UNIT – IV

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
4.1Introduction
The mathematical modeling of any engineering problem which leads to
the formation of differential equation of more than one variable has its solution by the
integration in terms of those variables the need of the solution in an integral where many
variables are involved motivated the study of integral calculus of several variables.
In this chapter all the basic concepts related to the methods to approach such integrals are
discussed.
4.2Double integration in Cartesian co – ordinates
Let 𝑓( 𝑥, 𝑦 ) be a single valued function and continuous in a region R
bounded by a closed curve C. Let the region R be subdivided in any manner into n sub
regions 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 , ∙ ∙ ∙ , 𝑅𝑛 of areas 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , ∙ ∙ ∙ , 𝐴𝑛 .Let (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 ) be any point in the sub
region𝑅𝑖 . Then consider the sum formed by multiplying the area of each sub – region by the
value of the function 𝑓( 𝑥, 𝑦 ) at any point of the sub – region and adding up the products
which we denote
∑𝑛1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 )𝐴𝑖
The limit of this sum ( if it exists) as 𝑛 → ∞ in such a way that each 𝐴𝑖 → 0 is defined as
the double integral of 𝑓( 𝑥, 𝑦 ) over the region R. Thus

lim ∑𝑛1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 )𝐴𝑖 = ∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴

𝑛 →∞

The above integral can be given as

∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ∬𝑅 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Evaluation of Double Integrals

𝑦 𝑥
To evaluate ∫𝑦 1 ∫𝑥 1 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 we first integrate f(x, y) with respect to x partially,
0 0

that is treating y as a constant temporarily, between 𝑥0 and 𝑥1 . The resulting function got
after the inner integration and substitution of limits will be function of y. Then we integrate
this function of with respect to y between the limits 𝑦0 and 𝑦1 as used.
Region of Integration
𝑏 𝑓 (𝑥)
Case (i) Consider the integral ∫𝑎 ∫𝑓 2(𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 Given that y varies from 𝑦 =
1

𝑓1 (𝑥) to 𝑦 = 𝑓2 (𝑥) x varies from 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 𝑏. We get the region R by 𝑦 = 𝑓1 (𝑥),

2
𝑦 = 𝑓2 (𝑥 ), 𝑥 = 𝑎 , 𝑥 = 𝑏. The points A, B, C, D are obtained by solving the intersecting
curves. Here the region divided into vertical strips (𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥).

𝑑 𝑓 (𝑦)
Case (ii) Consider the integral ∫𝑐 ∫𝑓 2(𝑦) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1

Here varies from 𝑥 = 𝑓1 (𝑦) to 𝑥 = 𝑓2 (𝑦) and y varies from 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = 𝑑 ∴ the region
is bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑓1 (𝑦), 𝑥 = 𝑓2 (𝑦), 𝑦 = 𝑐 , 𝑦 = 𝑑. The points P, Q, R, S are obtained by
solving the intersecting curves. Here the region divided into horizontal strips (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦).

Problems based on Double Integration in Cartesian co-ordinates

Example: 4.1
𝟏 𝟐
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟏 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
Solution:
1 2 1 2
∫0 ∫1 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 ∫1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2
1 𝑥𝑦 2
=∫0 [𝑥 2 𝑦 + ] 𝑑𝑥
2 1
1 𝑥
=∫0 [(2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 + 2)] 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
=∫0 [2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2)] 𝑑𝑥

3
 1 3
=∫0 [𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥3 3 𝑥2 1 3 13
=[ + ] =( + ) − (0 + 0) =
3 2 2 0 3 4 12

Example: 4.2
𝒂 𝒃
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒙𝒚(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
Solution:
𝒂 𝒃 𝑎 𝑏
∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑥 2𝑦 2 𝑏
𝑥𝑦 3
=∫0 [ − ] 𝑑𝑥
2 3 0
𝑎 𝑏 2𝑥 2 𝑏3 𝑥
=∫0 [( − ) − (0 − 0)] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑎
𝑏 2𝑥 3 𝑏3 𝑥 2
=[( − )]
6 6 0
𝑎 3𝑏 2 𝑎 2𝑏3
=( − ) − (0 − 0 )
6 6
𝑎 2𝑏 2
= (𝑎 − 𝑏 )
6

Example: 4.3
𝒂 𝒃 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
Evaluate ∫𝟐 ∫𝟐 𝒙𝒚

Solution:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑎 1 𝑏
∫2 ∫2 = ∫2 [𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥] 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 2

𝑎1
=∫2 𝑦 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2)𝑑𝑦

𝑎1 𝑏 𝑎
= ∫2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑦 [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏]
𝑦 2 𝑏
𝑏 𝑎1 𝑏
=𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 ∫2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 [log 𝑦]𝑎2
𝑦

𝑏 𝑏 𝑎
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2] =[𝑙𝑜𝑔 2] [𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 ]

Example: 4.4
𝟏 𝟑
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
Solution:
1 3 1 𝑥3 3
∫0 ∫2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 [ 3 + 𝑦 2 𝑥] 𝑑𝑦
2
1 33 23
=∫0 [( 3 + 3𝑦 2 ) − ( 3 + 2𝑦 2 )] 𝑑𝑦
1 8
=∫0 [9 + 3𝑦 2 − 3 − 2𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦

4
 1
1 19 19𝑦 𝑦3
=∫0 [ 3 + 𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦 =[ + ]
3 3 0

19 1 20
=[ + ] =
3 3 3

Example: 4.5
𝟑 𝟐
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒆𝒙+𝒚 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
Solution:
3 2 3 2 3 2
∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 =[∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] [∫0 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦]

=[𝑒 𝑥 ]30 [𝑒 𝑦 ]20 = [𝑒 3 − 𝑒 0 ][𝑒 2 − 𝑒 0 ]

=[𝑒 3 − 1][𝑒 2 − 1]
Note: If the limits are variable, then check the given problem is in the correct form
Rule: (i) The limits for the inner integral are functions of , then the first integral is
with respect to 𝑦
(ii) The limits for the inner integral are functions of , then the first integral is
with respect to 𝑥
Example: 4.6
𝒂 √ 𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
Solution:
The given integral is in incorrect form
Thus the correct form is
𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎 2−𝑥 2 𝑎
∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 =∫0 [𝑦]√𝑎
0 𝑑𝑥 =∫0 [√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ]𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
= [ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ]
2 2 𝑎 0

𝑎2 𝜋
=[(0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 1) − (0 + 0)] [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 1 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 0 = 0]
2 2
𝑎2 𝜋 𝜋𝑎 2
= ( 2) =
2 4

Example: 4.7
𝒂 √ 𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒚(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
Solution:
The given integral is in incorrect form
Thus the correct form is
𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
∫0 ∫0 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

5
 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
𝑎 𝑥 2𝑦 2 𝑦4
=∫0 [ 2 + ] 𝑑𝑥
4 0
2
𝑎 𝑥 2 (𝑎 2−𝑥 2) (𝑎 2−𝑥 2)
=∫0 [ + ] 𝑑𝑥
2 4

𝑎 𝑎 2𝑥 2 𝑥4 𝑎4 𝑥4 2𝑎 2 𝑥 2
=∫0 [ − + + − ] 𝑑𝑥
2 2 4 4 4
𝑎
𝑎2 𝑥 3 𝑥5 𝑎 4𝑥 𝑥5 2𝑎 2 𝑥 3
=[ − 10 + + 20 − ]
6 4 12 0
𝑎
−𝑥 5 𝑎 4𝑥 𝑥5
=[ 10 + + 20]
4 0
−𝑎 5 𝑎5 𝑎5
=[ 10 + + 20 ]
4
𝑎5
=
5

Example: 4.8
𝟏 √𝒙
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝒙 𝒙𝒚(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
Solution:
The given integral is in incorrect form
Thus the correct form is
1 √ x √ 1 x
∫0 ∫x xy(x + y)dydx = ∫0 ∫x (x 2 y + xy 2 )dydx
𝑥
1 𝑥 2𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦 3 √
=∫0 [ + ] 𝑑𝑥
2 3 𝑥
3
1 𝑥 𝑥 ⁄2 𝑥2 𝑥3
=∫0 [(𝑥 2 2 + 𝑥 ) − (𝑥 2 +𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
3 2 3
5
1 𝑥3 𝑥 ⁄2 5
=∫0 [ 2 + − 6 𝑥 4 ] 𝑑𝑥
3

7 1
𝑥4 𝑥 ⁄2 5 𝑥5
=[ 8 + 3(7⁄ ) − 6 ]
2 5
0
1 2 1 3
=(8 + 21 − 6) − (0 + 0 − 0) = 56

Example: 4.9
𝟏 √𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐

Solution:
The given integral is in incorrect form
Thus the correct form is
1 √1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 1 √1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
∫0 ∫0 = ∫0 ∫0 2
1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 (√1+𝑥 2 ) +𝑦 2

6
 1 1 𝑦 √1+𝑥 2
=∫0 [√1+𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√1+𝑥 2 )] 𝑑𝑥
0
1 1 𝜋
=∫0 [√1+𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) − 0] 𝑑𝑥 [∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (1) = ]
4
1 1 𝜋 𝜋 1 1
=∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (0) = 0]
√1+𝑥 2 4 4 0 √1+𝑥 2

𝜋 1
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ]]
4 0
𝜋
= 4 log(1 + √2)

Example: 4.10
𝟒 𝒙𝟐 𝒚⁄
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒆 𝒙 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
Solution:
The given integral is in correct form
𝑦 𝑥2
4 𝑥2 𝑦 4 𝑒 ⁄𝑥
∫0 ∫0 𝑒 ⁄𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 [ 1⁄ ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 0
4 𝑒𝑥 1
=∫0 [(1⁄ ) − (1⁄ )] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
4 4
=∫0 [𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥 =∫0 𝑥(𝑒 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
4
𝑥2
=[𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) − (1) (𝑒 𝑥 − )] (by Bernoulli’s formula)
2 0
16
=[4(𝑒 4 − 4) − (𝑒 4 − ) − (0 − 1)]
2

=4𝑒 4 − 16 − 𝑒 4 + 8 + 1
=3𝑒 4 − 7
Example: 4.11
1 𝑥
Sketch roughly the region of integration for ∫0 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
Solution:
1 𝑥
Given ∫0 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥 varies from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 varies from 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 𝑥

7
Example: 4.12
𝒂 √𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
Shade the region of integration ∫𝟎 ∫√𝒂𝒙−𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚

