CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

An Afrocentric museum is a cultural institution that focuses on preserving and showcasing the
art, history, culture, and achievements of people of African descent. The museum often
highlights the contributions of African and African diaspora communities to world history, art,
and culture. The museum showcases a vast collection of artifacts, art, and historical documents
that tell the story of the African American experience from slavery to modern times. Many
Afrocentric museums also provide educational programs and events to engage visitors of all ages
and backgrounds. Afrocentric museum plays a vital role in educating visitors about the diverse
and vibrant contributions of African peoples throughout history.

Afrocentric museums typically focus on promoting a sense of pride, identity, and cultural
awareness among visitors. They often host events, lectures, and workshops that explore various
aspects of African and African diaspora history and culture. These museums serve as important
spaces for learning, reflection, and celebration of the rich and diverse heritage of African people
worldwide.

According to my research, under the management of the leisure and cultural services department,
museums acquire, conserve, research on, exhibit and communicate for the purpose of study,
education and enjoyment, material evidence of people and their environment. Museum collection
form a composite picture of our cultural, historical and natural heritage, also the preservation of
such collections represents a long term commitment to existing and future generations.

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1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The word “AFROCENTRIC MUSEUM” covers a wide range of possibilities. Anyone

embarking on the design of a museum must first understand the characteristics of museum and
the potential subsidiary developments and the related purposes, which can be sensed and
foreseen in addition to the theme.

Apart from promoting cultural awareness, the main focus of this thesis report is to aid anyone
involved in assessing measures required to care for collections and to serve different types of
users in creating new facilities.

Afrocentric museums typically display a wide range of artifacts, artwork, and historical
documents related to the African American experience. They also often offer educational
programs and events, such as lectures, film screenings, and community discussions, to engage
visitors and promote greater understanding and appreciation for African American history and
culture.

Museum has evolved into different types such as:

• Museum of Art, which collects, preserves and exhibits artifacts of fine arts, primitive art,
decorative art and archaeology.
• Museum of History, which clearly shows the discoveries and developments that, has
marked the process in the history of mankind.
• Museum of Culture, which showcases the traditions, artifacts, art and history of a
particular group of people or society.

In the Nigerian national life today, culture is playing a very important role. As a matter of fact,
because of the quest to know the past records of the ancestors and the past antiquities, we are
silently going back to our roots and there is the urge to search for more identity

In this project, the problem of unsuitable exhibition and preservation and inadequate ventilation
will be handled through providing adequate headroom’s and high level windows. It shall be in
line with creating a befitting structure for the collections, study, interpretation and exhibition of
Nigeria artifacts.

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1.2 MOTIVATION OF THE PROJECT

The motivation behind Afrocentric museum is to celebrate and educate people about African and
African diaspora culture, history, and heritage by showcasing the contributions and experiences
of people and of African descent. They serve as empowering spaces that highlight the richness
and diversity of African culture for all to appreciate and learn from.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT

The justification outlines the needs, benefits and operational plan for the museum, demonstrating
its potential to make a lasting impact on our community.

Designing a museum is justified by its potential to:

 Preserve and showcase cultural heritage, promoting community pride and identity.
 Provide a platform for underrepresented communities to share their stories.
 Offer interactive exhibits and programs, engaging visitors of all ages.
 Provide a safe, accessible space for community events and activities.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of this project will be limited to investigating adequate exhibition and preservation
spaces for Nigerian artifacts and this would culminate in designing a modern Afrocentric
museum that shall be cultural complex that houses ancillary support facilities. Some of the
proposed facilities will include,

• Reception

• Ticket counter

• Visitors service counter

• Exhibition/Galleries

• Auditorium/lecture hall

• Educational center

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 • Meeting room

• Pottery studio

• Art studio

• Sculpture studio

• Library

• Research room/Archives

• Rest rooms

• Media/projection room

• Conservation lab

• Control room

• Outdoor exhibition

• Cafeteria

• Gift shop

1.5 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of an Afrocentric museum is to celebrate and educate about culture, history, and
heritage of African diaspora communities. These museums strive to promote a deeper
understanding and appreciation of the contributions and experience of people of African descent
globally. They serve as important spaces for cultural preservation, empowerment, and education.
Also to design a functional aesthetically pleasing and a conducive environment which promote
cultural heritage and enhance the experience of the user, and it also shares knowledge and inspire
visitors through a unique and meaningful experience.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

1. To maintain and conserve the artifacts to the highest possible standards in optimum
conditions for their well-being and long term survival.

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 2. To support research on local heritage, history, and visual art.

3. To provide venue for the presentation of exhibition, lectures, film show, and studio
facilities for artistic creation.
4. To acquire and provide facilities for film research and educational activities for film
appreciation.

1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research method and intellectual response will be data collection from primary and
secondary sources;

PRIMARY SOURCE: Involves mainly oral interviews, participant’s observation, personal

interviews and site investigation.

SECONDARY SOURCE: Includes data collected from published and unpublished materials,
literary research, magazine and internet. It shall also include case studies on existing museums
and related facilities within and outside the county.

The information obtained from various methods of research shall cumulate into analysis of data
collected, deduction from analysis, postulations of solutions on design proposal.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Museum stem from the old age human desires to preserve cultural identity, gain special potential,
and economic status, and pursue knowledge. The word museum first used in English in the 17 th
century derives from t Greek
“MOUSEION” meaning “seat of the Muses” (http://www.wikipedia.com 06/07/2008).

Although museums are primarily Western in origin, the concepts behind museums have long
been evident in other cultures. In the Cross River region of West Africa, for instance, certain
masks were given to a tribal elder or other responsible person for safekeeping. As early as the
mid-16th century BC in China, treasured objects were often deposited in temples and tombs, and
the ruling class had treasured collections. In ancient India, paintings were installed in galleries
called CHITRASHALAS for the education and enjoyment of the public.

