Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

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Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

i
Abstract
Climate change poses a major global threat, particularly for agriculture, and this knowledge product
delves into the context of climate adaptation in African agriculture. It emphasizes the critical role
of climate adaptation in safeguarding the sustainability of food systems and rural communities.
African agriculture, predominantly comprised of smallholder farmers, bears the brunt of climate
change’s adverse impacts, including erratic rainfall, droughts, and heatwaves, which disrupt crop
yields and food availability. Climate adaptation is indispensable to ensure food security and resilient
livelihoods. Substantial investments are now being directed towards enhancing climate adaptation
capacities across the continent. Collaborative efforts involving governments, NGOs, donors, and local
communities aim to promote climate-smart agriculture, improve water management, and enhance
access to climate information services. Nevertheless, coordination challenges persist, impeding the
effectiveness of adaptation endeavors. Africa’s diverse geography, climates, and socioeconomic
conditions make coordination of climate interventions and policy at the international, regional,
national, and local levels a complex task. In the Sahel, climate adaptation coordination encounters
challenges due to varying priorities and capacities among nations. Aligning international climate
policies with regional and national strategies remains a daunting task. Conversely, the Southern
African region grapples with the impacts of extreme weather events on agriculture, such as floods
and cyclones, necessitating coordinated disaster preparedness, response, and recovery efforts.
Ethiopia’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP) is a model of effective multi-stakeholder collaboration.
Government agencies, civil society, research institutions, and local communities collaborate to
increase adaptive capacity, focusing on locally tailored solutions derived from farmers’ specific
needs and indigenous knowledge. Finally, this policy brief illuminates climate adaptation in African
agriculture, recognizing the continent’s vulnerability and the need for coordinated action. It shares
valuable insights from diverse regions and initiatives, providing insights into the challenges and
opportunities of coordinating climate adaptation. Collaboration, knowledge sharing, and coordinated
efforts hold the key to ensuring a resilient and sustainable future for African agriculture in a changing
climate.

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

ii
Contents
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 1

2. Understanding Climate Adaptation in Agriculture............................................................4

3. Coordination Challenges in Climate Adaptation................................................................6

3.1 Case Studies and Examples..................................................................................................................................................... 9

3.2 Challenges to effective coordination of Climate Adaptaion Interventions in African agriculture...... 12

3.3 Lessons learned for successful coordination initiatives in African agriculture........................................... 13

4. Strategies for Effective Coordination................................................................................ 14

4.1 Strengthening institutional frameworks and coordination mechanisms......................................................... 14

4.2 Enhancing information sharing and knowledge management platforms...................................................... 16

4.3 Engaging and empowering local communities and farmers................................................................................ 16

4.4 Mobilizing financial resources for coordinated climate adaptation programs............................................ 16

4.5 Building capacity and promoting technical expertise in climate adaptation............................................... 16

5. Policy Recommendations.....................................................................................................17

5.1.1 Promoting policy coherence and integration of climate adaptation in agricultural policies................17

5.1.2 Establishing multi-stakeholder platforms for coordination and collaboration...........................................17

5.1.3 Investing in research and data collection to inform coordinated decision-making............................... 18

5.1.4 Encouraging partnerships and networks to leverage resources and expertise....................................... 18

5.1.5 Mainstreaming climate adaptation in development agendas and international cooperation........... 18

5.1.6 Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning............................................................................................................................. 19

5.1.7 Resource Mobilization............................................................................................................................................................ 19

6. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................20

7. References.............................................................................................................................. 21

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

iii
 1. Introduction

Climate change poses a significant threat to reliance on climate-sensitive sectors such

global agricultural systems, necessitating as agriculture, water resources, and natural
the immediate implementation of effective ecosystems, effective adaptation is critical
adaptation measures [1] . In adapting to for ensuring long-term development and
climate change, the agricultural sector, resilience in the face of climate change [4].
which is both a contributor and a victim, Successful implementation of climate-smart
faces various coordination challenges and agricultural practices such as improved
opportunities. Coordination of adaptation irrigation techniques, agroforestry, crop
efforts among diverse stakeholders is diversification, and the use of drought-
critical for building resilience of small resistant and heat-tolerant crop varieties
holders farmers in Africa, the majority of are among the key challenges that must be
whom are women and have low adaptive addressed in the sector [5]. Overcoming this
capacity, and ensuring agricultural challenge is crucial to ensuring the sector’s
practices’ long-term sustainability[2]. resilience and sustainability in the face of
climate. Soil conservation, water management
Climate change adaptation in Africa entails approaches, and sustainable land management
a variety of strategies and actions aimed practices, actions are also pivotal for enhancing
at reducing communities’, ecosystems’, and agricultural resilience. Indigenous knowledge
economies’ vulnerability to the effects of can offer insights into climate adaptation
climate change[3]. Given the continent’s strategies that are contextually appropriate and