Solution:
𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
∫0 ∫√𝑎𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 is the correct form
𝑥 limit varies from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑦 limit varies from 𝑦 = √𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 to 𝑦 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
i.e., 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 to 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
i.e., 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑎𝑥 to 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 is a circle with centre ( , 0) and radius
2 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 is a circle with centre (0,0) and radius 𝑎

Exercise 4.1
Evaluate the following integrals
1 𝑥2 26
1.∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans: 105

8
 1 1 1
2. ∫0 ∫𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans: 3
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝜋𝑎
3. ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans:
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 4
2 3
4. ∫1 ∫1 (𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans: 13
3 √4−𝑦 241
5. ∫0 ∫1 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans: 60

1 √2−𝑥 2 𝑥 1
6. ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans: 1 −
√𝑥 2+𝑦 2 √2
1 𝑥 1
7. ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans: (𝑒 − 1)2
2
3 3𝑥+3 32
8.∫−1 ∫𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans: 3
2 𝑥+2 9
9. ∫−1 ∫𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans:
2
𝑎 ⁄√2 𝑦 𝑎4
10. ∫0 ∫0 (𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans: 32 (𝜋 + 2)

4.3 Double integration in Polar co-ordinates

Consider the integral
𝜃 2 𝑟 2
∫𝜃1 ∫𝑟1 𝑓 (𝑟, 𝜃)𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

which is in polar form. This integral is bounded over the region by the straight line
𝜃 = 𝜃1 , 𝜃 = 𝜃2 and the curves 𝑟 = 𝑟1 , 𝑟 = 𝑟2 .To evaluate the integral, we first integrate with
respect to r between the limits 𝑟 = 𝑟1 and 𝑟 = 𝑟2 (treating 𝜃 as a constant).The resulting
expression is then integrated with respect to 𝜃 between the limits 𝜃 = 𝜃1 and 𝜃 = 𝜃2 .

Geometrically, AB and CD are the curves 𝑟 = 𝑓1 (𝜃) and 𝑟 = 𝑓2 (𝜃) bounded by the lines
𝜃 = 𝜃1 and 𝜃 = 𝜃2 so that ABCD is the region of integration. PQ is a wedge of angular
thickness 𝛿𝜃.
𝑟
Then ∫𝑟 2 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃)𝑑𝑟 indicates that the integration is performed along PQ(i.e., 𝑟 varies , 𝜃
1

constant) and the integration with respect to 𝜃

9
 𝜃
2
∫𝜃1 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

means rotation of the strip PQ from AC to BD

Problems based on double integration in Polar Co-ordinates
Example: 4.13
𝝅⁄ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝟐 𝒓𝒅𝜽𝒅𝒓
∫𝟎
Solution:
𝜋⁄ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
Given ∫0 ∫0 𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
𝜋⁄ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
= ∫0 ∫0 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 (Correct form)
𝜋⁄ 𝒓𝟐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜋⁄ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2
2[ ] 2[
= ∫𝟎 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 − 0] 𝑑𝜃
𝟐 𝟎 2

1 𝜋⁄
2
= 2 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
1 1 𝜋 𝜋
= 2.2. 2 = 8

Example: 4.14
𝝅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒓𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽
Solution:
𝝅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Given ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒓𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽

𝜋 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
= ∫0 𝑑𝜃
2
1 𝜋 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
= 2
∫0 [ 2
] 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝜋
= 4 [𝜃 − ]
2 0
1
= 4 [(𝜋 − 0) − (0 − 0)]
𝜋
= 4

Example: 4.15
𝝅 𝒂
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒓𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽
Solution:
𝜋 𝑎
Given ∫0 ∫0 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝑟2 𝑎
= ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝜃
0

10
 𝜋 𝑎2
= ∫0 𝑑𝜃
2
𝑎2
= [𝜃]𝜋0
2
𝜋𝑎 2
= 2

Example: 4.16
𝝅⁄𝟐 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
Evaluate ∫−𝝅⁄𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒓𝟐 𝒅𝜽𝒅𝒓

Solution:
𝜋⁄2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Given ∫−𝜋⁄2 ∫0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
𝜋⁄2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
=∫−𝜋⁄2 ∫0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 (correct form)
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜋⁄2 𝑟3
=∫−𝜋⁄2 [ 3 ] 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋⁄2 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 3
=∫−𝜋⁄2 [ − 0] 𝑑𝜃
3
8 𝜋⁄2
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3 −𝜋⁄2
8 𝜋⁄2
= 3 (2) ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
16 2 32
= [ . 1] =
3 3 9

Example: 4.17
𝝅⁄𝟐 𝒂
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝒂(𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽) 𝒓𝟐 𝒅𝜽𝒅𝒓

Solution:
𝜋⁄2 𝑎
Given ∫0 ∫𝑎(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
𝜋⁄2 𝑟 3 𝑎
= ∫0 [ ] 𝑑𝜃
3 𝑎(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

𝜋⁄2 𝑎 3 𝑎 3 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)3
= ∫0 [ − ] 𝑑𝜃
3 3

𝑎3 𝜋⁄2
= ∫0 [1 − (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)3 ]d𝜃
3
𝑎3 𝜋⁄2
= ∫0 [1 − (1 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃)]d𝜃
3
𝑎3 𝜋⁄2
= ∫0 [3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃)]𝑑𝜃
3
𝑎3 1𝜋 2
= [(3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝜋0 ⁄2 − 3 + ]
3 22 3

𝑎3 𝜋 2
= [3 − 3 + ]
3 2 3

11
 𝑎 3 36−9𝜋+8
= [ ]
3 12
𝑎3
= [44 − 9π]
36

Exercise 4.3
Evaluate the following integrals
𝜋⁄2 𝑎 16 𝑎 5
1. ∫0 ∫𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑟 4 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 Ans: (𝜋 − 15) 10
2𝜋 𝑎 𝜋𝑎 2
2. ∫0 ∫𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 Ans: 4
𝜋⁄4 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝜋
3. ∫−𝜋 ⁄4 ∫0 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 Ans: 8
𝜋⁄2 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑎3
4. ∫0 ∫0 𝑟√𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 Ans: 18 (3𝜋 − 4)
𝜋⁄4 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟 𝑎(𝜋−3)
5. ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 Ans:
√𝑎 2 −𝑟 2 6
𝑏 𝜋⁄ 3𝜋𝑏2
6. ∫𝑏⁄ ∫0 2 𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟 Ans: 16
2

4.4 Change of order of integration

Change of order of integration is done to make the evaluation of integral easier
The following are very important when the change of order of integration takes place
1. If the limits of the inner integral is a function of x (or function of y) then the first
integration should be with respect to y (or with respect to x )
2. Draw the region of integration by using the given limits
3. If the integration is first with respect to x keeping y as a constant then consider the
horizontal strip and find the new limits accordingly
4. If the integration is first with respect to y keeping x a constant then consider the
vertical strip and find the new limits accordingly
5. After find the new limits evaluate the inner integral first and then the outer integral
Problems
Example:4.18
𝒂 𝒂
Change the order of integration in ∫𝟎 ∫𝒙 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
Given 𝑦: 𝑥 → 𝑎
𝑥: 0 → 𝑎
The region is bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑎

12
𝑥 axis limit represents the horizontal strip and 𝑦 axis limit represents vertical
𝑥: 0 → 𝑦
𝑦: 0 → 𝑎
By changing the order we get
𝑎 𝑦
∫ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0

Example: 4.19
𝟏 𝒙
Change the order of integration ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
Given 𝑦: 0 → 𝑥
𝑥: 0 → 1
The region is bounded by 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1

𝑥: 𝑦 → 1
𝑦: 0 → 1

13
 By changing the order we get
1 1
∫ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 𝑦

Example: 4.20
𝒂 𝒂
Change the order of integration and hence evaluate it ∫𝟎 ∫𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
It is correct form, given order is 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 given 𝑦: 𝑥 → 𝑎
𝑥: 0 → 𝑎
the region is bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑎

𝑥 axis limit represent the horizontal strip

𝑦 axis limit represents vertical path
changed order is 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥: 0 → 𝑦
𝑦: 0 → 𝑎
𝑎 𝑦 𝑎 𝑥3 𝑦
∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 [ 3 + 𝑦 2 𝑥] dy
0
𝑎 𝑦3
= ∫0 [ 3 + 𝑦 3 ] dy
𝑎
𝑦4 𝑦4 𝑎4 𝑎4 𝑎4
= [12 + ] = + =
4 0 12 4 3

Example: 4.21
𝟒𝒂 𝟐√𝒂𝒙
Change the order of integration for∫𝟎 ∫𝒙𝟐 ⁄𝟒𝒂 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙

Solution:
It is correct form
Given order is 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
Given 𝑦: 4𝑎 → 2√𝑎𝑥

14
 𝑥: 0→ 4𝑎
The region is bounded by 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 , 𝑦 2 = 4a𝑥
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 4𝑎

Changed order is 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 draw a horizontal strip

𝑦2
𝑥: 4𝑎 → 2√𝑎𝑦

𝑦 ∶ 0 → 4𝑎
2
𝑎𝑦
4𝑎 2√𝑎𝑦 4𝑎 𝑥 2𝑦 √
∫0 ∫𝑦 2⁄ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 [ ]𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
4𝑎 2
4𝑎

4𝑎 (2√𝑎𝑦)2𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦
= ∫0 { − [4𝑎]2 2 } 𝑑𝑦
2
4𝑎 4𝑎𝑦 𝑦5
= ∫0 [( ) 𝑦 − 32𝑎2 ] 𝑑𝑦
2
4𝑎
4𝑎𝑦 3 𝑦6
=[ − 192𝑎2 ]
6 0
4𝑎(4𝑎)3 (4𝑎)6
= − 192𝑎2
6
128𝑎 4 4096
= − 𝑎4
3 192
64𝑎 4
= 3

Example: 4.22
𝒂
𝒃 √𝒃𝟐 −𝒚𝟐
Change the order of integration of ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎𝒃 𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 and hence evaluate it
Solution:
It is correct form
Given order is 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑎
Given 𝑥 ∶ 0→ 𝑏 √𝑏2 − 𝑦 2

𝑦∶ 0 → 𝑏

15
 𝑎 𝑥2 𝑦2
The region is bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑏 √𝑏2 − 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1

𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏

Changed order is 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

Draw the vertical strip
𝑏
𝑦 ∶ 0 → 𝑎 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2

𝑥∶ 0→ 𝑎
𝑏
𝑏
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎 2−𝑥 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑎
∫0 ∫0𝑎 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑏 2
2 2
𝑎 [𝑎√𝑎 −𝑥 ] 𝑥
= ∫0 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑏2 𝑎
= 2𝑎2 ∫0 𝑥(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏2 𝑎
= 2𝑎2 ∫0 (𝑥𝑎2 − 𝑥 3 )dx
𝑎
𝑏2 𝑎 2𝑥 2 𝑥4
= 2𝑎2 [ − ]
2 4 0

