--- CHM PRACTICAL 9 TO 17 ---

PRACTICAL – 9 Write down a case study of a

printer and its type.

Printers and Their Types

Aim

To study the different types of printers, their working mechanisms, and their applications in daily
use.

Apparatus/Tools Required

 Internet for research

 Printer (optional for demonstration)
 Notebook or computer for documentation

Introduction

Printers are essential peripherals used to produce hard copies of digital documents. They vary in
design, technology, and application, catering to a range of user needs, from home use to
professional printing.

Types of Printers

Here is a detailed overview of various types of printers:

1. Inkjet Printers

 Working Mechanism: Spray tiny droplets of liquid ink directly onto paper.
 Advantages:
o High-quality color printing
o Compact and affordable
 Disadvantages:
o Slow compared to laser printers
o High cost of ink cartridges
 Applications: Suitable for home and small office use.

2. Laser Printers

 Working Mechanism: Use a laser beam to create static electricity on a drum that attracts
toner powder, which is then fused to paper with heat.
 Advantages:
o Fast and efficient printing
o Cost-effective for large volumes
 Disadvantages:
o Expensive initial cost
o Bulky compared to inkjet printers
 Applications: Ideal for offices and commercial use.

3. Dot Matrix Printers

 Working Mechanism: Print by striking an ink-soaked ribbon against the paper using a
print head.
 Advantages:
o Durable and low maintenance
o Suitable for carbon copies
 Disadvantages:
o Low-quality prints
o Noisy operation
 Applications: Commonly used in industrial settings.

4. Thermal Printers

 Working Mechanism: Use heat to produce images on specially coated paper.

 Advantages:
o Quiet operation
o Low operating cost
 Disadvantages:
o Prints are not long-lasting
o Limited to monochrome
 Applications: Used for receipts and labels.
5. 3D Printers

 Working Mechanism: Additive manufacturing process that builds objects layer by layer
using materials like plastic or metal.
 Advantages:
o Customizable object creation
o Cost-effective for prototypes
 Disadvantages:
o Slow for large objects
o High initial cost
 Applications: Prototyping, medical devices, and custom manufacturing.

Observation

1. Different printers serve distinct purposes, depending on their technology and output
requirements.
2. Laser printers are best suited for high-volume printing, while inkjet printers are ideal for
high-quality color prints.
3. 3D printers represent a significant innovation for creating three-dimensional objects.

Result

The study provided insights into the working mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages, and
applications of various types of printers.

PRACTICAL- 10 Write down a detailed

explanation of a scanner with its type.
Scanners and Their Types

Aim

To study the working mechanism of scanners, their types, and their applications.
Apparatus/Tools Required

 Internet or reference books for research

 Scanner device (optional for demonstration)
 Computer or notebook for documentation

Introduction

A scanner is a hardware device that captures images from physical items, such as documents,
photographs, or objects, and converts them into digital formats for editing, storage, or sharing.
Scanners are widely used in offices, educational institutions, and creative industries.

Types of Scanners

Here is a detailed explanation of various scanner types:

1. Flatbed Scanner

 Description: The most common type of scanner, consisting of a glass bed where the
document or image is placed. The scanning head moves underneath the glass to capture
the image.
 Advantages:
o High-quality scans
o Suitable for fragile or thick items like books
 Disadvantages:
o Bulky and requires desk space
 Applications: Ideal for offices and personal use.

2. Sheet-Fed Scanner

 Description: Similar to a printer, documents are fed into the scanner, which processes
them one at a time.
 Advantages:
o Compact and faster than flatbed scanners
o Good for scanning large volumes of documents
 Disadvantages:
o Cannot scan bulky items
o May cause damage to delicate documents
  Applications: Common in businesses for scanning forms and contracts.

3. Handheld Scanner

 Description: A portable device that the user moves manually across the document to
scan.
 Advantages:
o Lightweight and portable
o Inexpensive compared to other types
 Disadvantages:
o Requires steady hands for accurate scans
o Lower resolution compared to flatbed scanners
 Applications: Used for quick, on-the-go scanning of small documents.

4. Drum Scanner

 Description: A high-end scanner that uses a photomultiplier tube (PMT) to capture

detailed images. The document is mounted on a rotating drum.
 Advantages:
o Exceptional image quality and resolution
o Ideal for large-format items like posters
 Disadvantages:
o Expensive and requires specialized operation
o Not portable
 Applications: Used in publishing, graphic design, and archival work.