2.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

The term “MOUSEION” was first applied to state-supported research institute in Alexandra
Egypt, founded by the King Ptolemy in the 3 rd century BC to foster scientific studies. The
Museum of Alexandra, as it is now known, was dedicated primarily to learning and attracted the
finest scholars in science, philosophy, literature, and art. The community included apartment, a
dining hall, lecture hall, cloister, botanical garden, zoological park, and astronomical
observatory. Objects such as surgical and astronomical instruments, animal hides, elephant
husks, statues, and portrait busts were also housed there and used for teaching. The famous
library of Alexandra was part of the museum and contained a huge collection of manuscripts
from the Greek world. The museum and most of its library were destroyed about AD 270 during
civil disturbances.

In ancient Greece, art objects remained part of the public wealth and were seen and enjoyed not
just by scholars buy by the entire populace Greek temples displayed votive offerings, statues, and
paintings, which when displayed as a collection where known as “pinakotheke”. In the 5 th

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century BC, the prophylac, a hall in a building on the acropolis in Athens, contained a collection
of painting that was available to public.

TYPES OF MUSEUM

The following section provides a description of different types of museums around the world.
1. ART MUSEUMS

These are those museums that chronicle both historic and contemporary artistic
accomplishments. They enrich the visitors understanding, appreciation and enjoyment of art
through their exhibitions and educational programs. They house many different kinds of
artworks, such as paintings, textiles, sculptures, photographs, drawings, ceramics, metalwork,
wood carvings and furniture. Which reflect diverse cultural traditions of different parts of the
World.
2. HISTORY MUSEUM

This museum was created to enhance man’s appreciation and knowledge of history, which could
be of civilizations, conflicts, traditions, and people’s movement etc. the term History Museum is
often used for wide variety of museums where collections are amassed and, in most cases are
presented to give a chronological perspective. The history museum includes archaeological
materials.
3. SCIENCE MUSEUM
A science museum is a place where someone can discover and explore various scientific
concepts, experiments and innovations through interactive exhibits and displays. It aims to
educate visitors about wonders of science and technology in an engaging way.
The exhibits at a science museum would usually teach visitors about computers, machines,
robots, the human body, chemistry, physics and astronomy. They may also furnish visitors with
information about scientific discoveries and lives of accomplished scientist. Science museums
may also include sections housing aquariums, planetariums small zoos, and botanical gardens.
4. CULTURE MUSEUM

A culture museum is a place where you can immerse yourself in traditions, artifacts, art, and
history of a particular group of people or society. A culture museum plays a vital role in
preserving the heritage and traditions of diverse community. It aims to preserve and educate
visitors about the cultural aspects of a specific community. It also offers visitors an opportunity

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to learn about the customs, beliefs, and practice of various societies, fostering a deeper
understanding and appreciation for cultural diversity. By exploring culture museums, individual
can gain insight into the shared human experiences that connect us all across different
backgrounds and histories.
5. OTHER MUSEUM

There are some other museums that do not fall into any of the above mentioned categories such
museum includes sports museums and halls of fame, music museums and children museums. The
hall of fame of a given sporting activity or a kind of music could have artifacts from
accomplished players or artifacts throughout the history of the sport or that kind of music.
Examples of these include the National Base Ball Hal of Fame and museum in Cooperstown,
New York, the Rock and Roll Hall of fame and museum in Cleveland, Ohio designed by Chinese
American Architect IM. Pei, and the American Museum of Fly Fishing in Manchester.

HISTORY OF AFROCENTRIC MUSEUM

Afrocentric museums have their roots in the Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s.
During this time, African Americans were seeking to reclaim their cultural heritage and
challenge the dominant narratives about black history and culture in mainstream institutions. The
first Afrocentric museum in the United States was the DuSable Museum of African American
History, founded in Chicago in 1961. The museum was named after Jean Baptiste Point DuSable,
a Haitianborn trader who is considered the founder of Chicago. The DuSable Museum aimed to
celebrate the contributions of African Americans to American history and culture, and it quickly
became a focal point for the Black Power movement in Chicago. Other Afrocentric museums
soon followed, including the African American Museum in Philadelphia (1976), the Museum of
African American History in Boston (1979), and the National Museum of African American
History and Culture in Washington, D.C. (2016). Afrocentric museums differ from traditional
museums in their focus on African and African American history and culture. They aim to
promote a positive and accurate representation of African peoples in the historical and cultural
narratives of the world, and to challenge the stereotypes and misconceptions that have been
perpetuated in mainstream institutions. Through their exhibits, programs, and events, Afrocentric

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museums play an important role in preserving and celebrating the rich cultural heritage of
African peoples, while also promoting cross-cultural understanding and appreciation.
Today, there are many Afrocentric museums throughout the world, all of them dedicated to
preserving and celebrating the rich cultural heritage of African peoples.

IMPORTANCE OF A MUSEUM

Museums are buildings in which we see many things of artistic, cultural, historical, and
traditional; also objects of scientific interest. It is a great source of knowledge. It not only gives
us knowledge but also makes us familiar with our history, culture, civilization, religion, art,
architecture of our country. In the museum, there are many things which are kept for the public.
Through all these things we can come to know how people of ancient times lived, what they used
and what things they made. Therefore, Museums can also be referred to as storehouse of History.
• Museums have the ability to bring people together locally as well as on a social and
political level. Local museums serve as an excellent resource for learning about a certain
region's history while also fostering a sense of place and community.
• People of all ages and backgrounds can learn about and explore various cultures in
museums. These locations give visitors a rare glimpse into worlds that are either extinct
or won't be able to support future generations, and they give them the opportunity to
interact with objects they would typically only see in print or on a screen.
• Museum gives kids of all ages the chance to engage in hands-on learning about a
particular topic, which encourages them to become more interested in it. These areas can
be quite helpful for parents and teachers because presenting artifacts and works of art
from a certain historical period is far more engaging than simply discussing it.
• "Museums provide a stimulating setting where kids can learn new things and be exposed
to new experiences. Children can take control of their own learning and develop and
explore their own interests through engaging exhibitions and hands-on activities.
According to Sara Choi of the Zimmer Children's Museum, this particular exposure lays
the groundwork for children to develop their creativity, critical thinking, and sense of
connectedness to the world around them.