𝑏2 𝑎4 𝑎4
= 2𝑎2 [ 2 − ]
4
𝑎4 𝑎4 𝑎2 𝑎4
= 𝑏2 [2𝑎2 − ] = 𝑏2 [ − ]
4 2 4
𝑎 2𝑏 2
= 8

Example: 4.23
𝟏 𝟐−𝒙
Change the order of integration and hence evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
It is correct form
Given order is 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

16
 Given 𝑦 ∶ 𝑥 2 → 2 − 𝑥
𝑥∶ 0 →1
The region is bounded by = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1

Now divide the region in to two parts i.e. R1 and R2

Changed order is 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Draw horizontal strip
For Region R1
Limits are 𝑥: 0 → √𝑦
𝑦: 0 → 1
1 √𝑦 1 𝑥 2 𝑦 √𝑦
∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 [ 2
] 𝑑𝑦
0
1 (√𝑦)2𝑦
= ∫0 𝑑𝑦
2
1 𝑦2
= ∫0 dy
2
1
𝑦3
= [6]
0

= 1/6
For region R2
Limits are 𝑥 ∶ 0 → 2 − 𝑦
𝑦∶ 1→2
2 2−𝑦 2 2−𝑦
𝑥 2𝑦
∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑦
1 0 1 2 0
2 (2−𝑦)2𝑦
=∫1 𝑑𝑦
2

17
 2 (4−4𝑦+𝑦 2 )𝑦
= ∫1 𝑑𝑦
2
2
1 4𝑦 2 4𝑦 3 𝑦4
= [ − + ]
2 2 3 4 1

1 32 4 1
= 2 [8 − + 4 − 2 + 3 − 4]
3
5
= 24

R = R1 + R2
1 5
= 6 + 24
3
=8

Example: 4.24
𝟏 𝟐−𝒚
Change the order of integration in ∫𝟎 ∫𝒚 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 and hence evaluates

Solution:
It is correct form
𝑥 ∶ 𝑦 → 2−𝑦
𝑦: 0 → 1
The region is bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑦 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
𝑦 = 0 , 𝑦 = 1

Now divide the region into two parts ie. R1 and R2

Changed order is 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
Draw horizontal strip
For region R1
Limits are 𝑥: 0→ 1

18
 𝑦: 0 → 𝑥
1 2−𝑦 1 𝑥
∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑥
= ∫0 [ ] 𝑑𝑥
2 0
1 𝑥3
= ∫0 [3−0] 𝑑𝑥
1
1 1 1 𝑥4
= ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = [ ]
2 2 4 0
1 1
= 8 [𝑥 4 ]10 = [ 1 − 0]
8
1
=8
For region R2
𝑥: 1 → 2
𝑦: 0 → 2 − 𝑥
2 2−𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦 2 2−𝑥
∫1 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 [ ] 𝑑𝑥
2 0
2 𝑥 (2−𝑥)2
= ∫1 [ − 0] 𝑑𝑥
2

1 2 𝑥(4+𝑥 2− 4𝑥)
= 2 ∫1 𝑑𝑥
2
1 2
= 2
∫1 (4𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
1 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥3
= 2 [4 + −4 ]
2 4 3 1

2
1 𝑥4 𝑥3
= [2𝑥 2 + −4 ]
2 4 3 1

1 16 4 1 4
= [(8 + − (8)) − (2 + − )]
2 4 3 4 3

1 32 1 4
= 2 [8 + 4 − − 2 − 4 + 3]
3
1 5 5
= 2 [12] = 24

⇒ R = R1 + R2
1 5
= 8 + 24
1
=3

Example: 4.25
∞ ∞ 𝒆−𝒚
Change the order of integration ∫𝟎 ∫𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 and hence evaluate it
𝒚

Solution:

19
 It is correct form
Given order is 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Given 𝑦 ∶ 𝑥 → ∞
𝑥∶ 0→ ∞

Changed order is 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Draw a horizontal strip
𝑥∶ 0→𝑦
𝑦∶ 0→ ∞
∞ 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑦 ∞ 𝑥 𝑦
∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫𝑜 [𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 0
∞ 𝑒 −𝑦 ∞
= ∫𝑜 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = [ ]
1 0

= −[𝑒 −∞ − 𝑒 0 ] = 1
Example: 4.26
𝒂 𝒂 𝒙
Change the order of integration I = ∫𝟎 ∫𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 and the evaluate it
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐

Solution:
It is correct form
Given order 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥∶ 𝑦→𝑎
𝑦∶ 0→ 𝑎
The region is bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑦 , 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑦 = 0,𝑦 = 𝑎

20
 Changed order is 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Draw a vertical strip
𝑦∶ 0→𝑥
𝑥∶ 0→ 𝑎
𝑥
𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑦
∫0 ∫0 dy dx = ∫0 𝑥 [ (𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 0
𝑎 𝑥
= ∫0 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 0] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝜋
= ∫0 𝑑𝑥
4

𝜋 𝑎
= [ 4 𝑥]
0
𝜋
= 𝑎
4

Example: 4.27
𝒂 √𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 by changing the order of integration
Solution:
It is correct form
Given order 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Given 𝑦 ∶ 0 → √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑥∶ 0→ 𝑎
the region is bounded by 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑥= 0 , 𝑥=𝑎

21
 changed order 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Draw horizontal strip
𝑥 ∶ 0 → √𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
𝑦∶ 0→ 𝑎
𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑦 2
∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
√𝑎 2 −𝑦 2
𝑎 𝑥2
= [
∫0 𝑦 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
0
1 𝑎
= 2 ∫0 𝑦(𝑎2 -𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
1 𝑎2 𝑦 2 𝑦4
=2 [ − ]
2 4 0

1 𝑎2 𝑎4
= 2[ 2 − ]
4
𝑎4
=
8

Exercise: 4.4
Change the order of integration and hence evaluate the following
𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝜋𝑎 4
1.∫−𝑎 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 Ans: 4
𝑎 2√𝑎𝑥 4
2. ∫0 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 Ans: 7 𝑎4
4 2√𝑥 16
3. ∫0 ∫𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 Ans: 3
4

𝑎 𝑎+√𝑎 2 −𝑦 2 1
4. ∫0 ∫𝑎−√𝑎2 −𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 Ans: 2

∞ 𝑦 𝑦2
1
5. ∫0 ∫0 𝑦𝑒 − 𝑥 Ans: 2
1 2−𝑦 1
6. ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans: 3

22
 1 2−𝑥 𝑥
7. ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans: log 4 − 1
𝑦

3 6⁄
𝑥
8. ∫1 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 Ans: 24
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎2
9. ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 Ans: log(1 + √2)
√𝑥 2+𝑦 2 2

4 2√𝑦 28
10. ∫1 ∫2⁄ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 Ans: −2 log 4
𝑦 3

4.5 Area enclosed by plane curves (Cartesian coordinates)

Area = ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 (or) Area = ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
Example: 4.28
Find the area enclosed by the curves y=2𝒙𝟐 and 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒙
Solution:
Area = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ∶ 2𝑥 2 → 2√𝑥
𝑥∶ 0→ 1

1 2 √𝑥
Area = ∫0 ∫2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫0 [𝑦]22𝑥√𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫0 (2√𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
3 1
2𝑥 ⁄2 2𝑥 3
=[ − ]
3/2 3
0
3 1
4𝑥 ⁄2 2𝑥 3
=[ − ]
3 3
0
4 2 2
=3−3 =3

23
Example: 4.29
Find the area between the parabola y2 =4ax and x2 = 4ay
Solution:

Area =∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑦 ∶ 4𝑎 → 2√𝑎𝑥

𝑥 ∶ 0 → 4𝑎
4𝑎 2√𝑎𝑥
= ∫0 ∫𝑥2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
4𝑎

4𝑎
= ∫0 [𝑦]2𝑥2√𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4𝑎

4𝑎 𝑥2
= ∫0 (2 √𝑎𝑥 − 4𝑎) 𝑑𝑥
4𝑎
3
2√𝑎 𝑥 ⁄2 𝑥3
= [ 3 − ]
⁄2 12𝑎
0
4 3⁄ (4𝑎)3
= 3 √𝑎 (4a) 2 − 12𝑎
32𝑎 2 16𝑎 2
= −
3 3
16𝑎 2
= 3

Example: 4.30
𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
Find the area of ellipse 𝐚𝟐 + =1
𝐛𝟐

Solution:

24
Area =4 ∬ dx dy
a
𝑥 ∶ 0 → b √b 2 − y 2

𝑦 ∶ 0 → 𝑎b
a
𝑏 √b2 −y2
Area = 4∫0 ∫0b 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
a
b √b2−y2
= 4∫0 [x]b0 dy
𝑏 a
= 4 ∫0 [b √b 2 − y 2 − 0] 𝑑𝑦
𝑏
4𝑎 𝑏2 𝑦 𝑦
= [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + √𝑏2 − 𝑦 2 ]
𝑏 2 𝑏 2 0
4𝑎 𝑏2 𝜋
= [( 2 + 0) − 0]
𝑏 2

4𝑎𝑏 𝑏 2 𝜋
= 𝑏 2 2

= 𝜋𝑎𝑏
Example: 4.31
Evaluate ∬ 𝐱𝐲 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐲 over the positive quadrant of the circle 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟏
Solution:

𝑥 ∶ 0 → √1 − y 2
𝑦∶ 0→ 1

25
 1 √1−y2
∬ xy dx dy = ∫0 ∫0 xy dx dy
2
1 𝑥 2𝑦 √1−𝑦
= ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
0
1 1
= 2 ∫0 (√1 − 𝑦 2 )2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 1
= 2 ∫0 (1 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 1
= 2 ∫0 (𝑦 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦
1
1 𝑦2 𝑦4
= 2[2 − ]
4 0

1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2 [2 − 4] = [] =
2 4 8

Example: 4.32
Find the smaller of the area bounded by 𝒚 = 𝟐 − 𝒙 and 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟒
Solution:

Area= ∬ dy dx
𝑦 ∶ 2 − 𝑥 → √4 − x 2
𝑥∶ 0→ 2
2 √4−x2
= ∫0 ∫2−x dy dx
2 2
= ∫0 [y]√4−x
2−x dx
2
= ∫0 [√4 − x 2 − (2 − x)]dx
2
x 22 x x2
= [ √4 − x 2 + sin−1 ( ) − 2x + ]
2 2 2 2 0