5. 3D Scanner

 Description: Captures the three-dimensional structure of an object, including its shape,

texture, and color.
 Advantages:
o Produces detailed 3D models
o Useful in prototyping and reverse engineering
 Disadvantages:
o Expensive and complex
o Limited resolution for intricate details
 Applications: Used in medical imaging, architecture, and manufacturing.
Working Mechanism of a Flatbed Scanner

1. The document is placed face-down on the glass bed.

2. A bright light illuminates the document.
3. The scanning head, equipped with sensors, moves across the document.
4. Sensors convert the reflected light into electrical signals.
5. The signals are processed to create a digital image.

Observation

1. Scanners vary in purpose, from simple document scanning to advanced 3D object

modeling.
2. Flatbed scanners are the most versatile, while drum scanners provide the highest quality.
3. Sheet-fed scanners excel in high-volume scanning but lack flexibility for thick items.

Result

The study explored the types of scanners, their working mechanisms, and their applications. It
highlighted the suitability of different scanners for specific tasks.

PRACTICAL – 11 Identification of faults in a computer system,

nature of faults, types of faults, diagnosis programs, and tools.

Practical: Identification of Faults in a Computer System

Aim
To identify the faults in a computer system, understand their nature, classify them into types, and
learn the tools and programs used for diagnosing and troubleshooting.

Apparatus/Tools Required

 Computer system (desktop or laptop)

 Diagnostic software (e.g., MemTest86, CrystalDiskInfo, HWMonitor)
 Multimeter
 Screwdriver set
 Spare hardware components (RAM, power supply, cables, etc.)

Nature of Faults

Faults in a computer system can be broadly classified based on their occurrence:

1. Hardware Faults: Issues with physical components like the motherboard, RAM, hard disk, or
power supply.
2. Software Faults: Problems related to the operating system, drivers, or application software.
3. Network Faults: Issues in network connectivity, such as IP conflicts, faulty cables, or
malfunctioning network cards.
4. User-Induced Faults: Errors caused by incorrect settings, accidental deletions, or misuse of the
system.

Types of Faults

1. Post Boot Errors

 Occurs during the startup process.

 Examples:
o Beep codes indicating missing or faulty RAM.
o Boot device not found errors.

2. Power-Related Faults

 Occurs due to power supply issues.

 Examples:
o Computer not powering on.
o Unexpected shutdowns.

3. Peripheral Device Faults

  Faults in input/output devices.
 Examples:
o Non-responsive keyboard or mouse.
o Printer connection issues.

4. Storage Faults

 Related to hard disk or SSD issues.

 Examples:
o Corrupted data.
o Disk read/write errors.

5. Display Faults

 Issues with the monitor or graphics card.

 Examples:
o No display output.
o Flickering screen.

6. Network Faults

 Problems with internet or LAN connectivity.

 Examples:
o Slow or no internet connection.
o Network card not detected.

Diagnosis Programs

1. BIOS/UEFI Diagnostics
o Built-in tools for basic hardware testing.
o Detects issues with RAM, hard disk, and CPU.
2. MemTest86
o Used to diagnose RAM errors.
3. CrystalDiskInfo
o Monitors the health of storage devices.
4. HWMonitor
o Checks the system's temperature and voltage levels.
5. Network Diagnostic Tools
o Ping, traceroute, and IPConfig for network troubleshooting.

Diagnosis Tools
 1. Multimeter
o Measures voltage and continuity in power supply.
2. Screwdriver Set
o Used to open the computer case for physical inspection.
3. Spare Components
o For swapping and testing (e.g., RAM sticks, PSU).
4. Compressed Air Can
o Used to clean dust from components that may cause overheating.
5. Loopback Adapter
o Diagnoses network port issues.

Procedure for Diagnosing Faults

1. Visual Inspection
o Check for loose connections, damaged cables, or physical signs of damage.
2. Power-On Self-Test (POST)
o Observe POST beeps or error messages during startup.
3. Run Diagnostics
o Use tools like MemTest86 for RAM and CrystalDiskInfo for hard drives.
4. Replace Suspected Components
o Swap components like RAM, power supply, or cables to isolate the faulty hardware.
5. Software Troubleshooting
o Boot into safe mode to detect and resolve software issues.
6. Network Testing
o Check IP configuration, run ping tests, and inspect network cables.

Observation

1. Faults were identified using diagnostic tools and physical inspection.

2. Common issues include faulty RAM, overheating, and corrupted drivers.

Result

The practical demonstrated the process of identifying, classifying, and resolving faults in a
computer system using diagnostic tools and methods.
PRACTICAL – 12 Write down a systematic troubleshooting
approach for a computer, including the causes of common
faults in a computer system
Practical: Systematic Troubleshooting Approach for a Computer

Aim

To study and document a systematic troubleshooting approach for a computer system, including
identifying causes and solutions for common faults.