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 • Additionally, they give visitors a look at some of history's most underrepresented voices.
Children can discover the value of other cultures, imagine and hear what life could have
been like for youngsters of their age during the Civil Rights movement, and learn about
the struggle of women for the right to vote.
• When visitors view replicas of historical people's homes, clothing, utensils, and
furnishings, museum objects can make historical personalities come to life. We can relate
to the figure in a way that is challenging to achieve within the pages of a book when we
see those things in person.

MUSEUM COLLECTIONS

It could be said that the collection actually makes the museum, it is there that from the academic
content for its educational assignments. A Museum distinctive mission is to collect and preserve
objects, record information about them, study them, and make them available to the public for
educational purposes. These objects are valuable source of knowledge and understanding about
humanity and the natural world. The number of these objects in museums collections varies with
different factors. An art museum may have 10,000 artworks whereas a museum of natural history
may have as many as 20 million specimens and artifacts. It should be noted that however, the
number of objects in a museum’s collection is not measure of the quality of the collection or of
its importance. The collections kept by a museum are influenced by the particular focus of that
museum.
Most museums acquire their collections through gifts and bequests and some have dedicated
budgets for acquiring new objects. Museums may also lend objects to other museums on a short
or long term basis in order to boost their other programs or exhibitions. This also means they can
reach a wider audience.
DOCUMENTATION

Documentation is an important aspect of the functions of museum. The museum maintains

records and information above all artworks, artifacts or scientific specimens in its collection. A
complete documentation provides a record of legal tote to museum object and also aids the
museum in monitoring the physical condition of collections. The Kirsten style is to computerize
the documentation style. In addition to publishing printed catalogues of their collections, many

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museums make selected images and information from their collections available on their
interest’s websites.

EXHIBITION

An exhibition or exhibit is displays that incorporate objects and information to explain concepts,
stimulate understanding, relate experience, involve participation, prompt reflection or inspire
wonder. Exhibitions are primary way a museum communicates with the public.

The guiding principle in museum exhibition is to capture in the interest of viewers in such a way
that they inspire learning, and arouse curiosity in the subject among a wide range of people. A
good exhibition should be enjoyed by the participants that they may be motivated to search for
more information most exhibitions are organized by a team of professionals skilled a relevant
area that will need to be coordinated to achieve the most desirable result from the exhibition.
Interactive media such as computerized audio and video equipment are also used to enhance the
quality of presentation in an exhibition

FUNDING OF MUSEUM

Museums are usually micro profit cultural institutions and are therefore faced with the challenges
of raising funds to cater for the numerous financial demands and obligations that must be met for
their sustenance. Funding may come from private sources, universities, governments or a
combination of these source. Government is the only source of funding museum in some
countries, while in other the finance for museum operation is derived from a combination of
private and public funding in from self-generated revenue.

In Nigeria museum and managed and funded by the governments through the national
commission for museum and monuments. Funds for the museums are inadequate and as such
modern equipment and infrastructure are grossly lacking.

2.2 ANTHROPOMETRICS AND SPATIAL STANDARDS

Anthropometric refers to the measurements of the human individual. An early too of physical
anthropology, it has been used for identification, for the purpose of understanding human
physical variation in various attempt to correlate physical with racial and psychology traits.

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Fig 1: The anthropometric and spatial standards.
Source: Neufert Architect’s data.

Fig 2: The anthropometric and spatial standards.

Source: Neufert Architect’s data.

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Fig 3: The anthropometric and spatial standards.
Source: Neufert Architect’s data.

Fig 4: The anthropometric and spatial standards.

Source: Neufert Architect’s data.

Fig 5: The anthropometric and spatial standards.

Source: Neufert Architect’s data.

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SPACIAL STANDARD

Spatial standard helps to determine how space can be designed for comfort if the occupants and
also helps to determine the size of each spaces. The space in a museum should follow a well-
defined and standardized dimension which should be in relation to the number of people or the
user that will either make use of the space designed for its purpose. For standard and functional
museum, the internal and outer space must function well in regard to people who are meant to
make use of the spaces.

ZONING
The areas in the site are usually classified into three {3} different zones which are:
• Main Activity zone
• Administrative zone
• Recreational zone

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CASE STUDIES

Case study involves the study of existing projects to understand the purpose of design in order to
gain and increase knowledge of the project in terms of functional spaces, aesthetic and their
zoning arrangements. Also it is important to critically examine such studies so as to be able to
evolve design that will take care of challenge observed in each of the case studies.

Below are the existing case studies:

1. National museum of Unity Ibadan

2. National museum Esie

3. National museum Onikan Lagos

4. Solomon Guggenheim museum, New York.

3.1 CASE STUDY ONE: (NATIONAL MUSEUM OF UNITY)

3.1.1 REVIEW OF THE PROJECT

The Ibadan national museum of unity is an ethnographic museum in Aleshinloye Ibadan, Nigeria.
The museum is dedicated to the culture of the different ethnic groups of Nigeria. The museum
was created to store cultural artifacts in Nigeria. The museum was inaugurated in 2002 under the
supervision of the national commission for museums and monuments.

In 2014, monuments day was organized at the museum with a focuses on the condition of
monuments in Nigeria. In December 2017, the museum made collaboration with the OBAS for a
cultural exhibition. In 2018, the museum

opened a new exhibition center to promote tourism in Oyo State, the exhibition featured artifacts
such as a Yoruba Shigidi Figurine, Mumuye head mask, Ekoi head dress, Benin Rooster Bronze
and Edo Metal bells.

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LOCATION: National Museum Road, Ibadan south west, Oyo state, Nigeria

ARCHITECT: Unknown

YEAR BUILT: It was established April 4, 2002.

