'vefxistyaosnis megobrobis koncefciis

interpretaciisaTvis

("Semomxedna, movewone...")

nestanis unayofo ZebnaSi tariels mxleblebi

Semoefanta. asmaTsa da oriode ymasTan erTad raindi erTi
qalaqis Semogarens miadga. cota moisvena da
gamoRviZebulma ucnauri sanaxavi naxa: zRvis pir-pir merans
daaqrolebda daWrili raindi. tarieli Caegeba WirSi myof
gmirs, gaecno, misi saqmiT dainteresda. gmirebi erTi
SexedvisTanave moixiblnen erTmaneTiT. ase damegobrdnen
tarieli da fridoni.
aseve pirveli SexvedrisTanave damegobrdnen tarieli da
avTandili. amaod eSinoda asmaTs, tariels stumari ar
moekla.
maT akoces erTmaneTsa, ucxoobiT ar dahrides,...
yeli yelsa gardaaWdves, erTmaneTsa autirdes (284).
didi siyvaruliT SeuyvardaT erTmaneTi pirveli
SexvedrisTanave fridonsa da avTandils. erTad
gatarebuli ramdenime dRe sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisTvis,
rom maTi ganSoreba moyvarul ZmaTa samudamo gayras
damsgavseboda:
moexvivnes erTmaneTsa, gaamravles cremlTa Rvrani,
akoces da gauaxldes maT orTave maTni wvani,
gaiyarnes gauyrelni Zmad-ficni da viTa Zmani... (1024).
ase erTbaSad iWedeba vefxistyaosnis gmirTa is didi
megobroba, romelic yovlisSemZlebel Zalad iqceva da
maRali adamianobis udides gamovlinebad CamoikveTeba.
megobrobis idealizaciiT vefxistyaosani unikaluri
Zegli ar aris.
gilgameSisa da enqidus megobrobas umReris dRemde
lursmnul warwerebSi Semonaxuli uZvelesi mxatvruli
nawarmoebi,'asurul-babilonuri epoqis Zegli "gilgameSis
eposi". eposis mixedviT es megobroba gilgameSis kaTarziss
emsaxureba ; masSi eTikur samyaros gaxsnis da mis momaval
moRvaweobas zneobrivi niSniT warmarTavs. es sulieri
550
kaTarzisi axal simaRlemde _ goniT kaTarzisamde ahyavs
megobris sikvdils. enqidus sikvdilSi gilgameSi xedavs
asaxvas sakuTari aRsasrulisa da adamianuri arsis
filosofias wvdeba (ix. 625, gv. 220-222).
rogorc SeniSnulia (556, gv. 279; ix. 353, gv. 304), axal
inteleqtualur poziciaze (ugunurebidan
keTilgonierebamde) amaRlebs megobris sikvdili gmirs
berZnul eposSic. patrokles daRupviT gamowveuli sulieri
tkivili aamaRlebs aqilevss sakuTar risxvaze agamemnonis
mimarT ("iliada", XVIII_XIX).
indoeTis mefis asulisa da mefis Zis _ nestanisa da
tarielis ambavs fabulis TvalsazrisiT ufro sagrZnobi
mimarTeba aqvs indur eposTan "ramaiana". es msgavseba,
pirvel rigSi, WirSi Cavardnili tarielisa da ramas
daxmarebaSi Cans. ramas meuRle sitac demonur arsebebs _
raqSasebs SeupyriaT. sitas gasaTavisufleblad ramas
gverdiT mis uaxloes naxevarZmasTan laqSmanasTan erTad
maimunTa mefis sugrivas laSqaric ibrZvis. msgavsad
tarielis da fridonis ambisa, rama iaraRiT daexmara am
mefes samefos dasanarCuneblad. xolo Tavis mxriv am
ukanasknels Tavis mxleblebTan erTad daunaxavs, Tu rogor
mihyavda demon ravanas gatacebuli sita (704; 793). ase rom,
induri eposi `ramaianac~ umReris sami didgvarovani gmiris
megobrobis ZaliT demonTa mier datyvevebuli mefis asulis
gamoxsnas. 1

1
rama indoeTis mefis Zea. moxuci mefe mas Sehpirda taxts, magram
samefo taxtze momxdari intrigis gamo ufliswuli iZulebulia,
udabur tyeSi gadaixvewos Tavis usayvarles meuRlesTan erTad.
mxolod im ganzraxviT, rom samefo karze dabrunebis Semdeg igi
unda gamefdes. laqSmanac mefis Zea. igi ramas erTguli
megobaria da Tavisi nebiT gadawyvets, ramas bedi gaiziaros.
mas tyeSi gahyveba. sugriva, rogorc aRvniSneT, mefea.
ramas da laqSmanas megobrulma da brZnulma
saubarma tarielisa da avTandilis megobroba pirvelad
solomon iordaniSvils moagona (704, gv. XIV). vefxistyaosnis
fabulis msgavsebaze `ramaianasTan~ miuTiTa rusTvelis poemis
inglisurad mTargmnelma AqeTrin vivianma 19 8 0 wels q.
bariSi (italia) gamarTul qarTuli xelovnebis III simpoziumze
(596).

551
 satrfos ganSorebuli mijnurisaTvis bevr rainds
gauwvdia megobrobis xeli. es Tema moarulia sparsul
literaturaSi. daumuSavebia igi nizami ganjevs (XII saukune)
poemaSi `leili da majnuni~. leilis siyvaruliT
gaxelebuli majnuni tyeSi ixila raindma navfalma.
Seebrala igi, daimegobra da misi wylulis gansakurnavad
xelSi iaraRi aiRo.
brZolis velze erTgul megobrobas dasavleT
evropuli sagmiro eposic umReris. XI saukuneSi Seqmnili
`rolandis simRera" adidebs rolandisa da olivies
megobrul Tavdadebas uTanasworo brZolaSi.
megobrobis literaturuli idealizacia ar aris
mxolod uZvelesi eposis da rusTvelis Tanamedrove epikis
specifika. igi axalma literaturamac imemkvidra. sakmarisia
davasaxeloT Seqspiris hamleti da horacio da Sileris
don karlosi da markiz de poza.
vefxistyaosnis megobrobas msoflio literaturis
dasaxelebul SedevrebTan bevri saerTo aqvs: avTandili
tarielisaTvis, ise rogorc laqSmana ramasaTvis, tovebs
sasaxles da megobris msgavsad tye-RreSi xetials irgunebs
xvedrad. tarieli, avTandili da fridoni, msgavsad
rolandisa da oliviesi, uTanasworo brZolaSic gamocdian
TavianT megobrobas. satrfos daSorebul mijnursa da
gmirs (rama, majnuni, tarieli) daxmarebis xels gauwvdis
mefe da raindi (sugriva, navfali, fridoni) da sakuTar
mxedrions megobris satrfos dasaxsnelad uTanasworo
brZolaSi SeuZRveba. avTandili tarielis mesaidumle da
mrCevelia, iseve rogorc horacio hamletisa da markiz de
poza don karlosisa. dabolos, avTandils tarielis
pirovnebis Secnoba inteleqtualurad da zneobrivad
amaRlebs _ igi maRldeba mSvenier saganTa samsaxuridan
mSvenieri saqmis samsaxurze, piradi bednierebisken
swrafvidan moyvsis bednierebis Ziebaze: tovebs satrfos da
emsaxureba tarielisa da nestanis SeerTebis saqmes.
gilgameSsa da aqilevsSic inteleqtualur gardaqmnas, an
gardatexas iwvevs megobris pirovneba, kerZod ki misi
sikvdili.
amgvari literaturuli paralelebis gagrZeleba
SeiZleboda. es paralelebi mxolod imas amtkicebs, rom
rusTvelis gmirTa megobroba is maRali moralur-
inteleqtualuri kategoriaa, romelic msgavsi niuansebiT

552
sxvadasxva xalxis literaturul SedevrebSi da
gansxvavebul epoqebSi gamovlinda. igi zogadsakacobrio da
zogadadamianuria. magram amis gverdiT vefxistyaosnis
megobrobas aqvs Tavisi specifikuri saxe, romelic
ganasxvavebs mas megobrobis sxva gamovlinebisagan da
romelSic mJRavndeba misi Semqmneli xalxis suli, epoqis
majiscema, avtoris inteleqti da miswrafeba.
tarielis, avTandilis da fridonis megobrobas
upirveles yovlisa qarTul ZmadnaficobaSi aqvs safuZveli.
uZvelesi qarTuli xalxuri Tqmulebis `amiranis eposis~
mixedviT, miuval koSkSi Caketili mzeTunaxavis
mosataceblad sami Zma _ badri, usip da amirani gaemarTnen
da ukan dadevnebul mdevars samiveni Seebnen:
movlen da mec aq davxvdebi am Cemis gorda xmaliTa
usipiTa da badriTa, mesamiT amiraniTa (248, gv. 320).
sami Zmis saTavgadasavlo mogzaurobani qarTuli
zRapris uaRresad niSandoblivi specifikaa. vefxistyaosnis
sami raindis megobrobas mxolod qarTuli xalxuri
zRapris favorit sam Zmas ver davukavSirebT, radganac
poemaSi sazogadod SeiniSneba ricxvi samisadmi yuradRebis
gamaxvileba: avTandilma sami weli unda eZebos ucxo moyme;
man ki maSin miagno tarielis kvals, roca "weliwadi sami
sam Tved miiyara" (183). rostevanisa da avTandilis pirobis
Tanaxmad, nadirobaSi damarcxebuli TavSiSveli unda
dadiodes sam dRes. nestanis xilviT dabnedili tarieli sam
dRemdis usulod iyo. arabeTidan asmaTTan dabrunebuli
avTandili sam dRes eZebda tariels Sambnarsa da tye-velze.
`mzisa SuqTa momlodine vardi sam dRe ar daWnebis" (904).
ucxo moymis gza avTandils samma Zmam miaswavla. fridonis
samefosagan saomrad wasulma gmirebma sami zRva gaiares.
qajeTis cixes sami kari hqonda. gmirebic sami mxridan
ekveTnen. tarieli mZime da faruli brZolisTvis yovelTvis
samas kacs irCevs. poemaSi xSiradaa aqcentirebuli agreTve
sami dRe svla, darbazs sam dRes darCena da sxva. samis
simbolikas Zveli msoflios miTossa da literaturaSi
sxvadasxvagvari gamovlineba aqvs. amjerad, vfiqrob,
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs, erTi mxriv, antikuri
literatura da filosofia: triaduli kompozicia jer
kidev homerosisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. `iliadasa~ da
`odiseaSi~ xSirad adgili aqvs moqmedebis samgzis
gameorebas da sazogadod samelementian kompozicias (474, gv.
222), rac, rogorc SeniSnulia, kidev ufro gamoikveTa
553
arqaul berZnul lirikaSi. berZnul filosofiaSi, kerZod
piTagorelebTan, sams samyaros da sicocxlis sawyisis
simbolod miiCneven (140, gv. 46). vefxistyaosnis
mkvlevarisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani, vfiqrob, mainc
bibliur simbolikasTan paralelis gavleba unda iyos. am
TvalsazrisiT, pirvel rigSi, yuradRebas qristianuli
sameba miipyrobs, rac, ueWvelia, ZiriTadi faqtoria ricxvi
samis prioritetisa yvela qristian xalxSi. samze
aqcentireba SeiniSneba rogorc Zvel, ise axal aRTqmaSi. am
TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven (480, gv.
911) bibliuri wignebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel ceremoniuli
Tu sxva oficialuri gamonaTqvamebis, an SekiTxvebisa da
brZanebebis samgzis gameorebas (ix. magaliTad, ioane 21, 15-
17; saqme 10, 10-16). Zvel aRTqmaSi xSiria xazgasma sam welze
(sam wels mefoba _ msaj . 9, 22; 3 mef. 15, 2 da sxv.; sam wels
SimSiloba _ 2 mef . 21, 1; sam wliani alya _ 4 mef . 17, 5; sam
weliwads aRzrda _ dan . 1, 5; sam weliwads darCena _ 2 mef .
13, 38 da sxva); sam Tveze (sam Tves damalva _ gam . 2, 2; sam
Tves mefoba _ 4 mef . 23, 31; sam Tves gvalva _ amos . 4, 7 da
sxva); sam dReze, samjerad moqmedebaze da sxva (ix. 437, gv.
1308-1310). vefxistyaosnis sam moymesTan uSualo paralelad
mainc daviTis sami gmiri gamodgeba: ebraelTa
saxelganTqmuli mefis daviTis karis siZlieres mravali
gmiri emsaxureboda. maT Soris gansakuTrebiTaa
gamoyofili sami maTgani, romelTac bibliur wignTa
qarTuli redaqciebi "ZlierTa" saxeliT icnobs. esenia:
iesbaal Ze aqimanisa, eleazar Ze dodes aqoqisa da samia Ze
asiasa aruqenelisa. maT mraval sagmiro saqmeTa Soris
sagangebodaa xazgasmuli erTi: daviTi alyaSemortyuli iyo
ucxo TeslTagan, romelnic beTlems iyvnen dabanakebulni.
moswyurda daviTs da moiTxova wyali im Wisagan, romelic
beTlemis karTan iyo. da am samma gmirma gaarRvia simravle
mterTa da wyali miarTves mefes (2 mef. 23, 8-17; 1 neStTa 11,
10-19).
vfiqrob, qarTuli zRapris sami Zmis Tema mainc
garkveuli mniSvnelobis mqonea fridonis, avTandilis da
tarielis megobrobis SemoqmedisaTvis. saqme isaa, rom
qarTuli zRapris tipuri qargis mixedviT, am sami Zmidan
umcrosis cda, mogzauroba, Zieba mTavrdeba warmatebiT.
uneblie ar unda iyos, rom vefxistyaosnis triadaSi
avTandilia umcrosi da misi es, umcrosi Zmis pozicia