Apparatus/Tools Required

 Screwdriver set
 Multimeter
 Diagnostic software (e.g., HWMonitor, MemTest86)
 Spare components (RAM, power supply unit, cables)
 Internet connection for driver/software updates
 Compressed air for cleaning

Systematic Troubleshooting Approach

Step 1: Identify the Problem

1. Observation: Note the symptoms of the fault (e.g., system not booting, slow performance).
2. User Inquiry: Ask the user about recent changes, such as software installation or hardware
upgrades.

Step 2: Analyze Possible Causes

1. Determine if the fault is hardware- or software-related.

2. Check for environmental factors such as overheating or dust buildup.

Step 3: Isolate the Fault

 1. Hardware Testing:
o Inspect physical connections (power cables, data cables).
o Test hardware components (RAM, hard drive, power supply) by swapping or using
diagnostic tools.
2. Software Testing:
o Boot into safe mode to rule out driver or OS issues.
o Check for error messages or logs.

Step 4: Apply a Fix

1. Repair or replace faulty components.

2. Update or reinstall software, drivers, or the operating system.

Step 5: Test the System

1. Verify that the issue is resolved by using the computer under normal conditions.
2. Run stress tests to ensure stability.

Step 6: Prevent Future Issues

1. Advise users on proper maintenance (e.g., regular cleaning, software updates).

2. Implement preventive measures, such as installing an antivirus program.

Causes of Common Faults in a Computer System

1. Power Issues

 Causes:
o Faulty power supply unit (PSU)
o Loose power connections
o Power surges
 Solution:
o Test the PSU with a multimeter or replace it.
o Check and secure power cables.

2. Overheating

 Causes:
o Dust buildup in fans or heatsinks
o Faulty cooling system
 Solution:
o Clean the components using compressed air.
o Replace defective fans.

3. Slow Performance
  Causes:
o Insufficient RAM
o Fragmented hard drive or SSD nearing capacity
o Malware infections
 Solution:
o Upgrade RAM or free up storage space.
o Run antivirus software.

4. No Display

 Causes:
o Faulty graphics card or loose connection
o Incorrect monitor settings
 Solution:
o Re-seat or replace the graphics card.
o Verify and adjust monitor settings.

5. Boot Errors

 Causes:
o Corrupted operating system
o Damaged boot drive
 Solution:
o Repair or reinstall the OS.
o Replace or reformat the boot drive.

6. Peripheral Issues

 Causes:
o Outdated drivers
o Faulty peripheral devices
 Solution:
o Update or reinstall drivers.
o Replace the malfunctioning device.

7. Network Connectivity Problems

 Causes:
o Faulty network adapter
o Misconfigured network settings
 Solution:
o Reinstall or update the network adapter driver.
o Reset and reconfigure network settings.

Observation
 1. Systematic troubleshooting helps isolate and resolve faults efficiently.
2. Proper maintenance reduces the recurrence of common faults.

Result

The troubleshooting approach successfully identified and resolved faults,

ensuring optimal computer performance.

PRACTICAL – 13 Write down the method of

converting a raw computer system into a working
machine by installing an operating system, device
drivers, application software, and
connecting/installing peripherals.

Practical: Converting a Raw Computer System into a Working Machine

Aim

To understand and implement the process of converting a raw computer system into a fully
functional machine by installing an operating system, device drivers, application software, and
peripherals.

Apparatus/Tools Required

 A raw computer system (without an operating system)

 Bootable USB or DVD with an operating system (e.g., Windows, Linux)
 Internet connection for downloading drivers and updates
 Device driver software (e.g., DriverPack Solution, manufacturer’s driver disk)
 Necessary application software (e.g., Microsoft Office, antivirus)
 Peripherals (e.g., printer, scanner, keyboard, mouse)
Procedure

Step 1: Preparation

1. Check Hardware:
o Ensure all hardware components (RAM, storage, CPU, GPU, etc.) are properly
installed and connected.
2. Create Bootable Media:
o Use tools like Rufus or Etcher to create a bootable USB with the desired operating
system.

