J. Econ. Tuxon. But. Vol. 2.9 No.

2 (2005)

COMPARATIVE MORPHO - ANATOMICAL STUDY OF SOME

ASPECT IN ELEUTHERANTHERA RUDERALIS (Sw.) SCH.- BIP.
AND SYNEDRELLA NODIFLORA (L.) GAERTN. (ASTERACEAE)

SUPTOTTHITA CHOUDHURY & SOBHAN KR. MUKHERJEE

Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani - 741 235. W.B. India.

ABSTRACT

The present study is concerned with two species of (Asteraceae), i.e.

Eleutheranthera, ruderalis and Synedrella nodiflora, which are exomorphologically
very confusing. Different anatomical parameters such as foliar architecture and
vein endings, stomatal types and stomatal index, petiole vasculature and stem
anatomical features have been taken into consideration for easy identification of
taxa. In addition to these, the exomorphic vegetative and floral features have also
been brought out.

INTRODUCTION

T h e C o m p o s i t a e a r e o n e o f the large T h e H e l i a n t h e a e c o n s i s t o f 189 g e n e r a

families a m o n g t h e a n g i o s p e r m s , c o n s i s t i n g and 2 5 0 0 s p e c i e s ( B r e m e r , 1 9 9 4 ) . T w o large
o f 1160 g e n e r a w i t h a b o u t 19,085 species g e n e r a a r e Verbesina w i t h a r o u n d 300
( T h o r n e , 1 9 9 2 ) , w h i c h are distributed all species a n d Bidens w i t h 2 4 0 s p e c i e s . M o s t
o v e r the w o r l d a n d in all p a r t s from the g e n e r a a n d s p e c i e s o f t h e H e l i a n t h e a e are
tropical t o arctic z o n e . T h e f a m i l y contains found i n N o r t h a n d S o u t h A m e r i c a and
a b o u t o n e t e n t h o f t h e total n u m b e r o f particularly i n M e x i c o .
flowering plants. T h e greater proportion is
M a j o r i t y m e m b e r s o f this tribe are
h e r b a c e o u s a l t h o u g h a b o u t 2 per cent is
herbs or s h r u b s b u t t h e r e are a n u m b e r of
trees or s h r u b s .
genera with arborescent species. According
T h e tribe H e l i a n t h e a e a r e the largest t o B r e m e r ( 1 9 9 6 ) , t h e tribe H e l i a n t h e a e
primitive and morphologically very belongs to the subfamily Asteroideae. The
v a r i a b l e a m o n g t h e tribes o f C o m p o s i t a e H e l i a n t h e a e (s.str.) i s m a i n l y m o n o p h y l e t i c ,
(Cronquist, 1955). The Heliantheae as indicated by Karis (1993).
comprise m a n y familiar plants such as
Two genera Eleutheranthera and
sunflowers (Helianthus), beggarticks
Synedrella w i t h i n t h e t r i b e H e l i a n t h e a e are
(Bidens), t i c k s e e d s (Coreopsis) etc.

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apparently identical in their external Economically the genus Synedrella is

