than 8″
Let 𝑏 = 0.58ℎ𝑒𝑞 = 0.58 17.33 = 10′ h btoe = (0.25 - 0.33)bbase

𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 0.1(17.33) × 12 = 21′′ bheel= bbase - btoe - tstem

GL

𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 0.07(17.33) × 12 = 15′′

h2
tbase
𝑏𝑡𝑜𝑒 = 0.3𝑏 = 0.3(10) = 3′
btoe tstem bheel
bbase
𝑏ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 10 − 3 − 1.25 = 5.75′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 38

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 1: Preliminary dimensions

Check the dimensions against the minimum thickness requirements

provided in Table 7.3.1.1.
15''

Minimum thickness requirements

Components Minimum h Remarks

12.25'

12.25 × 12
Stem/Arm = 14.7" OK
10 GL

5.75 × 12
Heel = 6.9" OK 3.5'
10 1.75'

3 × 12 3' 15" 5.75'

Toe = 3.6" OK
10 10'

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 39

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 2: Calculation of Horizontal load and Overturning Moment
1 − sin(∅) 1 − sin(30)
𝐾𝑎 = = = 0.33
1 + sin(∅) 1 + sin 30 hs=3.33'

1
𝑃= 𝐾 𝛾 ℎ(ℎ + 2ℎ𝑠 )
2 𝑎 𝑠
1
𝑃= 0.33 × 0.120 × 14 (14 + 2 × 3.33)
2 h= 14'
P

On solving, we get
y
𝑃 = 5.73𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 40

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 2: Calculation of Horizontal load and Overturning Moment
ℎ2 + 3ℎℎ𝑠
𝑦=
3(ℎ + 2ℎ𝑠 ) hs=3.33'

142 + 3 × 14 × 3.33
𝑦= = 5.42′
3(14 + 2 × 3.33)

So, overturning moment about the tip of

h= 14'

toe can be determined as, P

𝑀𝑂𝑇 = 𝑃𝑦 = 5.73 × 5.42 = 31.06𝑘𝑖𝑝. 𝑓𝑡

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 41

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 3: Calculation of Vertical load and Restoring Moment
⚫ Vertical load and restoring or stabilizing moment due to the weight of
retaining wall and the soil is calculated and shown below
▪ Self weight of Retaining wall 15''

𝑊1 = 𝐴1 𝛾𝑐 = 1.25 × 12.25 0.150 = 2.30 𝑘/𝑓𝑡

𝑊2 = 𝐴2 𝛾𝑐 = 1.75 × 10 0.150 = 2.63 𝑘/𝑓𝑡

12.25'
W1 W4
▪ Self weight of Soil

𝑊3 = 𝐴3 𝛾𝑠 = 1.75 × 3 0.120 = 0.63 𝑘/𝑓𝑡 GL

W3 1.75′

𝑊4 = 𝐴4 𝛾𝑠 = 5.75 × 12.25 0.120 = 8.45 𝑘/𝑓𝑡 3.5'

W2 1.75'

10'

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 42

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 3: Calculation of Vertical load and Restoring Moment
⚫ Vertical load and restoring or stabilizing moment due to the weight of
retaining wall and the soil is calculated and shown below
▪ Moment arms about Point O 15''

1.25
𝑥1 = 3 + = 3.63 𝑓𝑡
2 𝑥4

10 𝑥3
𝑥2 = = 5.0𝑓𝑡 12.25'
2 W1 W4
𝑥1
3
𝑥3 = = 1.5 𝑓𝑡 𝑥3
GL
2
W3 1.75′
5.75 3.5'
𝑥4 = 10 − = 7.13𝑓𝑡 W2 1.75'
2
O
10'

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 43

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 3: Calculation of Vertical load and Restoring Moment

S. No.
𝑾 𝒙 𝑾𝒙
(kip/ft) (ft) (kip.ft/ft)

1 2.30 2.63 8.35

2 2.63 5.0 13.15
3 0.63 1.5 0.95
4 8.45 7.13 60.25
Sum 14.01 82.69

Hence, we get;

Vertical Load, = ∑W =14.01kips/ft

Restoring Moment, 𝑀𝑅 = ∑Wx = 82.69kip. ft/ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 44

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 4: Calculation of Bearing pressure
To find the point of action “a” , we have
P