Step 2: Installing the Operating System

1. Enter BIOS/UEFI:
o Restart the computer and press the designated key (e.g., F2, Del, or F12) to enter
the BIOS/UEFI settings.
2. Set Boot Priority:
o Set the USB or DVD drive as the primary boot device.
3. Boot from Installation Media:
o Save the settings and reboot. The system will boot into the operating system
installer.
4. Follow Installation Steps:
o Select the language, time zone, and keyboard layout.
o Partition the disk if required, and install the operating system.
5. Complete Installation:
o After installation, the system will restart and boot into the newly installed
operating system.

Step 3: Installing Device Drivers

1. Identify Missing Drivers:

o Use Device Manager (Windows) or equivalent tools in other OS to check for
missing drivers.
2. Install Drivers:
o Use the motherboard’s driver disk or download drivers from the manufacturer’s
website.
o Install drivers for essential hardware (graphics, audio, network adapter, etc.).
3. Verify Functionality:
o Ensure all devices are recognized and functioning correctly.
Step 4: Installing Application Software

1. Install Necessary Applications:

o Install productivity tools like Microsoft Office, Adobe Reader, or LibreOffice.
o Install antivirus software for system security.
o Set up browsers and other commonly used applications.
2. Update Software:
o Check for updates and install the latest versions.

Step 5: Connecting and Configuring Peripherals

1. Connect Devices:
o Plug in peripherals like a printer, scanner, keyboard, mouse, and monitor.
2. Install Peripheral Drivers:
o Install the required drivers for peripherals, either from disks or by downloading
them.
3. Test Peripherals:
o Ensure all peripherals are working as expected.

Step 6: System Updates and Optimization

1. Update the Operating System:

o Install all available OS updates to ensure security and stability.
2. Optimize System Settings:
o Adjust power settings, resolution, and other preferences.

Observation

The raw computer system was converted into a fully functional machine with all hardware and
software components configured and operational.

Result

The practical demonstrated the method of installing an operating system, device drivers,
application software, and connecting peripherals to convert a raw computer system into a
working machine.
PRACTICAL – 14 Write down the steps for
partitioning and formatting of HDD/SSD.
Practical: Partitioning and Formatting of HDD/SSD

Aim

To understand and perform the partitioning and formatting of a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or
Solid-State Drive (SSD) to prepare it for use in a computer system.

Apparatus/Tools Required

 Computer system with an unpartitioned or existing HDD/SSD

 Operating System installation media or bootable USB drive
 Partitioning software (e.g., Windows Disk Management, GParted, or third-party software
like EaseUS Partition Master)
 Backup tools (optional, to back up data if necessary)

Procedure

Step 1: Backup Data (Optional but Recommended)

1. If the drive has existing data, ensure it is backed up before proceeding with partitioning
and formatting, as these processes can erase all data on the drive.

Step 2: Open Disk Management or Partitioning Tool

1. Windows:
o Right-click on the "Start" button and select Disk Management or press Win + X
and choose Disk Management.
 2. Linux (via GParted):
o Open a terminal and type sudo gparted to launch GParted or use any other
partitioning tool available.
3. Other Third-Party Tools:
o Use partitioning software like EaseUS Partition Master or AOMEI Partition
Assistant for additional features and a user-friendly interface.

Step 3: Select the Drive to Partition/Format

1. In the Disk Management tool (Windows) or partitioning tool (Linux or third-party),

locate the drive you want to partition and format.
2. Warning: Ensure that you have selected the correct drive, as partitioning and formatting
will erase existing data on the drive.

Step 4: Delete Existing Partitions (if applicable)

1. If there are existing partitions on the drive that need to be removed:

o Right-click on the partition and select Delete Volume (Windows) or Delete
(Linux).
o Confirm the deletion of the partition(s).
2. This step will erase all data on the drive, leaving it unallocated.

Step 5: Create New Partitions

1. Windows:
o In Disk Management, right-click on the unallocated space and select New Simple
Volume.
o Follow the prompts to specify the size, assign a drive letter, and format the
partition.
o Select NTFS (for Windows systems) or exFAT (for cross-platform use) as the file
system.
2. Linux:
o In GParted or another partitioning tool, right-click on the unallocated space and
select New.
o Choose the partition type (Primary or Logical) and the file system (ext4 for Linux,
NTFS/exFAT for cross-platform use).
3. Third-Party Software:
o Follow the instructions in the partitioning software to create partitions as required,
specifying the file system, partition type, and size.
Step 6: Format the Partitions

1. After creating the partition, right-click on the partition and select Format.
2. Windows:
o Select the file system (NTFS, exFAT, or FAT32) and perform the format.
3. Linux:
o Choose the desired file system (ext4, NTFS, or exFAT) and format the partition.
4. Third-Party Software:
o Follow the on-screen instructions to format the partition with the chosen file
system.