554
rusTvels swored maSin aqvs gaxazuli, roca avTandili
Ziebis warmatebis ambavs megobrebs acnobebs: avTandili
nestanis kvalis mignebisTanave werils miswers fridons:
dawera: "fridon maRalo, sve-srulo, mefeT-mefeo,
lomisa msgavso Zal-gulad, mzeo Suq moiefeo,
movlenilo da morWmulo, mterTa sisxlisa mCqefeo.
umcrosman Zmaman Sori-Sor salami daviyefeo!" (1318).
moZmeoba anu Zmadnaficoba saqarTveloSi uZveles
uflebriv instituts warmoadgenda. Zmadgaficulebs maTi
ojaxiT da qveSevrdomebiT evalebodaT erTmaneTisaTvis
erTguleba da Tavdadeba. isini mzad iyvnen mtris winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi daecvaT erTmaneTis interesebi. Zmadgaficvis
sxvadasxvagvari wesi da rituali iyo dadasturebuli jer
kidev XIII saukunis saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (32).
vefxistyaosanTan, kerZod tarielisa da asmaTis
megobrobasTan, mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, uTuod
mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos, da sazogadod kavkasiis,
xalxTa tradiciiT dRemde Semonaxuli da-Zmad gaficvis
Cveuleba. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi Zmadnaficobis
instituti uZvelesi religiuri warmodgenebiTacaa daculi.
Semonaxulia rwmena RvTaebaTa (gudanis jvari, xaxmatis
giorgi, kistanis RTismSobeli da sxv.) Zmadnaficobis,
dadnaficobis da nadob-naZmobobisa (ix. 32, gv. 68_69).
vefxistyaosnis megobrobas uTuod aqvs kavSiri
moZmeobis am qarTul xalxur institutTan (ix. 408).
SemTxveviT ar uwodebs rusTveli Tavis gmirebs Zmobilebs:
qajeTis cixis aRebis Semdeg erTad Sekrebil megobrebs
poetma sami Zmobili uwoda:
aq esenica gavides Sekrbes samive Zmobilni,
mas mzesa misces salami, wardges marT viTa xmobilni (1421).
amave saxeliT axasiaTebda igi adre tarielisa da
avTandilis urTierTobas. ai, rogor Sexvda tarieli
gulanSarodan dabrunebul megobars:
xrmali gastyorca tariel, mihmarTa missa Zmobilsa.
yma cxenisagan gardiWra, hgvanda etlisa swrobilsa (1335).
aseve axasiaTebs asmaTi tarielisa da avTandilis
megobrobas:
"Sen umarTle xar, emdurvi, Sen gaeyare Zmobilsa" (850).
avTandilic tarielis Zmobilad racxs Tavs. ai, rogor
mimarTavs igi megobars:
"Sen veras irgeb, me gargeb, Zma Zmisa unda Zmobili!~ (935).

555
 ZmobilTa gverdiT vefxistyaosani icnobs dobilebsac.
kerZod, nestani da TinaTini erTmaneTis dad-Seficulebad,
dobilebad arian wodebulni:
erTmanerTisa gayrilni qalni ornive, dobilni,
erTmanerTisa dad-ficni, sityvisa gamondobilni (1567).
Znelia sxvagan moeZebnos adgili asmaTisa da
tarielis megobrobas, garda qarTuli xalxuri da-Zmad
gaficvis Cveulebisa. asmaTi poemaSi saxeldebulia tarielis
dobilad. avTandili sayvedurobs tariels:
"aRarad ginda asmaTi _ naxe marTali brWobili! _
pirvel, glax, misi naWvreti, TviT merme Seni dobili" (899).
"Tqvens Sua mqmneli saqmisa, Sengan naxmobi dobisa" (900).
avTandilic saubrobs Tavis mxriv asmaTTan
dadobilebaze:
uTxra: "vici, aRar vargxar Sen aw Cemad dasadoblad" (247).
tarielis, avTandilis da fridonis megobruli
urTierTobis dasaxasiaTeblad rusTveli qarTul
moZmeobis institutidan meore terminsac esesxeba: maT
erTmaneTis Zmadnaficarebs uwodebs:
nestanis kvalis mignebisTanave avTandilma fridonis
monebi TavianT mefesTan daabruna:
ubrZana: "wadiT, waiReT, gza wavleT misve arisa,
fridons miarTviT ustari Cemgan Zmad-naficarisa" (1307) 1 .
tarielis Zmad-ficad warudgens TavisTavs
avTandili fridons pirveli SexvedrisTanave:
"var ucxo vinme Raribi, sayofTa moSorvebuli,
Zmad-fici tarielisi, Tqvens wina momgzavrebuli" (984).
ase axasiaTebs avTandili tarielisa da fridonis
urTierTobas:
tariels etyvis avTandil: "ru gaxma cremlTa denisa!
rad moiSorve Sen fridon, momcemi maga cxenisa?
muniT icnobis ambavi, Rone mis mzisa lxenisa,
aw me mun mival, maswavle gza Zmad-ficisa Senisa" (947).
leqsikur erTeulebs Zmad-fici da Zmad-naficari,
zogjer vefxistyaosanSi Zmad-Seficulebi enacvleba:
fatmanma qajeTis cixeSi miswera nestans:
"mosrula Senad saZebrad misi Zmad-Seficebuli,
avTandil moyme, arabi, arabeTs Sigan qebuli" (1272) 2 .

1
ix. agreTve, avTandilisa da fridonis ganSorebis amsaxveli
zemoT damowmebuli strofi 1024.
2
ix. agreTve, strofi 1382.
556
 erTmaneTTan Zmad-Seficebulebs an Zmad-Senaficars
uwodebs rusTveli samive gmirs:
zRva gaiares samTave erTgan ZmadESeficebulTa (1389).
gamovlnes zRvani samTave, erTgan Zmad SenaficarTa (1447).
leqsikuri erTeulebi Zma da Zmoba qarTul enaSi
odiTganve Cans Semcveli megobrobis niuansisa. es gageba
aqvs mas jer kidev axali aRTqmis teqstebSi (I petre 5, 9).
sasuliero mwerlobaSi Zmoba monazonTa krebulsac
ewodeba, xolo Zma am krebulis wevrs. Zmadnaficoba,
rogorc leqsikuri erTeuli, ki damaxasiaTebeli
zepirsityvierebisa da saero literaturuli
ZeglebisTvisaa.
poemis gmirTa Zmobilebad da ZmadSeficulebad
saxeldeba ar aris mxolod leqsikuri variaciebi. cneba
Seficva poetisaTvis Semcvelia mTeli im specifikisa, rac mas
gaaCnia xalxuri tradiciiT. es garemoeba dasturdeba ara
mxolod imiT, rom vefxistyaosnis gmirTa megobroba tipuri
magaliTia ZmadSeficulTa urTierTobisa (megobrisaTvis
Tavisdadeba, misi interesebisaTvis moRvaweoba da brZola,
Tavisi saqmis gadadeba da win Zmadficulis saqmis dayeneba),
aramed imiTac, rom poemaSi inscenirebulia TviT Zmobis
ficisdeba 1 :
tarielis pirovneba SeZravs avTandils, igi
gadawyvets sikvdilamde mis samsaxurs, fics debs mis winaSe,
rom datovebs mijnurs da gaiziarebs megobris xvedrs:
"ama dReman damaviwya, guli Cemi vin dabinda;
damigdia samsaxuri misi, iqmnas, raca ginda;
iagundi egreca sjobs, aTasmjermca mina minda,'
Sen geaxlo sikvdilamdis, amis meti ara minda!" (300).
tarielTan gayris da arabeTSi Seqcevis win avTandili
sTxovs megobars erTgulebis fics:
"Sen genukve, Semajero, RmerTi iRmrTo, caca ico,
erTmanerTi ar gavwiroT, mafico da Semomfico” (666).
tarielic ar ugvianebs pasuxs:
"Tu gityuo, mogaRoro, RmerTman risxviT gamikiTxos!
Senman Wvreta-siaxleman momaqarvos sevda, miTxos!" (669).

