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Begin to Code with JavaScript

Rob Miles
BEGIN TO CODE WITH JAVASCRIPT

Published with the authorization of Microsoft Corporation by:

Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2022 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission

must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction,
storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information
regarding permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the
Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions Department, please visit
www.pearson.com/permissions

No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained
herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book,
the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is
any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information
contained herein.

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-687072-2

ISBN-10: 0-13-687072-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021941656

ScoutAutomatedPrintCode

TRADEMARKS

Microsoft and the trademarks listed at http://www.microsoft.com on the

“Trademarks” webpage are trademarks of the Microsoft group of companies. All
other marks are property of their respective owners.
WARNING AND DISCLAIMER

Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as
possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an
“as is” basis. The author, the publisher, and Microsoft Corporation shall have
neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss
or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use
of the programs accompanying it.

SPECIAL SALES

For information about buying this title in bulk quantities, or for special sales
opportunities (which may include electronic versions; custom cover designs; and
content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, or branding
interests), please contact our corporate sales department at
[email protected] or (800) 382-3419.

For government sales inquiries, please contact

[email protected].

For questions about sales outside the U.S., please contact

[email protected].

Editor-in-Chief

Brett Bartow

Executive Editor

Loretta Yates

Development Editor

Rick Kughen

Sponsoring Editor
Charvi Arora

Managing Editor

Sandra Schroeder

Senior Project Editor

Tracey Croom

Copy Editor

Rick Kughen

Indexer

James Minken

Proofreader

Scout Festa

Technical Editor

John E. Ray

Editorial Assistant

Cindy Teeters

Cover Designer

Twist Creative, Seattle

Compositor

Danielle Foster
Graphics

Danielle Foster
To Imogen
About the author

Rob Miles spent more than 30 years teaching programming at the

University of Hull in the United Kingdom. He now runs a company
promoting community uptake of computer technology. He’s a Microsoft
MVP with a passion for programming and creating new things. If he had
any spare time, he’d spend it writing even more code. He loves building
devices and then switching them on to see what they do. He reckons that
programming is the most creative thing you can learn how to do. He
claims to know a lot of really good jokes, but nobody has ever heard him
tell one. If you want an insight into the Wacky World™ of Rob Miles, you
can read his blog at www.robmiles.com and follow him on Twitter via
@RobMiles.
Contents at a glance

Part 1: The world of JavaScript

Chapter 1 Running JavaScript

Chapter 2 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Chapter 3 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Part 2: Coding with JavaScript

Chapter 4 Working with data

Chapter 5 Making decisions in programs

Chapter 6 Repeating actions in programs

Chapter 7 Creating functions

Chapter 8 Storing data

Chapter 9 Objects

Part 3: Useful JavaScript

Chapter 10 Advanced JavaScript

Chapter 11 Creating applications

Chapter 12 Creating games

Contents

Introduction

Part 1: The world of JavaScript

1 Running JavaScript

What is JavaScript?

JavaScript origins

JavaScript and the web browser

Our first brush with JavaScript

Tools

Getting Git

Getting Visual Studio Code

Getting the sample files

Working on files with Visual Studio Code

What you have learned

2 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

HTML and the World Wide Web

Fetching web pages

What is HTML?

Display symbols

Lay out text in paragraphs

Create headings

Use preformatted text

Add comments to documents

Add images to web pages

The HTML document

Linking HTML documents

Making active web pages

Using a button

Reading input from a user

Display text output

Egg timer

Adding sound to the egg timer

Controlling audio playback

An image display program

What you have learned

3 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Putting on the style

Splashing some color

Work with fonts

Text alignment

Make a ticking clock

Create a ticking clock

Margins around text

Creating style classes

Formatting parts of a document using <div> and <span>

Cascading styles

Color highlighting using selectors

What you have learned

Part 2: Coding with JavaScript

4 Working with data

Computers as data processors

Programs as data processors

JavaScript as a data processor

Process data with expressions

Data and information

Variables in programs

JavaScript identifiers

Performing calculations

Whole numbers and real numbers

Real numbers and floating-point numbers

Creating random dice

Working with text

JavaScript string delimiters

Escape sequences in strings

Working with strings and numbers

Converting strings into numbers

Make an adding machine

Making applications

Calculating a pizza order

Converting between Fahrenheit and centigrade

Adding comments

Global and local variables

Global variables

What you have learned

5 Making decisions in programs

Boolean thinking

Boolean values in JavaScript

Boolean expressions

Logical operators

The if construction

Adding an else part

Use decisions to make an application

Build the user interface

Add the code

Using the switch construction

What you have learned

6 Repeating actions in programs

App development

Adding data attributes to HTML elements

Using an unordered list as a container

The JavaScript for loop

Work through collections using for-of

Building web pages from code

Deleting elements from a document

What you have learned

7 Creating functions

What makes a function?