m o r p h o l o g y . A l t h o u g h they h a v e certain i m p o r t a n t . L e a v e s are used as l a x a t i v e as
dissimilarities. w e l l as in r h e u m a t i s m as e m b r o c a t i o n
(Ambasta, 1986).
E lent he rant her a Poit, ex. C o s e , has
two species, one is ^Eleutkeranthera Brief exomorphic description of
ruderalis", w h i c h is distributed in tropical Synedrella, h a s u s u a l l y b e e n i n c l u d e d in the
America, Srilanka, Indonesia, Singapore, different districts floras of B e n g a l . But any
N e w G u i n e a , Fiji, Africa, C & S A m e r i c a o f t h e m d o e s n o t h a v e detail d e s c r i p t i o n o f
(Hajra et al., 1 9 9 5 ) a n d o t h e r o n e is found different features of t h e plants i.e.
in M a d a g a s c a r ( W i l l i s , 1 9 7 3 ) . macromorphological and micromorpho-
logical c h a r a c t e r s of floral and v e g e t a t i v e
In I n d i a the g e n u s Eleutkeranthera
features, structure of stomata, foliar
has b e e n r e p o r t e d by R e n n e t in 1965 from
venation, histology of stem, exomorphic
W. B e n g a l a n d he h a s i n c o r p o r a t e d E.
structure o f c y p s e l a . T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y i s
ruderalis in the "Flora, of Howrah district"
a i m e d t o s u p p l e m e n t t h e aforesaid w o r k s .
in 1979. T h i s s p e c i e s is i n c l u d e d by Hajra et
al. ( 1 9 9 5 ) .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The genus Synedrella Gaertn;
consists o f a b o u t 5 0 s p e c i e s w h i c h are T w o p l a n t s Synedrella nodiflora (L.)
distributed i n w a r m e r p a r t o f A m e r i c a , Gaertn. and Eleutkeranthera ruderalis
tropical Africa, M a d a g a s c a r a n d India ( S w . ) Sch; - B i p . w e r e collected from the
(Willis, 1 9 7 3 ) . In I n d i a it h a s o n e species Botanic Garden of Botany Department of
only a s m e n t i o n e d b y H o o k e r ( 1 8 8 1 ) . P r a i n K a l y a n i U n i v e r s i t y a n d its adjacent areas.
(1903) and others such as Das (1968), T h e v a r i a t i o n s i n m o r p h o l o g i c a l features
B e n n e t ( 1 9 7 9 ) and G u h a B a k s h i ( 1 9 8 3 ) , w e r e also n o t e d in field c o n d i t i o n . For
S a n y a l ( 1 9 9 4 ) , Hajra et al ( 1 9 9 5 ) h a v e also a n a t o m i c a l s t u d i e s , fresh m a t e r i a l s w e r e
d e s c r i b e d o n l y o n e s p e c i e s {S. nodiflora) collected and t h e s t r u c t u r e o f s t e m , petiolar
from different districts of B e n g a l . It is also v a s c u l a t u r e , l e a f v e n a t i o n and s t o m a t a
distributed i n M . P . , A s s a m , T.N., K e r a l a w e r e also s t u d i e d f r o m the fresh material.
and A n d a m a n a n d N i c o b a r islands. Stripes of l e a v e s t a k e n from the fresh
Foliar v e n a t i o n a n d l e a f architectural plant w e r e o x i d i z e d in S c h u l z e ' s r e a g e n t
pattern h a v e b e e n s t u d i e d b y B a n e r j e e a n d ( P o t a s s i u m C h l o r a t e a n d C o n e . HNO3) and
Deshpande (1973), Banerjee (1978), h e a t e d o v e r a spirit l a m p for 2 - 3 m i n u t e s .
R a v i n d r a n a t h a n d I n a m d a r ( 1 9 8 5 ) and The reagent was decanted and the
R a m a s w a m y ( 2 0 0 0 ) etc. materials were repeatedly washed with
w a t e r . T h e n 1% a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n of
C y p s e l a r features o f this tribe h a v e
safranin w a s a d d e d . T h e l e a f cuticle w a s
b e e n c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e w o r k e r s like
then c l e a r e d u s i n g a fine b r u s h and
Rajasekhara and Razi (1977), Saenz (1981),
mounted in 7 0 % glycerine. Stomatal index
Stuessy and Liu (1983), Scot (1989) and
w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y u s i n g the formula:
Karis ( 1 9 9 3 ) etc.
I = S / S + E X 100.
F r o m t h e e c o n o m i c p o i n t o f v i e w the
g e n u s Eleutkeranthera h a s no use at all. Where, I = Stomatal index