Fig 6: Showing the entrance and a sides of the building

Fig 7: Showing the art gallery and the Map view

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Plate 1: Showing the floor plan of the museum

3.1.2 DESIGN FUNCTIONALITY

The design is simply functional and it is well laid such that it permits adequate spatial
organization and relationship.

3.1.3 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

The building structure is fully arranged in a series of hexagonal adjoining sections that isn’t quite
apparent from the ground level

3.1.4 SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP

The relationship between the spaces are well organized

3.1.5 CIRCULATION

The circular within the building is effective and properly positioned

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3.1.6 LANDSCAPE

Hard landscape was used through the perimeter of the site except the garden that had plants.

3.1.7 POST OCCUPANCY EVALUATION

The design was purposely built for museum

3.1.8 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

The material used on the museum building is made of block wall; the celling is made of waffle
celling all through the building and the floor finishes is made of terrazzo floor finish. The
roofing is of zinc roofing sheets.

3.1.9 MERITS

• The circulation within the building is effective and properly positioned.

• The environment is cool and conducive.

3.1.10 DEMERITS

 Hard landscape was used through the perimeter of the site except the Garden that ha
plants

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3.2 CASE STUDY TWO: (NATIONAL MUSEUM ESIE- House of Soapstone)

3.2.1 REVIEW OF THE PROJECT

The museum was first to be established in Nigeria when it opened in 1945. The museum once
housed over one thousand tombstone figures or images representing human beings. It is reputed
to have the largest collection of soapstone images in the world. In modern times the Esie
museum has been the center of religious activities and hosts of a festival in the month of April.
Location: Esie, kwara state, Nigeria

Year built: 1945

Fig 8: Showing the Entrance of the museum and the shrine

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 Fig 9: Showing the craft shop and MOREMI hair-do center

Plate 2: showing the site plan of the museum

3.2.3 DESIGN FUNCTIONALITY

The design is simply functional but it is not well laid such that it permits adequate spatial
organization and relationship.

3.2.4 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

The building structure were built separately

3.2.5 SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP

The relationship between the spaces are not well organized

3.2.6 CIRCULATION

The circulation within the building is not effective and properly positioned

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3.2.7 LANDSCAPE

Hard landscape was used through the perimeter of the site.

3.2.8 POST OCCUPANCY EVALUATION

The design was not purposely built for museum but for keeping the soapstone, and some other
figurines.

3.2.9 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

The material used on some part of the museum building is made of block wall; while some parts
are made of bricks and timber. The roofing material used id of zinc roofing sheet

3.2.10 MERITS:

• Use of traditional materials for construction

• Spacious children playing ground

• Adequate parking lots for visitors

3.2.11 DEMERITS:

• Lack of conservation facilities

• Poor site planning

• No storage space

• The building in the museum lacks expression of traditional architecture

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3.3 CASE STUDY THREE: (NATIONAL MUSEUM ONIAKN, LAGOS)

3.3.1 REVIEW OF THE PROJECT

The museum is located on Lagos Island, bounded in the north by Tafawa

Balewa square and to the south by the Yoruba tennis club. The National museum Onikan Lagos
was designed and built by the colonial government and it was established in March 1957. It had
the finest collection of Nigeria antiques and ethnographic materials in the world
(http://www.nigeria law.org/national commission for museum and monuments 10/08/2008). The
collection presents a keleidoscope of the nation in its diversity in art and crafts.

The museum equally house a pictorial exhibition built around the limousine in which General
Muritala Muhammad was assassinated. It also houses a crafts village on the premises to give the
effect of a “living museum where traditional craftsmen and women can be observed in their
different trades, and a museum kitchen where visitors can savor traditional Nigerian cuisine
which also serves as the restaurant. A lot of expansion and reorganization have taken place in the
museum since its inception. A new exhibition gallery was added and also some offices were
added as a result of the three cloisters surrounding the courtyard.

3.3.2 GENERAL LAYOUT

A drive that ends in a roundabout takes one direct to the main entrance of the museum building.
From an estimate of 30meters to the main gate some stone art works which are exhibited on the
lush lawn which is the first thing one notice on entering the museum.

A central courtyard helped in the space organization. The courtyard is bounded by corridors that
link the various areas of the building such as, storage facilities, and offices. The museum kitchen
and the crafts colloid a cloister of bamboo made for traditional huts. The government gallery is
separated from the kitchen and the crafts villages by a car park.

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Fig 10: Showing the art gallery and the side view

Plate 3: showing the ground floor plan of the museum

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 Plate 4: showing the ground floor plan of the museum

3.3.3 DESIGN FUNCTIONALITY

The design is simply functional and it is well laid such that it permits adequate spatial
organization and relationship.

3.3.4 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

The building structure is fully arranged in rectangular shapes; each floor is arranged in relation to
another

3.3.5 SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP

The relationship between the spaces are well organized

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3.3.6 CIRCULATION

The circular within the building is effective and properly positioned LANDSCAPE. Hard
landscape was used through the perimeter of the site except the garden that had plants.

3.3.7 POST OCCUPANCY EVALUATION

The offices were originally designed as 10 spaces, but have been changed into more spaces due
to the increase of workers. The sizes of the offices have been reduced.

3.3.8 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

The material used on the museum building is made of block wall, the facade is finished width
stone, and the floor finishes in the galleries are wooden tiles while the circulation spaces have a
terrazzo floor finish. The craft village is of timber frameworks. The roofing of the craft village is
of zinc roofing sheets with thatch on it.

3.3.9 CONSTRUCTION METHODS

The building in the museum is frame structure. Fancy bricks were also used at the generator
house to the elevation with every construction detail strictly adhere to.

3.3.10 SERVICES

 Electrical service

Surface conduit method was employed in the laying of electric cable

 Mechanical service

The water system in the toilets were in fairly good conditions

3.3.11 ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT

The ventilation in the spaces was fairly good. This may be improved if the open hung window is
replaced with a better one, the lightning is good.

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3.3.12 MERITS

• Adequate parking lots for visitors.

• Well planned movement for visitors/users in the exhibition gallery.