𝑀𝑅 − 𝑀𝑂𝑇
𝑎= R
∑𝑊 3'
∑W
82.69 − 31.06 o o'
𝑎= = 3.68′ l/ 3
14.01 a

Now, qmin
qmax
𝑙 10 l= 10'
= = 3.33′ < 3.68′
3 3
Hence, the resultant lies within the middle third of the base.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 45

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 4: Calculation of Bearing pressure
𝛴𝑊
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4𝑙 − 6𝑎 P
𝑙2
By substituting values; R
3'
14.01 ∑W
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4 × 10 − 6 × 3.68 = 2.51𝑘𝑠𝑓
102 o o'
l/ 3
a
Similarly,
qmin
𝛴𝑊
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 6𝑎 − 2𝑙 2 qmax
𝑙 l= 10'

14.01
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 6 × 3.68 − 2 × 10 = 0.29𝑘𝑠𝑓
102

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 46

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 5: Applying stability checks

1. F.O.S against Overturning

𝑀𝑅 82.69
𝐹𝑆𝑂𝑇 = = = 2.67 > 2 ⇒ 𝑂𝐾!
𝑀𝑂𝑇 31.06

2. F.O.S against Sliding

𝜇∑𝑊 0.6(14.01)
𝐹𝑆𝑆𝐿 = = = 1.47 ≈ 1.5 ⇒ 𝑂𝐾!
𝑃 5.73

3. FOS against Bearing

𝑞𝑎 8
𝐹𝑆𝐵𝑃 = = = 3.19 > 2 ⇒ 𝑂𝐾!
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 2.51

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 47

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 5: Applying stability checks

❑ Concluding remarks

▪ The retaining wall preliminary dimensions are adequate to resist

overturning, sliding and prevent bearing failure of soil.

▪ In the subsequent steps, each component of retaining wall is

designed for strength.

▪ If any of the determined dimensions are not satisfactory, then all

the previous steps must be revised.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 48

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 6: Analysis and Design of Stem

❑ Analysis for Shear

General equation of factored active earth pressure w.r.t bottom of stem is
given by:
1
𝑃𝑢 = 1.6 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑠 ℎ(ℎ + 2ℎ𝑠 ) = 1.6 0.0198ℎ (ℎ + 6.66
2

After simplification, we get

𝑃𝑢 = 0.0317ℎ2 + 0.211ℎ −− −(1)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 49

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 6: Analysis and Design of Stem

❑ Analysis for Flexure

We have 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑃𝑦
ℎ2 + 3ℎℎ𝑠 ℎ2 + 9.99ℎ
𝑦= =
3(ℎ + 2ℎ𝑠 ) 3(ℎ + 6.66)

Now general bending moment equation is given by,

2
ℎ2 + 9.99ℎ
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑃𝑢 𝑦 = 0.0317ℎ + 0.211ℎ ×
3 ℎ + 6.66

0.031ℎ4 + 0.528ℎ3 + 2.108ℎ2

𝑀𝑢 = − −(2)
3 ℎ + 6.66

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 50

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 6: Analysis and Design of Stem

❑ Analysis for Flexure

⚫ As per ACI 318 -19, section 13.3.6.3, the critical section of stem for both
flexure and shear should be taken at the interface between the stem and
footing.

⚫ Using equation (1) and (2) the shear and bending moments diagrams for
the stems have been drawn and shown on the next.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 51

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 6: Analysis and Design of Stem

❑ Analysis for Flexure

0 0
0
0.0317ℎ4 + 0.528ℎ3 + 2.108ℎ2
𝑃𝑢 = 0.0317ℎ2 + 0.211ℎ 𝑀𝑢 =
3 ℎ + 6.66
1.59 3.10
4.5'

4.46 16.16
16.24
9'

Critical section for flexure shear

7.34
6.42
12.25' 35
35.24
Shear Force Diagram Bending Moment Diagram
(kips) (k.ft)
10'

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 52

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 6: Analysis and Design of Stem

❑ Design for Shear

From Shear force diagram we have Vu = 7.34 kips Rebar

𝑑𝑏
𝑑 = 𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 − 𝐶𝑐 − Stem
2 𝑑

Using 2'' clear cover, and assuming #6 bar, 𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝑑 = 15 − 2 − 6/16 = 12.63″

∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅2 𝑓𝑐 ′𝑏𝑑
Base
= 0.75 2 4500 × 12 × 12.63 = 15.24𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

∅𝑉𝑐 > 𝑉𝑢 ⇒ 𝑂𝐾!