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S = N u m b e r of S t o m a t a bract. Pappus absent. Petals 5, gamopetalous,

tubular, 2-3 mm long, outer surface of the teeth
E = N u m b e r of e p i d e r m a l cell.
puberulous. Stamens 5, syngenesious,
Anatomical study i.e. foliar alternipetalous, light yellow; anther 2-celled,
vascularisation w a s done by following basified, 0.75-1.0 mm long, sagitate; filaments
Arnott's ( 1 9 5 9 ) m e t h o d . slender, 1.0-1.5 mm long, hyaline. Carpels 2,
syncarpous; ovary inferior, oblong, scabrid, 1.5 -
T h e s e c t i o n s o f s t e m a n d petiole o f 2.0 mm X 0.5 - 0.75 mm, one chambered with
b o t h s p e c i m e n s w e r e cut w i t h t h e h e l p o f one basal ovule; style 1, slender, 2.0-2.5 mm,
sharp r a z o r b l a d e a n d w e r e stained i n terminal; stigmas 2 forked; fruit dry,
safranin a n d l i g h t g r e e n c o m b i n a t i o n b y indehiscence, achene, obovate, 5 - 6 m m long,
c o n v e n t i o n a l m e t h o d b y u s i n g E t h y l alcohol puberulous towards the upper end, tip mounted
grades. T h e sections w e r e mounted in with ciliolate cap.
Canada Balsam. Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. 2:
456. t. 171. f. 7. 1791; Hook. f. in Hook.f., Fl.
EXOMORPHIC VEGETATIVE AND Brit. India 3: 308. 1881; Prain, Bengal PI. 1:
FLORAL FEATURES OF THE PLANTS 615. 1903.
Verbesina nodiflora L., Cent. PI. 1:28. 1755.
Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Sw.) Sch. - Bip. (Figs. 2,12)
in Bot. Zeit. 24: 165. 1866; Moore and
Rendle in Fawcett and Rendle's Fl. Jamaica Terrestrial, annual, much branched, erect
7:229. 1936; Bennet in Curr. Sci. 34: 411. 30 - 45 cm long herbs. Stem cylindric herbac-
1965. eous, solid, glabrous, diameter 2 - 4 m m light
Melampodium ruderalis Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ. green. Leaves simple, opposite decussate, exsti-
3:1372.1806. (Figs. 1, 11) pulate, ovate to ovate lanceolate, 4.5 - 7.0 X 2.0
- 3.0 cm, apex shortly acuminate or acute,
Annual, branched, decumbent herb. serrate, attenuate, ciliate near the base,
Branches slender, 10-40 cm long, herbaceous, herbaceous, strongly 3 nerved, reticulate, light
solid, ridged, hairy, 0.25-2.0 cm wide, brownish green to dark green; petiole slender, 0.5 - 1.5 cm
green in colour. Leaves simple, opposite long, glabrous. Inflorescence solitary axillary as
decussate, ovate - lanceolate, 1.5 - 3.2 X 1.0-2.0 well as terminal head, about 11 mm long with
cm, acute, serrate to entire, attenuate, two foliaceous bracts of about 1 cm long,
reticulate, herbaceous, scabrid, deep green, heterogamous; peduncle more or less absent or
exstipulate; petiole slender up to 1.5 cm long, up to 1.0 - 2.0 cm long, erect, glabrous, dark
and 0.25 cm broad, deep green, hairy, solid and green; involucral bracts few, biseriate, ovoid or
ribbed. Inflorescence solitary, axillary head 0.5 - oblong; the outer 10 - 12 mm long, ciliate,
1.0 cm across, homoga.mous; peduncles up to 0.4 margin with acuminate apex, greenish in colour;
cm long, 0.25 - 0.5 cm wide; involucral bracts 5 the inner hyaline, not much ciliate; receptacle
- 8 or few, biseriate, unequal, oblong, 5.0 - 7.0 small, scarious; florets 2 types. Disc florets
X 1.5 - 2.5 mm, obtuse, densely hispid outside complete, bisexual, actinomorphic, pentame-
and sparsely or glabrate inside; receptacle rous, white to yellowish, sessile about 8.0 mm
convex with paleas which surround the florets; long; bract 1, anterior, lanceolate, 6.0 mm X 0.5
paleas elliptic - oblong, 4.0 - 4.5 mm long, acute mm, acute, pale greenish, harbaceous,
or acuminate, margin hairy above the middle, persistent. Calyx represented by 3 pappus
dark green, 0.25 mm wide. Florets complete, scales. Petals 5, gamopetalous 4.0 mm long
bisexual, regular, epigynous, pentamerous, toothed, homomorphic, acute, glabrous,
erect, yellow, shortly pedicellate with a single yellowish, slightly fleshy, outer surface
puberulous. Stamens 5, syngenesious,