4 π 42
= 0 + 2 (2) − 4 + 2

= π − 2 square unit

26
Example: 4.33
Evaluate ∬ 𝐱𝐲 𝐝𝐱𝐝𝐲 over the positive quadrant for which 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏
Solution:
𝑥 ∶ 0 → 1−𝑦
𝑦∶ 0→ 1

1 1−y
∬ xy dxdy = ∫ ∫ xy dx dy
0 0
1 𝑥 2𝑦 1−𝑦
= ∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑦
2 0
1 1−𝑦 2 𝑦
= ∫0 𝑑𝑦
2
1 1
= 2 ∫0 (𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦
1
1 𝑦2 2𝑦 3 𝑦4
=2 [ 2 − + ]
3 4 0

1 1 2 1 1 16−8+3 1
= 2 [2 − 3 + 4] = 2 [ ] =
12 24

Example: 4.34
Using double integral find the area bounded by 𝐲 = 𝐱 and 𝐲 = 𝐱2
Solution:

27
Area = ∬ dy dx
𝑦 ∶ 𝑥2 → 𝑥
𝑥∶ 0→ 1
1 x
= ∫0 ∫x2 dy dx
1
= ∫0 [y]xx2 dx
1
= ∫0 (x − x 2 )dx
1
x2 x3
= [2 + 3]
0
1 1 1
=2−3 =6

Example: 5.35
Evaluate ∬(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 )𝐝𝐱𝐝𝐲 where A is area bounded by the curves 𝐱 𝟐 =y, x=1 and
x=2 about x axis
Solution:
𝑦 ∶ 0 → 𝑥2
𝑥∶1→ 2

2 x2
∬(x 2 + y 2 )dxdy = ∫1 ∫0 (x 2 + y 2 )dydx
x2
2 y3
= ∫1 [x 2 y + ] dx
3 0

2 x6
= ∫1 ( x 4 + 3 )dx
2
x5 x7
=[ 5 + 21]
1
25 27 1 1
= [ 5 + 21 − 5 − 21]
1286
= 105

28
Example: 4.36
Find the area enclosed by the curves 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
Solution:
Given y=𝑥 2 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0
x 0 1 2 −1 −2
Y=2−𝑥 2 1 0 3 4

x 0 1 −1 2 -2
𝑦 = 𝑥2 0 1 1 4 4

Area = ∬ dy dx
𝑦 ∶ 𝑥2 → 2 − 𝑥
𝑥 ∶ −2 → 1
1 2−x 1
∫−2 ∫x2 dy dx = ∫−2[y]2−x
x2 dx
1
= ∫−2(2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥2 𝑥3
= [2𝑥 − − ]
2 3 −2

1 1 4 8 27
= [2 − 2 − 3] –[−4 − 2 + 3] = 6

Example: 4.37
Find by double integration the area lying between the parabola y=4x-𝐱 𝟐 and the
line y=x
Solution:
Given 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥

29
x 0 1 2 −1 −2 3
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 0 3 4 −5 −12 3

Area= ∬ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
y : 𝑥 → 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
x : 0→ 3
3 4𝑥−𝑥 2 3 2
∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 [𝑦]4𝑥−𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
= ∫0 (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
3
= ∫0 (3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
3
3𝑥 2 𝑥3 27 27 9
=[ − ] = − =2
2 3 0 2 3

Exercise: 4.5
1. Evaluate ∬ xdy dx over the region between the parabola y 2 = x and the lines 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2,
4
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1 Ans: 15
x2 y2 𝜋𝑎𝑏3
2. Evaluate ∬ y 2 dxdy over the area of ellipse a2 + b2 =1 Ans: 4

16√2
3. Find the area between the curve 𝑦 2 = 4 − 𝑥 and the line 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 Ans: 3

4.6Area Enclosed by Plane Curves [Polar co-ordinates]

Area= ∬ 𝐫𝐝𝐫𝐝𝛉
Problems Based on Area Enclosed by Plane Curves Polar Coordinates
Example: 4.38
Find using double integral, the area of the cardioid 𝐫 = 𝐚(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉)
[A.U 2011][A.U 2014][A.U 2015]
Solution:
30
 Area= ∬ 𝐫𝐝𝐫𝐝𝛉
The curve is symmetrical about the initial line
θ varies from ∶ 0 → π
r varies from: 0 → a(1 + cosθ)
θ=π r=a(1+cosθ)
Hence, required area = 2 ∫θ=0 ∫r=0 rdrdθ

π r2 r=a(1+cosθ) π r=a(1+cosθ)
= 2 ∫0 [ 2 ] dθ = ∫0 [r 2 ]r=0 dθ
r=0
π π
= ∫0 [a2 (1 + cosθ)2 − 0]dθ = a2 ∫0 [1 + cos 2 θ + 2cos θ]dθ
π 1+cos2θ
= a2 ∫0 [1 + + 2cosθ] dθ
2
a2 π a2 π
= 2
∫0 [2 + 1 + cos2θ + 4cosθ] dθ = 2
∫0 [3 + cos2θ + 4cosθ] dθ
a2 sin2θ π a2
= [3θ + + 4sinθ] = [(3π + 0 + 0) − (0 + 0 + 0)]
2 2 0 2
3
= 2 a2 π square units.

Example: 4.39
Find the area of the cardioid 𝐫 = 𝐚(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉)
Solution:
Area= ∬ 𝐫𝐝𝐫𝐝𝛉

The curve is symmetrical about the initial line.

31
θ varies from ∶ 0 → π
r varies from: 0 → a(1 − cosθ)
θ=π r=a(1−cosθ)
Hence, required area = 2 ∫θ=0 ∫r=0 rdrdθ

π r2 r=a(1−cosθ) π r=a(1−cosθ)
= 2 ∫0 [ 2 ] dθ = ∫0 [r 2 ]r=0 dθ
r=0
π π
= ∫0 [a2 (1 − cosθ)2 − 0]dθ = a2 ∫0 [1 + cos 2 θ − 2cos θ]dθ
π 1+cos2θ
= a2 ∫0 [1 + − 2cosθ] dθ
2
a2 π a2 π
= 2
∫0 [2 + 1 + cos2θ − 4cosθ] dθ = 2
∫0 [3 + cos2θ − 4cosθ] dθ
a2 sin2θ π a2
= [3θ + − 4sinθ] = [(3π + 0 − 0) − (0 + 0 − 0)]
2 2 0 2
3
= 2 a2 π square units.

Example: 4.40
Find the area of a circle of radius ‘a’ by double integration in polar co-ordinates.
Solution:
Area= ∬ 𝐫𝐝𝐫𝐝𝛉

The equation of circle with pole on the circle and diameter through the point as initial line is
r = 2acosθ
Area = 2 × upper area
π
θ= r=2acosθ
= 2 ∫θ=02 ∫r=0 rdrdθ
π
= ∫02 [r 2 ]2acosθ
0 dθ
π
1 π
= 4a ∫0 cos 2 θdθ
2 2 = 4a2 . 2 . 2 = πa2 square units.

32
Example: 4.41
Find the area of the lemniscates 𝐫 𝟐 = 𝐚𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝛉 by double integration. [A.U R-08]
Solution:
Area= ∬ 𝒓𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽

Area = 4 × area of upper half of one loop.

π
a√cos2θ
= 4 ∫04 ∫0 rdrdθ
π
= 2 ∫0 (r 2 )a√cos2θ
4
0 dθ
π
= 2a2 ∫04 cos2θ dθ
π
2 sin2θ 4
= 2a ( )
2 0

= a2 square units.
Example: 4.42
Find the area that lies inside the cardioid 𝐫 = 𝐚(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉) and outside the circle 𝒓 =
𝒂, by double integration. [A.U 2014]
Solution:
Area= ∬ 𝐫𝐝𝐫𝐝𝛉

Both the curves are symmetric about the initial line.

33
 𝜋
𝜃= 𝑟=𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Hence, the required area = 2 ∫𝜃=02 ∫𝑟=𝑎 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝑟=𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑟2
= 2 ∫02 [ ] 𝑑𝜃
2 𝑟=𝑎
𝜋
𝑎 2 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 𝑎2
= 2 ∫02 [ − ] 𝑑𝜃
2 2
𝜋
= 𝑎2 ∫02 [1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 1]𝑑𝜃
𝜋
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
= 𝑎2 ∫02 [ + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃] 𝑑𝜃
2
𝜋
𝑎2
= 2
∫02 [1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃] 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 2
= [𝜃 + + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]
2 2 0
𝑎2 𝜋
= [( + 0 + 4) − (0 + 0 + 0)]
2 2
𝑎2
= (𝜋 + 8)square units.
4

.
Example: 4.43
Find the area inside the circle 𝐫 = 𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 and outside the cardioid 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉)
[A.U.Jan.2009]
Solution:

From the figure, we get

π
θ varies from ∶ 0 → 2

r varies from: a(1 − cosθ) → asinθ

π
θ= r=asinθ)
The required area = ∫θ=02 ∫r=a(1−cosθ) rdrdθ
𝜋 𝑟=𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑟2
= ∫02 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝜃
𝑟=𝑎(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝜋
𝑎 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 𝑎 2 (1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2
= ∫02 [ − ] 𝑑𝜃
2 2

34
 𝜋
𝑎2
= 2
∫02[𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃] 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑎2 2 2
= [∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑑𝜃 − ∫0 𝑑𝜃 − ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃 + 2 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 ]
2 2 2 2
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 π
𝑎2
= [−[𝜃]02 + 2[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]02 ] ∴ ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫02 cos 2 θdθ
2

𝑎2 𝜋 1𝜋
= [− ( − 0) + 2(1 − 0)] =22
2 2
𝑎2 𝜋
= [2 − ]
2 2
𝑎2
= (4 − 𝜋) square units.
4

Example: 4.44

Evaluate ∫𝑹 ∫ 𝒓𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝐝𝐫𝐝𝛉 where R is the semi circle 𝐫 = 𝟐𝐚𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 above the initial
line.
Solution:

π
θ varies from ∶ 0 → 2

r varies from: 0 → 2acosθ

Let I = ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜋
2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= ∫02 ∫0 (𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝑟=2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑟3
= ∫02 [ 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃] 𝑑𝜃
𝑟=0
𝜋
8𝑎 3
= ∫02 [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 0] 𝑑𝜃
3
𝜋
8𝑎 3
= ∫02 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃

35
 𝜋
8𝑎 3
= 3
∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝜋
8𝑎 3 3 8𝑎 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜃 2
= ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) =
2 [ ]
3 3 4 0
8𝑎 3 1 −2𝑎 3
= [0 − ] =
3 4 3