1
Tumca es ficisdeba ar xdeba eTnografiuli ritualis TanxlebiT.
amitomac v. nozaZe vefxistyaosnis Zmadgaficvas erTgvarad eWviT
ucqeroda (182, gv. 182-183).
557
 ase erTmaneTis pirispir da RvTis winaSe deben fics
tarieli da avTandili:
amas zeda Seificnes moyvareni gul-sadagni,
iagundni qarvisferni, sityva-brZenni, cnoba-Smagni;
Seuyvarda erTanerTi, swvides miwyiv gulsa dagni,
mas Ramesa erTgan iyvnes Svenierni amxanagni (670).
amrigad, vfiqrob, aSkaraa, rom ZmadSeficul moymeTa
saxeebis Seqmnisas rusTveli STagonebulia xalxuri
tradiciiTa da SemoqmedebiT. amasTanave, Cemi azriT, sakiTxi
sxvagvar dasmasac moiTxovs: aris Tu ara rusTveliseuli
moymeebi qarTuli xalxuri tradiciis tipuri Zmobilebi,
eteva Tu ara rusTveliseuli megobroba qarTuli
Zmadnaficobis institutSi. am kiTvaze gadaWriT iZleoda
uaryofiT pasuxs niko mari: "rusTveliseuli funjiT
daxatuli saxeebi '"moymisa" da "Wabukisa" arian ara
xalxuri, aramed poetis Tanamedrove saero ganaTlebis
mqone sazogadoebis gmirebi" (408, gv. XXXVIII). amitom iyo,
rom mkvlevari dabejiTebiT eZiebda im safuZvels,
romelsac iyenebdnen qarTveli moazrovneebi, da kerZod
rusTveli, TavianTi amqveyniuri, adamianuri filosofiis
literaturuli gaformebisaTvis (408, gv. LIV). magram amave
dros am kiTxvis amosaxsnelad niko mari amaod icqireboda
sparsul literaturaSi. qarTuli literaturaTmcodneoba
ar iwynarebs sakiTxis amgvarad dasmas.
roca rusTveliseuli megobrobis wyaroebs viZiebT,
upirveles yovlisa, yuradReba unda SevaCeroT qristianuli
eTikis "moyvasis siyvarulis" ideaze.
qristianulma idealma RvTaebriv moZRvrebas
saTaveSi ori mcneba Cauyena: RmerTis siyvaruli da moyvasis
siyvaruli: "Seiyuaro ufali RmerTi Seni yovliTa guliTa
SeniTa da yovliTa suliTa SeniTa da yovliTa gonebiTa
SeniTa. ese ars didi da pirveli mcnebaÁ. da meore,
msgavsi amisi: Seiyuaro moyuasi Seni, viTarca Tavi TÂsi.
amaT orTa mcnebaTa yoveli sjuli da winaÁswarmetyuelni
damokidebul arian" (maT. 22, 37-40; mark . 12, 30-31).
erTmaneTis siyvarulis mcneba is axleburad moazrebuli
mcneba iyo, romelic iesom misca mowafeebs saidumlo
serobaze: `mcnebasa axalsa migcem Tquen, raÁTa iyuarebodiT
urTierTas, viTarca me Segiyuaren Tquen, raÁTa Tquenca
iyuarebodiT urTierTas. amiT cnen yovelTa, viTarmed
Cemni mowafeni xarT, ukueTu iyuarebodiT urTierTas"
(ioan. 13, 34-35). moyvasis siyvaruli qristianuli moZRvrebis
558
specifikadaa miCneuli. amitomaa, ioane maxareblis Tanaxmad,
ufali kategoriulad rom acxadebs: "ese ars mcnebaÁ Cemi,
raÁTa iyuarebodiT urTierTas, viTarca me SegiyuareT
Tquen" (ioan. 15, 12). amasTan erTad ieso imasac umtkicebs
Tavis mowafeebs, rom ar arsebobs siyvarulis ufro didi
saxeoba, vidre megobris mimarT siyvaruli: "ufroÁsi amisa
siyuaruli aravis aqus, raÁTa suli TÂsi dadvas megobarTa
TÂsTaTÂs" (ioan. 15, 13). Tezisi "urTierTas siyuarulisa"
Tavis simkveTres inarCunebs mociqulTa moZRvrebaSic
(1 ioan. 2, 8-11; 3, 10-16, 23; iak. 2, 8; 1 Tes. 4, 9).
moyvasis mimarT siyvaruli, Tanaxmad "axali
aRTqmiseuli" koncefciisa, ramdenime specifikis Semcvelia:
jer erTi, es siyvaruli nawilia RmerTis siyvarulisa, misi
gagrZeleba da ganviTarebaa. meorec, "axali aRTqmiseuli"
moyvasi farTo cnebaa. igi ar udris megobars Tanamedrove
gagebiT. moyvasia yvela adamiani, ganurCevlad rasisa,
erovnebisa, religiuri aRmsareblobisa; moyvasia TviT
codvilic ki. SeniSnulia (600, gv. 530), rom am TvalsazrisiT
"axali aRTqmis" pozicia aRemateba "Zveli aRTqmiseul"
kanons: siyvarulSi moyvasis mimarT Cven ar unda
SemovifargloT mxolod imaTi siyvaruliT, visac Cven
vuyvarvarT. agape, anu `axali aRTqmiseuli"' siyvaruli,
gvavaldebulebs, keTils vuyofdeT ara mxolod
keTilismyofelTa Cvenda mimarT (luk. 6, 32-33), aramed TviT
mterTa CvenTa: "xolo me gety Tquen: giyuarded mterni
Tquenni da akurTxevdiT mwyevarTa TquenTa da keTilsa
uyofdiT moZuleTa TquenTa da ulocevdiT maT, romelni
gmZlavrobdnen Tquen da gdevnidnen Tquen. raÁTa iyvneT
Tquen Svil mamisa Tquenisa zecaTaÁsa: rameTu mze misi
aRmovals borotTa zeda da keTilTa, da wÂms marTalTa
zeda da cruTa. ukueTu giyuarden moyuasni xolo Tquenni,
raÁ sasyideli gaqus? rameTu mezuereTaca egreTve yvian. da
ukueTu moikiTxvideT megobarTa xolo TquenTa, rasa
umetes iqmT? anu ara mezuereTaca egreTve yvian? iyveniT
Tquen srul, viTarca mamaÁ Tqueni zecaTaÁ srul ars" (maT.
5, 44-48. ix. agreTve: luk. 6, 28-36; maT. 5, 39-43; rom. 12, 14-20).
moyvasis siyvarulis Tezisi patristikis erTi
ZiriTadi Temaa. gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo igi
samonastro cxovrebaSi, ramdenadac am cnebaze iyo
dafuZnebuli TanamoRvawe berTa urTierTpativiscema,
mzrunveloba da TanamSromloba. amitom aris, rom

559
asketikur krebulebSi es sakiTxi mravalmxrivi ganxilvis
sagania.
magaliTisTvis moviyvan basili didis, kapadokiis
kesariis mTavarepiskoposis Txzulebis "kiTxvaÁ
moRuaweTaÁs" erT qveTavs, romelic am sakiTxs eZRvneba.
`kiTxvaÁ moRvaweTaÁ", anu `vrceli wesebi", rogorc mas
samecniero literaturaSi uwodeben, aris erTi ZiriTadi
Txzuleba basili didis `asketikonisa". es Txzuleba kiTxva-
migebis formiTaa dawerili. berebi ekiTxebian basils
asketuri moRvaweobis umTavres principebze. saubari
ZiriTadad RvTaebriv mcnebaTa ganmartebiT iwyeba. mesame
kiTxvis Tema moyvasis mimarT siyvarulia. ganmartavs ra am
cnebas, wminda basili yuradRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebaze,
rom adamiani Tavisi bunebiT miiswrafvis
urTierTsiyvarulisaken, radganac igi Tavisi arsiT aris
ara martodmyofi da veluri, aramed mSvidi da
urTierTobisaTvis mowodebuli. araferi ar aris Cveni
bunebisaTvis imaze ufro metad damaxasiaTebeli, _ wers
basili didi, _ vidre is, rom gvqondes urTierToba
erTmaneTs Soris, SegveZlos Semweoba erTmaneTis da
gviyvardes Cveni axlobeli. es Txzuleba qarTul enaze
Targmnilia efrem mciris mier. teqsts vaqveynebT A-689 (14v-
15r) da A-132 (23r-24r) xelnawerebis mixedviT.

moyusisa mimarT siyuarulisaTÂs

Sesadginebel ukue ars warmoTqmuad wesiTaca da ZaliTa

meorisa mcnebisaTÂs.
vinaÁTgan pirvelsa mas sityuasa Sina Tqumul ars Cuen
mier, viTarmed Sjuli TeslovanebiT Cuen Soris myofTa maT
ZalTaÁ muSak ars da mzrdel Teslisa mis da moZRurebisa
mcnebaTa uflisaTaÁsa; xolo aw viswavoT, Tu viTar brZanebul
varT Seyuarebad moyusisa, viTarca Tavisa TÂsisa. daRacaTu Zali
amisca mcnebisa aRsrulebisaÁ mogÂRies RmrTisa mier.
vin-me ara uwyis, viTarmed mSÂdi da ziarebiT cxoveli ars
kaci da ara martoebiTi, arca velurebiTi. rameTu araraÁ ars
esreT TÂs bunebisa Cuenisa, viTar ziarebaÁ urTierTas da ÃumevaÁ
urTierTas da siyuaruli Tana-monaTesaveTa CuenTaÁ.
vinaÁca romelTanica-igi Teslni winaÁTve moucemian
Cuenda ufalsa Cuensa, amaTsave SemdgomobiT nayofsaca eZiebs
Cuengan da ityÂs: mcnebasa axalsa migcem Tquen, raÁTa
iyuarebodiT urTierTas (ioan. 13, 34). da amis mcnebisa mimarT
560
hnebavs aRdginebaÁ sulTa CemTaÁ. amisTÂsca niSad
gamosaCinebelad mowafeTa TÂsTagan ara Tu ZalTa saswaulTa
sakÂrvelebasa iTxovs, daRaTu amaTica moqmedebaÁ miemadla maTda
sulisa mier wmidisa, aramed rasa etyÂs: amiT uwyodiano yovelTa,
viTarmed Cemni mowafeni xarT, ukueTu iyuarebodiT urTierTas
(ioan. 13, 35). da esreT yovelsa adgilsa mcnebaTa amaT SeaerTebs _
siyuarulsa RmrTisa da moyusisa. vinaÁca moyusisa mimarT
keTilis yofasa Tavisa TÂsisa Sehracxs: rameTu mSioda, _ ityÂs, _
da meciT me Wamadi (maT. 25, 35) da Semdgomi amisi, romelTa zeda
dahrTavs: raodeni ara uyavT erTsa ZmaTa CemTa mcireTagansa, igi
me ara miyavT (maT. 25, 40).
aw ukue cxad ars, viTarmed pirvelisagan waremarTebis
meore, xolo meoriTa kualad aRslvaÁ iqmnebis pirvelisa
mimarT; da romelsa uyuardes RmerTi, igi Seudges moyusisaca
siyuarulsa. rameTu esmis uflisa mier, viTarmed: ukueTu
giyuarde me, mcebani Cemni daimarxeniT ( ioan. 14, 23). xolo ese ars
mcnebaÁ Cemi, raÁTa iyuarebodiT urTierTas, viTarca me
Segiyuaren Tquen ( ioan. 15,12). da kualad, romelsa uyuardes
moyuasi, RmrTisa siyuarulisa aRsrulebisaTÂs hyofs mas,
romeli-igi TÂsad samadlobelad mieTualavs amas. vinaÁca
sarwmunoÁ igi monaÁ RmrTisaÁ mose esodensa aCuenebda ZmaTa
mimarT siyuarulsa vidreRa aRÃocasa iTxovda wignisagan
RmrTisa, romlisa Sina STaweril iyo: ukueTu ara Seendobvis
ersa mas SecodebaÁ maTi (gam. 32, 32). xolo pavle SeCuenebul
yofad Tavisi TÂsi qristesgan ikadra Txovad ZmaTa TÂsTaTÂs da
Ãorcielad naTesavTa misTa (rom. 9, 3), rameTu mimsgavsebulad
uflisa saÃsar yovelTa cxorebisa eneba yofaÁ Tavisa TÂsisaÁ.
amas Tana uwyodaca, viTarmed SeuZlebel iyo amis ZliT ucxo
yofaÁ misi RmrTisagan; ukueTu misa mimarTisa siyuarulisa
mcnebaTa uzeSTaesisaTÂs RmrTisa mier madlsa gamoiTxovda da
rameTu amiT mraval wilsa nacvalsa miRebaÁ eguleboda,
romelsa-igi miscemda.
garna viTarmed, vidre eseviTarad sazomadmde moyusisa
siyuarulsa miiwines wmidani kma sayofeli gamoCinebaÁ amisi aqus
aw TqumulTa amaT.

