CHAPTER 5

Integration

1. Antidifferentiation: The Indefinite Integral

2. Integration by Substitution
3. The Definite Integral and the Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus
4. Applying Definite Integration: Area
Between Curves and Average Value
5. Additional Application to Business and
Economics
6. Additional Application to the Life and
Social Sciences

1
Recall things learned before
 Basic concepts of functions (limit, continuity)
 Types of functions (polynomial, exponential, log)

 Tangent lines and secant lines for functions

 Derivative of the function

 Techniques of derivative

 Applications of derivative

2
5.1 Antidifferentiation （反微分，反導數
）：The Indefinite Integral（不定積分）

3
Motivations for antidiffertiation
 Examples for antidiffertiation
 How can a known rate of inflation be used to
determine future prices?
 What is the velocity of an object moving along a
straight line with known acceleration?
 How can knowing the rate at which a population is
changing be used to predict future population levels?
 Inall these situations, the derivative (rate of
change) of a quantity is known and the quantity
itself is required.
 Here is the terminology we will use in connection
with obtaining a function from its derivative.
4
Antidifferentiation
A function F(x) is said to be an antiderivative of
f(x) if
F ' ( x ) f ( x )
for every x in the domain of f(x).即給定微分後的
函數下，尋找未微分前的函數。

Note
The process of finding antiderivatives is called
antidifferentiation or indefinite intergration.

5
 Example 5.1.1
1 3
Verify that F(x) = 3
x + 5x + 2 is an antiderivative of
f(x) = x 2 5

Q: Only one antiderivative of f(x)? Find other

antiderivatives of f(x).

Note: Try other examples

6
The general antiderivative of a function
A function has more than one antiderivative.
 See Figure 5.1, p373.

 In general, if F is one antiderivative of f, then so

is any function of the form G(x)=F(x)+C, for
constant C. (why?)
 Conversely, it can be shown that if F and G are
both antiderivatives of f, then G(x)=F(x)+C, for
some constant C.

7
8
Fundamental property of antiderivatives
 IfF(x) is an antiderivative of the continuous
function f(x), then any other antiderivative of f(x)
has the form G(x)=F(x)+C for some constant C.
 Fact 1: The slope of the tangent line to y=F(x) at
the point (x, F(x)) is the same as the slope of the
tangent line to y=G(x) at the point (x, G(x)).
 Fact 2: Since the slopes in Fact 1 are the same,
the tangent lines at (x, F(x)) and (x, G(x)) are
parallel (see Figure 5.1a).

9
Fundamental property of antiderivatives
 Fact 3: Since Fact 2 is true for all x, the entire
curve y=G(x) must be parallel to the curve
y=F(x), so that y=G(x)=F(x)+C.
 In general, the collection of graphs of all
antiderivatives of a given function f is a family of
parallel curves that are vertical translations of
one another (see Figure 5.1b).

10
The indefinite intergral
 The family of all antiderivatives of f(x) is written

f ( x ) dx F ( x ) C for some constant k

and is called the indefinite integral of f(x). Here f(x) is
called the integrand.

Note:
The integral is “
indefinite”because it involves
a constant C that take on any value, see other issues
on p374.

11
Rules for Integrating Common Functions
 The constant rule: 
kdx kx C for some constant k
n 1
x
 n 1 C for all n -1
 The Power rule: x n dx 

 The logarithmic rule: 1

x
dx ln x C for all x 0

 The exponential rule:

1 kx

e dx  e C for constant k 0
kx

12
 Example 5.1.2
Find these integrals
1
  c.  dx d.  dx
17 3 x
a. 3 dx b. x dx e
x

13
Algebraic Rules for Indefinite Integration
 The constant multiple rule:


kf (k )dx k f ( x)dx for constant k

 The sum rule:

f ( x) g ( x)
 dx f ( x)dx 
g ( x)dx

 The difference rule:

f ( x) g ( x)
 dx f ( x)dx 
g ( x)dx

14
 Example 5.1.3 (p377)
Find the following integrals

a. 
( 2 x 5 8 x 3 3x 2 5)dx
x3 2 x 7
b. ( )dx
x
c. 
( 3e 5 t  t )dt

15
 Example 5.1.4
Find the function f(x) whose tangent has slope 3x2+1
for each value of x and whose graph passes through
the point (2,6)