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

1
environmentally sustainable. This can include focus on equipping individuals with knowledge
knowledge about crop varieties that are more and skills related to climate-smart agricultural
resilient to changing weather patterns, water practices, sustainable land management,
management techniques during periods of and the adoption of innovative technologies.
drought, and effective methods for natural Platforms for knowledge transfer facilitate
resource conservation[6], [7]. the sharing of best practices and lessons
learned among various actors, fostering
Given the increasing scarcity of water, efficient collective learning and collaboration. Overall,
water management and irrigation practices putting all these adaptation mechanisms in
are another critical area[8]. Countries may place necessitates supportive policies and
be required to build small-scale irrigation institutional and regulatory frameworks.
infrastructure, promote water-saving
techniques like drip irrigation and soil moisture
sensors, and implement water harvesting and This policy brief examines the key
conservation measures. Furthermore, effective challenges and opportunities in
strategies that promote soil conservation and coordinating climate adaptation
management practices are critical for adapting in agriculture, emphasizing the
to the effects of climate change. These are importance of collaborative
critical for mitigating the effects of erosion, approaches and innovative solutions.
nutrient depletion, and decreased soil fertility[9]. It investigates how coordinating
Contour plowing, terracing, agroforestry, climate adaptation in agriculture
and conservation agriculture can all help involves addressing various
to reduce soil erosion, increase water challenges such as stakeholder
retention, and improve soil health, all of fragmentation, knowledge gaps,
which contribute to increased productivity and limited financial resources.
and resilience [10]. Climate information However, there are opportunities
services, such as weather forecasts, seasonal for collaborative governance,
outlooks, and climate risk assessments, can technological innovations, and
help farmers plan their activities and allocate knowledge exchange that can improve
resources more efficiently [11]. coordination efforts. By overcoming
these challenges and seizing
Insurance schemes can compensate farmers opportunities, the agricultural sector
for crop losses, livestock mortality, and other can strengthen its resilience and
climate-related damages, reducing farmers’ ensure sustainable food production in
economic vulnerability and increasing their the face of climate change.
adaptive capacity[12]. Extension workers play
a vital role in delivering essential services
to farmers, and it is crucial to enhance the
capacity of farmers, extension workers, and
other stakeholders to facilitate effective climate
change adaptation[5], [13]. Capacity-building
initiatives, such as training programs are
instrumental in this regard. These programs

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

2
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: establishment of multi-stakeholder platforms,
We begin by exploring strategies for effective investment in research and data, fostering
coordination in climate adaptation efforts partnerships and networks, mainstreaming
within the agricultural sector. These strategies climate adaptation in development agendas
delve into multi-level coordination, sectoral and international cooperation frameworks,
integration, stakeholder engagement, monitoring, evaluation, and learning, and
enhancing information sharing and the integration of indigenous knowledge
knowledge management, empowering systems. Lastly, we conclude by reiterating
local communities, and farmers, mobilizing the significance of coordinated efforts in the
financial resources, and building capacity in agricultural sector to bolster resilience and
climate adaptation. Each strategy is explored ensure sustainable agrifood systems amidst
further to reveal its challenges and potential the challenges posed by climate change. We
solutions. Subsequently, we present a set underscore the crucial role of these coordinated
of policy recommendations designed to endeavors in safeguarding food security on the
facilitate effective coordination in agricultural African continent, as well as the pressing need
climate adaptation. These recommendations for their implementation in the face of climate
encompass policy coherence, the uncertainty.

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

3
 2. Understanding
climate adaptation in
Africa

The process of adjusting and preparing systems, adaptation is important in agriculture because
practices, and policies to cope with and respond it increases the sector’s resilience and capacity
to and minimize the effects of climate change is to withstand climate shocks such as droughts,
referred to as climate adaptation. In the context floods, heatwaves, and changing precipitation
of agriculture, climate adaptation entails putting patterns. Agri-food systems (i.e., the entire
in place measures that allow smallholder value chain including production, processing,
farmers and agricultural systems to withstand distribution, and consumption of food) can
climate-related challenges and uncertainties mitigate risks, ensure food security, protect
while maintaining productivity, sustainability, livelihoods, and contribute to sustainable
and livelihoods. Climate adaptation includes development by adapting to climate change [15].
a wide range of strategies, such as crop and
livestock management changes, water use, land
practices, new seed varieties and the adoption
of climate-resilient technologies[14]. Climate