Example: 4.45
Evaluate ∫ ∫ 𝐫√𝐚𝟐 − 𝐫 𝟐 𝐝𝐫𝐝𝛉 over the upper half of the circle 𝐫 = 𝐚𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉.
Solution:

𝜋
𝜃 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 ∶ 0 → 2

𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚: 0 → 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Let I = ∫ ∫ 𝑟√𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= ∫02 ∫0 𝑟√𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
Put 𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 = 𝑡 2
-2rdr = 2tdt
-r dr = t dt
r→ 0 => t → 𝑎
r→ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 => t →
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝜋
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= ∫02 ∫0 √𝑡 2 (−𝑡𝑑𝑡)𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝑟=𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 𝑡3
= − ∫02 ∫0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡𝑑𝜃 = = − ∫02 [ 3 ] 𝑑𝜃
𝑟=𝑎
𝜋
1
= − 3 ∫02 [𝑡 3 ]𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑎 𝑑𝜃

36
 𝜋
1
= − 3 ∫02[𝑎3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 − 𝑎3 ] 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝑎3
= −
3
∫0 [𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 − 1] 𝑑𝜃
2

𝜋
𝑎3
= 3
∫02 [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃] 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎3 𝑎3
= 3
[𝜃]02 −
3
∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝑎3 𝜋 𝑎3 2 2
= [ − 0] − [ . 1] [∴ ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = .1]
3 2 3 3 3
𝑎3 𝜋 𝑎3 2
= −
3 2 3 3
𝑎3 𝜋 2
= [ − ]
3 2 3

Exercise: 4.6
1. Evaluate ∬ rsinθ drdθ over the cardioid r = a(1 − cosθ) above the initial line.
4a2
Ans: 3
rdrdθ
2. Evaluate ∬ 2 2 over one loop of the lemniscates r 2 = a2 cos2θ
√a +r
π
Ans: a (2 − 2 )

3. Find by double integration the area bounded by the circles r = 2sinθ and r = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Ans:3 π
πa2
4. Find the area outside r = 2acosθ and inside r = a(1 + cosθ) Ans: 2

4.7 Triple Integrals

Triple integration in cartesian co-ordinates is defined over a region R is defined by

∭R f(x, y, z)dxdydz or ∭R f(x, y, z)dV or ∭R f(x, y, z)d(x, y, z).

Type I – Problems on Triple Integrals

Example: 4.46
𝐚 𝐛 𝐜
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 (𝐱 + 𝐲 + 𝐳)𝐝𝐳𝐝𝐲𝐝𝐱
Solution:
c
a b c a b z2
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (x + y + z)dzdydx = ∫0 ∫0 [xz + yz + 2 ] dydx
0
a b c2
= ∫0 ∫0 (xc + yc + 2 ) dydx
b
a y2 c c2 y
= ∫0 [xcy + 2
+ 2
] dx
0

37
 a b2 c bc2
= ∫0 (xbc + + ) dx
2 2
a
x2 bc b2 cx bc2x
=[ + + ]
2 2 2 0
a2 bc ab2 c abc2
=[ + + ]
2 2 2
abc
= (a + b + c)
2

Example: 4.47
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏−𝒙
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝒚𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒙𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚

Solution:
1 1 1−x 1 1
∫0 ∫y2 ∫0 xdzdxdy = ∫0 ∫y2 [xz]1−x
0 dxdy
1 1
= ∫0 ∫y2 x(1 − x) dxdy
1 1
= ∫0 ∫y2 (x − x 2 ) dxdy

1 x2 1
x3
= ∫0 [ 2 − 3 ] 2 dy
y

1 1 1 y4 y6
= ∫0 (2 − 3 − + ) dy
2 3
1
y y y5 y7
= [2 − 3 − 10 + 21]
0
1 1 1 1
= 2 − 3 − 10 + 21
105−70−21+10 24 4
= = 210 = 35
210

Example: 4.48
𝟏 𝟏−𝒙 𝒙+𝒚
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒆𝒛 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
Solution:
1 1−𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 1 1−𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1 1−𝑥
= ∫0 ∫0 [𝑒 𝑧 ]0𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1 1−𝑥
= ∫0 ∫0 (𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 − 1) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫0 [𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 − 𝑦]1−𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫0 (𝑒 𝑥+1−𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫0 (𝑒 − 1 + 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥2
= [𝑒𝑥 − 𝑥 + − 𝑒𝑥]
2 0

38
 1
= 𝑒−1+2−𝑒−0+0−0+1
1
=2

Example: 4.49
𝒂 √𝒂𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 √𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
Solution:
a √a2 −y2 √a2 −x2 −y2 a √a2 −y2 2 −x2 −y2
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 dzdxdy = ∫0 ∫0 [z]√a
0 dxdy
a √a2 −y2
= ∫0 ∫0 √a2 − x 2 − y 2 dxdy

a √a2 −y2 2
= ∫0 ∫0 √(√a2 − y 2 ) − x 2 dxdy

a x
= ∫0 [2 √(a2 − y 2 ) − x 2 +

√a2 −y2
a2 −y2 −1 x
sin ] dy
2 √a2 −y2
0
a a2 −y2
= ∫0 (0 + sin−1 1 − 0 − 0) dy
2
a a2 −y2 π
= ∫0 ( ) 2 dy
2
π a
= 4 ∫0 (a2 − y 2 ) dy
a
π y3
= 4 [a2 y − ]
3 0

π a3
= 4 [a3 − − 0]
3

π 2a3
= 4( )
3
πa3
= 6

Example: 4.50
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂 𝒙 𝒙+𝒚
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒆𝒙+𝒚+𝒛 𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 ∫0 [𝑒 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 ]0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 𝑥
= ∫0 ∫0 (𝑒 2(𝑥+𝑦) − 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 𝑒 2(𝑥+𝑦)
= ∫0 [ − 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑥
2 0
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
= ∫0 ( − 𝑒 2𝑥 − + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2

39
 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 𝑒 4𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥
= ∫0 ( −2× + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎
𝑒 4𝑥 3𝑒 2𝑥
=[ − + 𝑒𝑥]
8 8 0

𝑒 4𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 3 1 3
= − 8 𝑒 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 + 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 − 8 + 8 − 1
8
4
𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 3 2 −1+6−8
= − 8 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 + 𝑎 + ( )
8 8
𝑎4 3𝑎 2 6
= − +𝑎−8 [∵ 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 ]
8 8

Type:II Problem on Triple Integral if region is given

Example: 4.51
Express the region 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒛 ≥ 𝒐, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ≤ 𝟏 by triple integration.
Solution:
For the given region, z varies from 0 to √1 − x 2 − y 2

y varies from 0 to √1 − x 2
x varies from 0 to 1
1 √1−x2 √1−x2 −y2
∴ I = ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 dzdydx

Example: 4.52
Evaluate ∭ 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 taken over the tetrahedron bounded by the planes
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟎 and + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟏.
𝒂

Solution:
x y z
Given + b + c = 1.
a
x y
Limits are , z varies from 0 to c (1 − a − b)
x
y varies from 0 to b (1 − a)

x varies from 0 to a
x x y
a b(1− ) c(1− − ) 2
∭ x 2 yzdxdydz = ∫0 ∫0 a
∫0 a b x dzdydx
x y
x c(1− − )
a b(1− )
a [x 2 y
z2 a b
= ∫0 ∫0 ] dydx
2 0

x 2 2 x y 2
a b(1− ) x yc (1−a−b)
= ∫0 ∫0 a ( ) dydx
2

c2 a bk y 2 x
= 2
∫0 ∫0 x 2 y (k − b) dydx [∵ k = 1 − ]
a

40
 c2 a bk y2 2ky
= 2
∫0 ∫0 x 2 y (k 2 + b2 − b
) dydx
c2 a bk y3 2ky2
=
2
∫0 ∫0 x 2 (yk 2 + b2 − b
) dydx
bk
c2 a k2 y2 y4 2ky3
= 2
∫0 x 2 [ 2
+ 4b2 − 3b
] dx
0
c2 a b2 k4 b4 k4 2b3 k4
= 2
∫0 x 2 ( 2
+ 4b2
− 3b
) dx
c2 a b2 k4 b2 k4 2b2 k4
= 2
∫0 x 2 ( 2
+ 4
− 3
) dx
b2 c2 a 1 1 2
= 2
∫0 k 4 x 2 (2 + 4 − 3) dx

b2 c2 a x 4
= 24
∫0 x 2 (1 − a) dx
n(n−1) 2 n(n−1)(n−2) 3
[∵ (1 − x)n = 1 − nx + x − x + ⋯]
2! 3!
b2 c2 a 4x 4×3 x2 4×3×2 x3 4×3×2××1 x4
= 24
∫0 x 2 (1 − a
+ 2!
× a2 − 3!
× a3 + 4!
× a4 ) dx
b2 c2 a 4x3 6x4 4x5 x6
= 24
∫0 (x 2 − a
+ a2
− a3
+ a4 ) dx
a
b2c2 x3 4x4 6x5 4x6 x7
= [ − + 5a2 − 6a3 + 7a4 ]
24 3 4a 0
b2 c2 a3 a4 6a5 2a6 a7
= [ − + 5a2 − 3a3 + 7a4 ]
24 3 a
b2c2 a3 6a3 2a3 a3
= [ − a3 + − + 7]
24 3 5 3
a3 b2 c2 1 6 2 1
= [ −1+ − + ]
24 3 5 3 7
a3 b2c2 35−105+126−70+15
= ( )
24 105
a3 b2c2 1
= ( )
24 105

a3 b2c2
= 2520

Example: 4.53
Find the value of ∭ 𝒙𝒚𝒛𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 through the positive spherical octant for which
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚 𝟐 + 𝒛 𝟐 ≤ 𝒂𝟐
Solution:
In the positive octant, the limits are
z varies from 0 to √a2 − x 2 − y 2

y varies from 0 to √a2 − x 2

x varies from 0 to a

41
 𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2−𝑦 2
I= ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 √𝑎 −𝑥 −𝑦
= ∫0 ∫0 [ ] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 0

𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
= ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1 𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
= 2 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑎2 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
1 𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑥 3𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦 4
= 2 ∫0 [ − − ] 𝑑𝑥
2 2 4 0
2
1 𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑥(𝑎 2−𝑥 2) 𝑥 3(𝑎 2 −𝑥 2) 𝑥(𝑎 2−𝑥 2)
= ∫ ( − − ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 2 2 4

1 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 2 −𝑥 2)
= ∫0 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) [𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − ] 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2

