ACKNOWLEDGEM
ENT
I would like to express my profound
gratitude to
Mr./Mrs._____________________________
_ of ____
_____________________________________
________________________FOR their
contributions to the completion of
my project titled
…........................................................
......
CONTENTS OF THE PROJECT
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF THERMAL EXPANSIONS
COEFFICENT OF THERMAL EXPANSIONS
THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS
THERMAL EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS
THERMAL EXPANSION OF GASES
REAL LIFE BASED PRACTICAL
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS THERMAL EXPANSION:-
Thermal expansion is defined as a
phenomenon which is observed in solids,
liquids, and gases. In thermal expansion,
an object or a body expands on the basis
of application of heat (temperature).
Thermal expansion is the tendency of a
body to change its dimension which are
either in length, area, density, or volume
due to heat When a substance is heated
the kinetic energy of the substance
increases.
TYPES OF THERMAL EXPANSION
1)Linear Expansion
2)Volume Expansion
3)Area Expansion
COEFFICENT OF
THERMAL EXPNASION
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion is
defined as a relative expansion of a
material which is divided by the
change in temperature.
Expansion Coefficent
* Ratio of the increase of length, area, or
volume of a body per degree rise in
temperature
to its length, area, or volume, respectively, at
some specified temperature,
commonly 0°C.
* Characteristic property of elements and
compounds.
* Coefficient of expansion is higher for softer
materials and lower for harder materials.
* Unit = °℃1 or K-1
Thermal expansion of
solids
For solids, thermal expansion is
expressed as a change in height,
thickness, and length. Whereas for both
liquids and gases, the coefficient of
volumetric expansion is more useful. In
general, if the material is a fluid (liquid
or gas), we can determine it in terms of
volume change.
Thermal Expansion Of
Solids Examples
One can observe a plethora of applications
of Thermal expansion in day to day life.
Some of them are:
Metal hot water heating pipes should not
be used in long straight lengths
Metal framed windows need rubber
spacers
Large structures and mega constructions
such as railways, bridges need
expansion joints in the structures to
avoid sub kink
Thermometers are another example of
an application of thermal expansion
In the case of the thermometer, the liquid is
constrained to flow in only one direction that
is along the tube due to changes in volume
brought about by changes in temperature.
The working principle of the mercury
thermometer is explained below
Thermal EXPANSION
OF LIQUIDS
1. When liquid is heated, both liquid
and container undergo a change in their
volume.
2. The intermolecular force of attraction
in liquids is weaker as compared to
solids.
3. If the liquid is heated, molecules will
start to vibrate faster because of their
weak intermolecular force between each
other.
4. When molecules are vibrating faster,
they need more space to occupy, which
leads to the expansion of liquids.
MERCURY RISES AS THE TEMPERATURE ALSO
INCREASES
EXAMPLE OF THERMAL
EXPANSION IN LIQUIDS
Measuring body temperature
A maximum and minimum thermometer, used to
record the highest and lowest temperatures
occurring over a period of time. In the centre is a
reservoir of alcohol. Between this and the alcohol
at the other end is a thread of mercury, which
seesaws as the alcohol expands and contracts with
the temperature changes. The mercury pushes
markers which stay at the positions corresponding
to the highest and lowest temperatures.
Thermal expansion of
gases
1. Gases are having large interparticle
space and weak interparticle force of
attraction.
2. When the gas is heated, its
molecules will start moving faster and
they collide with each other more
violently.
3. The violent collision of faster-moving
molecules makes them away from each
other and it causes the volume to
increase.
4. This increase in the volume of gas
when heated is the thermal expansion of
gases.
5. The thermal expansion happening in
gas is cubical expansion.
Examples of thermal
expansion of gases
Real life based pratical
applications
Applications of thermal expansions
There are many applications of thermal
expansions some of which are as follows
1. Thermal expansion used in
thermometers to measure the
temperature.
2. Thermal expansion is used for the
removal of tight lids.
3. Rubberspacers are required for windows
with metal-frame.
Mercury Thermometer
Thermal expansion is the basic principle on
which a thermometer works. The mercury in
the reservoir which is present at the bottom
of the thermometer is immersed in a cold or
hot object. After that the mercury in the
thermometer expands and contracts and
changes the level which is indicated on the
thermometer.
Conclusion
Thermal expansion is defined as a phenomenon which is observed in
solids, liquids, and gases. In thermal expansion, an object or a body
expands on the basis of application of heat (temperature).
The particles of solid are packed tightly.
The gaps between the particles of a solid are very less and therefore the
compression of solid is tough.
The particles of liquid are less tightly packed when compared to solids.
Liquids have the ability to take the shape of the container in which
liquids are kept.
The force of attraction between the particles of gases is almost negligible
and hence they can move independently.
The particles of gas have more space between them to move so the
compression gases are not much difficult.
The Coefficient of Linear Expansion is formulated as A=dL/dT
The Volume Expansion is formulated as V/V0=VT
The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion is defined as a relative expansion
of a material which is divided by the change in temperature.
All materials always have different thermal expansion coefficients.
When a substance is heated the molecules of the substance start
moving or vibrating.
Thermal expansion used in thermometers to measure the temperature.
There are three types of thermal expansions which we will learn.
1. Linear Expansion
2. Volume Expansion
3. Area Expansion
REFERENCES
https://unacademy.com/content/neet-ug/study-
material/physics/thermal-expansion-of-solids-
liquids-and-gases/
https://byjus.com/question-answer/explain-thermal-
expansion-and-its-types/