vfiqrob, rom rusTveliseuli megobroba

STagonebulia moyvasis siyvarulis qristianuli TeziTac.
vefxistyaosnis gmirTa urTierTdaxmareba, maTi
damokidebuleba erTmaneTisadmi, Cemi azriT, iTvaliswinebs
im zneobriv kodeqss, romelic qristianulma eTikam
qarTveli xalxis saukunovan tradiciad aqcia da romelic
araorazrovnad acxadebs: `da viTarca-igi Tquen gnebavs,

561
raÁTa giyon kacTa, Tquenca egreTve msgavsad uyofdiT maT"
(luk. 6, 31; maT. 7, 12).
qristianuli swavlulebis kvali Cans avTandilis
gadawyvetilebaSi, datovos Tavisi satrfo, xelmwife,
samSoblo da Tavi gadados WirSi Cavardnili, gzaabneuli
moyvasis samsaxurisaTvis. (nawilobriv igive Canafiqricaa
tarielis qmedebaSi _ igi gverdiT gadadebs sakuTar saqmes
da fridonis samefos wartacili kunZulis dabrunebisaTvis
ibrZvis). avTandilis am moqmedebas mravalgvari axsna
SeiZleba moeZebnos (ix. 289, gv. 305-306); maT Soris arsebiTi
mainc qristianul swavlulebasTan mimarTeba unda iyos. aki
mociqulis sibrZneze miTiTebiT umtkicebs avTandili
rostevans Tavisi gadawyvetilebis siswores:
`wagikiTxavs, siyvarulsa mociqulni ragvar weren?
viT ityvian, viT aqeben? can cnobani miaferen.
"siyvaruli agvamaRlebs", viT eJvanni, amas Jeren" (793)
Cemi azriT, avTandilis aqtis paralelad SeiZleba
gamodges "warwymedili cxovaris" saxarebiseuli igavi:
`rameTu movida Ze kacisaÁ cxovrebad warwymedulisa. viTar
hgonebT Tquen? kacsa Tu visme edgas asi cxovari, da SescTes
erTi maTgani, ara-me dautevnesa oTxmeoc da aTcxrametni
igi mTaTa zeda da warvides da moiZios SecTomili igi? da
raJams povos igi, amin gety Tquen, ufroÁs uxarodis mis
zeda, vidre oTxmeoc da aTcxrametTa maT, romelni ara
SecTomil iyvnes" (maT. 18, 11-13; luk. 15,4-6).
avTandilis saxis Semqmneli erTgvarad
STagonebulia qristianuli agiografiis esoden
popularuli "wmida mxedris" TemiTac. wminda giorgi
kapadokieli ixilavs tbis piras mjdomare, mwared mtiral
qals. tirilis mizezs hkiTxavs da daxmarebas SesTavazebs:
`miTxar yovelive da Sen Tana movkude da ara dagiteo
Sen!"(ix. 119).
ase rom, rusTveliseuli megobroba uTuod poulobs
sayrdens qristianuli eTikis erT umTavres mcnebaSi _
"giyuardes moyuasi Seni, viTarca Tavi TÂsi". magram amave
dros ueWvelia isic, rom vefxistyaosnis gmirTa
urTierTsiyvaruli aramc da aramc ar daiyvaneba "moyvasis
siyvarulis" mcnebaze. qristianuli moyvasi Zalze farTo
cnebaa, da mas ar faravs rusTveliseuli megobari.
qristianuli moyvasi moicavs avis msurvelsac,
mowinaaRmdegesac, mtersac, rasac principulad
ewinaaRmdegeba vefxistyaosniseuli megobari. poemis
562
megobrebisaTvis bolomde Sesawynarebeli araa
qristianuli moyvasis filosofia, kerZod ki: "romelman
gces Sen yurimalsa Sensa marjuenesa, miupyar mas
erTkerZoÁca. da romelsa undes sasjelad da miRebad
kuarTi Seni, miuteve mas samoselica Seni" (maT. 5, 39-40; luk.
6, 29); `giyuarded mterni Tquenni da akurTxevdiT mwyevarTa
TquenTa da keTilsa uyofdiT moZuleTa TquenTa da
ulocevdiT maT, romelni gmZlavrobden Tquen da gdevniden
Tquen" (maT. 5, 44; luk. 6, 35).
vefxistyaosnis megobroba, garda qarTuli xalxuri
Zmadnaficobis tradiciisa da qristianuli "moyvasis
siyvarulis" ideisa, principul damokidebulebas amJRavnebs
rusTvelis epoqis socialuri sinamdvilis erT uaRresad
koloritul movlenasTan _ raindobis institutTan.
raindoba XII saukunis saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis erTi ganuyofeli nawili iyo. niko marma
eWvmiutaneled daamtkica, rom termini moyme XII saukunis
saistorio Txzulebebsa da sagmiro eposSi xSir SemTvevebSi
naxmaria aSkarad raindis mniSvnelobiT. qarTuli Zeglebis
mixedviT, qarTul terminTan yrma dakavSirebulia
warmodgena imgvar gmirsa da vaJkacze, romelic saxels
gauTqvams xolme patrons Tavisi mamacobiT, cxenosnobiT,
mSvildosnobiTa da burTaobiT, saxelovan
mowinaaRmdegeTa damarcxebiT da brwyinvale gamarjvebiT
mterze, borot sulebsa da saSiS mxecebze. is, vinc atarebs
moymis diad saxels, ocnebobs sayovelTao aRiarebaze da mis
ZiebaSi cdis Tavis beds. cnobil moymeTa Soris imarTeba
Sejibri-orTabrZola (408, gv. XIII). frTxilobda niko mari,
rom CvenSi yovelive amis gamo ar daewyoT aprioruli
aRiareba saqarTveloSi evropuli raindobis institutis
arsebobisa mTeli Tavisi atributebiTurT (408, gv. XIII).
magram qarTveli istorikosebi pirvelwyaroebze
dayrdnobiT adastureben XII saukunis saqarTveloSi amgvari
institutis arsebobas.
qarTuli da ucxouri saistorio wyaroebiT
dasturdeba, rom, erTi mxriv, evropeli jvarosani raindebi
ibrZodnen qarTvelTa laSqarSi (didgoris omi, 1119 w.),
xolo, meore mxriv, qarTuli mxedrobac Rebulobda
monawileobas omSi evropel jvarosnebTan erTad
palestinaSi wminda adgilTa gasaTavisufleblad. isic
faqtia, rom daviT aRmaSenebels megobruli damokidebuleba

563
hqonda ierusalimis jvarosnuli samefos qristian
mefeebTan. sarwmunod Cans agreTve Tvalsazrisi imis
Taobaze, rom daviT aRmaSenebeli da misi drois qarTveli
moymeebi icnobdnen 1119 wels ierusalimSi daarsebul
templierTa ordens, romelic Zlieri rainduli
organizacia iyo (104, gv. 196_203). qarTuli saistorio
wyaroebi adastureben moymeTa institutis arsebobas
saqarTveloSi. "istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani" daviT
soslans moymed saxeldebs. aseve moymeebs uwodebs
mematiane amirspasalar zaqarias, msaxurT-uxucess ivanes da
hereTis erisTavs grigols da dawvrilebiT aRwers maT
Sejibrsa da asparezs samefo karisa da Tamaris
TandaswrebiT sapatio stumrebTan, aseve moymeebTan _
yizil-arslan sulTanis ZmisSvil amir-mirmanTan da mis
didebulebTan:'
"ubrZana mefeman amirspasalarsa missa zaqarias da
msaxurTuxucessa ivanes, hereTis erisTavsa grigols da
sxuaTa moymeTa da Cavides moedans. da muniT Camovida amir-
mirman misiTa didebuliTa da moniTa, da TÂT Tamar
saWuretelad piriTa miT brwyinvaliTa da naTelTa-mfeniTa.
islimni, dajerebulni mecnierobisani da mZlembrZolni,
mswrafl iZlivnes daviT mefisa da misTa moymeTagan da
Seiqcnes Zleulni da mWmunvebelni" (676, gv. 67).
raindulma sazogadoebam saqarTveloSi rainduli
cxovrebisa da zneobis idealizaciac moaxdina, rac kargad
Cans XII saukunis saero mwerlobaSi da, kerZod,
"amirandarejanianSi". rainduli zneobis mixedviT ki moymis
erTi ZiriTadi Tvisebaa TanagrZnoba sxvisi da, kerZod,
Tanasworis mwuxarebisadmi, aRtaceba sxva raindis
vaJkacobiTa da mamacobiT da masTan damegobreba,
daZmobileba.
iaman Wabukma amiran darejanis-ZesTan Saosani kaci
gamogzavna da misi Zis, badri iamanis-Zisa da nosar
nisrelis devTagan Sepyrobis ambavi SemouTvala. amiran
darejanis-Ze dauyovnebliv eaxla moxuc iaman Wabuks da
Wabukuri pasuxic moaxsena: "metsa veras giqadeb, anu
movkudebi maTTanave, da anu viÃsnne iginica" (604, gv. 17).
amiran darejanis-Zem sityva Seasrula da ganTavisuflebul
raindebTan erTad iaman Wabuks eaxla. `wamovediT da
movediT iamansa Wabuksa Tana, _ mogviTxrobs amiran
darejanis-Zis mxlebeli savarsimis-Ze, _ davyaviT kuira

564
erTi da Seiyuares erTmanerTi da Zmad ifices samnive.
Tavman Tquenman, samTa maT veravin moerodes" (604, gv. 20).
erTmaneTis Tanaswor WabukTa Zmad Seficvac rainduli
eTikis erTi ZiriTadi kanonia. ase Seificnen Zmad samkvdro-
sasicocxlo Serkinebis Semdeg sefedavle darispanis-Ze da
amiran darejanis-Ze (604, gv. 78).
vfiqrob, ar aris Znelad misaxvedri, rom
vefxistyaosnis gmirTa megobroba rainduli eTikiTacaa
Cagonebuli. WirSi Cavardnili moymis (tarielis) saSvelad
moyme (avTadili) Tavisi cxovrebis msxverplad mitanas ar
erideba. verc tarieli auvlis gverds SeWirvebul fridons.
tarielis, avTandilisa da fridonis Zmobis safuZveli
swored is Tanasworobaa, ramac sefedavle da amirani
daaZmobila. mxolod am Tanasworobis dasadgenad
vefxistyaosnis gmirTaTvis aRar aris saWiro `didTa
kldeTa jaxebis" (604, gv. 77) msgavsi Sebma da omi erTmaneTs
Soris. rusTvelis gmirTa Tanasworobis sazomi esTetikuri
kategoriaa da mSvenierebaSi mdgomareobs. amitomaa, rom
poemis gmirTa damegobrebis wina aqtad rusTveli TiTqmis
yovelTvis sagangebod aRwers da gamokveTs maT raindul
SemarTebasa da xelovnebas ( tarielis mier mSvenieris,
amaRlebuli sanaxavis _ Seuracxyofili raindis, fridonis
xilva; fridonis monadireTa laSqarSi uecrad Sesuli
avTandilis mier maRali rainduli xelovnebis
demonstrireba).
vefxistyaosanSi megobrobis srulyofili
avtoriseuli koncefciaa gansaxierebuli, mxatvrul saxeebSi
gadaazrebuli. sworad xedavda niko mari: poemiseuli
raindoba da qalis kulti rom erovnul qarTul kulturas
daukavSirdes, gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes is wminda
filosofiuri ideali, romelmac gaafarTova X-XII
saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebis gonebrivi horizonti. am
mxriv mkvlevari yuradRebas neoplatonizmze amaxvilebda
(408, gv. XLVI). marTlac, megobroba vefxistyaosanSi aSkarad
STagonebulia antikuri filosofiuri gaazrebiTac. rogorc
SeniSnulia, poemaSi igrZnoba platoniseuli filosofiuri
Teza: megobrebi arian isini, romelTac erTmaneTi uyvarT.
magram rodesac vefxistyaosnis megobrobis koncefciis
filosofiur safuZvlebs veZiebT, pirvel rigSi, yuradReba
unda SevaCeroT megobrobis im filosofiur Teoriaze,
romelic antikuri epoqidan Suasaukuneebma ianderZa da