1 𝑎 𝑥(𝑎 2 −𝑥 2)(𝑎 2 −𝑥 2)
= 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
4
1 𝑎
= 8 ∫0 𝑥(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥

Put 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑡 = 𝑎2
−2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑥=𝑎→𝑡=0
1 0 𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝐼 = 8 ∫𝑎2 𝑡 2 (− 2 )
1 0
= − 16 ∫𝑎2 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑎2
= 16 ∫0 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑎2
1 𝑡3
= 16 [ 3 ]
0
1 𝑎6
= ( )
16 3
𝑎6
= 48

Example: 4.54

Evaluate ∭𝑫 (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 where 𝑫: 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐, 𝟐 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟑, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝟑

Solution:
2 3 3
∭D (x + y + z) dxdydz = ∫1 ∫2 ∫1 (x + y + z) dzdydx
3
2 3 z2
= ∫1 ∫2 [xz + yz + 2 ] dydx
1
2 3 9 1
= ∫1 ∫2 (3x + 3y + 2 − x − y − 2) dydx
2 3
= ∫1 ∫2 (2x + 2y + 4) dydx

42
 3
2 2y2
= ∫1 [2xy + + 4y] dx
2 2
2
= ∫1 (6x + 9 + 12 − 4x − 4 − 8) dx
2
= ∫1 (2x + 9) dx
2
2x2
=[ + 9x]
2 1

= 4 + 18 − 1 − 9
= 12
Example: 4.55
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛
Evaluate ∭ over the first octant of the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐
√𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 −𝒛𝟐

Solution:
dxdydz a √a2 −x2 √a2 −x2 −y2 dzdydx
∭ √a2 −x2 −y2 −z2 = ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 √a2 −x2 −y2 −z2

a √a2 −x2 √a2 −x2 −y2 dzdydx

= ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
√√(a2 −x2 −y2 )2−z2

√a2 −x2 −y2

a √a2 −x2 −1 z
= ∫0 ∫0 [sin ] dydx
√a2 −x2 −y2
0

a √a2 −x2
= ∫0 ∫0 (sin−1 1 − 0) dydx
a √a2 −x2 π
= ∫0 ∫0 dydx
2
π a 2 −x2
= 2 ∫0 [y]√a
0 dx
π a
= 2 ∫0 √a2 − x 2 dx
a
π x a2 x
= 2 [2 √a2 − x 2 + sin−1 a]
2 0
π a2
= 2 [0 + sin−1 1 − 0 − 0]
2
π a2 π
= 2 2 2
π2a2
= 8

Exercise:4.7
4 1 1
1. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (x + y + z) dzdydx Ans:12
1 1−x x+y 1
2. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 x dzdydx Ans: 8
3 1 √xy 2 2
3. Evaluate ∫1 ∫1 ∫0 x yzdzdydx Ans: 5 [5 (9√3 − 1) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3]
x

43
 log 2 x x+log y x+y+z 5
4. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 e dzdydx Ans: 8
a x x+ y x+y+z 1
5.Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 e dzdydx Ans: 8 [e4a − 6e2a + 8ea − 3]

6. Evaluate ∭V (x + y + z) dxdydz where the region V is bounded by

a4
𝑥 + y + z = a (a > 0), x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 Ans: 8

1 √1−x2 √1−x2 −y2 dzdydx π2

7. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 Ans:
√1−x2 −y2 −z2 8
1 z x+z
8. Evaluate ∫−1 ∫0 ∫x−z (x + y + z) dxdydz Ans: 0

4.8 Triple Integrals – Volume of Solids

Volume = ∭V dzdydx where V is the volume of the given surface.
Example: 4.56
Find the volume of the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐
Solution:
Volume = 8 X volume of the first octant

z varies from 0 to √𝐚𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐲 𝟐

y varies from 0 to √𝐚𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐

x varies from 0 to 𝑎
a √a2 −x2 √a2 −x2 −y2
= 8 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 dzdydx
a √a2 −x2 2−x2 −y2
= 8 ∫0 ∫0 [Z]√a
0 dydx
a √a2 −x2
= 8 ∫0 ∫0 √a2 − x 2 − y 2 dydx

a √a2 −x2 2
= 8 ∫0 ∫0 √(√a2 − x 2 ) − y 2 dydx

√a2 −x2
a y a2 −x2 −1 y
= 8 ∫0 [2 √a2 − x2 − y2 + sin ] dx
2 √a2 −x2 0

a (a2 −x2 )
= 8 ∫0 (0 + sin−1 1 − 0) dx
2
a π
= 4 ∫0 (a2 − x 2 ) 2 dx
a
= 2π ∫0 (a2 − x 2 ) dx
a
x3
= 2π [a2 x − ]
3 0

2a3
= 2π × 3

44
 4πa3
= cu. units.
3

Example: 4.57
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
Find the volume of the ellipsoid + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒂𝟐

Solution:
Volume =8 X volume of the first octant
x2 y2
z varies from 0 to c√1 − a2 − b2

x2
y varies from 0 to √1 − a2

x varies from 0 to a
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎 √1− 2 𝑐 √1−𝑎2− 𝑏2
𝑉= 8 ∫0 ∫0 𝑎 ∫0 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 2 2 2
𝑎 𝑏 √1−𝑎2 𝑐√1− 2− 2
𝑎 𝑏
= 8 ∫0 ∫0 [𝑍 ]0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑎 𝑏 √1−𝑎2 𝑥2 𝑦2
= 8 ∫0 ∫0 𝑐√(1 − 𝑎2 ) − 𝑏2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

2 2𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑎 𝑏√1−𝑎2 √𝑏 (1−𝑎2)−𝑦
= 8𝑐 ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑏2

𝑥2
8𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 √1−𝑎2 𝑥2
= ∫ ∫ √𝑏2 (1 − 𝑎2 ) − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑏 0 0

8𝑐 𝑎 𝑘 𝑥2
= ∫0 ∫0 √𝑘 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 where 𝑘 2 = 𝑏2 (1 − 𝑎2 )
𝑏
𝑘
8𝑐 𝑎 𝑦 𝑘2 𝑦
= ∫0 [2 √𝑘 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑘 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 2 0
8𝑐 𝑎 𝑘2
= 𝑏 ∫0 (0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 1 − 0) 𝑑𝑥
2
8𝑐 𝑎 𝑘2 𝜋
= ∫0 ( 2 ) 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑏
2𝑐𝜋 𝑎
= 𝑏
∫0 𝑘 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑐𝜋 𝑎 𝑥2
= 𝑏
∫0 𝑏2 (1 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑥2
= 2𝑏𝑐𝜋 ∫0 (1 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑥3
= 2𝑏𝑐𝜋 [𝑥 − 3𝑎2 ]
0
𝑎3
= 2𝑏𝑐𝜋 [𝑎 − 3𝑎2 ]

45
 𝑎
= 2𝑏𝑐𝜋 (𝑎 − 3 )
2𝑎
= 2𝑏𝑐𝜋 × 3
4𝜋𝑎𝑏𝑐
= 𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
3

Example: 4.58
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the coordinate planes and 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟏

Solution:

Volume = ∭V dzdydx
x y
z varies from 0 to c (1 − a − b)
x
y varies from 0 to b (1 − a)

x varies from 0 to a
x x y
a b(1− ) c(1− − )
V = ∫0 ∫0 a
∫0 a b dzdydx
x x y
a b(1− ) c(1− − )
a b
= ∫0 ∫0 a [ Z] 0 dydx
x
a b(1− ) x y
= ∫0 ∫0 a c (1 − a − b) dydx
x
b(1− )
a xy y2 a
= c ∫0 [y − − 2b] dx
a 0
x 2
a x x x b2 (1− )
a
= c ∫0 b [(1 − a) − a (1 − a) − ] dx
2b

a x 2 1 x 2
= bc ∫0 [(1 − a) − 2 (1 − a) ] dx

bc a x 2
= ∫0 (1 − a) dx
2

x 3
a
bc (1−a)
= [ ]
2 3(−1)
a 0
a
abc x 3
=− [(1 − a) ]
6
0
abc
=− (0 − 1)
6
abc
= cu. units.
6

Example: 4.59

Evaluate ∭𝑽 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 where V is the volume enclosed by the cylinder 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏

and the planes 𝒛 = 𝟎 and 𝒛 = 𝟐 − 𝒙.

46
Solution:
In the positive octant, the limits are
z varies from 0 to 2 − x
x varies from 0 to √1 − y 2
y varies from −1 to 1
1 √1−y2 2−x
∭ dxdydz = 2 ∫−1 ∫0 ∫0 dzdxdy
1 √1−y2
= 2 ∫−1 ∫0 [z]2−x
0 dxdy
1 √1−y2
= 2 ∫−1 ∫0 (2 − x) dxdy
√1−y2
1 x2
= 2 ∫−1 [2x − 2] dy
0
1 1−y2
= 2 ∫−1 [2√1 − y 2 − ( )] dy
2
1 1
= 4 ∫−1[√1 − y 2 ] dy − ∫−1[1 − y 2 ] dy
1 1
y 1 y3
= 4 [2 √1 − y 2 + 2 sin−1 y] − [y − ]
−1 3 −1

1 1 1 1
= 4 [0 + 2 sin−1 1 − 0 − 2 sin−1 (−1)] − [1 − 3 + 1 − 3]
1π 1π 2
= 4 [2 2 + 2 2 ] − [2 − 3]
2π 4
= 4( 4 )− 3
4
= 2π − 3

Exercise: 4.8
1. Find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (0,0,0), (0,1,0), (1,0,0) and (0,0,1)
1
Ans: 6 cu. units.

2. Evaluate∭V dzdxdy, where V is the volume enclosed by the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4 and

the planes y + z = 4 and z = 0. Ans:1 6πcu. units
3. Find the volume of the region bounded by the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 and the plane z = 4
Ans:8πcu. units
x2 y2 z2
4. Find the volume of the ellipsoid + + 16 = 1 by using triple integration.
4 9

Ans: 3 2πcu. units

5. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by coordinate planes and the plane
x y z
+3+4= 1 Ans: 4cu. units
2

47
4.9 Change of variables in Double integrals:
4.9(a) Evaluation of double integrals by changing Cartesian to polar co-
ordinates:
Working rule:
Step:1
Check the given order whether it is correct or not.
Step:2
Write the equations by using given limits.
Step:3
By using the equations sketch the region of integration.
Step:4
Replacement: put x = rcos𝜃 , y = rsin𝜃 , x2 + y2 = r2 and dxdy = rdrd𝜃
Step:5
Find r limits(draw radial strip inside the region) and θ limits and evaluate the integral.
Example: 4.60
∞ ∞ 𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐 )
Change into polar co-ordinates and then evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝐞−(𝐱 𝐝𝐲𝐝𝐱
[AU June 2011,Dec2005]
Solution:

Given order 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 is in correct form.