• Rooms and spaces are well ventilated.

• Use of high level windows for admission of natural day lighting.

3.3.13 DEMERITS

• Less landscaping on site

• Poor site planning

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3.4 CASE STUDY FOUR: (SOLOMON GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM, NEW YORK)

3.4.1 REVIEW OF THE PROJECT

Solomon began collecting abstract art in the 1920s, and in 1939 he founded the museum of non-
objective painting to display his collection in New York City. This museum, which was owned
and operated by Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, was, renamed the Solomon R.
Guggenheim museum in 1952. In 1959 the museum received a permanent home in an innovative
new building designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. The building represents a radical departure from
traditional museum design, spiraling upward and outward in smoothly sculptured coils of
massive unadorned white concrete.

3.4.2 LOCATION: 1071 Fifth Avenue at 89th street Manhattan, New York City

3.4.3 ARCHITECT: Frank Lloyd Wright

3.4.4 YEAR BUILT: 1956-1959

Fig 11: Showing the exterior perspective and the interior perspective

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 Fig 12: Showing the floor plan and the section of the museum

3.4.5 DESIGN FUNCTIONALITY

The design is functional space provided were adequate, car parks without traffic jam, security
and protection, adequate landscape

3.4.6 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Solomon Guggenheim Museum in New York looks like tissue paper being wrapped around each
other

3.4.7 MERITS

• The museum has a distinguishing architectural character combination of unusual forms

and shapes in the midst of regularly shaped office buildings.
• A variety of ancillary facilities exist in the museum and this makes the museum more
interesting
• The building is aesthetically and architecturally pleasing

3.4.8 DEMERITS

• Poor landscape.

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• Too much natural light in the museum falls directly on the observer and not on the
objects.
• It is particularly difficult to properly hang paintings in the shallow window.

• Most of the criticism of the building has focused on the idea that it overshadows the
artworks displayed within.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS

Site selection and analysis refers to the process of evaluating and identifying a suitable location
for a particular project, development, or investment. This involves assessing various factors to
determine the feasibility and potential of a site, ensuring it meets the requirements and goals of
the project.

4.1 SITE LOCATION

The proposed site is located beside M.K.O Abiola International Stadium along Kuto Abeokuta
Ogun State. It overlooks the Mantos Dental Laboratory and it is just off the Express way.

Fig13: Pictorial view of the proposed site for the museum.

Source: Google Earth.

4.2 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

The criteria for choosing the site are:
1. Availability of vast plain ground which is really ideal for the design.

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 2. The site is easily accessible.
3. Availability of tree which will serve as shading devices and wind control, and element to
complement the building.

4.3 CLIMATE CONSIDERATION

The climate of a place is defined as the atmospheric condition of a place observed and
recorded over a longer period of time for a minimum of 35 years. The climate is tropical in
Oyo state. In winter, there is much less rainfall than in summer. The average annual
temperature is 25.9 degree Celsius in Oyo State. The average rainfall is 1190mm. The driest
month is January. There is 6mm of precipitation in January. Most precipitation in January falls
in September, with an average of 195mm. With an average of 28.0 degree Celsius, March is
the warmest month. In August, the average temperature is 23.9 degree Celsius.

As regards the site, the below listed elements of climate, their effects and the design strategies
to mitigate their effects will be effectively considered.
1. Rainfall.

2. Temperature.

3. Wind.

4. Relative Humidity.

1. RAINFALL: The rainy period of the year lasts for 10 months, from January 28 to
December 10, with a sliding 31-day rainfall of at least 0.5 inches. The month with the
most rain in Abeokuta is June, with an average rainfall of 8.0 inches. The rainless
period of the year lasts for 48 days, from December 10 to January 28. The month with
the least rain in Abeokuta is January, with an average rainfall of 0.3 inches.
To reduce the adverse effect of excessive rainfall during the high rainfall periods,
implementation will be made in the type of roof finish with the adoption of high-
pitched roofs. The pitched roof will be effective in the drainage system from the roof,
off the building to the drainage channels on the site. Similarly, to reduce the early
fading of color from wall paint, epoxy water resistant paint will be used for the paints
and water-resistant films will be used on the wall cladding.

31
 2. TEMPERATURE: In Abeokuta, the hot season lasts for 4.7 months, from December
8 to April 28, with an average daily high temperature above 89°F. The hottest month
of the year in Abeokuta is March, with an average high of 91°F and low of79°F.The
cool season lasts for 3.1 months, from June 26 to September 28, with an average daily
high temperature below 84°F. The coldest month of the year in Abeokuta is August,
with an average low of 75°F and high of 82°F. (See figure.)
The figure below shows the information concerning the conduciveness of the
temperature of Abeokuta to be able to permit the construction of the museum.
However, natural ventilation is made paramount through proper orientation of window
openings away from East and West directions, and also the use of shading devices to
avoid direct penetration of solar radiation and planting of trees and shrubs to aerate the
environment.

` Fig 14: Average High and Low Temperature in Abeokuta.

3. WIND: This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and
direction) at 10meters above the ground. The average hourly wind speed in Abeokuta
experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year. The windier part
of the year lasts for 4.3months, from May 31 to October 9, with average wind speeds

32
 of more than 6.9 miles per hour. The windiest month of the year in Abeokuta is
August, with an average hourly wind speed of 8.8miles per hour. The calmer time of
year lasts for 7.7months, from October 9 to May 31. The calmest month of the year in
Abeokuta is December, with an average hourly wind speed of 4.8 miles per hour.

In order to regulate wind speed and its adverse effects, trees will be planted as wind
breakers and to redirect the flow of air into the building. Also, proper orientation of the
building towards North-East and South-West Trade winds will be enhanced in the
design.

Fig 15: Average Wind Speed in Abeokuta.

4. RELATIVE HUMIDITY: Abeokuta experiences some seasonal variation in the

perceived humidity. The muggier period of the year lasts for 11 months, from January
26 to December26, during which time the comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or
miserable at least 88% of the time. The month with the muggiest days in Lagos is
May, with 31.0 days that are muggy or worse. The month with the fewest muggy days
in Ibadan is January, with 26.6 days that are muggy or less. (Ibadan Climate,
Weather… Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark, n.d.)