565
renesansis epoqis uaRresad popularul moZRvrebad aqcia.
esaa aristoteleseuli megobrobis filosofia, CarTuli
renesansis epoqaSi aristoteles saxeliT cnobil sam
eTikur TxzulebaSi: `nikomaqes eTika", `evdemes eTika"' da
`didi eTika". amjerad CvenTvis ara aqvs principuli
mniSvneloba imas, ekuTvnoda Tu ara es sami Txzuleba
aristoteles (gavrcelebuli TvalsazrisiT avTenturia
mxolod `nikomaqes eTika": _ 557, gv. 610_611; 289, gv. 213_214).
arsebiTia is garemoeba, rom gviandeli Suasaukuneebis da
renesansis epoqis moazrovneebisaTvis samive Txzuleba
aristoteles saxelTan iyo dakavSirebuli da samive maTgani
uaRresad popularuli iyo. axali epoqis eTikuri ideali,
saukunovani qristianuli tradiciis doneze aristoteles
moraluri koncefciis aTvisebas cdilobda, qristianobidan
antikisken icqireboda. vfiqrob, gviandeli Suasaukuneebidan
renesansis epoqaze gardamavali xanis qristianuli samyaros
azrovnebaSi aristoteles eTikis udidesi popularobis
dasamtkiceblad sakmarisia davasaxeloT erTi faqti.
dadgenilia, rom dante aligieri icnobda aristoteles
TiTqmis yvela Txzulebas, magram gansakuTrebiT axlobeli
da sayvareli misTvis `eTika" iyo (350, gv. 92). swored
`nikomaqes eTika" unda yofiliyo pirveli filosofiuri
nawarmoebi, romelic gaicno dantem am Txzulebis Toma
akvineliseul komentarebTan erTad da romelmac misca mas
stimuli Suasaukuneobrivi ganaTlebidan bunebis
filosofiis, eTikisa da metafizikisaken inteleqtualuri
swrafvisa (515, gv. 58).
megobrobis problemas aristoteles TxzulebebSi
mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. mas eZRvneba `nikomaqes
eTikis" ori wigni _ VIII da IX ; `evdemes eTikis" VIII wigni
da `didi eTikis" II wignis XI-XVII Tavebi.
rusTvelologiur literaturaSi zogadad SeniSnulia,
rom aristoteleseul megobrobis koncefciasa da
vefxistyaosnis megobrobas Soris msgavsebaa (60, gv. 26; 81;
289, gv. 246-247), magram sagangebo kvlevis sagnad unda iqces
is garemoeba, rom vefxistyaosnis' gmirTa urTierTobaSi
aris zogi ram specifikuri, romelic Tavis filosofiur
gaazrebas mxolod aristoteleseul megobrobis
koncefciaSi poulobs.
aristoteles mtkicebiT, megobroba yvelaze ufro
aucilebelia cxovrebisaTvis (`nik. eT"., VIII, 1). megobroba

566
udidesia garegnul sikeTeTa Soris (`nik. eT"., IX, 9).
filosofosi ixsenebs homerosis sityvebs: `Tu orni midian
erTad..." (`iliada", X, 224) da ganmartavs, rom orisaTvis
mosaxerxebelia, advilia azrovneba da moqmedeba (`nik. eT".,
VIII, 1). aristotele erTmaneTisgan asxvavebs megobrobis sam
saxeobas sami sxvadasxva safuZvlis _ kargis, sasiamovnos da
sasargeblos mixedviT (`nik. eT"., VIII, 2). umaRlesi forma
megobrobisa aris kargi adamianebis, zneobrivad
srulqmnili individebis megobroba (`nik. eT"., VIII, 3, 4). am
koncefciaSi aris zogierTi principuli momenti, romelTa
mimarTeba vefxistyaosnis gmirTa megobrobasTan ar unda
iyos SemTxeviTi msgavseba.
filosofosis mtkicebiT, kargi adamianebis,
zneobrivad srulqmnili individebis damokidebuleba
erTmaneTisadmi iseTia, rogoric sakuTari Tavisadmi,
radganac megobari aris meore `me" (`nik. eT"., IX, 5). aseTi
srulqmnili adamiani yvelafers akeTebs Tavisi
megobrisaTvis, Tugind amisTvis mas mouxdes Tavisi
cxovrebis Secvla. igi yvela adamianur sikeTes datovebs,
rom megobars argos (`nik. eT"., IX, 8). keTili ganwyoba
vinmes mimarT im SemTxvevaSi gadaizrdeba megobrobaSi, Tu
pirovnebas Seswevs Zala akeTos sikeTe da amasTan erTad
aqvs survili akeTos es sikeTe im personis mimarT, vis
mimarTac aqvs keTili ganwyoba (`didi eTika"., 11,12).
WeSmaritebaa isic, rom kargi adamiani akeTebs bevrs Tavisi
megobrebisa da samSoblosaTvis da, Tu aucilebelia, Tavs
swiravs kidec maT. imisTvis, rom SeinarCunos sakuTari
simSvide, igi xels aiRebs fulzec, didebazec, da sazogadod
yvela sikeTeze, romliskenac iswrafvian adamianebi...
amjobinebs erT mSvenier da did qmedebas mraval
trivialur, wvrilman maTgans. vinc kvdeba sxvisTvis, aRwevs
mizansac. es is didi jildoa, romelsac TviTon irCevs
TavisTvis. igi siamovnebiT daTmobs Tavis simdidres, Tu
amiT argebs megobars... aseve mzadaa, xeli aiRos didebasa da
Tanamdebobaze. yvelafer amaze xels aiRebs igi Tavisi
megobrisaTvis, radganac es mSvenierebaa da didbunovnebaa
sakuTari Tavis mimarT (`nik. eT"., IX, 8) 1 .

1
Targmani Sesrulebulia aristoteles TxzulebaTa parizuli
gamocemidan (803). viyenebT samive Txzulebis inglisur Targmans
(839) da `nikomaqes eTikis" rusul Targmans (776).
567
 megobrisaTvis amgvari Tavganwirvaa arsi avTandilis
Tavdadebisa tarielisadmi, tarielis qmedebisa fridonis
mimarT. avTandili xels iRebs simdidreze, Tanamdebobaze,
didebaze; ufro metic, pirad bednierebaze da emsaxureba
megobris bednierebis saqmes. igi moqmedebs ara mxolod
megobrisadmi movaleobis grZnobiT, aramed Sinagani
sulieri ltolviT didi qmedebisadmi, rac mxolod am
maRali zneobrivi srulqmnilebis doneze Seimecneba. misi
arCevani ar aris mxolod gancdis aqti, igi sulieri
qmedebaa. `ver davdgebi Seuyrelad CemTa cecxlTa
momdebrisado" (790), _ umtkicebs raindi rostevans. rom am
qmedebis safuZveli mxolod qristianuli eTika araa; poets
rom gmiris aqti filosofiur doneze aqvs gaazrebuli,
avTandilis mier antikuri filosofiis (kerZod, platonis
_str. 791) damowmebaSic Cans:
"ara viqm, codna ras margebs filasofosTa brZnobisa!" (792).
rogor SeiZleba WeSmariti megobris SeZena? advili
saqmea es, Tu bednieri SemTxvevis wyalobiT xdeba (`evd. eT".,
VII, 1)? aristoteles moZRvrebas am kiTxvaze Tanmimdevruli
pasuxi aqvs. filosofosis azriT, megobrobaSi didi
mniSvneloba aqvs erTnair aRzrdas, erTnair asaks, erTnair
mdgomareobas. erTnairi Tvisebebis adamianebi advilad
xdebian megobrebi. ar SeiZleba WeSmariti megobroba im
adamianebSi, romelTac didad gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba
uWiravT sazogadoebaSi (`nik. eT"., VIII, 12). megobrobaSi
gansakuTrebiT did rols asrulebs asaki. sazogadod
axalgazrdebi Zalze miiswrafvian siyvarulisaken.
megobriseuli siyvaruli uSualod eqvemdebareba emociebs
da miiswrafvis tkbobisaken. amitomaa, rom axalgazrdebs
swrafad SeuyvardebaT xolme erTmaneTi da xSirad
swrafadve gadauyvardebaT xolme. isini miiswrafvian erTad
dros tarebisa da erTad cxovrebisaken da aRweven kidec
TavianTi megobrobis mizans (`nik. eT"., VIII, 3).
vfiqrob, vefxistyaosnis gmirebi TavianTi aRzrdiTa
da asakiT im Tvisebebis mqoneni arian, romelzedac
aristotele wers. tarieli, avTandili da fridoni
TavianTi mdgomareobiT erT safexurze dganan _ umaRles
aristokratias ganekuTvnebian: fridoni mefea, tarieli
samefo gvaris warmomadgeneli da mefis amirbari,
avTandilic arabeTis didi spaspetia. fridons, igulisxmeba,
samefo aRzrda aqvs miRebuli. samefo karze mefeTa SvilTa

568
msgavsad izrdebodnen tarielica da avTandilic. es
garemoeba xazgasmulia rogorc tarielis aseve avTandilis
mier.
movusminoT tariels:
"mefeman da dedofalman mimiyvanes Svilad maTad
sapatronod mzrdides srulTa laSqarTa da qveyanaTad,
brZenTa mimces saswavlelad xelmwifeTa qceva-qmnaTad;
moviwife, davemsgavse mzesa Tvalad, lomsa nakvTad"(321).
"TxuTmetisa wlisa viyav, mefe mzrdida viTa Svilsa" (334).
amave garemoebaze miuTuTebs avTandili fridonTan
Sexvedrisas:
"me var yma rostan mefisa, moyme arabeTs zrdilobiT,
didi spaspeti, saxelad mixmoben avTandilobiT,
Ze didebulTa did-gvarTa, zrdili mefeTa SvilobiT,
sakrZalavi da ukadri, myofi arvisgan cilobiT"(992).
vefxistyaosnis gmirebs megobrobisaken ezideba maTi
axalgazrduli asaki:
avTandil iyo spaspeti, Ze amir-spasalarisa,
sarosa mjobi, nazardi, msgavsi mzisa da mTvarisa,
jerT uwveruli, sadaro brol-mina sacnobarisa (41).
aseve axalgazrda Wabukia tarieli (igi avTandilze
cotaTi ufrosia). fridoni megobrebs Soris yvelaze
ufrosia, Tumca isic jer kidev axalgazrda moymea.
rusTvelis gmirebi ara mxolod asakiT, aRzrdiTa da
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobiT arian erTmaneTis
Tanasworni, aramed isini sazogadod erTmaneTis msgavsni
arian TavianTi qceviT, miswrafebebiT, interesebiTa da
SexedulebebiT. swored am garemoebas aniWebs megobrobaSi
gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aristotele. filosofosi wers
(803, gv. 93): sruyofilia megobroba im adamianebisa,
romlebic arian kargni da msgavsni TavianTi
srulqmnilebiT (`nik. eT"., VIII, 4). aristotele aviTarebs am
azrs (803, gv. 93): kargi adamianebi TavisTavadac
sasiamovnoni arian da erTmaneTzec sasiamivno
STabeWdilebas axdenen. yvelas kmayofilebas aniWebs
sakuTari xasiaTis msgavsi moqmedeba, xolo kargi
adamianebis moqmedeba erTmaneTis mimarT igiveobrivia an
msgavsia (`nik. eT"., VIII, 4). aqedan gamomdinare ki
filosofosi askvnis: yovelgvari megobroba... dafuZnebulia
garkveul msgavsebaze (`nik. eT"., VIII, 4). megobrobis arsis
amgvari interpretacia aristoteles saSualebas aZlevs isic
daaskvnas, Tu vis Soris warmoiSoba megobroba: msgavsi