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epipetalous, alternipetalous, situated at the ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF STEM

middle of corolla tube; filaments slender, 2.5
mm long; anther 2-celled, oblong, 1.0 mm, In Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Fig. 8)
basifixed with short tail. Carpels 2, syncarpous, transverse section through the internode of the
ovary inferior, oblong, 2.0 mm X 0.5 mm long, stem shows the following arrangement of tissues
conspicuous ridged and furrowed, unichambered from periphery to the centre.
with one basal ovule; style 1, slender, 4.0 mm
Epidermis: It is the outermost uniseriate
long, terminal; stigmas 2, recurved; disc fruit layer composed of rectangular parenchymatous
dry, indehiscent, black achene; ray florets cells, joined end to end and without inter-
incomplete, unisexual female, zygomorphic, cellular spaces. Outer walls of these cells are
epigynous, erect, yellow, sessile. Petals 2 - 3 thickly cuticularised. It is provided with multi-
toothed, connate, ligulate, 4.0 mm long, yellow, cellular stem hairs.
coriaceous. Stamens absent. Carpels more or
less same as disc florets. Hypodermis: It is made up of 1 - 2 layers of
thick-walled collenchyma cells having without
STOMATAL FEATURES inter cellular spaces. Thickenings are present
only at the corners.
Leaves are amphistomatic and stomata are Cortex: It is made up of 2 - 4 layers of thin
of both anomocytic or anisocytic in Eleuthera- walled parenchymatous cells of moderate size
nthera (Fig. 3) and anisocytic in Synedrella (Fig. and with profuse intercellular spaces.
4) and variation in the size has been observed.
Leaves of E. ruderalis is 22 \x long and 15 (t Sheath cells: Below the cortex, this is a
broad while in S-. nodiflora bear the stomata of layer of small rectangular, parenchymatous
similar size with 26 \x long and 15 \i broad. In cells, arranged tangentially. Inside the sheath
Eleutkeranthera stomatal index is 18.51, while cells there is a wavy ring of about 2 layers of
in Synedrella it is 20. sclerenchymatous cells.
Stele: It consists of about 6 - 1 1 vascular
FOLIAR ARCHITECTURE bundles arranged in the form of a wavy ring
within the ground tissues. Vascular bundles are
Venation is dense and reticulation is collateral and open. Phloem bundle occurs
running up to 5th order in both the genera. The outside the Xylem bundle. Xylem is endarch and
ultimate areoles are formed by 3rd and 4th consists of tracheids, tracheae and xylem
order of reticulations or running up to 5th order parenchyma.
in both the genera. From the tertiary branching
Ground tissue: It is very distinct and large,
or sub-tertiary, the ultimate areoles are formed.
situated at the centre of the stem. It consists of
So, these areoles are seen with the free vein
thin-walled, oval to polygonal parenchymatous
endings. Sometimes the free vein endings are
cells with abundant inter-cellular space between
absent. Free vein endings are mostly
them. These cells below the Xylem are smaller
unbranched, rarely dichotomous branched.
in size than others. At the centre there is an
In Eleutkeranthera ruderalis, (Figs. 5, 6) elliptical hollow, without having ridges and
free veins are long, slender, with single spirally furrowes.
thickened trachied which is naked or without
In Synedrella nodiflora (Fig. 9.)
any sheath cells. Loop formation is absent here. transverse section through the internode of the
In Synedrella nodiflora, (Fig. 7.) free veins stem shows the following arrangement of the
are long, slender, with 1 - 3 spirally thickened tissues from periphery to the centre.
trachieds which are associated with sheath cell.
Epidermis: It is the outermost uniseriate
Loop formation is seen occasionally.
layer consisting of tubular, parenchymatous

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10 11 12

Figs. 1-12
1. Habit sketch of Eleutheranthera ruderalis. 2. Habit sketch of Synedrella nodiflora
3. Stomatal a n a t o m y of Eleutheranthera ruderalis 4. Stomatal anatomy of Synedrella nodiflora
5. Venetion of Eleutheranthera ruderalis 6. Venetion of Eleutheranthera ruderalis
7. Venetion of Synedrella nodiflora 8. T.S. of stem of Eleutheranthera ruderalis
9.T.S. Of s t e m of Synedrella nodiflora 10. Petiolar a n a t o m s of (a) Eleutheranthera ruderalis
(b) Synedrella nodiflora
11. Style of Eleutheranthera ruderalis 12. Style of Synedrella nodiflora
Figs. 1-12.