The graph of y = x3 + x –4 . 16
 Applied initial value problems
Example 5.1.5
A manufacturer has found that marginal cost is
3q 2 60q 400 dollars per unit when q units
have been produced.

The total cost of producing the first 2 units is

$900.

Q: What is the total cost of producing the first 5

units?

17
 Example 5.1.6

The population P(t) of a bacterial colony t hours

after observation begins is found to be changing
at the rate dP
200e0.1t 150e 0.03t
dt
If the population was 200,000 bacteria when
observations began, what will the population be
12 hours later?

18
 Example 5.1.7

A retailer receives a shipment of 1,0000

kilograms of rice that will be used up over a 5-
month period at the constant rate of 2,000
kilograms per month.

If storage costs are 1 cent per kilogram per

month, how much will the retailer pay in
storage costs over the next 5 months?

19
 Example 5.1.8

A car is traveling along a straight, level road

at 45 miles per hours (66 feet per second)
when the driver is forced to apply the brakes
to avoid an accident.

If the brakes supply a constant deceleration of

22 ft/sec2 (feet per second, per second), how far
does the car travel before coming to a
complete stop?

20
5.2 Integration by substitution (替代法)

21
Process of integration by
substitution
1. Choose a substitution u = u(x) that
“simplifies”the integrand f(x).
2. Express the entire integral in terms of u
and du = u’ (x) dx. This means that all
terms invloving x and dx must be
transformed to terms involving u and du.
3. The given integral should have the form


f( x )dx 
g ( u ) du

22
 Process of integration by
substitution

4. Replace u by u(x) in G(u) to obtain an

antiderivative G(u(x)) for g(x), so that
d 
f ( x ) dx g ( u ( x )) u 
( x ) dx  
 
G ( u ( x )) 
dx G ( u ( x )) C
dx 

Note: The detail of the process could be

found on p385-386
23
 Examples 5.2.1-5.2.10

2 x 7dx  
3 x 4 2
Find 8 x(4 x 2
3) dx.
5
xe dx

3x 6 x (ln x ) 2
2 x 2
8 x 3
dx 
x 1
dx
 x dx
x 2 3x 5 1
 dx
e 5 x 2
 x 1 dx 
1 e x
dx


4 x 4 2
x e dx

24
 Example 5.2.11
The price p (dollars) of each unit of a particular
commodity is estimated to be changing at the
rate dp 135 x

dx 9 x 2
where x (hundred) units is the consumer
demand (the number of units purchased at that
price).

Suppose 400 units (x=4) are demanded when the

price is $30 per unit.

25
 Example 5.2.11

a. Find the demand function p(x).

b. At what price will 300 units be demanded? At

what price will no units be demanded?

c. How many units are demanded at a price of

$20 per unit?

26
5.3 The Definite integral and the
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

27
Example for the motivation of
definite integral
 Suppose a real estate agent wants to evaluate an
unimproved parcel of land that is 100 feet wide
and is bounded by streets on three sides and by a
stream on the fourth side, see Figure 5.2.
 Q: How can the agent find the area of the parcel
in order to decide the total value of the parcel?

28
Area as the limit of a sum
 Consider the area of the region under the curve
y=f(x) over an interval a≦x ≦b, where f(x) ≧0
and f is continuous, see Figure 5.3 (p398).
 To find this area, we will follow a useful general
policy:
 When faced with something you don’ t know how to
handle, try to relate it to something you do know how
to handle.
 We may not know the area under the given
curve, but we do know how to find the area of a
rectangle.