33
 High humidity levels cause thermal discomfort for the occupants in the building and
causes undesirable conditions needed for proper recovery of patients. One of the
effective ways of regulating humidity levels to the desirable 40 – 60% level in the
building is implementing Heating Ventilation and Cooling (HVAC) Systems. Another
way is installing cost effective High-Volume-Low-Speed (HVLS) fans in the design.

Fig 16: Humidity Comfort Levels in Abeokuta.

4.4 SITE INVENTORY

The site inventory is the process of taking proper record of all items stock on site. The proposed
site consists of some site element like footpath, electricity pole, tree, shrubs, rock etc. in which
some of the element will be analyzed by removing some and leaving some useful features on site
for a purpose.

34
 Plate 5: Showing the Site Inventory
Upon the site visit and investigation, the following were found on the site;
1. Tarred Road.

2. Major Express Road.

3. Heavy Deciduous Trees.

4. Shrubs and Weeds.

5. Site Boundary.

6. Grasses and Vegetation’s.

7. Electricity pole
4.5 SITE ANALYSIS
The site analysis serves as a guide to enhance effective and proper planning of the site. The
proposed site is being analyzed by removing and retaining some features that are existing and
these may be explained under the following relevant resources and factors.
 The existing palm tree should be cut down and possibly used for construction.
 The existing shrubs on the site should be removed
 Some existing rocks should be blast

35
 Plate 6: Showing the Site Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DESIGN CRITERIA

Design criteria refers to the set of requirements, guidelines, and standards that must be net during
the design process of a project, product, or system. They define the parameters and constraints
that the design must satisfy, ensuring that the outcome meets the needs of the users, stakeholders,
and regulatory bodies.

5.1 CLIENT/ USERS’ REQUIREMENT

Client / Users’ requirement refers to the specific spaces, features and services in a structure
that are deemed necessary by the recipients of the building. To fulfill the requirements of the
Museum, the design will be separated into these three major zones; the public zone, the
semiprivate zone, and the private zone. These zones encompass the major areas needed for the
effective functioning of the Museum.

5.2 SPACE ALLOCATION

This gives a general overview of how spaces will be allocated and the number of facilities and
services needed in the proposed Afrocentric Museum. Hence, this analysis is based on the
target population, materials and equipment would expect to provide and accommodate
keeping the future expansions in view.

Showing the Space Allocation of the Proposed Museum

S/N SPACE DESCRIPTION NO DIMENSION

(M x M)

1. Reception/ A waiting area for users. 1 10mm x 15mm

36
 Waiting area

2. Auditorium A place design for 1 20mm x 25mm

presentation performance
and public gathering.

3. Exhibition where various art works are 1 10mm x 18mm

Hall being displayed for visitors to
view all kind of artifact.
4. Galleries A space designed to display 2 10mm x 20mm
artifacts and other items.

5. Administrative A space provided for all 6 4.5mm x 5mm

office staffs to oversee the
activities of the art gallery.

6. Storage A place to store extra 2 10mm x 10mm

equipment and disposable
inventory.

7. Library A space to access 1 13mm x 19mm

information and knowledge
for education research.

8. Conservation A space designed to restore 1 10mm x 10mm

Laboratory cultural heritage objects,
artworks and historical
artifacts.

9. Sculpture A workspace designed for 1 10mm x 11mm

studio creating artworks.

10 Gift Shop A space to buy 1 9mm x 10mm

11. Photography A space for production of 1 10mm x 15mm

37
 Studio photo works.

12. Convenience An enclosed area urination 8mm x 9.5mm

and defecation.

13 Pottery Studio A space for production of 1 10mm x 11mm

pottery works.
Table 1: showing the space allocation

5.3 SPECIAL REQUIREMENT

Special requirements describe infrastructures that are added specifically to the design in order
to meet special/uncommon needs of the clients and the supposed occupants of the building.
The design criteria are the reasons for the special infrastructures added. In this project, the
following are the special requirements and their design criteria.

1. Provision of staircases and ramp to aid movement for all users including people with
disabilities to make use of the facility.
2. HVAC is a special requirement in the design and is highly need for a wide range of
reasons. These include regulating indoor climatic conditions of humidity, temperature
and ventilation. It helps regularize a consistent comfortability level for all active
occupants in the clinic.
3. Sound insulation is another special requirement that is required in the building in order
to provide a conducive soundproof in the building. The density and thickness of walls
will make coverage for this.
4. Fire alarm systems will also be provided in the building in order to provide immediate
response against fire outbreaks in the building.

5.4 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP

Since the major reason for embarking on this project is to create a conducive place for users
and the entire environment. The required spaces have been designed in such a way that each
of the spaces was located in the best place where it could perform its function effectively.

38
 Plate 7: Showing the bubble diagram of the proposed building

GALLERY

STAIR HALL &

CONVINENCE

STAIR HALL
CIRCULATION
&
AREA
AUDITORIUM CONVINENCE

RECEPTION
GIFT MINI MART
39
SHOP
 Plate 8: Showing the Flow chart

5.5 DESIGN CONCEPT

The concept is derived from ‘Drinking Gourd’ known as “Akeregbe” in Yoruba. It represents
a symbol of mystery, as something unusual it can denote secret information, sustenance or
nurturing because it is used as a carrier after it has fruited. It’s aesthetically rich in nature of
art through its shape, revealing the complexity, beauty, and significance influence of art on
human experience and perception.

ENTRANCE

40
 CHAPTER SIX

6.0 SERVICE
A service is an intangible offering that provides value to customers without resulting in the
ownership of a physical product. It also refers to a system or infrastructure that supports the
functioning of a building or facility.