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cells joined end to end find without any traces are developed from the two laterals
inter-cellular spaces. Outer wall of the cells are forming five traced condition in the middle
thickly cuticularised. portion of the petiole. At the distal end, two
small outer traces are developed from the two
Hypodermis: It is made up of 3 layers of
newly originated laterals. So the distal end
thick-walled collenchymatous cells. Thickenings
becomes seven-traced condition with gradually
are present on both tangential and radial walls
smaller vascular traces towards lateral ends,
of these cells.
keeping the middle trace as usual with the
Cortex: It is made up of 4 - 5 layers of proximal end.
thin-walled parenchymatous cells, larger in size
and with much inter-cellular spaces. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY
Sheath cells: Inside the cortex there is a
layer of tangentially oriented parenchymatous T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of Eleutheranthera is
cells. Below the sheath cells there are some comparatively restricted, whereas the
sclerenchyma patches o r braces o f about 4 - 6 distribution of Synedrella is w i d e r parts of
cells thick. the w o r l d ( M a b b e r l e y , 1 9 9 7 ) . Similarly, E.
Stele: It consists of about 12 (6 smaller and ruderalis is s p a r s e l y d i s t r i b u t e d in certain
6 larger) vascular bundles arranged in the form parts of W e s t B e n g a l , b u t S. nodiflora
of a ring within the ground tissue. Vascular occurs in a l m o s t all p a r t s of W e s t B e n g a l
bundles are collateral and open. Secondary (Hajra, et al., 1 9 9 5 ) . B o t h t h e s p e c i e s prefer
cambium is present between outer secondary to grow in moist and shady places. General
phloem and inner secondary xylem. Xylem is appearance of these two species is more or
endarch, which occupies the major part of the less identical, b u t t h e s e t w o species h a v e
section and the cells are radially elongated.
certain diacritical e x t e r n a l d i s t i n g u i s h i n g
Below the secondary xylem there is a small strip
features, w h i c h are as f o l l o w s :
of primary phloem tissue and then primary
xylem of 1 or 2 layer of cells.
E. ruderalis
Ground tissue: It is very distinct, situated at
the centre of the stem. It consists of thin-walled,
1. D e c u m b e n t h e r b
oval to polygonal parenchymatous cells with
abundant intercellular spaces. The cells below 2 . L e a v e s c o m p a r a t i v e l y smaller.
the primary xylem are smaller in size than the
3. C a p i t u l a axillary as w e l l as t e r m i n a l .
others. There is no hollow in the ground tissue.
4. P e d u n c l e up to 2 cm l o n g and w e a k .
Petiolar Anatomy 5. S t a m e n s 5.
Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Fig. 10a). The
6. P a p p u s a b s e n t or b o r d e r like.
proximal end of petiole is tritraced. In the
middle portion of it, two small traces are cut
outside from two laterals. At the distal end two S. nodiflora
small traces are developed outside from the 1. E r e c t h e r b .
middle trace. As a result the distal end of it
becomes seven-traced condition with alternate 2 . L e a v e s c o m p a r a t i v e l y larger.
small and large traces. 3. C a p i t u l a axillary.
Synedrella nodiflora (Fig. 10b). Here the 4. P e d u n c l e u s u a l l y a b s e n t or up to 0.5 cm
proximal end of the petiole is tritraced. In the
l o n g and s t r o n g .
middle portion of the petiole, two small outer