29
Process for finding the approximation of area
under any curve by rectangles (p398).

30
Q: Find any difference between these two figures?
31
Formula for the Area under a curve (p399)

32
 Example 5.3.1
Let R be the region under the graph of f(x) = 2x + 1 over
the interval 1 ≦ x ≦ 3, as shown if Figure 5.6a.
Compute the area of R as the limit of a sum.

33
Importance:
Definition of the definite integral (p401)

The definite integral is the limit of the

Riemann sum

34
Notes for definite integral
 f(x) is continuous on the interval a≦x ≦b
 Two steps for computing definite integral
1. Compute Riemann sum
2. Compute the limit of Riemann sum as n→∞
 The process of finding a definite integral
is called definite integration.
 Riemann sum is a troublesome process!!!!

35
Notes for definite integral
b
 The symbol  a
f ( x ) dx used for the
definite integral is essentially the same
as the symbol  f ( x ) dx for the indefinite
integral even though the definite integral
is a specific number while the indefinite
integral is a family of functions, the
antiderivatives of f.
 In fact, these two apparently very
different concepts are intimately (緊密的)
related.
36
 Area as a Definite Integral
If f(x) is continuous and f(x)≥0 on the interval a≤x ≤b,
Then the region R under the curve y= f(x) over the
interval a≤x ≤b has area A given by the
definite integral b
A f ( x )dx
a

37
Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus (FTC)
If the function f(x) is continuous on the
interval a≤x ≤b, then

b b

a
f ( x)dx F(x) F (b) F (a)
a
where F(x) is any antiderivative of f(x) on a≤x ≤b.

38
Notes for FTC
 Itis much easily to compute area under the curve
with FTC, comparing to the Riemann sum, if the
antiderivative of f(x) is available.
 Any antiderivative of f(x) could be applied to FTC
and gains the same result.
 However, sometimes it is difficult to find the
antiderivative of f(x)……..

39
 Example 5.3.2

Use the fundamental theorem of calculus to find the

area of the region under the line y = 2x+1 over the
interval 1≤x ≤3.

40
 Example 5.3.3
Find the area of the parcel of land described in the
introduction to this section; that is, the area under the
curve y= x3+1 over the interval 0≤x ≤1, where x and y
are in hundreds of feet.

If the land in the parcel is appraised at $12 per square

foot, what is the total value of the parcel?

41
 Example 5.3.4-5

Evaluate the definite integral

e 
1
x
 x dx
0

41 2 

1

x
x dx


42
Integration Rules
Let f and g be any functions continuous on axb.
Then
 Constant multiple rule:
b b
kf ( x)dx k f ( x)dx for constant k
a a

Sum rule:
f (x) g(x)dx f (x)dx
b b b
a a a
g(x)dx

Difference rule:

f (x) - g(x)dxf (x)dx- 

b b b

a a
g(x)dx
a
43
Integration Rules
Let f and g be any functions continuous on axb.
Then
 a a b
f ( x)dx 0 and f(x)dx f ( x)dx
a b a

Subdivision rule:
b c b
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
a a c

44
45
 Example 5.3.6-8
Let f(x) and g(x) be functions that are continuous on the
interval -2≤x ≤5 and that satisfy
5 5 5
f ( x )dx 3 g ( x)dx 4 g ( x)dx 7
2 2 3

Use this information to evaluate each of these definite

integrals:
a. 5
b. 3
2
[2 f ( x ) 3g ( x )]dx 
f ( x )dx
2

1
8 x ( x 1) dx
2 3
0

ln x
2 

1/ 4

x

dx

46
 Net Change
If Q’(x) is continuous on the interval a≤x ≤b , then
the net change in Q(x) as x varies from x=a to x =b
is given by

b
Q(b) Q(a ) Q ' ( x)dx
a

47
 Example 5.3.9
At a certain factory, the marginal cost is 3(q-4)2 dollars
per unit when the level of production is q units.