Give information to functions

Arguments and parameters

Multiple parameters in a function

Using references as function arguments

Arrays of arguments

Returning values from function calls

Add error handling to an application

Local variables in JavaScript functions

What you have learned

8 Storing data

Collections of data

Ice Cream Sales

Creating an array

Processing data in an array

Build a user interface

Arrays as lookup tables

Creating fixed with layouts

What you have learned

9 Objects

Make a tiny contacts app

Prototype HTML

Prototype style sheet

Prototype JavaScript
Storing contact details

Finding contacts

Displaying contacts

Saving a contact

Finding a contact

Use an object to store contact details

Use an object in the Tiny Contacts program

Store data in JavaScript local storage

Use JSON to encode object data

Use property accessors

Use a data schema

Build HTML from a schema

Build a data object from a schema

Improving the user interface

Add “Super Search” to Tiny Contacts

What you have learned

Part 3: Useful JavaScript

10 Advanced JavaScript

Manage errors with exceptions

Catching exceptions

Class design

Fashion Shop application

Object-oriented design

Store data in a class hierarchy

Add a method to give an object a behavior

Overriding methods in subclasses

Static class members

Data storage

Build a user interface

Exploring the Fashion Shop application

What you have learned

11 Creating applications

Data analysis

Fashion Shop stock list

Fashion Shop data analysis

Work with array methods

Read the weather

Fetch data from a server

Node.js

Create a web server with Node.js

Node package manager

Deploying a Node.js server

What you have learned

12 Creating games

Use the HTML Canvas

Canvas coordinates

Computer art

Draw images on a canvas

Animate images

Control gameplay

Window events
Control object position with a keyboard

Use keydown and keyup events

Create game objects

Game sprites

The game object

Starting the game

Add a cheese sprite

Add a Cracker sprite

Add lots of crackers

Catch the crackers

Add sound

Adding scores

Add a killer tomato

Create timed sprites

Complete the game

Add a start screen

Start the game running

What you have learned

Index
Introduction

Programming is the most creative thing you can learn how to do. Why? If
you learn to paint, you can create pictures. If you learn to play the violin,
you can make music, but if you learn to program, you can create entirely
new experiences (and you can make pictures and music, too, if you want).
Once you’ve started on the programming path, there’s no limit to where
you can go. There are always new devices, technologies, and
marketplaces where you can use your programming skills.

Think of this book as your first step on a journey to programming

enlightenment. The best journeys are undertaken with a destination in
mind, and the destination of this journey is “usefulness.” By the end of
this book, you will have the skills and knowledge to write useful
programs and make them available to anyone in the world.

But first, a word of warning: I would not say that learning to write
programs is easy. This is for two reasons:

If I tell you that it’s easy, and you still can’t do it, you might feel bad about
this (and rather cross with me).

If I tell you it’s easy and you manage to do it, you might think that it isn’t
worth doing.

Learning to program is not easy. It’s a kind of difficult that you might not
have seen before. Programming is all about detail and sequencing. You
must learn how the computer does things and how to express what you
want it to do.

Imagine that you were lucky enough to be able to afford your own
personal chef. At the start, you would have to explain things like, “If it is
sunny outside, I like orange juice and a grapefruit for breakfast, but if it is
raining, I’d like a bowl of porridge and a big mug of coffee.” Occasionally,
your chef would make mistakes. Perhaps you would get a black coffee
rather than the latte that you wanted. However, over time, you would add
more detail to your instructions until your chef knew exactly what to do.

A computer is like a chef who doesn’t even know how to cook. Rather
than saying “make me a coffee,” you would have to say, “Take the brown
powder from the coffee bag and add it to hot water.” Then you would
have to explain how to make hot water and how you must be careful with
the kettle and so on. This is hard work.

It turns out that the key to success as a programmer is much the same as
for many other endeavors. To become a world-renowned violin player,
you will have to practice a lot. The same is true for programming. You
must spend a lot of time working on your programs to acquire code-
writing skills. However, the good news is that just as a violin player really
enjoys making the instrument sing, making a computer do exactly what
you want turns out to be a very rewarding experience. It gets even more
enjoyable when you see other people using programs that you’ve written
and finding them useful and fun to use.

How this book fits together

I’ve organized this book in three parts. Each part builds on the previous
one with the aim of turning you into a successful programmer. We start
off discovering the environment in which JavaScript programs run. Then
we learn the fundamentals of programming and we finish by making
some properly useful (and fun) programs.

Part 1: The world of JavaScript

The first part gets you started. You’ll discover the environment in which
JavaScript programs run and learn how to create web pages containing
JavaScript programs.

Part 2: Coding with JavaScript

Part 2 describes the features of the JavaScript that you use to create
programs that work on data. You will pick up some fundamental
programming skills that apply to a wide range of other languages and
that get you thinking about what it is that programs actually do. You’ll
find out how to break large programs into smaller elements and how you
can create custom data types that reflect the specific problem being
solved.

Part 3: Useful JavaScript

Now that you can make JavaScript programs, it’s time to have some fun
with them. You’ll discover how to create good-looking applications, learn
how to make programs that are secure and reliable, and finish off with a
bit of game development.