6.1 VENTILATION
According to the advanced learner dictionary of contemporary English, ventilation is defining as
the replacement of scale or noxious air with fresh air. To enhance the proposed museum design
functionally, the orientation of the building is north-south oriented which will create a flow
pattern of fresh air from southwest region into the building and preventing the entry of hash air
from the northeast trade wind by limiting numbers of windows on the side. The surrounding
buildings will experience cool air during dry season due to the increase in the level of
evaporation of the water body which in turn leads to the coolness of the environments. The
public and administrative zones are properly positioned.

6.2 LIGHTING
It is known that sun rises from the east and sets in the west, adequate effort must be made to
allow more light during the day into the building and less light during the evening to reduce the
effect of heat. The orientation of the building is north-south whereby allowing more light into the

41
building. The use of shading devices both natural and artificial will be employed. All spaces
provided within the building must be properly lighted during the day in order to fulfill the
purposes.

6.3 ACOUSTICS
This deals with the control of sound around the building. The control of sound (noise) around the
museum is made effective by the proper zoning of the site and the use of the noise barrier plants
and trees which is the masquerade tree. Masquerade trees are very good type of tree and its an
effective barrier to noise and wind position.
6.4 LIFT AND STAIRCASE
A staircase is a structural element that aids the movement of people from one floor level to
another level and also serves as a means of escape. In this design, there are two stairs case with a
panoramic lift and a ramp going from one floor level to another level.

6.5 PLUMBING
Conduit plumbing system shall be employed in the design which the waste pipes are embedded
into the walls of the building for a neat finish. The provision of septic tanks and soak away pit
for solid waste disposal.

42
 CHPTER SEVEN

7.0 MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS

7.1 SELECTION OF MATERIALS AND THEIR SUITABILITY

Maintenance of building is always a top priority with the objective in mind for sustainability,
materials used within the museum spaces must be scrutinized for their impact, not only on the
immediate design environment but their broader environmental impact as well.

The choice of material is a great arrangement in construction and it should be cautiously done
as it has a direct effect on the user. One significant concern that governs the choice of material
is the nature or function of the project. The nature of the project means how it is going to be
used as- residential, commercial, gathering space, etc.

The material used defines the built space. It also leads to other key factors like budget,
durability, and aesthetics. Floors, walls, and ceilings take up most of the materials in any
construction project. Both the applied finish materials and unexposed materials below should
be evaluated and specified with sustainability in mind (Erandole, 2022).

The following factors influenced the selection of materials for the construction;

1. Durability: Some materials serve longer and are more repellent to corrosion, moisture, and
other environmental conditions. By determining the most suitable material for climate, we
ensure that they are long-lasting. The materials should be capable of adapting to the

43
 weather and climatic conditions. Some materials degenerate quickly, especially in a humid
setting. Materials selected must have the durability and strength required for the specific
area and condition of use.

2. Maintenance: The most suitable materials are those that are effortless or easy to maintain
and manage. Maintenance will aid to preserve the building looking good and new for a
long time. Good quality building materials normally require less maintenance than
standard and cheap materials.
3. Availability: It is always advisable to acquire easily available materials. The availability of
building materials also determines the cost and time for installation. Certain materials are
locally available and are challenging to transport. Not only the shipping costs become
expensive but it also postpones the work. On the other hand, if the material is locally
obtainable, it minimizes the shipping cost. It’s also a time saver and work can be
completed smoothly.
4. Sustainability: With the evolution of the construction industry, the requirement for
building materials is growing and is also accountable for the surge in carbon footprint, i.e.,
use of cement raises the carbon emission. Hence using eco-friendly and sustainable
construction materials like earth, bamboo, fly ash, metakaolin, silica fume, rice husk ash,
etc. are beneficial rather than the use of cement or concrete. The best materials are those
that can be reused because they reduce the demand for new materials to be produced in the
future.

5. Acoustic property: The acoustic comfort of a building depends on many factors such as
site location, layout of spaces, geometry and construction material. Porous acoustic
absorbers in ordinary buildings have a great role in reducing noise.
6. Aesthetic Appeal: Materials that have a high aesthetic appeal is very important in clinical
construction. It gives the patients in the audience a sense of appealing to feel more
comfortable physically and psychologically.
7. Performance: Choose materials that have the structural potential to sustain and bear the
building loads. When determining the roofing materials, for example, one needs to make
sure that the building structure can completely support the roof material, for the complete
life of the building. These materials selected should also make it possible for inhabitants to

44
 live comfortably without any unfavorable effects like those caused by harmful chemical
emissions by some materials.

7.2 MATERIAL TREATMENTS

I. Concrete: Reinforced concrete will be most suitable for most concrete slabs, beams,
footings, steps, and foundation walls in order to provide enough strength to withstand
compression and have a strong stability. It will be mixed close to where it will be used
and a mechanical mixer will be used. This is done in order to prevent quick setting of
concrete.
II. Wood: Hardwood timber to be used in construction shall be well seasoned and
prepared before being brought to site. They will also be sprayed against termite
infestation and for water resistance. Work benches will be used in order to cut wood to
desired sizes. For interior installations, doors and cabinets, hardwood and plywood
boards will be stored in shed and covered with a tarp in order to prevent softness due
to damp.
III. Metal: All metal components will be brought to site near date of installment in order to
prevent unnecessary corrosion and rust. Aluminum and metals will be well coated and
polished to prevent rusting and they will be stores in site sheds until use.
IV. Cement: Cement will be brought in via trucks and will be stored in well prepared sheds
which are protected against damp and rain. Stored cement will be placed on wooden
level above natural ground to prevent solidification. Cement will be from well trusted
manufacturers in order to ensure the proper amount of limestone and bonding
properties are present in the proper amounts.
V. Glass: Glass should be of good quality and should be transparent and allow light to
pass through it. Glass materials will be properly stored in safe non-construction spaces
in order to prevent their breaking or cracks. Glass will be tapered if required by room
specifications.
VI. Water: Water will be made available on site through a borehole constructed on site at a
desired position specified in the master plan. Water will be properly treated to reduce
number of impurities present in it during use for mixing concrete and spraying. This
will also be able to serve the future needs of water on the site and in the building.