Step 7: Assign Drive Letters or Mount Points

1. Windows:
o After the partition is formatted, assign a drive letter (e.g., C: for system, D: for
data).
2. Linux:
o Mount the newly created partition by assigning it a mount point (e.g.,
/mnt/data).
o You can add entries to the /etc/fstab file to automatically mount partitions on
boot.

Step 8: Verify and Complete

1. After partitioning and formatting, ensure that the drive is showing up correctly in the
system.
o Windows: Check the "This PC" or "Disk Management" for the newly created
partitions.
o Linux: Verify using lsblk or df -h in the terminal.
2. Run a quick check to confirm that the drive is accessible and ready to use.

Observation

The hard disk or solid-state drive was successfully partitioned and formatted. New partitions
were created, and the drive is ready for use with a chosen file system.
Result

The practical demonstrated the process of partitioning and formatting an HDD or SSD, creating
new partitions, assigning drive letters or mount points, and ensuring the drive is ready for data
storage.

PRACTILCE -15 Write down a case study of

types of maintenance with respect to the
system.

Practical: Case Study of Types of Maintenance with Respect to the System

Aim

To understand and document the different types of system maintenance (Corrective, Preventive,
Adaptive, and Perfective) and their applications in maintaining computer systems.

Apparatus/Tools Required

 Computer systems for maintenance tasks

 Diagnostic tools (e.g., hardware diagnostic software, disk check tools)
 Backup software
 Antivirus software for preventive maintenance
 System monitoring tools (e.g., HWMonitor, Task Manager)
 Operating System (OS) and application software
 System documentation

Case Study: Types of Maintenance in System Management

In this case study, we explore four major types of maintenance that are crucial to ensuring the
proper functioning and longevity of a computer system:

1. Corrective Maintenance

Definition:
Corrective maintenance refers to activities performed to fix faults or issues in a system that
disrupt its normal operation. It typically occurs after a failure or error has been detected.

Example:
A computer system randomly crashes due to a faulty RAM module. Once the issue is identified,
the faulty RAM is replaced, restoring the system’s functionality.

Process:

 Identification: The problem is detected either by the user or through system diagnostics.
 Diagnosis: The cause of the issue is analyzed (e.g., hardware failure, software bugs).
 Resolution: The defective hardware or software is repaired or replaced (e.g., faulty RAM
is replaced, system files are repaired).
 Verification: The system is tested to ensure the fault has been fully resolved.

Application in System Maintenance:

Corrective maintenance is necessary for addressing immediate problems that hinder the system’s
performance or cause it to fail. It is reactive, performed when a fault occurs.

2. Preventive Maintenance

Definition:
Preventive maintenance is a proactive approach aimed at preventing system failures and
enhancing the system’s longevity by regularly performing maintenance tasks.

Example:
Regularly cleaning the computer’s internal components (e.g., fans, heat sinks) to prevent
overheating, updating antivirus software, and installing OS updates to prevent malware and
software vulnerabilities.

Process:

 Scheduling: Set up a regular maintenance schedule (e.g., monthly or quarterly).

 Tasks: Perform tasks such as disk cleanup, software updates, hardware inspections, and
cleaning.
  Monitoring: Continuously monitor system performance and health (e.g., temperature,
memory usage).
 Backup: Regularly back up important data to safeguard against potential loss.

Application in System Maintenance:

Preventive maintenance minimizes the occurrence of failures by addressing potential issues
before they arise, ensuring system reliability and efficiency over time.

3. Adaptive Maintenance

Definition:
Adaptive maintenance refers to modifying or updating a system to adapt to changes in the
environment, such as new software requirements or changes in hardware.

Example:
Upgrading the system’s software to meet new version requirements, such as upgrading the
operating system from Windows 10 to Windows 11, or adding new drivers to support newly
installed hardware components.

Process:

 Evaluation: Analyze the system’s compatibility with new hardware or software

requirements.
 Implementation: Install new drivers, update system settings, and make necessary
changes to the hardware and software.
 Testing: After updates, ensure the system operates as expected, checking for
compatibility issues or errors.
 Monitoring: Continuously monitor the system to ensure stability after the updates or
upgrades.

Application in System Maintenance:

Adaptive maintenance ensures that the system remains functional and competitive by keeping up
with technological changes and updates.

4. Perfective Maintenance

Definition:
Perfective maintenance is focused on improving the system’s performance, functionality, or
usability, often as part of ongoing system optimization.