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 53

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 6: Analysis and Design of Stem

❑ Design for Flexure (Vertical reinforcement at the back face)

For h = 12.25′; Mu = 35.0 ft-kip/ft = 420.0 in-kip/ft

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ = 0.0018 12 × 15 = 0.324𝑖𝑛2

𝑎 0.424
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − ; ∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 0.324 × 60 12.63 −
2 2

= 217.18 𝑖𝑛. 𝑘/𝑓𝑡 < 𝑀𝑢

Therefore, from calculations, As = 0.63 in2, using #6 bar, spacing = 8.4″c/c

Maximum spacing for main steel reinforcement is:

⚫ 3h = 3 x 15 = 45″ ; 18″ => OK! , Hence, finally provide #6 @ 8″ c/c

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 54

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 6: Analysis and Design of Stem

❑ Design for Flexure (Vertical reinforcement at the back face)

Similarly for other depths, the design is given in tabular form as below:

Table for Design of main bars in Arm of retaining wall

Thickness of Moment As,min øMn Governing Governing Design Max Final
Depth (ft)
arm (in) (in-kip/ft) (sq.in) (in-kip/ft) Moment Area of steel spacing spacing spacing

0.44 0 15.00 0 0.324 217.18 217.18 0.324 16.3'' 18'' @16'' c/c 16''

0.44 4.5 15.00 37.2 0.324 217.18 217.18 0.324 16.3'' 18'' @16'' c/c 16''

0.44 9 15.00 194.88 0.324 217.18 217.18 0.324 16.3'' 18'' @8'' c/c 16''

0.44 12.25 15.00 420.0

422.88 0.324 217.18 420.0
422.88 0.63
0.642 8.3’’
8.2'' 18'' @8'' c/c 8''

From a depth of 12.25 ft to 9 ft, provide #6 @ 8″, and from 9 ft to top end,
provide #6 @ 16″.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 55

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 6: Analysis and Design of Stem

❑ Vertical reinforcement at the front face

As = 0.0012  12  15 = 0.216 in2 (From slide No. 31)

Using #4 bar with area Ab = 0.20 in2

Spacing = Area of one bar Ab/Ast = (0.20 /0.216)  12 = 11.1″

Maximum spacing should not exceed;

⚫ 5h = 5 x15 =75″ or 18″

Provided spacing is OK!. Finally provide #4 @ 10″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 56

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 6: Analysis and Design of Stem

❑ Horizontal /Transverse reinforcement

Ast = 0.0020bh (From slide No. 31)

Ast = 0.0020  12  15 = 0.36 in2/ft

This is the total required area of horizontal reinforcement, i-e for both faces.

So, for each face, Ast = 0.36/2 = 0.18in2/ft

Using #4 bar with Ab = 0.20in2

Spacing = ( 0.20/0.18) x 12 = 13.3″ < 18″ => OK!

Finally, Use #4 @ 10″ c/c

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 57

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 6: Analysis and Design of Stem

❑ Calculation of development length

As per ACI 318, section 25.4.3.1, development length 𝑙𝑑ℎ for deformed bar,
is largest of :
Rebar
9𝑓𝑦 9(60000)
1. 𝑑𝑏 = 0.75 = 10.98"
550 𝑓𝑐 ′ 550 4500 Stem

2. 8𝑑𝑏 = 8 0.75 = 6"

3. 6"
𝑙𝑑ℎ
21″
Therefore, 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 10.98"

Since, 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 10.98" < 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ⇒ 𝑂𝐾! Base

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 58

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 6: Analysis and Design of Stem

❑ Drafting

#4 @ 10″ c/c 9.0′

#6@16″ c/c
#4 @ 10″ c/c

#6@8″ c/c
3.25′

𝑙𝑑ℎ =10.98″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 59

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 7: Analysis and Design of Heel

❑ Loads Surcharge 3.33′

Component Factored Load (k/ft)

Self weight of 1.2𝛾ℎ𝑏 = 1.2 0.15 1.75 × 1 Earth fill 12.25′
heel = 0.32
1.6𝛾ℎ𝑏 = 1.6 0.12 12.25 × 1
Earth fill load
= 2.35
Surcharge 1.6𝛾ℎ𝑠 𝑏 = 1.6 0.12 3.33 × 1
Load = 0.64
Wu = 0.32 +2.35+0.64 Heel 1.75′
Total:
= 3.31 k/ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 60