45
VII. Coarse Aggregate& Fine Aggregate: Granite, gravel and sand of good grade and
quality must be of equal size in order to produce good quality concrete mixture and
avoid air spaces. Coarse and fine aggregates will be brought to site and loaded at
suitable location. It will be placed near construction area to minimize use of
manpower. It will be covered with a tarp to prevent washing away when not in use.
VIII. Roof materials: Roof materials will be brought in towards the end of main building
construction, they will be kept in the site sheds and monitored. Since roofing type is
technical, roof will be installed by professional and specifications towards treatment
will be strictly adhered to prevent loss of roofing material quality during storage.
IX. Ceiling Finishes: Ceiling panels will be brought in near final construction stages when
building already has its forms and is roofed. Ceiling panels will be stacked and kept in
a safe spot in order to avoid compromise of quality and durability. Ceiling boards will
be installed by professionals in order to also properly create spaces for electrical and
ventilation systems.

7.3 METHOD OF FIXING/ INSTALLATION

1. Foundation: Foundation type will be pad foundation. This type of foundation is typical
in low rise buildings and is most suitable for the design since it has multiple floors.
The pads will be of reinforced concrete and will be bolted to the reinforced I section
steel column which will later be casted into concrete columns of 225 x 225mm. Since
the columns are at an interval of 3000mm, the pads will not be continuous. The over-
site concrete will be constructed using the appropriate ratio for reinforced floor slabs.
2. Floors: After the surface of earth has been properly consolidated and compacted at
appropriate depths (300 maximum), a damp proof course is laid over the surface of the
earth. Then concrete biscuit is placed on it in order to carry the reinforcement bar
before mortar is poured in. Since the floor is in-situ, thick concrete base will be poured
in up to 100mm and allowed to set. Then a screeding of 50mm will be done using a
thin concrete mixture. After this, floor will then be finished using the selected tiles
from the list provide in 7.2 above. When installing any type of tile, it is very important
that the subfloor does not flex. Be very careful applying quarry tile over wood frame
floors.

46
3. Walls: Walls are constructed using concrete block of 450mm x 225mm x 225mm and
is to be bonded using stretcher bonds. In other spaces, wall type is curtain wall of glass
panel. Partition walls in the lavatories are 50mm partition boards while screen walls
are minimal. Walls will be finished with white paint and approach exterior walls will
be finished with stucco wall finish and non-load bearing wall cladding.
4. Roofs: Roof type will be flat roof constructed using reinforced concrete slab of 150mm
thickness but will be finished on the exterior surface with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
Insulation. EPS Insulation can be used in built up roofing, modified bitumen systems
and single-ply membrane systems that are ballasted, mechanically fastened or fully
adhered.
5. Ceilings: Ceiling will be constructed at a level of 450mm below the reinforced floor
above in order to house the ducts for the HVAC systems as well as conduit system of
piping of mechanical and electrical works. Ceiling will be plastic or polyvinyl chloride
panels. And it will alternate with light boxes to illuminate the floors and vents to
provide air to the spaces. Economical tile ceilings can be used in high-moisture areas.
For the most part, water-felted panels are more durable and sag resistant. In high-
humidity areas, the size of the tile should be minimized to resist sagging. Tiles with
sealed edges and special back coatings also available for clean-room ceilings, such as
surgery areas.
6. Openings: Openings will have glass windows with aluminum casings and full glass
curtain wall where appropriate.

47
 CHAPTER EIGHT

8.0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

Recommendation is a suggestion course of action or solution to a problem, based on analysis,
evaluation, and expertise. It provides guidance on what should be done to address a specific
issue, improve a situation, or achieve a goal.
Conclusion is a summary of the main findings, results, or outcome of a study, report, or analysis.
It provides an overview of the key points, implication, and significance of the work.
In essence, recommendation focus on what to do, while conclusion focus on what was found or
achieved.

8.1 ARCHIVEMENT OF GOALS, AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of the project is to design a functional and befitting Afrocentric Museum to celebrate
and educate about the culture, history, and heritage of African diaspora communities.

This was achieved while also providing a well aerated environment for production, display
and comfort through the fulfillment of several objectives on the site. Various implementations

48
that would help to promote the Art, Culture, History and generate more source of income to
the owner whilst having a natural therapeutic environment and a comfortable homely feel
were applied.

The desire to ensure cost effectiveness in construction was satisfied through the use of modern
materials and this also allowed the possibility of constructing a potential architectural case
study design that could be well researched in its approach to increase of users’ wellbeing.

8.2 SPECIAL PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED AND SOLVED

The major problem identified in the design process was the problem of acoustic (sound/noise)
interference because of its negative influence in user well-being. This was a problem that
could not be easily terminated at the source because it emanated from various situations such
as proximity of site to major express road, acoustic sensitivity of room and spaces, machines,
equipment and services generating passive noises.

However, this problem was adequately tackled and solved through various methods which
included:

1. Proper space planning which ensures that the spaces were situated as far as possible
from road noises.
2. Locating spaces away as far as possible from noise-sensitive areas and using low noise
equipment where possible.
3. Sound insulation of equipment rooms, and making use of absorbers and silencers also
improved their acoustic.
4. The use of modern and durable acoustic resistant and insulating materials.

8.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
The following are recommended in the project for the Afrocentric museum in order to
promote Art, Culture and History to ensure a proper inter-relationship between production and
display spaces. Allow a well-ventilated building space through an increased number
vegetation on site.

Using interior designs with furniture, arrangements and settings that have more home-like feel
to them to improve psychological calmness. Improving acoustics through various means and

49
materials specified earlier in the report. Prioritize the creation of a calm and serene aesthetic
for the design.

8.4 CONCLUSION
The proposed Afrocentric museum design will be justifiable and functional if all the necessary
reasons stated in this project are carefully and strictly adhered to and it can act as a good
reference for museum design.

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APPENDIX

54