By how much will the total manufacturing cost

increase if the level of production is raised from 6 units
to 10 units?

48
 Example 5.3.10

A protein with mass m (grams) disintegrates into amino

acids at a rate given by dm  30 g/hr
dt (t 3) 2
What is the net change in mass of the protein during the
first 2 hours?

49
Area justification of the FTC (p409-410)

50
5.4 Applying Definite Integration: Area
Between Curves and Average Value

51
A procedure for using definite integration
in application (p414)

52
The Area Between Two Curves
 Iff(x) and g(x) are continuous with f(x)≥g(x) on the
interval a ≤x ≤b , then the area A between the
curves y= f(x) and y= g(x) over the interval is given
by b
A [ f ( x ) g ( x )]dx
a

53
Notes
 The formula for the area between two curves
could be applied to the f(x)<0 and g(x)<0, but f(x)
≧g(x).
 The procedure for applying definite integration is
seen on p416-417.

54
 Example 5.4.1
Find the area of the region R enclosed by the curves
y= x3 and y= x2

55
 Example 5.4.2
Find the area of the region enclosed b the line y= 4x
and the curve y= x3 +3x2

56
Net Excess Profit

57
 Example 5.4.3

•Suppose that t years from now, one investment will be

generating profit at the rate of P1’
(t)=50+t2 hundred
dollars per year, while a second investment will be
generating profit at the rate of P2’
(t)=200+5t hundred
dollars per year.

a. For how many years does the rate of profitability of

the second investment exceed that of the first?
b. Compute the net excess profit for the time period
determined in part (a). Interpret the net excess profit as
an area.

58
59
Gini Index (index of incoming inequality)
If y=L(x) is the equation of a Lorentz
curve, then the inequality in the
corresponding distribution of wealth is
measured by the Gini index, which is given
by the formula 1
Gini index 2 
[ x L( x )]dx
0 60
 Example 5.4.4

A governmental agency determines that the Lorentz

curves for the distribution of income for dentists and
contractors in a certain state are given by the functions
L1 ( x) x1.7 and L2 ( x) 0.8 x 2 0.2 x
respectively.

For which profession is the distribution of income more

fairly distributed?

61
Table 5.1 Gini Indices for Selected Countries
Country Gini Index
United Sates 0.460
Brazil 0.601
Canada 0.315
Denmark 0.247
Germany 0.281
Japan 0.350
South Africa 0.584
Panama 0.568
Thailand 0.462
United Kingdom 0.326

SOURCE: David C. Colander, Economics, 4th ed.,

Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2001, p. 435
62
 The Average Value of a Function
Let f(x) be a function that is continuous on the
interval a≤ x ≤b , Then the average value V of f(x)
over a≤ x ≤b is given by the definite integral

1 b
V 
b a f ( x ) dx
a

63
 Example 5.4.5

A manufacturer determines that t months after

introducing a new product, the company’
s sales will be
S(t) thousand dollars, where
750 t
S (t ) 
4t 2 25
What are the average monthly sales of the company
over the first 6 months after the introduction of the new
product?

64
 Example 5.4.6

A researcher models the temperature T (in 0C) during

the time period from 6 A.M. to 6 P.M. in a certain
northern city by the function
1
T (t) 3  (t 4)2 for 0 t 12
3
where t is the number of hours after 6 A.M.

a. What is the average temperature in the city during

the workday, from 8 A.M. to 5 P.M.?
b. At what time (or times) during the workday is the
temperature in the city the same as the average
temperature found in part(a)?

65
5.5 Additional Applications to
Business and Economics
 Useful Life of a Machine
A manager may consider disposing of the machine at
the time T when C’ (T)=R’ (T)
 the time period 0tT is called the useful life of the
machine

66
 Example 5.5.1

Suppose that when it is t years old, a particular

industrial machine is generating revenue at the rate
R’(t)=5,000-20t2 dollars per year and that operating and
servicing costs related to the machine are accumulating
at the rate C’(t)=2,000+10t2 dollars per year.

a. What is the useful life of this machine?

b. Compute the net profit generated by the machine over

its period of useful life.