Given limits are 𝑦 ∶ 0 → ∞ , 𝑥 ∶ 0 → ∞
Equations are 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑦 = ∞ , 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑥 = ∞
Replacement:
Put x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , dydx = rdrd𝜃
Limits:

48
 π
r : 0→ ∞ , θ: 0 → 2
π
∞ ∞ 2 +y2 ) ∞ 2
∫0 ∫0 e−(x dydx = ∫02 ∫0 e−r rdrdθ
Substitution: Put r 2 = t , if r = 0 ⇒ t = 0, r = ∞ ⇒ t = ∞
2rdr = dt t: 0→ ∞
𝑑𝑡
rdr = 2
π π
∞ 2 ∞ dt
∫0 ∫0 e−r rdrdθ = ∫02 ∫0 e−t
2
2
dθ
π ∞
1 e−t
= ∫ 2 [ ] dθ
2 0 −1 0
π
1
= 2 ∫0 (−e−∞ + e0 )dθ
2

π
1
= 2 ∫02 (0 + 1)dθ (∵ e−∞ = 0, e0 = 1)
π
1
= 2 ∫02 dθ
π
1
= (θ)02
2
1 π
= 2 ( 2 − 0)
π
= 4

Example: 4.61
𝐚 𝐚 𝐱
Change into polar co-ordinates and then evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝐲 𝐝𝐲𝐝𝐱
𝐱𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐

Solution:

Given order 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 is in correct form.

Given limits are x : y→ 𝑎 , y : 0→ 𝑎
Equations are x =y , x = 𝑎 , y = 0 , y = 𝑎
Replacement:
Put x = rcos𝜃 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

49
 𝑎 𝜋
Limits: r : 0 → 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝜃: 0 → 4
𝜋 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 ∫0 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑟2
𝜋 𝑎

= ∫0 [𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]0
4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝑎
= ∫04 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 0) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
= 𝑎 ∫04 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
4
= 𝑎(𝜃)0
𝜋
= 𝑎( 4 − 0)
𝑎𝜋
=
4

Example: 4.62
𝐚 𝐚 𝐱𝟐
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝐲 𝐝𝐱𝐝𝐲 by changing into polar co-ordinates.
√𝐱𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐

[AU Apr 2009, May 2005,Nov 1998]

Solution:

Given order 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 is in correct form.

Given limits are x : y→ 𝑎 , y : 0→ 𝑎
Equations are x =y , x = 𝑎 , y = 0 , y = 𝑎
Replacement:

Put x2 = r2cos2𝜃 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 => 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , dxdy = rdrd𝜃

𝑎 𝜋
Limits: r : 0 → 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝜃: 0 → 4
𝜋 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥2 𝑟 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫0 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
√𝑥 2+𝑦 2 𝑟
𝑎
𝜋
𝑟3 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= ∫0 [ 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃]
4 𝑑𝜃
0

50
 𝜋
𝑎3
= ∫04 (3𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 0) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝑎3 1
= ∫0 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜃
𝜋
𝑎3 1
= 3
∫04 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝑎3
= 3
∫04 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝑎3 4
= (𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃))0
3
𝑎3 𝜋 𝜋
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑒𝑐0 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛0)]
3

𝑎3
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔(√2 + 1) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 0)]
3
𝑎3
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔(√2 + 1)
3

Note:
1. x 2 + y 2 = r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ = r 2
π π
1 π
2. ∫02 cos 2 θdθ = ∫02 sin2 θdθ = ×
2 2
π π
3 1 π
3. ∫02 cos 4 θdθ = ∫02 sin4 θdθ = 4 × 2 × 2
π
1 1 π
4. ∫02 cos 2 θsin2 θdθ = 4 × 2 × 2

Example: 4.63
𝟐𝐚 √𝟐𝐚𝐱−𝐱𝟐
By changing into polar co-ordinates and evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 (𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 )𝐝𝐲𝐝𝐱
[AU Dec 1999, AU A/M 2011]
Solution:

Given order 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 is in correct form.

Given limits are y : 0→ √2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , x : 0→ 2𝑎

51
 Equations are y = 0 , y = √2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , x = 0 , x = 2𝑎
y 2 = 2ax − x 2
x 2 + y 2 − 2ax = 0 is a circle with centre (a,0) and radius ‘a’.
Replacement:
Put x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜋
Limits: r : 0 → 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝜃: 0 → 2
𝜋
2𝑎 √2𝑎𝑥−𝑥 2 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 ∫0 𝑟 2 × 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜋
2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= ∫02 ∫0 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
π 2acosθ
r4
= ∫0 [ 4 ]
2 dθ
0
π
24 a4 cos4 θ
= ∫02 ( − 0) dθ
4
π
= 4a4 ∫02 cos 4 θ dθ
π
3 1 π 3 1 π
= 4a4 × 4 × 2 × 2 (∵ ∫02 cos 4 θdθ = 4 × 2 × 2 )
3πa4
= 4

Example: 4.64
𝟐 √𝟐𝐱−𝐱𝟐 𝐱
By changing into polar co-ordinates and evaluate∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝐝𝐱𝐝𝐲
𝐱𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐

Solution:

Given order 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 is in incorrect form.

2 √2x−x2 x
The correct form is 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫0 ∫0 dydx
x2 +y2

Given limits are y : 0→ √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , x : 0→ 2

Equations are y = 0 , y = √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , x = 0 , x = 2

52
 y 2 = 2x − x 2
x 2 + y 2 − 2x = 0 is a circle with centre (1,0) and radius ‘1’.
Replacement:
Put x = rcos𝜃, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , dxdy = rdrd𝜃
𝜋
Limits: r : 0 → 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝜃: 0 → 2
𝜋
2 √2𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 ∫0 2 × 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑥 2+𝑦 2 𝑟2
𝜋
=∫0 [𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2
0 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
= ∫02 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 0) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
= 2 ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
=2×2×2 (∵ ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2 × 2 )
𝜋
= 2

Example: 4.65
𝐚 √𝐚𝟐 −𝐱𝟐
By changing into polar co-ordinates and evaluate∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 √𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 𝐝𝐲𝐝𝐱
Solution:

Given order 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 is in correct form.

Given limits are y : 0→ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , x : 0→ 𝑎
Equations are y = 0 , y = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , x = 0 , x = 𝑎
y 2 = a2 − x 2
x 2 + y 2 = a2 is a circle with centre (0,0) and radius ‘a’.
Replacement:
Put x 2 + y 2 = r 2 ⇒ r = √x 2 + y 2 , 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

53
 𝜋
Limits: r : 0 → 𝑎 , 𝜃: 0 → 2
π
a √a2 −x2 a
∫0 ∫0 √x 2 + y 2 dydx = ∫0 ∫0 r × rdrdθ
2

π
a
= ∫02 ∫0 r 2 drdθ
π a
r3
= ∫02 [ 3 ] dθ
0
π
a3
= ∫0 ( 3 − 0) dθ
2

π
a3
= 3
∫02 dθ
π
a3
= (θ)02
3
a3 π
= ( 2 − 0)
3
πa3
=
6

Example: 4.66
𝐱𝟐 𝐲 𝟐
Evaluate ∬ 𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐 𝐝𝐱𝐝𝐲 over the annular region between the circles x2 + y2 = a2 and

x2 + y2 = b2 (b>a) by transforming into polar co-ordinates.

Solution:

Replacement:
Put x 2 = r 2 cos 2 θ, y 2 = r 2 sin2 θ
x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
Given the region is between the circles x2 + y2 = a2 and x2 + y2 = b2

54
 Limits: r : 𝑎 → 𝑏 , 𝜃: 0 → 2𝜋
𝑥 2𝑦 2 2𝜋 𝑏 𝑟 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃×𝑟 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
∴ ∬ 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫𝑎 × 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑟2

2π b r5 cos2 θ×sin2 θ
= ∫0 ∫a × drdθ
r2
2π b
= ∫0 ∫a r 3 cos 2 θ × sin2 θ drdθ

2π r4 b
= ∫0 [ 4 ] cos 2 θ × sin2 θ dθ
a
1 2π
= ∫ (b4
4 0
− a4 ) cos 2 θ × sin2 θ dθ
(b4 −a4 ) 2π
= 4
∫0 cos 2 θ × sin2 θ dθ
π π
(b4−a4 ) 2π
= 4 × ∫02 cos 2 θ × sin2 θ dθ (∵ ∫0 = 4∫02 )
4
π
= ( b − a ) × ∫0 cos 2 θ × sin2 θ dθ
4 4 2

π
1 1 π 1 1 π
= ( b4 − a4 ) × 4 × 2 × 2 (∵ ∫02 cos 2 θsin2 θdθ = 4 × 2 × 2)
π(b4 −a4 )
= 16

Example: 4.67
𝐚 √𝐚𝟐 −𝐱𝟐
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 √𝐚𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐲 𝟐 𝐝𝐲𝐝𝐱 by transforming into polar co-ordinates.
[AU May 2011,June 2008,Nov 2007]
Solution:

Given order 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 is in correct form.