How you will learn

In each chapter, I will tell you a bit more about programming. I’ll show
you how to do something, and then I’ll invite you to make something of
your own by using what you’ve learned. You’ll never be more than a page
or so away from doing something or making something unique and
personal. After that, it’s up to you to make something amazing!

You can read the book straight through if you like, but you’ll learn much
more if you slow down and work with the practical parts along the way.
Like learning to ride a bicycle, you’ll learn by doing. You must put in the
time and practice to learn how to do it. But this book will give you the
knowledge and confidence to try your hand at programming, and it will
also be around to help you if your programming doesn’t turn out as you
expected. Here are some elements in the book that will help you learn by
doing:

MAKE SOMETHING HAPPEN

Yes, the best way to learn things is by doing, so you’ll find “Make
Something Happen” elements throughout the text. These elements offer
ways for you to practice your programming skills. Each starts with an
example and then introduces some steps you can try on your own.
Everything you create will run on Windows, macOS, or Linux.

CODE ANALYSIS

A great way to learn how to program is by looking at code written by

others and working out what it does (and sometimes why it doesn’t do
what it should). The book contains more than 150 sample programs for
you to look at. In this book’s “Code Analysis” challenges, you’ll use your
deductive skills to figure out the behavior of a program, fix bugs, and
suggest improvements.

WHAT COULD GO WRONG

If you don’t already know that programs can fail, you’ll learn this hard
lesson soon after you begin writing your first program. To help you deal
with this in advance, I’ve included “What Could Go Wrong” elements,
which anticipate problems you might have and provide solutions to those
problems. For example, when I introduce something new, I’ll sometimes
spend some time considering how it can fail and what you need to worry
about when you use the new feature.
PROGRAMMER’S POINTS

I’ve spent a lot of time teaching programming, but I’ve also written many
programs and sold a few to paying customers. I’ve learned some things
the hard way that I really wish I’d known at the start. The aim of
“Programmer’s Points” is to give you this information up front so that you
can start taking a professional view of software development as you learn
how to do it.

“Programmer’s Points” cover a wide range of issues, from programming,

to people, and to philosophy. I strongly advise you to read and absorb
these points carefully—they can save you a lot of time in the future!

What you will need

You’ll need a computer and some software to work with the programs in
this book. I’m afraid I can’t provide you with a computer, but in the first
chapter, you’ll find out how you can get started with nothing more than a
computer and a web browser. Later, you’ll discover how to use the Visual
Studio Code editor to create JavaScript programs.

Using a PC or laptop

You can use Windows, macOS, or Linux to create and run the programs in
the text. Your PC doesn’t have to be particularly powerful, but these are
the minimum specifications I’d recommend:

A 1 GHz or faster processor, preferably an Intel i5 or better.

At least 4 gigabytes (GB) of memory (RAM), but preferably 8 GB or
more.
256 GB hard drive space. (The JavaScript frameworks and Visual
Studio Code installations take about 1 GB of hard drive space.)
There are no specific requirements for the graphics display, although a
higher-resolution screen will enable you to see more when writing your
programs.

Using a mobile device

You can run JavaScript programs on a mobile phone or tablet by visiting

the web pages in which the programs are held. There are also some
applications that can be used to create and run JavaScript programs, but
my experience has been that a laptop or desktop computer is a better
place to work.

Using a Raspberry Pi

If you want to get started in the most inexpensive way possible, you can
use a Raspberry Pi running the Raspbian operating system. This has a
Chromium-compatible browser and is also capable of running Visual
Studio Code.

Downloads

In every chapter in this book, I’ll demonstrate and explain programs that
teach you how to begin to program—and you can then use that code to
create programs of your own. I’ve made a few video walkthroughs for
some crucial tasks. The book text will contain screenshots that you can
use, but these can go out of date. Follow the links to the walkthroughs to
get the latest steps to follow. You can download the book’s sample code
and video walkthroughs from the following page:

MicrosoftPressStore.com/BeginCodeJavaScript/downloads

Follow the instructions you’ll find in Chapter 1 to install the sample

programs and code. You’ll discover how to use GitHub to make your own
copy of the sample programs. You can then use GitHub to publish
JavaScript-enabled web pages for anyone in the world to view. You will
need to connect to the Internet and create a free GitHub account to do
this. You can browse the GitHub site and all the examples here:

www.begintocodewithjavascript.com

Video walkthroughs

You can also find the walkthroughs here:

https://bit.ly/3wEn6zX

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Mary for the cups of tea and Immy for the distraction.

Errata, updates, and book support

We’ve made every effort to ensure the accuracy of this book and its
companion content. You can access updates to this book—in the form of a
list of submitted errata and their related corrections—at

MicrosoftPressStore.com/BeginCodeJavaScript/errata

If you discover an error not already listed, please submit it to us at the

same page.

For additional book support and information, please visit

http://www.MicrosoftPressStore.com/Support

Please note that product support for Microsoft software and hardware is
not offered through the previous addresses. For help with Microsoft
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