569
Tvisebebis mqone adamianebs aqvT midrekileba
megobrobisaken (`nik. eT"., VIII, 14).
zemoT warmodgenili mimarTebani aristoteles
megobrobis Teoriasa da vefxistyaosans Soris SemTxveviTi
xasiaTis msgavsebad SeiZleboda migveCnia, rom maT gverdiT
ufro konkretuli da specifikuri garemoebani ar
ipyrobdes yuradRebas. SevCerdebiT or garemoebaze,
romlebic, Cemi azriT, arsebiTi unda iyos:
1. vfiqrob, rusTveliseuli Tvalsazrisi, romelsac
eqvemdebareba vefxistyaosnis personaJTa damegobrebis
pasaJebi, Tavis mxriv mimarTebas amyarebs megobarTa
msgavsebisa da Tanasworobis aristoteleseul
koncefciasTan. saqme isaa, rom rusTveli filosofiuri
motivirebis gareSe ar tovebs gmirTa damegobrebis faqts.
igi yvela SemTxvevaSi aqcents akeTebs amgvar scenaze da
arsi am aqcentisa isaa, rom msgavsi umegobrdeba msgavss.
tarielisa da avTandilis pirispir Sexvedris scenas,
romelsac gmirTa damegobreba unda mohyves, rusTveli
gmirTa msgavsebisa da Tanasworobis mtkicebiT iwyebs:
asmaTma tarielTan misaaxleblad avTandili gamoiyvana.
gamoegeba tariel, hmarTebs orTave mze darad,
anu ciT mTvare uRrublo SuqTa mohfendes qve barad,
rome maT Tana alvisa xeca varg iyos xed arad,
hgvandes SvidTave mnaTobTa, sxvadmca risad vTqvi me da rad!
(283)
msgavsi aqcentirebiT ikiTxeba fridonisa da avTandilis
pirveli Sexvedris epizodi: monadire mefe-raindisa da
sanadirod Semokrebili misi laSqris winaSe maRali
samonadireo xelovnebis demonstrirebas axdens avTandili.
tarielisagan fridonisaken wasuli raindi mulRazanzars
miuaxlovda. mefe sanadirod gamosuliyo. laSqars
nadirisaTvis alya Semoekra. `isrian da izaxian, mxecTa
sWrian viTa mWelsa" (977). avTandili erTbaSad CaerTo am
asparezSi, rogorc sworupovari raindi.
maT laSqarTa yolbsa Sua orbi siTme gamofrinda:
ymaman cxeni Seuteva, gaamayda, ar SeSinda,
Sestyorca da Camoagdo, daeca da sisxli sdinda,
gardaxda da frTeni dasWrna, wynarad Sejda, ar aqSinda (980).
analogiuri qveteqsti ikiTxeba fridonisa da
tarielis damegobrebis scenaSi. soflis simuxTlisagan
kacTa modgmaze gulayrili da nestanis unayofo ZebnaSi
erTgul mxlebelTagan SemoZarculi tarieli ucnaur

570
sanaxavs xedavs: adamianTa simuxTlisagan masaviT
ganwiruli, gulad da misandob meomarTa damkargavi da
masaviT suliT dakodili, gamwarebuli raindis qadili
zecas wvdeboda. tarieli SeakrTo naxulma suraTma:
"zaxili mesma. Sevxeden, moyme amayad yioda,
Semoarbevda zRvis pir-pir, mas Ture wyluli stkioda:
xrmlisa natexi dasvrili aqvs, sisxli Camosdioda,
mterTa eqadda, wyreboda, igineboda, Cioda" (596)
am amaRlebulma sanaxavma miipyro tarielis yuradReba.
mSvenieris gancdiT gamowveuli esTetikuri tkboba imdenad
Zlieria, rom gmiri, romelic adamianebs gaurboda, misi
vinaobis Setyobis msurvelT ise umaspinZldeboda, rogorc
rostevanis monebsa da monadire xatael Zmebs, gamofxizlda;
Seuracxyofili amayi moymis vinaobiT dainteresda. ar
malavs tarieli, rom uwinares fridonis Sexvedrisa
adamianis naxva mas sazogadod ar undoda:
"ar meamis kacTa naxva, midaRvides gulsa daRni"(594).
"vera mecna egzom grZelad ver Wori da ver dasturi,
velTa cremli asovlebda TvalTa CemTa monawuri" (595).
magram arc imas malavs gmiri, rom amaRlebulis
esTetikurma gancdam misi pirovneba SeZra. tarieli miizida
masaviT WirSi Cavardnilma, `gaficxebulma da mwyromelma"
gmirma:
"mona mivswie, misisa Seyrisa viyav mndomeli!
SevsTvale: "dadeg, miCvene, lomsa vin gawyens, romeli?"
(598).
da vfiqrob, aq Cans erTi arsebiTi detali im
megobrobis koncefciisa, romelsac rusTveli gvTavazobs.
saqme isaa, rom im msgavsebam, romelic tarielsa da
fridons Soris erTi mxriv zneobriv da fizikur
srulqmnilebaSi mdgomareobs, xolo meore mxriv bedis
simuxTlesa da soflis samduravSi, tarielis samyaro
moicva. mas moewona gmiri. 1
megobrobis aristoteleseuli TeoriiT ara yvela
msgavsi umegobrdeba Tavis msgavss. megobrobis
CasaxvisaTvis aucilebelia simpaTia, mowoneba, romelsac
pirovnebebi erTmaneTSi aRZraven. megobroba, _ acxadebs

1
vefxistyaosnis gmirTa mowoneba, rogorc dasawyisi gmirTa
megobrobisa da siyvarulisa Tavis monografiebSi ganxiluli aqvs
v. nozaZes (182, gv. 161,164; 185, gv.171,172). igi amgvar mowonebas
uwodebs ,,Tualxmas”, rac sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT TvaliT
mowonebas niSnavs.
571
aristotele, _ aRmocendeba simpaTiidan, anu vinmes mimarT
keTilis mosurneobidan (`didi eTika"., II, 11). ar SeiZleba
yvelafris Seyvareba, _ amtkicebs filosofosi, _ (`nik.
eTika", VIII, 2), SeiZleba Seiyvaro mxolod is, rac
mimzidvelia 1 . es ki SeiZleba iyos an kargi, an sasiamovno,
an sasargeblo. magram rogorc Cans, sasargebloa is, rac
gvaniWebs sikeTes, an siamovnebas; ase rom, dabolos
mimzidvelad unda CaiTvalos kargi da sasiamovno (803, gv.
191). keTilmosurneoba 2 , _ agrZelebs sxva adgilas
filosofosi ("nik. eT.," IX, 5), _ rogorc Cans, dasawyisia
megobrobis, iseve rogorc mowoneba 3 _ siyvarulisa,
ramdenadac yoveli adamiani uwinares moixibleba satrfos
xilviT da mxolod mas Semdeg Seiyvarebs... msgavsad amisa,
adamianebi uwinares ganimsWvalebian erTmaneTis mimarT
keTilmosurneobiT da Semdeg damegobrdebian (803, gv. 108). 4
swored es keTilmosurneobis grZnoba, simpaTia,
mowonebaa is gancda, romelsac rusTvelis gmirebi
ganicdian erTmaneTTan pirveli Sexvedrisas da romelic
aris sawyisi maTi siyvarulisa da megobrobisa.
tariels moewona zRvis piras qariviT mqrolavi Sav
taiWze amxedrebuli gaficxebuli moyme. keTilmosurneobis

1
tÙ filetØn (803, gv. 91); lovable ( 839, 1155b); привлекательныйы (776, gv.
146).
2
Ÿ e7noia (803, gv. 108); goodwill (839, 1167a); расположения (776, gv. 173).
3
t¤c Úfewc ¡don¢ (803, gv. 108); "The pleasure of the eye" (839, 1167a);
"наслаждение, доставляемое лицезрением" (776, gv. 173).
4
v. nozaZe yuradRebas aqcevs im garemoebas, rom mowonebaze,
rogorc TvaliT (danaxviT) siyvarulis aRZvraze, saubaria
siyvarulis xelovnebaze daweril uZveles indur wignebSic da
platonis filosofiaSic. aseve SeniSnulia, rom igive
Sexedulebebi Cans trubadurTa da minezingerTa lirikaSi. Tumca
evropel mkvlevarebs eeWvebaT, rom trubadurebs es filosofia
platonisagan aeRoT (185, gv. 169). vfiqrob, am SemTxvevaSi
saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva im garemoebas, rom es Teoria
damuSavebuli iyo aristoteles eTikaSi, romelmac evropuli
azrovnebis formirebaze udidesi gavlena moaxdina.

572
grZnobiT ganimsWvala mis mimarT, misi ambiT dainteresda,
Tanadgoma SesTavaza:
`vuTxar: dadeg, gamigone, Seni saqme meca mina!" (598).
mxolod tarieli ar moxiblula fridonis naxviT.
gaficxebul moymezec momajadoebeli STabeWdileba moaxdina
vefxistyaosani Wabukis xilvam. tarielis migzavnil monas
fridonma zedac ar Sexeda. maSin TviTon tarielma mouWra
gza daWril moymes:
`mas monasa ara uTxra, arca sityva mousmina;
ficxla Sevje, Cavegebe, me Cavuswar, Cave wina..." (598).
da es gaafTrebuli Wabuki, romlis wyroma, yivili,
qadili da gineba zecas wvdeboda, gaCerda. fridons
moewona mis win aRmarTuli Wabuki:
"Semomxedna, movewone, siaruli daiTmina"
moixibla misi xilviT:
"gamicada, RmerTsa hkadra: "Sen aseTni xeni viT hxen!" (599).
swored es urTierTmowinebaa im megobrobis
sawindari, romelic ase swrafad gaibmeba tarielsa da
fridons Soris. amis Semdeg ki megobrobis sabeli elvis
siswrafiT ikvreba. fridonma pasuxi ar dauyovna mSvenier
Wabuks:
"merme miTxra: "mogaxseneb, aw sityvani rome mkiTxen:
igi mterni gamilomdes, aqanamdis rome viTxen,
ukazmavsa miRalates, saWurvelni asre viTxen" (599).
arc tarielma daugviana vaJkacuri pasuxi, Tan
daamSvida moyme:
"me vuTxar: "dadeg, dawynardi, gardavxdeT ZirTa xeTasa:
ar Seudrkebis Wabuki kargi maxvilTa kveTasa"(600).
megobrobis siTbom wyluli dauama fridons da, Tu
ramdenime wuTis win am Seuracxyofili moymis
gamZafrebulma qadilma da ginebam tarieli SeakrTo, axla
misma sinazem gaakvirva igi:
"Tana wamomyva, wavediT utkbesni mama-ZeTasa.
me gavekvirve Wvretas mis ymisa sinazeTasa" (600).
am TvalsazrisiT tarielisa da fridonis Sexvedris
scena gamonakliss ar warmoadgens. rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, rusTveli gmirTa pirveli Sexvedris aRwerisas
yovelTvis aqcevs yuradRebas maT silamazesa da
momxibvlelobas. ufro metic, avtori yvela SemTxvevaSi
gaxazavs imas, rom gmirebma erTmaneTze moaxdines didi
STabeWdileba, rom maT moewonaT erTmaneTi.