Given limits are y : 0→ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , x : 0→ 𝑎
Equations are y = 0 , y = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , x = 0 , x = 𝑎
𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
x 2 + y 2 = a2 is a circle with centre (0,0) and radius ‘a’.
Replacement:

55
 Put a2 − x 2 − y 2 = a2 − (x 2 + y 2 ) = a2 − r 2 , 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
∴ √a2 − x 2 − y 2 = √a2 − r 2
𝜋
Limits: r : 0 → 𝑎 , 𝜃: 0 → 2
𝜋
𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎
∫0 ∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 ∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝑎
= ∫02 (∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 𝑟𝑑𝑟)𝑑𝜃
Substitution:
Put a2 − r 2 = t if r = 0 ⇒ t = a2
−2rdr = dt if r = a ⇒ t = 0
dt
rdr = − 2

∴ t ∶ a2 → 0
π π
a 0 −dt
∫02 (∫0 √a2 − r 2 rdr)dθ = ∫02 [∫a2 √t( 2
)]dθ
π
−1 0
= ∫02 [∫a2 √tdt]dθ
2
π 1
−1 0
= ∫02 [∫a2 t 2 dt]dθ
2
3 0
π
−1 t2
= 2
∫0 [ 3 ] dθ
2

2 a2
π 3 0
1 2
= − 2 × 3 ∫02 [t 2 ] 2 dθ
a
π 3
1
= − 3 ∫0 (0 − (a2 )2 ) dθ
2

π
1
= − 3 ∫02 − (a3 ) dθ
π
a3
= ∫02 dθ
3
π
a3 2
= (θ)0
3
a3 π
= ( − 0)
3 2
πa3
= 6

Exercise: 4.9
Evaluate the following by changing into polar co-ordinates.
2𝑎 √2𝑥−𝑥 2 𝜋𝑎 2
1. ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans: 2

𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝜋𝑎 4
2. ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans: 8

56
 1 2−𝑥 3
3. ∫0 ∫𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans: 8
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝜋𝑎
4. ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans:
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 4

2𝑎 √2𝑎𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑥 𝜋𝑎
5. ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans:
𝑥 2+𝑦 2 2

𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝜋𝑎 4
6. ∫−𝑎 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans: 4

𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎5
7. ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans: 5

1 √2𝑥−𝑥 2 3𝜋
8. ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 Ans: −1
8
x2 y2
9. ∬ x2 +y2 dxdy over the annular region between the circles x2 + y2 = 16 and x2 + y2 = 4

Ans:15π
xy a3
10.∬ x2 +y2 dxdy over the positive quadrant of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 Ans: 6

Change of Variables in Triple Integral

4.9(b) Change of variables from Cartesian co- ordinates to cylindrical co – ordinates.
To convert from Cartesian to cylindrical polar coordinates system we have the following
transformation.
𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑧=𝑧
∂(x ,y,z)
J= =r
∂(r ,θ,z)

Hence the integral becomes

∭ f(x , y, z) dzdydx = ∭ f(r , θ, z) dzdrdθ

Example: 4.68
Find the volume of a solid bounded by the spherical surface 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐳 𝟐 = 𝟒𝐚𝟐 and
the cylinder 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐚𝐲 = 𝟎.
Solution:

57
Cylindrical co – ordinates
x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
z=z
The equation of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4a2
r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ + z 2 = 4a2
r 2 + z 2 = 4a2
And the cylinder x 2 + y 2 − 2ay = 0
x 2 + y 2 = 2ay
r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ = 2a r sin θ
r 2 = 2arsin θ
r = 2asin θ
Hence, the required volume,
Volume = ∫ ∫ ∫ dx dy dz
= ∫ ∫ ∫ r dθ dr dz
π⁄2 2a sin θ √4a2 − r2
= 4 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 r dz dr dθ
π⁄2 2a sin θ
= 4 ∫0 ∫0 r√4a2 − r 2 dr dθ
π⁄2 1 2a sin θ
= 4 ∫0 [− (4a2 − r 2 )3⁄2 ] dθ
3 0
4 π⁄2
= 3 ∫0 [−(4a2 − 4a2 sin2 θ)3⁄2 + 8a3 ] dθ
4 π⁄2
= ∫0 (−8a3 cos 3 θ + 8a3 ) dθ
3

58
 4 π⁄2
= 3 8a3 ∫0 (1 − cos 3 θ) dθ
32 a3 π 2
= [ − ] cubic units
3 2 3

Example: 4.69
Find the volume of the portion of the cylinder 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟏 intercepted between the
plane 𝐱 = 𝟎 and the paraboloid 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟒 − 𝐳.
Solution:
Cylindrical co – ordinates
𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧=𝑧
Given x 2 + y 2 = 1
r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ = 1
r2 = 1
r = ±1
Given x 2 + y 2 = 4 − z
r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ = 4 − z
r2 = 4 − z
z = 4 − r2
Hence the required volume
Volume = ∫ ∫ ∫ r dz dr dθ
2π 1 4− r2
= ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 r dz dr dθ
2π 1 2
= ∫0 ∫0 r [z] 04− r dr dθ
2π 1
= ∫0 ∫0 r (4 − r 2 ) dr dθ
2π 1
= ∫0 ∫0 (4r − r 3 ) dr dθ
2π 4r2 r4
= ∫0 [ − ] dθ
2 4
2π 1
= ∫0 [(2 − ) − (0 − 0)] dθ
4
2π 7
= ∫0 dθ
4
7
= [θ] 2π
0
4
7 7
= [2π − 0] = π cubic.units
4 2

59
Example: 4.70
Find the volume bounded by the paraboloid 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝐚𝐳, and the cylinder
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟐𝐚𝐲 and the plane 𝐳 = 𝟎
Solution:
Cylindrical co – ordinates
x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
z=z
The equation of the sphere x 2 + y 2 += az
r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ = az
r 2 = az
And the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 2ay
r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ = 2a r sin θ
r 2 = 2arsin θ
r = 2asin θ
Hence, the required volume,
Volume = ∫ ∫ ∫ dx dy dz
= ∫ ∫ ∫ r dθ dr dz
r2
π 2a sin θ
=∫0 ∫0 ∫0 r dz dr dθ
a

r2
π 2a sin θ
=∫0 ∫0 [z]0a rdrdθ
π 2a sin θ r3
=∫0 ∫0 [ ] drdθ
a

1 π r4 2a sin θ
= a ∫0 [ 4 ] dθ
0
1 π 16a4 sin4 θ
= a ∫0 dθ
4
π⁄
= 4a3 × 2 ∫0 2
sin4 θdθ
31π 3πa3
= 4a3 × 2 4 2 2 = 2

4.9(c)Change of variables from Cartesian Co – ordinates to spherical Polar Co –

ordinates
To convert from Cartesian to spherical polar co-ordinates system we have the
following transformation
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 y = rsinθsinφ z = rcosθ

60
 ∂(x ,y,z)
J= = r 2 sinθ
∂(r ,θ,φ )

Hence the integral becomes

∭ f(x , y, z) dzdydx = ∭ f(r , θ, z)r 2 sinθ drdθdφ

Example: 4.71
𝟏
Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐳 over the region bounded by the sphere
√𝟏− 𝐱𝟐 − 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝐳𝟐

𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐳 𝟐 = 𝟏.
Solution:
Let us transform this integral in spherical polar co – ordinates by taking
x = r sin θ cos ϕ
y = r sin θ sin ϕ
z = r cos θ
dx dy dz = (r 2 sin θ) dr dθ dϕ
Hence ϕ varies from 0 to 2π
ϕ varies from 0 to π
ϕ varies from 0 to 1
2π π 1 1
= ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 r 2 sin θ dr dθ d ϕ
√1− r2
2π π 1 r2
= [∫0 dϕ ] [∫0 sin θ dθ] [∫0 dr]
√1− r2
1 r2
= [ϕ] 2π π
0 [– cos θ] 0 ∫0 dr
√1 − r2
1 r2
= (2π − 0) ( 1 + 1) ∫0 dr
√1 − r2
1 r2
= 4π ∫0 dr
√1 − r2

Put r = sint ; dr = cost dt

r=0 ⇒ t=0
π
r=1 ⇒ t= 2
π⁄2 sin2 t
= 4π ∫0 cos t dt
√1 − sin2 t
π⁄2 sin2 t
= 4π ∫0 cos t dt
√ cos2 t
π⁄2 sin2 t
= 4π ∫0 cos t dt
cost
π⁄2
= 4π ∫0 sin2 t dt

61
 1 π
= 4π = π2
2 2

Example: 4.72
𝟏 √𝟏− 𝐱𝟐 𝟏 𝐝𝐳 𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐱
Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 ∫√𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐 √𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐳𝟐

Solution:
Given 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1
y varies from 0 to √1 − x 2
z varies from √x 2 + y 2 to 1
Let us transform this integral into spherical polar co – ordinates by using
x = r sin θ cos ϕ
y = r sin θ sin ϕ
z = r cos θ
dx dy dz = (r 2 sin θ) dr dθ dϕ
Let z = √x 2 + y 2
⇒ z2 = x2 + y2
⇒ r 2 cos 2 θ = r 2 sin2 θ cos 2 ϕ + r 2 sin2 θ sin2 ϕ
⇒ cos 2 θ = sin2 θ [∵ cos 2 ϕ + sin2 ϕ = 1 ]
π
⇒ θ= 4

Let 𝑧 = 1
⇒ 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1
1
⇒ 𝑟= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
The region of integration is common to the cone z 2 = x 2 + y 2 and the cylinder
x 2 + y 2 = 1 bounded by the plane z = 1 in the positive octant.
Limits of r ∶ r = 0 to r = sec θ
π
Limits of θ ∶ θ = 0 to θ = 4
π
Limits of ϕ ∶ ϕ = 0 to ϕ = 2
π⁄2 π⁄4 sec θ 1 π⁄2 π⁄4 sec θ
= ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 r 2 sin θ dr dθ dϕ = ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 r sin θ dr dθ dϕ
r
sec θ
π⁄2 π⁄4 r2 π⁄2 π⁄4 sec2 θ sin θ−0
= ∫0 ∫0 [sin θ ] dθ dϕ = ∫0 ∫0 [ ] dθ dϕ
2 0 2

π⁄2 π⁄4 1 1 π⁄2 π⁄4

= ∫0 ∫0 sec θ tan θ dθ dϕ = [2 ∫0 dϕ ] [∫0 sec θ tan θ dθ ]
2

62
 1
= [ θ ] π0 ⁄2 [sec θ] π0 ⁄4
2
1 π
= [ − 0] [√2 − 1]
2 2
π
= (√2 − 1)
4

Example: 4.73
Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ (𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐳 𝟐 )𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐳 taken over the region bounded by the
volume enclosed by the sphere 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐳 𝟐 = 𝟏.
Solution:
Let us convert the given integral into spherical polar co – ordinates.
x = r sin θ cos ϕ ⇒ x 2 = r 2 sin2 θ cos 2 ϕ
y = r sin θ sin ϕ ⇒ y 2 = r 2 sin2 θ sin2 ϕ
z = r cos θ ⇒ z 2 = r 2 cos 2 θ
dx dy dz = (r 2 sin θ) dr dθ dϕ
π 2π 1
∫ ∫ ∫ (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )dx dy dz = ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 r 2 (r 2 sin θ dθ dϕ dr)
Limits of r ∶ r = 0 to r = 1
Limits of θ ∶ θ = 0 to θ = π
Limits of ϕ ∶ ϕ = 0 to ϕ = 2π
π 2π 1
∫ ∫ ∫ (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )dx dy dz = ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 r 2 (r 2 sin θ dθ dϕ dr)
1 π 2π
= [∫0 r 4 dr] [∫0 sin θ dθ] [∫0 dϕ]
1
r5
= [ 5 ] [– cos θ]π0 [ϕ]2π
0
0
1
= ( − 0) (1 + 1) (2π − 0)
5
1 4π
= (5) (2) (2π) = 5

63