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 7: Analysis and Design of Heel

❑ Analysis for Shear

Taking 3'' clear cover, and assuming #6 bar,
𝑑 = 21 − 3 − 6/16 = 17.63″
Stem
Shear force at critical location is, 3.31k/ft
Toe

𝑉𝑢 = 3.31 × (5.75) = 19.0𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

d
❑ Analysis for Flexure
Critical section 5.75'
Heel
5.75
𝑀𝑢 = 3.31 × 5.75 ×
2

𝑀𝑢 = 54.71𝑓𝑡. 𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑟 656.62𝑖𝑛. 𝑘𝑖𝑝/𝑓𝑡

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 61

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 7: Analysis and Design of Heel

❑ Design for Shear

From Shear force diagram we have Vu = 19.0 kips

Design shear capacity of concrete is given as:

∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅2 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑

∅𝑉𝑐 = (0.75)2 4500 × 12 × 17.63 = 21.29𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

∅𝑉𝑐 > 𝑉𝑢 ⇒ 𝑂𝐾!

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 62

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 7: Analysis and Design of Heel

❑ Design for Flexure (Longitudinal reinforcement)

Mu = 656.62 in-kip/ft

𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ = 0.0018 12 × 21 = 0.454𝑖𝑛2

0.593
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 0.454 × 60 17.63 − = 424.95 𝑖𝑛. 𝑘𝑖𝑝/𝑓𝑡 < 𝑀𝑢
2

Therefore, from calculations, As = 0.71 in2, using #6 bar, spacing = 7.44″c/c

Maximum spacing for main steel reinforcement is:

⚫ 3h = 3 x 21 = 63″ ; 18″ => OK! Hence, finally provide #6 @ 7″ c/c.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 63

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 7: Analysis and Design of Heel

❑ Transverse reinforcement
Minimum shrinkage reinforcement is given by

𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ = 0.0018 12 × 21 = 0.454𝑖𝑛2 /𝑓𝑡

Divide this equally between two faces,

0.454
𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = 0.227𝑖𝑛2 /𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
2

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 64

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 7: Analysis and Design of Heel

❑ Transverse reinforcement
Using #4 bar with Ab = 0.20in2

Spacing = ( 0.20/0.227 ) x 12 = 10.57″c/c

Maximum spacing for shrinkage should be least of

⚫ 5h = 5 x 21 = 105″ or 18″

Provided spacing is OK!.

Finally provide #4@10″ c/c on top and bottom face of heel

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 65

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 7: Analysis and Design of Heel

❑ Calculation of development length

Development length of Heel reinforcement into Toe as per ACI 318-19,
section 25.4.2.4 is given by

0.039𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑑 = 𝑑𝑏 Stem
𝑓𝑐 ′
0.039(60000) Toe Heel
𝑙𝑑 = 0.75 = 26.16" ≈ 27"
4500

Therefore, 𝑙𝑑 = 2.25'

𝑙𝑑

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 66

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 7: Analysis and Design of Heel

❑ Drafting

#6@7″ c/c

#4@10″ c/c

1.75′

𝑙𝑑 =2.25′ 5.75′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 67

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 8: Analysis and Design of Toe

❑ Loads
Earth fill
Weight of Earth fill = Ignored
Self weight of Toe = Ignored 1.75′
Toe
Factored 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.6 x 2.51 = 4.01
3.0′
Factored 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.6 x 0.29 = 0.46

Now, the factored soil pressure

𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.29𝑘𝑠𝑓
at interior end of toe slab can be 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑒 =?
determined using similarity of 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.51𝑘𝑠𝑓
triangles as shown on next slide.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 68

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 8: Analysis and Design of Toe

❑ Loads

Toe Critical section [1]

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑢 = 4.01 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑢 = 0.46

0.46 0.46
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑒
Note: 4.01
[1] Although the ACI Code recommends taking the 3.55
critical section of the toe at a distance of 𝑑 from the
face of support, here we chose to take the critical
section at the interface to make the case simple. 3.0′ 7.0′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 69

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 8: Analysis and Design of Toe