573
 tarielisa da avTandilis Sexvedras da avTandilis
mier sakuTari Tavis wardgenas vefxistyaosan WabukTan,
uSualod mosdevs tarielis mier avTandilis Seqeba da imis
aRniSvna, rom mas esiamovna gmiris naxva:
"aw vaSad moxve, meama, naxva Senisa pirisa!
tanad saro da pirad mze, mamacad msgavsi gmirisa..."'(298).
avTandilmac ar daugviana Sesabamisi pasuxi:
avTandil uTxra: "viT maqeb saqebi brZenTa enisa?..
saxe xar mzisa erTisa, zeciT mnaTisa zenisa,
raTgan ver Segcvlis patiJi egzomTa cremlTa denisa" (299).
avTandilis maRalma samonadireo xelovnebam da
Wabukurma ierma fridonis mTeli laSqari moxibla:
igi ra naxes mesrolni srolasa moeSlebodes,
alya daSales, movides, moexveodes, bndebodes
iqiT da aqaT uvlides, zogni ukana hyvebodes,
verca hkadrebdes: "vin xaro", verca ras eubnebodes (981).
fridonic aseve moixibla avTandilis xilviT:
ra Sexedna, ese Tqva Tu: "Tu ar mzeo, ise vin-a?" (987).
rusTveli am SemTxvevaSic erTguli rCeba megobrobis
im koncefciisa, romlis mixedviTac gmirTa mier erTmaneTis
Seyvarebas win uZRvis maT mier erTmaneTis mowoneba:
TviT usaxod fridons yma da moewona ymasa fridon (988).
2. rusTveliseuli megobrobis koncefciis mimarTeba
megobrobis aristoteleseul filosofiasTan amiTac ar
amoiwureba.
vefxistyaosnis Tanaxmad, megobrobis gamovlenis
formebi sxvadasxvanairia:
sami aris moyvrisagan moyvrobisa gamoCena:
pirvel, ndoma siaxlisa, siSorisa ver-moTmena,
micema da aras Suri, Cuqebisa ar-mowyena,
gavlena da moxmareba, misad rgebad velTa rbena (779).
vfiqrob, ar saWiroebs sagangebo mtkicebas, rom
megobrobis gamovlenis es sami forma vefxistyaosnis
gmirTa urTierTdamokidebulebis principebia:
erTad yofna tarielis, avTandilis da fridonis
miswrafebaa.
avTandili:
"umisomca nu cocxal var nuca gare, nuca Sina!" (777).
"ver davdgebi Seuyrelad CemTa cecxlTa momdebrisad"(790).
fridoni:
"ra mogeSorve mas aqaT sicocxle momZulvebia;
Tuca Sen Cemad ara gcals, me SenTvis momsurvebia;
Sen uCemoba lxinad giCs, me dia mimWirvebia,

574
 oxer sicocxle uSenod, sofeli gamarmebia!" (1008).
gmirebi Sepyrobilni arian erTmaneTisadmi
pativiscemis grZnobiT, romelic gamoricxavs yovelgvar
Surs ("micema da aras Suri"). gavixsenoT tarielisadmi
fridonis mier naCuqari misTvis yvelaze ufro sanukvari
zRapruli cxeni, tarielis mier fridonis samefoSi
gagzavnili devTa mTeli saganZuri, fridonTan misuli
avTandilis uxvad dajildoeba:
gaTenda, banes avTandil, ricxvi Zes mun atlasisa,
Sesamoseli Sehmoses drahknisa bevr-aTasisa,
Seartyes welTa sartyeli, daudebeli fasisa (1013).
erTmaneTisaTvis sasargeblos keTeba poemis gmirTa
moqmedebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa. faqtiurad esaa poemis
ZiriTadi RerZi. igi sityvieradacaa motivirebuli:
"me igi var, vin sofelsa ara movhkef kitrad berad,
vis sikvdili moyvrisaTvis TamaSad da mimiCs mRerad" (788).
"mominda misTa wamalTa Zebna zRviTa da qviSiTa" (1002).
aqvs Tu ara megobrobis gamovlenis am
vefxistyaosniseuls formebs raime mimarTeba aristoteles
eTikasTan? pasuxi rom uSualo iyos, moviyvanT amonawers
aristoteles megobrobis koncefciis rusi
komentatoris, v. Cistiakovis mier 1913 wels
gamoqveynebuli statiidan. mkvlevari gadmoscems
aristoteles megobrobis Teoriis Sinaarss "nikomaqes
eTikis" mixedviT: "...roca es megobroba damyarebulia, maSin
misi pirveli da ucvleli pirobaa: megobris mudmivad
axlos yola... meore da aucilebeli piroba: gulwrfeloba
da erTmaneTis mimarT iWvis uqonloba... mesame da mTavari
piroba: megobroba aris ara mxolod pasiuri swrafvis
msgavsi ram, aramed aqtiuri keTilmosurneoba, romelic
meoris mimarT keTilqmedebaSi gadadis" (456, gv. 553_554).
marTlac, aristoteles megobrobis filosofiiT, zemoT
miTiTebuli sami principi WeSmariti megobrobis
aucilebeli principebia.
megobrobis arsi erTad yofnaa _ esaa
aristoteleseuli megobrobis filosofiis erTi ZiriTadi
Tezisi ("evd. eT’’., VII,12; "nik. eT"., VIII, 3. 5. 6. 9; IX, 4. 12).
rogorc SeyvarebulTaTvis yvelaze sasiamovnoa erTmaneTis
xilva, ramdenadac am mxedvelobiT SegrZnebas isini yvelaze
maRla ayeneben,... zustad aseve megobrebi yvelaze metad
miiswrafvian erTad yofnisaken, ramdenadac megobroba
urTierTobaa (partniorobaa) da rogoricaa pirovneba

575
sakuTari TavisaTvis, aseTivea igi misi megobrisaTvis
(`nik. eT"., IX, 12). aristotele ixsenebs andazas: `megobrebs
yvelaferi saerTo aqvT" da askvnis, rom igi sworia,
ramdenadac megobroba urTierTobaSi mdgomareobs ("nik.
eT"., VIII, 9). adamianebi, romelTac moswonT erTmaneTi,
magram ar cxovroben erTad, _ wers sxva adgilas
filosofosi, _ CaiTvlebian erTmaneTis mimarT
keTilganwyobilad, magram ara WeSmarit megobrebad; radgan
araferia ufro damaxasiaTebeli megobrobisaTvis, vidre
erTad cxovreba ("nik. eT"., VIII, 5). megobarTaTvis esoden
principulad damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba _ erTad yofna, _
aristoteles azriT, ar warmoadgens TviTmiznur da pasiur
urTierTobas. jer erTi, rogorc aRvniSneT, im adamianTa
erTad yofna gadaizrdeba megobrobaSi, romelTac moswonT
erTmaneTi msgavsi Tvisebebis gamo. meorec, megobarTa
erTad yofna sixarulisa da sazrunavis Tanaziarobasac
iwvevs. zogni, _ wers aristotele, megobrebs maT uwodebs,
romlebic erTad cxovroben da erTnairi Tvisebebis
matarebelni arian, anda megobrobis mwuxarebiT wuxan da
sixaruliT xaroben (`nik. eT"., IX, 4). ase rom, aristoteles
azriT, mxolod erTad yofniT ar gamovlindeba megobroba.
erTaneTisadmi pativiscema da ndoba; da ara Suri
erTmanesTis mimarT, _ ai, ra axasiaTebs kargi adamianebis
megobrobas, aristoteleseuli filosofiis mixedviT.
mxolod da mxolod kargi adamianebis megobrobaa mtkice
ciliswamebis mimarT, _ wers aristotele, _ radganac Zalze
Znelia daujero vinmes adamianze, romelic gamocdili gyavT
didi xnis manZilze. aseT adamianebs swamT erTmaneTis, ar
ayeneben erTmaneTs Seuracxyofas, saerTod maT
urTierTobaSi yvelaferia, rac saWiroa WeSmariti
megobrobisaTvis (`nik. eT"., VIII, 4). aristotele sxva
sityviTac gamoxatavs megobrobis am Tvisebas. igi miuTiTebs,
rom WeSmariti megobrebi tkbebian erTmaneTTan
urTierTobiT, maT sixaruls aniWebT es erTad yofna. xolo
es ki albaT megobrobisTvis yvelaze metadaa
damaxasiaTebeli (`nik. eT"., VIII, 6).
dabolos, aris kidev erTi forma megobrobis
gamovlenisa _ esaa sikeTis keTeba megobrisaTvis: ara
mxolod megobruli urTierTobiT ormxrivi tkboba, aramed
mxolod megobris (da ara piradi) sicocxlisa da
sixarulisaTvis fiqri da ara mxolod fiqri da survili

576
megobris piradi bednierebisa, aramed moRvaweoba am
bednierebis Sesaqmnelad. amitom aris, rom aristoteles
azriT, megobruli damokidebuleba im mimarTebis msgavsad
unda Sefasdes, rac SeiZleba adamians hqondes sakuTari
Tavis mimarT. radganac, wers filosofosi, megobrad
Tvlian mas, visac surs da akeTebs kidec sikeTes, WeSmarits
an mis mier sikeTed miCneuls, Tavisi megobrisaTvis; anda
mas, visac surs megobris arseboba da sicocxle, mxolod am
megobrisaTvis ("nik. eT"., IX, 4).
amrigad, es sami Tviseba _ erTad yofna 1 , erTmaneTiT
sixaruli 2 da erTmaneTisaTvis sikeTis, sargeblis survili
da qmna 3 , _ aristoteles SexedulebiT, WeSmariti megobrobis
gamovlenis formebia. amitomaa, rom imis dasamtkiceblad,
Tu ra ar aris megobroba, filosofosi adamianTa
urTierTobis sxvadasxva saxes megobrobis am formebTan
SepirispirebiT ganixilavs. ase, magaliTad, "nikomaqes
eTikis" VIII wignis VI TavSi filosofosi amtkicebs, rom
iSviaTia WeSmariti megobroba pirquS da moxuc adamianebs
Soris; radganac, rac ufro mZime xasiaTisani arian isini,
miT ufro naklebi miswrafeba aqvT urTierTisaken. rac,
rogorc fiqroben, yvelaze umTavresi da praqtikuli
niSania megobrobisa. aseTi adamianebi, agrZelebs
filosofosi, erTmaneTis mimarT grZnoben keTilganwyobas,
surT erTmaneTis kargi da exmarebian kidec erTmaneTs.
magram isini mainc ar arian erTmaneTis megobrebi,
ramdenadac ar atareben TavianTi cxovrebis dReebs erTad
da ar tkbebian erTmaneTTan urTierTobiT. es Tvisebebi ki,
rogorc fiqroben, yvelaze metadaa damaxasiaTebeli
megobrobisaTvis. erTdroulad mraval adamianTan
WeSmariti megobrobac ar SeiZleba, agrZelebs iqve
aristotele, ramdenadac ar SeiZleba adamians uyvardes
ramdenime. garda amisa, megobarma, wers filosofosi, Tavis
Tavze unda gadaitanos megobris cxovrebiseuli gancdebi da
misi axlobeli unda gaxdes, es ki uaRresad Znelia.