Example:
After regular use, a computer system may start running slower. Perfective maintenance could
involve upgrading components like the hard drive to a solid-state drive (SSD) to improve speed,
or optimizing the operating system settings for better performance.

Process:

 Feedback: Gather feedback from users regarding system performance or feature

requests.
 Enhancement: Implement improvements to optimize system speed, add new features, or
make the system more user-friendly.
 Testing: Validate the enhancements by testing the system and ensuring the changes have
led to improvements.
 Documentation: Update documentation to reflect the changes made.

Application in System Maintenance:

Perfective maintenance improves the system’s performance and usability, enhancing the user
experience and ensuring the system is efficient and meets evolving needs.

Comparison of Maintenance Types

Maintenance
Objective Timing Examples
Type
Fix faults or failures after they Replacing a faulty hard
Corrective Reactive
occur drive
Prevent failures before they Regular system updates and
Preventive Proactive
happen cleaning
Modify the system for new Updating software for
Adaptive Ongoing/Periodic
requirements compatibility
Improve system performance Optimizing system
Perfective Continuous
or features performance

Observation

Each type of maintenance is essential for keeping a computer system running smoothly.
Corrective maintenance addresses immediate problems, while preventive maintenance ensures
long-term reliability. Adaptive maintenance keeps the system up-to-date, and perfective
maintenance enhances its overall performance.

Result
The case study demonstrated the importance and application of corrective, preventive, adaptive,
and perfective maintenance in maintaining and optimizing computer systems, ensuring both the
longevity and efficiency of the hardware and software components.

PRACTICAL -16 Write down the steps for the

complete assembly of a computer system.

Practical: Steps for the Complete Assembly of a Computer System

Aim

To assemble a complete computer system by installing the hardware components and ensuring
that the system is ready for operation.

Apparatus/Tools Required

 Computer Case (Chassis)

 Motherboard
 Processor (CPU)
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 Storage Devices (HDD/SSD)
 Power Supply Unit (PSU)
 Graphics Card (if required)
 Optical Drive (optional)
 Cables (SATA, power cables, etc.)
 Screws and screwdrivers
 Anti-static wrist strap (optional, but recommended)
 Operating System installation media (USB/Disc)
 Peripherals (Keyboard, mouse, monitor)

Procedure
Step 1: Prepare the Workspace

1. Ensure you have a clean, static-free workspace with adequate lighting.

2. Wear an anti-static wrist strap to prevent static discharge that can damage sensitive
components.
3. Gather all the components and tools required for assembly.

Step 2: Install the Power Supply (PSU)

1. Open the computer case and locate the PSU mount area.
2. Align the PSU with the mount and screw it securely into place.
o The fan of the PSU should face outward (if the case has a vent) or inward (if
there’s no vent).
3. Connect the main power cable (24-pin ATX connector) from the PSU to the
motherboard.
o Some PSUs also have a 4 or 8-pin CPU power connector that will be used later.

Step 3: Install the Motherboard

1. Unbox the motherboard and lay it on a soft surface to avoid damage.

2. Identify the standoffs in the computer case and align them with the motherboard’s
mounting holes.
3. Secure the motherboard into the case using screws, ensuring it is firmly in place.
4. Connect the power cables from the PSU to the motherboard:
o 24-pin ATX power connector
o 4-pin or 8-pin CPU power connector (typically near the CPU socket)

Step 4: Install the Processor (CPU)

1. Open the CPU socket latch on the motherboard.

2. Carefully align the processor with the socket (ensure the gold triangle on the CPU
matches the corresponding triangle on the socket).
3. Gently place the CPU into the socket and press down firmly, then close the latch to
secure it in place.
4. Apply thermal paste to the top of the CPU (if not pre-applied on the cooler).

Step 5: Install the CPU Cooler/Heatsink

 1. Place the CPU cooler (stock or aftermarket) on top of the CPU.
2. Secure the cooler by attaching the mounting screws or clips.
3. Connect the fan cable from the cooler to the CPU fan header on the motherboard.

Step 6: Install the RAM (Memory)

1. Open the RAM slots on the motherboard by pushing the clips outward.
2. Align the RAM module with the slot, ensuring the notch on the module matches the
notch on the slot.
3. Firmly press down on the RAM module until the clips snap into place, securing the
RAM.
4. Repeat the process for additional RAM modules if needed.

Step 7: Install the Storage Devices (HDD/SSD)

1. For 3.5-inch HDDs:

o Mount the HDD into the designated HDD cage or mounting bracket in the case.
o Secure the drive with screws.
2. For 2.5-inch SSDs:
o If needed, use an adapter bracket to fit the SSD into the 3.5-inch drive bay or use
dedicated SSD mounting points in the case.
o Secure the SSD with screws.
3. Connect the SATA data cables to the motherboard and the storage device.
4. Connect the power cables from the PSU to the storage device.