❑ Loads
From ∆𝐴𝐶𝐷 ⟺ ∆𝐵𝐷𝐶
𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝐶
=
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐶
3.0′ 7.0′
𝐵𝐷 7
=
3.55 10 0.46
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑒 0.46
A B
C
𝐵𝐷 = 2.48′ 4.01
3.55
D
Now, D

𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑒 = 0.46 + 2.48 = 2.94𝑘𝑠𝑓

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 70

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 8: Analysis and Design of Toe

❑ Analysis for Shear

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑊𝑢 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛

4.01 + 2.94
𝑉𝑢 = × 3 = 10.42𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
2
h = 3.0′ 7.0′

❑ Analysis for flexure

0.46
𝑊𝑢 a = 2.94
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑊𝑢 × 𝑥ҧ = 10.42𝑥ҧ
b = 4.01

From figure, 𝑥ҧ = 1.58′

𝑥ҧ
So, 𝑀𝑢 = 10.42 × 1.58 = 16.46 𝑘𝑖𝑝. 𝑓𝑡/𝑓𝑡 h 𝑎 + 2𝑏
𝑥ҧ =
3 𝑎+𝑏

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 71

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 8: Analysis and Design of Toe

❑ Design for Shear

From Shear force diagram we have Vu = 10.42 kips

Design shear capacity of concrete is given as:

∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅2 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 = 0.75 × 2 4500 × 12 × 17.63 = 21.29 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

∅𝑉𝑐 > 𝑉𝑢 ⇒ 𝑂𝐾!

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 72

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 8: Analysis and Design of Toe

❑ Design for Flexure

Mu = 16.46x 12 = 197.52 in-k/ft

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ = 0.0018 12 × 21 = 0.454𝑖𝑛2

0.593
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 0.454 × 60 17.63 − = 424.95𝑖𝑛. 𝑘/𝑓𝑡 > 𝑀𝑢
2

Therefore. Amin governs. Now using #6 bar, spacing = 11.63″c/c

Maximum spacing for main steel reinforcement is:

⚫ 3h = 3 x 21 = 63″ ; 18″ => OK! Hence, finally provide #6 @ 10″ c/c

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 73

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 8: Analysis and Design of Toe

❑ Calculation of development length

Development length of Toe reinforcement into heel as per ACI 318-19,
section 25.4.2.4 is given by

0.039𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑑 = 𝑑𝑏 Stem
𝑓𝑐 ′
0.039(60000) Toe Heel
𝑙𝑑 = 0.75 = 26.16" ≈ 27"
4500

Therefore, 𝑙𝑑 = 2.25'

𝑙𝑑

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 74

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 8: Analysis and Design of Toe

❑ Drafting

#4@10″ c/c #6@10″ c/c

1.75′

3′ 𝑙𝑑 =2.25′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 75

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

 Solution (Example 9.1)

➢ Step 9: Drafting
1'-3''
3/4" chamfer

6" min.
2" clear cover

2" clear cover

9'-0"
#4 @10"c/c #6 @16"c/c
10'-6"

#4 @ 10"c/c

#6 @ 8"c/c #6 @ 7"c/c

3'-3"
GL
3" clear cover 3" clear cover
#4 @ 10"c/c
2'-3"
3'-6"

1'-9"
3" thick PCC

#6 @ 10"c/c 2'-3" 3" clear cover

3'-0" 1'-3" 5'-9''

10'

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 76

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Practical Design Examples

 Tekla Tedds for Analysis and Design of RC Cantilever

Retaining Wall

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 77

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Practical Design Examples

 Modular Design of RC Retaining Walls

Height (ft) Bearing Capacity (Ton/sft) Drawing

10 1.00 RW-H10-BC1.00

10 1.50 RW-H10-BC1.50

20 1.00 RW-H20-BC1.00

20 1.50 RW-H20-BC1.50

25 1.00 RW-H25-BC1.00

25 1.50 RW-H25-BC1.50

Various failures of Retaining wall at Nathia Gali

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 78

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Practical Design Examples

 Pictures of Retaining wall Construction

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 79

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Practical Design Examples

 Pictures of Retaining wall Construction

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 80

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 ACI Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook (Volume: 2)_Special

Topics, MNL - 17(21)

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)

Figure 9

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 81

Updated: Jan 17, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

The End
In terms of knowledge, stay hungry, in terms of talent, stay foolish;
because if you think you are perfect, you shut the door of
Figure 9
knowledge and never can create something new.

Best of luck for your future!

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 82