67
68
 Example 5.5.2

Money is transferred continuously into an account

at the constant rate of $1,200 per year.
The account earns interest at the annual rate of 8%
compounded continuously.

How much will be in the account at the end of 2

years?

69
 Example 5.5.3
Jane is trying to decide between two investments.
The first costs $1,000 and is expected to generate a
continuous income stream at the rate of
f1(t)=3,000e0.03t dollars per year.
The second investment costs $4,000 dollars and is
estimated to generate income at the constant rate
4000 per year.

If the prevailing annual interest rate remains fixed

at 5% compounded continuously over the next 5
years, which investment is better over this time
period?

70
71
 Example 5.5.4
Suppose that the consumers’demand function for a
Certain commodity is D(q)=4(25-q2) dollars per unit.

a. Find the total amount of money consumers are

willing to spend to get 3 units of the commodity.
b. Sketch the demand curve and interpret he answer to
part (a) as an area.

72
73
74
 Example 5.5.5
A tire manufacturer estimates that q ( thousand)
radial tires will be purchased (demanded) by
wholesalers when the price is p D( q) 0.1q 2 90

dollars per tire, and the same number of tires will be

supplied when the price is
p S ( q) 0.2q 2 q 50
dollars per tire.
a. Find the equilibrium price (where supply equals
demand) and the quantity supplied and demanded
at that price.
b. Determine the consumers’ and producers’ surplus at
the equilibrium price.

75
76
5.6 Additional Applications to the
Life and Social Sciences

77
 Example 5.6.1(1/3)

• A new county mental health clinic has just

opened.
• Statistics from similar facilities suggest that the
fraction of patients who will still be receiving
treatment at the clinic t months after their
initial visit is given by the function f(t) = e-t/20.
• The clinic initially accepts 300 people for
treatment and plans to accept new patients at
the constant rate of g(t)=10 patients per month.
• Q: Approximately how many people will be
receiving treatment at the clinic 15 months from
now?
78
79
 Example 5.6.2

• A mild toxin is introduced to a bacterial colony

whose current population is 600,000.
• Observations indicate that R(t)=200 e0.01t bacteria
per hour are born in the colony at time t and that
the fraction of the population that survives for t
hours after birth is S(t)=e-0.015t.
• Q: What is the population of the colony after 10
hours?

80
 Example 5.6.3

• Find an expression for the rate (in cubic

centimeters per second) at which blood flows
through an artery of radius R if the speed of the
blood r centimeters from the central axis is
S(r)= k(R2-R2), where k is a constant.

81
 Example 5.6.4

• A physician injects 4 mg of dye into a vein near

the heart of a patient, and a monitoring device
records the concentration of dye in the blood at
regular intervals over a 23-second period.
• It is determined that the concentration at time t (0
≤t ≤23) is closely approximated by the function.
• Q: Based on this information, what is the patient’ s
cardiac output?

82
FIGURE 5.26 Subdividing an urban area into concentric rings.

83
 Example 5.6.5
• A city has population density p(r)= 3e-0.01r2, where p(r)
is the number of people (in thousands) per square
mile at a distance of r miles from the city center.
a. What population lives within a 5-mile radius of
the city center?
b. The city limits are set at a radius R where the
population density is 1,000 people per square mile.
What is the total population within the city limits?

84
85
86
 Example 5.6.6
Find the volume of the solid S formed by revolving the
region under the curve y=x2+1 from x=0 to x=2 about
the x axis.

87
 Example 5.6.7
A tumor has approximately the same shape as the
solid formed by rotating the region under the
curve 1
y  16  4 x 2

3
about the x axis, where x and y are measured in
centimeters. Find the volume of the tumor.

88