Step 8: Install the Graphics Card (GPU)

1. If your motherboard does not have integrated graphics or if you’re adding a dedicated
graphics card, locate the PCIe x16 slot on the motherboard.
2. Remove the corresponding metal bracket from the rear of the case.
3. Insert the graphics card into the PCIe x16 slot, ensuring it is fully seated.
4. Secure the card by screwing it into place on the rear of the case.
5. Connect the power cables (if required) from the PSU to the GPU.

Step 9: Install the Optical Drive (Optional)

1. If you are installing an optical drive, locate the 5.25-inch drive bay.
2. Slide the optical drive into the bay and secure it using screws.
 3. Connect the SATA data and power cables from the PSU to the optical drive.

Step 10: Cable Management

1. Neatly arrange the cables to ensure they do not obstruct airflow or interfere with
components.
2. Use cable ties to bundle cables and keep them out of the way.
3. Ensure all cables are securely connected (e.g., power cables, data cables, front panel
connectors).

Step 11: Connect Front Panel Cables

1. Locate the front panel connectors for the power button, reset button, power LED, HDD
LED, USB ports, and audio jacks.
2. Refer to the motherboard manual for the exact locations of these connectors and plug
them in accordingly.

Step 12: Power On and Test the System

1. Double-check all connections, ensuring everything is properly installed and connected.

2. Turn on the power supply and press the power button on the case.
3. Monitor the display to check if the system powers on properly.
4. If the system boots, you should see the motherboard POST (Power-On Self-Test) screen.
Enter the BIOS/UEFI settings if necessary.

Step 13: Install the Operating System (OS)

1. Insert the bootable USB drive or installation DVD with the operating system into the
system.
2. Follow the on-screen instructions to install the OS (Windows, Linux, etc.).
3. Once the OS installation is complete, configure basic settings (language, time, network)
and create user accounts.

Observation
The computer system was successfully assembled with all the required hardware components
and was able to boot up into the operating system for further configuration and usage.

Result

The complete computer system assembly was completed successfully, including the installation
of all hardware components and the operating system. The system is now ready for further setup
and use.

PRACTICAL – 17 Write down the

troubleshooting problems using BIOS utility
Practical: Troubleshooting Problems Using BIOS Utility

Aim

To understand and use the BIOS utility for troubleshooting various system-related issues such as
boot problems, hardware conflicts, and configuration errors.

Apparatus/Tools Required

 Computer system (with BIOS/UEFI installed)

 Keyboard and monitor
 Access to BIOS settings (via keyboard, usually by pressing DEL or F2 during system
boot)
 Operating system installation media (optional, for troubleshooting boot-related issues)
 Diagnostic tools (optional, for advanced troubleshooting)
Procedure: Troubleshooting Problems Using BIOS Utility

The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) is a
low-level software that controls hardware initialization during boot-up. It provides a number of
troubleshooting and diagnostic features to help resolve common hardware and boot issues.
Below are common troubleshooting problems and how to resolve them using the BIOS utility.

1. BIOS Not Detecting Hard Drive or SSD

Problem:
The system is not detecting the installed hard drive or SSD, preventing the operating system
from loading.

Troubleshooting Steps:

1. Enter BIOS/UEFI: Restart the computer and press the appropriate key (DEL, F2, or ESC)
to enter the BIOS settings.
2. Check Boot Order:
o Navigate to the Boot tab in the BIOS settings.
o Ensure that the correct drive (HDD or SSD) is set as the primary boot device.
o If the hard drive is not listed, check the SATA Configuration under the
Advanced tab to see if it’s set to AHCI mode.
3. Check Cables: If the hard drive is not detected, turn off the system and check the
physical SATA and power cables connected to the hard drive.
4. Reset BIOS Settings: If the drive still isn't detected, reset the BIOS to default settings
and check if it’s recognized.
5. Save and Exit: After resolving the issue, save changes and exit the BIOS.

2. System Not Booting (Boot Device Not Found)

Problem:
The system shows a "Boot Device Not Found" error, indicating that it cannot find a valid
operating system to load.