1
tÙ σuϑ%ν (803, gv. 94, 116); living together (839, 1157b); совместная жизнь,
постоянное общение, общение (776, gv. 151, 184).
2
"...laërein ‚ll¢loic"(803, gv. 95); "delight in each other"(839, 1158a); "радуются
общению друг с другом"(776, gv.152).
3
" tÙn boulÙmenon kaë pr„ttonta t‚gaϑ„" (803, gv.107). "who wishes and does what
is good" (839, 1166a); "кто желает и делает добро" (776, gv.171).
577
 amgvarad, aristoteleseuli megobrobis filosofiiT,
WeSmarit megobrobas marTlac axasiaTebs es sami Tviseba _
erTad yofna, erTmaneTiT gaxareba da erTmaneTisTvis
sikeTis qmna. "megobrebi, romlebic erTad cxovroben,
erTmaneTiT xaroben da erTmaneTisTvis sargebels
moimoqmedeben", _ wers aristotele (`nik. eT".,VIII,5) 1 .
WeSmariti megobrobis gamoxatulebis es sami forma
gamovlenilia, rogorc zemoT mivuTiTebdiT,
vefxistyaosanSic. sazogadod, vfiqrobT, rusTveliseuli
megobrobis koncefciis filosofiuri principebis mimarTeba
aristoteles eTikis sistemasTan ueWvelia.
ra daskvnebi unda gamovitanoT aqedan? xom ar
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom vefxistyaosniseuli megobroba
aristoteles megobrobis filosofiis mxatvruli
gamosaxvaa? anda xom ar niSnavs yovelive es imas, rom
rusTveli aristotelianelia da misi filosofia e. w.
aristotelizmi? vfiqrob, rom ara! aseTi daskvna
mecnierulad argumentirebuli ar iqneba. saqme isaa, rom
rusTveliseuli megobrobis koncefcia, gansxvavebiT
aristoteles filosofiisagan, sruliad sxvaa, axali epoqis
produqtia. amitomaa, rom, rogorc zemoT vasabuTebdiT, es
koncefcia, garda aristoteleseuli filosofiisa, efuZneba
qarTuli Zmadnaficobis institutis erovnul ideals,
qristianuli eTikis ZiriTad principebs da XII saukunis
saero, rainduli sazogadoebis zneobriv kodeqss. am
safuZvlidan maRldeba rusTveliseuli megobrobis
koncefcia zogadsakacobrio ideebamde. amitomac igi
warmoadgens ara garkveuli filosofiis ganmeorebas, an
garkveuli sazogadoebis Sexedulebis ubralo gadmocemas,
aramed yvela epoqis adamianuri azrovnebis saukeTeso
ideals. amitomaa aSkara am koncefciis ideur-tipologiuri
paralelebi rogorc erovnul, aseve msoflio miTosTan
(amiranisa Tu gilgameSis eposi), rogorc aRmosavlur, aseve
dasavlur epikasTan ("ramaiana" Tu "iliada"), rogorc
avtoriseuli epoqis, aseve momavlis literaturul
SedevrebTan ("rolandis simRera" Tu "hamleti"). arc imis
Tqma SeiZleba, rom TviT filosofiuri principebi

1
". . . Oê mÑn g…r σuz»ntec χaërouσin ‚ll¢oic kaë parëzouσi t‚gaϑ„ . . . " (803,
gv. 94); " those who live together delight in each other and confer benefits on each other"
(839, 1157b); "друзья, живущие вместе, радуются и доставляют благо друг другу"
(776, gv. 151).
578
rusTveliseuli megobrobis koncefciisa ucvlelad misdevs
aristotelurs. axalma epoqam da axleburma idealma
filosofiac axleburi Seqmna. am axali filosofiis
safuZvelSi SeiZleba veZioT mxolod Zveli wyaro Tu
wyaroebi. es gansxvaveba Cans rogorc rigiT, ordinalur
debulebebSi, aseve arsebiT, principul SexedulebebSi. ase
magaliTad: aristoteles eTikuri koncefciis Tanaxmad,
WeSmariti megobroba mxolod erTis mimarT SeiZleba (`nik.
eT"., VIII, 1; VIII, 5). rogorc Cans, wers filosofosi ar
SeiZleba WeSmariti megobroba ramdenimes mimarT, amitomac
da aseve ar SeiZleba siyvaruli ramdenimesi erTsa da imave
dros; ramdenadac siyvaruli idealuri saxea umaRlesi
megobrobisa, mimarTuli erTi adamianis mimarT; ase rom
Zlieri siyvaruli ar SeiZleba mravlis mimarT; da
megobroba, romelsac umRerian himnebSi, mxolod da
mxolod or pirovnebas akavSirebs (`nik. eT"., VIII, 10).
aSkaraa, rom vefxistyaosnis sami raindis megobroba araa
STagonebuli citirebuli TvalsazrisiT. igi ufro
erovnuli tradiciidan iRebs sawyiss. ufro mniSvnelovania
sxva garemoeba: aristoteles megobrobis koncefcia
organuli nawilia berZeni filosofosis eTikuri sistemisa,
rac, Tavis mxriv, antikuri saberZneTis sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobis asaxvaa. rusTveliseuli megobrobis
koncefcia Tavisi CanafiqriT idealuria. igi ara marto
analizia garkveuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobisa, aramed
sasurveli urTierTobis damsaxavicaa. es principuli
filosofiuri sxvaoba megobrobis gagebaSic aqcentebis
arsebiTad sxvagvar dasmas iwvevs. magaliTad, aristoteles
TvalsazrisiT, WeSmariti megobroba axalgazrduli
asakiTacaa ganpirobebuli da moxucTa Soris amgvari
megobroba moulodnelia. am Tvalsazriss filosofosi
asabuTebs kidec (`nik. eT"., VIII, 5-6). vefxistyaosnis
megobrobac WabukTa megobrobaa, magram perspeqtiva am
megobrobis daberebisa ignorirebulia. rusTvelisTvis
megobroba, siyvarulTan erTad, adamianuri yofis
idealadaa qceuli da amitomac misi realuri safuZveli
idealur samosSia gaxveuli. rusTveliseuli megobroba
erTgvarad idealur-pirobiTia da ara empiriul-obieqturi.
amitomac warmosadgeni mxolod misi gamovlenis is
erTaderTi Wabukur-axalgazrduli saxeobaa, romelic
poemaSia gaidialebuli; xolo misi axalgazrduli

579
xanmokleoba rusTveliseuli koncefciis problematikaSi
aRar Semodis.
rusTveliseuli azrovnebis mimarTeba aristoteles
filosofiasTan imave kategoriis movlenaa, rac sazogadod
gviandeli Suasaukuneebis anu adrindeli renesansis
qristianuli evropuli azrovnebis mimarTeba
aristotelesTan. Tanaxmad azrovnebis ganviTarebis
istoriuli kanonzomierebisa, axali inteleqtualuri
pozicia yovelTvis efuZneba romeliRac filosofias
warsulis inteleqtualuri memkvidreobidan. adrindeli
renesansis evropuli azrovnebisaTvis, romelsac
adamianuri arsebobis ideali TandaTanobiT da
gauazreblad zecidan dedamiwaze Camohqonda, erTaderTi
dasayrdeni warsulis filosofiur azrovnebaSi Tavisi
bunebriv-humanuri orientaciiT gviandel SuasaukuneebSi
aristoteles saxeliT cnobili eTikuri koncefcia iyo (342,
gv. 12-13). amaze dayrdnobiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom
Tavisi filosofiuri aspeqtiT megobrobis rusTveliseuli
gaazreba tipologiur msgavsebas amJRavnebs renesansis
epoqis evropul azrovnebasTan.
am TvalsazrisiT, vfiqrob, rom mizanSewonili unda
iyos paralelis gavleba italiis renesansis didi
warmomadgenlis, marsilio fiCinos platonuri siyvarulisa
da megobrobis doqtrinasTan, romelmac ufro gviandel
traqtatebSi `platonuri siyvarulis" saxeli daimkvidra.
iseve rogorc rusTveliseuli megobrobis koncefcia, es
doqtrinac ramdenime wyaros efuZneboda. maTgan, rogorc
miTiTebulia, unda gamoiyos siyvarulisa da megobrobis
antikuri Teoriebi, saqvelmoqmedo da sulieri Zmobis
qristianuli tradicia da sakaro siyvarulis
Suasaukuneobrivi koncefciebi (543, gv. 131). ufro
mniSvnelovani mainc is aris, rom italiel platonistTa
mier siyvaruli da megobroba moazrebul iqna adamianuri
Semecnebis umaRles formebad. TviTon Semecneba, Tanaxmad
platonis da aristoteleseuli antikuri idealisa ar iyo
gagebuli mxolod inteleqtualur aqtad. sibrZnis wvdoma
praqtikul da eTikur sferoebSic xdeboda. amgvarad,
ukavSirdeba fiCinoseul doqtrinaSi adamianuri yofis
yvelaze ufro intimuri da piraduli gancda (SenecnebiTi
sicocxle) adamianuri urTierTobis umaRles formas _
megobrobas da siyvaruls (543, gv. 131).

580
 vfiqrob, rusTveliseuli siyvarulisa da megobrobis
ideasac gaaCnia amgvari filosofiuri datvirTva. gviandeli
Suasaukuneebis azrovnebis procesSi siyvarulisa da
megobrobis rusTveliseuli xatva filosofiuri debulebaa,
msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciis gamovlenaa: samyaros
centrSi moTavsebulia adamiani SemecnebiTi sicocxlis
umaRlesi, uwmindesi, RvTaebrivi da amave dros realuri
formebiT _ siyvaruliTa da megobrobiT. adamianis raobisa
da daniSnulebis amgvari gaazreba ki ukve axleburi
gadaWraa kacobriobis mTavari filosofiuri kiTxvisa,
romelic samyaroseul arsebaTa Soris adamianis vinaobasa
da mizans Seexeba da romlis alegoriul gamoxatvas Sua
saukuneebSi bibliiseul kiTxvaSi xedavdnen (msaj.19,17):
saidan mosulxar da sad midixar? (`vinaÁ moxual, anu vidre
xualT?" _ 686, gv.502 ).
amgvarad, rusTveliseuli megobrobis koncefcia
qarTul erovnul Zirebze Sendeba (xalxuri Zmadnaficobis
instituti). igi imemkvidrebs qarTvelTa saukunovani
tradiciis _ qristianuli eTikis ZiriTad principebs
(moyvasis siyvaruli). iTvaliswinebs gviandeli
Suasaukuneebis feodaluri da samxedro aristokratiis
axal zneobriv ideals (rainduli eTika). Tanaxmad amave
epoqis inteleqtualuri wiaRsvlebisa, eyrdnoba antikur
filosofias (aristosteles moZRvreba megobrobaze). am
gziT Seqmnili megobrobis rusTveliseuli originaluri
koncefcia tipologiurad uaxlovdeba renesansis epoqis
evropaSi formirebul Sesabamis Teoriebs da
msoflmxedvelobiTi daniSnulebisaa. megobroba da
siyvaruli rusTvelis mier im erTian idealadaa qceuli,
rac RvTaebriv amaRlebulobas aniWebs adamianis amqveyniur
yofas. arsi adamianuri yofisa, misi SemecnebiTi sicocxle
adamianur urTierTobaSi _ megobrobasa da siyvarulSia
danaxuli. A ' BNM

581