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5. S t a m e n s 5 in disc florets b u t a b s e n t in S. nodiflora

r a y florets.
1. H y p o d e r m a l c o l l e n c h y m a is tubular.
6. P a p p u s r e p r e s e n t e d by 2 - 3 setae or
hairs. 2 . T h e r e are 5 - 6 p a t c h e s o f s c l e r e n c h y m a
b u n d l e s o r b r a c e s f o u n d i n n e r side o f
G e n e r a l foliar a r c h i t e c t u r e in b o t h the the s h e a t h cells.
species is s i m i l a r s i n c e t h e areoles are
usually formed b y 3 r d
and 4 t h
order o f 3. N u m b e r of v a s c u l a r b u n d l e is often 12
reticulations o r s o m e t i m e s u p t o 5 order. t h
and a l t e r n a t e l y l a r g e a n d s m a l l .
Free vein endings m a y be unbranched, 4. A m o u n t of secondary xylem is less
d i c h o t o m o u s o r a b s e n t i n b o t h the taxa. conspicuous.
N a t u r e of free v e i n e n d i n g s is v e r y
characteristics h e r e . In E. ruderalis free 5. T h e r e is no h o l l o w in g r o u n d tissue.
vein endings is formed by single tracheid Therefore, a n a t o m i c a l features o f
w i t h o u t h a v i n g a n y s h e a t h cells. O n the s t e m h a v e p o t e n t i a l v a l u e for isolation o f
contrary in S. nodiflora free v e i n e n d i n g s is taxa.
formed by 1-3 tracheids which are
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s h e a t h cells. G e n e r a l p e t i o l a r v a s c u l a t u r e is 3
t r a c e d c o n d i t i o n in t h e distal e n d and 7
Most prevalent type of stomata in traced c o n d i t i o n i n p r o x i m a l e n d i n both
b o t h t a x a is a n i s o c y t i c t y p e . E. ruderalis the s t u d i e d s p e c i e s , b u t t h e m o d e o f
also p o s s e s s e s a n o m o c y t i c t y p e o f s t o m a t a d e v e l o p m e n t of v a s c u l a t u r e is quite distinct
and size o f s t o m a t a i s m o r e v a r i a b l e . a n d is significant t a x o n o m i c a l l y . In E. rude-
S t o m a t a l i n d e x is 1 8 . 5 1 in E. ruderalis, ralis b o t h m e d i a l a n d lateral traces are
w h e r e a s in o t h e r it is 2 0 . 0 . d i v i d e d laterally, w h e r e a s in S. nodiflora
B a s i c t i s s u e differentiation i n s t e m i n m e d i a n trace i s u n b r a n c h e d t h r o u g h o u t the
both the studied species is somewhat petiole b u t t h e 2 lateral traces are d i v i d e d
identical, i n spite o f that t h e s e t w o s p e c i e s t w i c e a n d as a r e s u l t traces are g r a d u a l l y
can b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g s m a l l e r t o w a r d s lateral e n d s . I n other
features: species d i m o r p h i c traces are alternately
arranged.
E. ruderalis
F r o m the a f o r e s a i d d i s c u s s i o n it is
1. H y p o d e r m a l c o l l e n c h y m a is angular. e v i d e n t that t h e e x t e r n a l a n d internal
features play a paramount role for
2. T h e r e is a c o n t i n u o u s b a n d of 2 layers of
c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n a n d s e p a r a t i o n o f these
s c l e r e n c h y m a cells s i t u a t e d i n n e r side t w o taxa. T h e r e f o r e , all t h e s e features can
o f t h e s h e a t h cells. be e m p l o y e d as a t a x o n o m i c m a r k e r for
3. N u m b e r of v a s c u l a r b u n d l e is often 6 - d e m a r c a t i o n o f different t a x a a t t h e generic
11 and h o m o m o r p h i c . or infrageneric level in the family
Asteraceae.
4. A m o u n t of secondary xylem is more
conspicuous. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
5. T h e r e is a distinct h o l l o w at t h e centre of
p a r e n c h y m a t o u s g r o u n d tissue i n the T h e a u t h o r s are grateful to D r . G.G.
mature stem. Maiti, the H e a d , D e p a r t m e n t o f B o t a n y ,

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