Troubleshooting Steps:

1. Enter BIOS/UEFI: Press the BIOS entry key during system startup (DEL or F2).
2. Check Boot Order:
o Go to the Boot tab and make sure the primary boot device (e.g., HDD, SSD, or
USB drive) is listed in the correct boot priority order.
o Ensure the system is booting from the correct device where the operating system
is installed.
 3. Check Drive Detection:
o Under the Advanced tab, check the SATA Configuration to ensure that the hard
drive or SSD is enabled.
o If the hard drive is not detected, perform troubleshooting steps as outlined in step
1 above.
4. Check Boot Mode (UEFI/Legacy):
o Ensure that the system is set to boot in the correct mode (UEFI or Legacy) based
on the operating system's installation type.
o If you are installing or using a UEFI-based OS (e.g., Windows 10/11), make sure
UEFI Mode is enabled.
5. Save and Exit: After making the necessary adjustments, save the settings and exit BIOS.

3. Overheating and System Shutdowns

Problem:
The system is shutting down automatically due to overheating, often caused by improper cooling
or misconfigured fan settings.

Troubleshooting Steps:

1. Enter BIOS/UEFI: Restart the computer and access BIOS settings.

2. Check CPU Temperature:
o Look for Hardware Monitor or PC Health Status in the BIOS menu.
o Check the CPU temperature and fan speeds to see if they are within normal
operating ranges.
3. Fan Control:
o Check if the CPU and chassis fans are running correctly. If the fan speed is too
low or the fan is not spinning, it could cause overheating.
o If available, enable Smart Fan or adjust fan speed settings in the BIOS for better
cooling performance.
4. Disable CPU Thermal Throttling (if applicable):
o In some cases, disabling CPU thermal throttling or overclocking settings can
help avoid overheating issues.
5. Save and Exit: After adjustments, save settings and exit BIOS.

4. Memory Issues (RAM Not Detected or System Crashes)

Problem:
The system fails to boot or experiences frequent crashes due to memory (RAM) problems.

Troubleshooting Steps:
 1. Enter BIOS/UEFI: Access BIOS by pressing the appropriate key during boot.
2. Check RAM Detection:
o Navigate to the Memory or System Information section of BIOS.
o Verify that all installed RAM modules are being recognized by the BIOS.
3. Check for Errors:
o If some RAM modules are not detected, remove and reseat the RAM sticks in
their slots.
o Check that the RAM is properly installed and compatible with the motherboard.
4. Run Memory Test: Some BIOS versions include a built-in memory test tool. Run it to
detect memory-related issues.
5. Adjust Memory Settings:
o Ensure that the memory frequency and timings are set according to the
manufacturer’s specifications.
o If overclocking is enabled, try disabling it to avoid stability issues.
6. Save and Exit: After troubleshooting, save any changes and exit BIOS.

5. Boot Device Lockup/Freezing

Problem:
The system freezes or locks up during boot due to an issue with boot devices or improper
configurations.

Troubleshooting Steps:

1. Enter BIOS/UEFI: Restart the computer and press the BIOS access key (DEL, F2, etc.).
2. Check Boot Order:
o Ensure that the boot order is correctly set, and there are no unnecessary or non-
bootable devices selected before the OS drive.
o Disable any boot options for devices like network boot, if not required.
3. Check for Corrupted Boot Files: If the OS does not boot, try booting from external
media (USB or DVD) and run repair tools like Startup Repair.
4. Reset BIOS Settings: Reset the BIOS to default settings to eliminate any misconfigured
options that could be causing freezes.
5. Save and Exit: After troubleshooting, save changes and exit BIOS.

6. CMOS Battery Failure (Date/Time Not Retained)

Problem:
The system shows incorrect date and time or resets the BIOS settings upon reboot, indicating a
CMOS battery failure.

Troubleshooting Steps:
 1. Enter BIOS/UEFI: Restart the system and press the BIOS access key.
2. Check Date and Time: If the date and time are incorrect, it may be due to a drained
CMOS battery.
3. Replace CMOS Battery:
o Power off the system and open the case.
o Locate and replace the CMOS battery (usually a CR2032 coin cell) on the
motherboard.
4. Reset BIOS Settings: After replacing the battery, reset the BIOS settings to default and
reconfigure necessary settings.
5. Save and Exit: After configuring the settings, save and exit BIOS.

Observation

BIOS/UEFI provides various options for troubleshooting common hardware and configuration
problems. By accessing the BIOS, users can diagnose issues with hard drives, memory, CPU
temperature, and boot settings, as well as restore system settings to resolve boot problems or
hardware failures.

Result

Using the BIOS utility, several system issues such as boot problems, RAM issues, overheating,
and incorrect system time were diagnosed and resolved. The system is now functioning properly,
and common errors have been addressed using BIOS settings.