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

4
There are several investments in Africa the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation with
seeking to improve the agricultural sector’s an investment of $100 million [17].
adaptive capacities. Table 1 highlights some
key initiatives aimed at supporting climate These are just a few examples of specific
adaptation in African agriculture: investments that have been made to help the
agriculture sector adapt to climate change
• Increased investment in irrigation, in Africa. Several other organizations and
supported by the African Development governments are also investing in this area
Bank (AfDB) committing $1 billion, can through working with farmers to help them
help farmers maintain yields despite understand and adopt new practices and
unfavorable weather conditions, developing the policies and infrastructure
particularly in drought-prone areas[16]. needed to support climate-smart agriculture.
• The development of improved seed
varieties, with a focus on drought-tolerance
and pest resistance, is being funded by

Table 1: Key investments in agriculture sector to enhance adaptation.

Investment Description Done by

Irrigation Increased investment in irrigation can help farmers The African Development Bank (AfDB) has
maintain yields even when the weather is unfavor- committed to investing $1 billion in irrigation
able. This is particularly important in areas that are in Africa by 2025 [16].
prone to drought.
Improved seed va- New varieties of seed that are suited to new con- The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has
rieties ditions can help farmers adapt to climate change. invested $100 million in the development
These seeds should be drought-tolerant, pest-re- of drought-tolerant maize varieties in Africa
sistant, and high-yielding. [17].
Improved soil man- Sustainable soil management practices can help The United Nations Environment Programme
agement to improve soil fertility and water retention. This (UNEP) has launched a program to help Afri-
can help farmers to cope with more variable rain- can countries improve soil management.
fall patterns.
Climate-smart agri- These practices can help farmers to reduce their The World Bank has invested in cli-
cultural practices vulnerability to climate change. They include mate-smart agriculture in Africa to increase
things like crop diversification, agroforestry, and productivity, resilience and reduced emis-
rainwater harvesting. sions [18].
Extension Extension services can help farmers to learn about The International Fund for Agricultural De-
and adopt new climate-smart agricultural practic- velopment (IFAD) has invested $100 million
services es. This is important for ensuring that the benefits in extension services in Africa[19].
of these investments reach farmers.
Research and de- Investment in research and development is es- The CGIAR Research Program on Climate
velopment sential for developing new climate-smart agri- Change, Agriculture and Food Security
cultural technologies. This includes technologies (CCAFS) has received $200 million from the
for breeding new varieties of seed, developing Global Environment Facility (GEF) to sup-
drought-resistant crops, and finding ways to im- port research on climate-smart agriculture
prove soil management. in Africa.[20]

NB: This list is not exhaustive as other donors (public and private sector) are also investing in different
types of climate adaptation and innovation.

Given these multiple interventions in the climate adaption sector, coordination is important at all
levels [21]. Coordinating adaptation measures works at multiple scales starting at the international
level, coordination can help to ensure that countries are working together to address the common
challenges.

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

5
 3. Coordination
challenges in climate
adaptation

In this section, we focus on the coordination mechanisms for climate change adaptation at
various levels, from international to local. International coordination involves collaborating
with global organizations like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) to shape and implement overarching climate adaptation policies and programs.
Moving to regional coordination, we explore the role of organizations like the African Union
(AU) in advocating for collective interests and facilitating knowledge exchange among farmers
across broader geographical scales. At the regional level, coordination can help to ensure
that countries are sharing information and resources. At the national level, coordination can
help to ensure that different government agencies are working together effectively. And at the
local level, coordination can help to ensure that different communities are working together to
address the challenges they face. Each of the coordination mechanisms is discussed briefly
below.

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

6
Each of the coordination mechanisms is discussed briefly below:

International coordination
This involves working with international organizations, such as the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), to develop
and implement global climate adaptation policies and programs.

Regional coordination
This involves working with regional organizations, such as the African
Union (AU), to develop and implement regional climate adaptation policies
and programs. These organizations serve as powerful advocacy platforms,
representing the collective interests and needs of farmers across larger
geographical scales. They can also enable information-sharing and knowledge
exchange among farmers from different countries, allowing them to learn
from each other’s experiences and best practices in climate adaptation.

National coordination
This involves working with national governments to develop and implement
national climate adaptation policies and programs. National farmer
associations and organizations can act as vital conduits for knowledge
sharing, capacity-building, and collective action among farmers. By bringing
together local farmers, they facilitate the exchange of traditional and
experiential knowledge on climate-related challenges and adaptive practices.

Local coordination
This involves working with local and decentralized governments, communities,
and other stakeholders to develop and implement local climate adaptation
interventions. In most of rural Africa, extension workers and traditional leaders
play a pivotal role in disseminating climate-smart agricultural practices,
sustainable land management techniques, and innovative technologies that
enhance resilience to climate change.

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

7
However, given these multiple interventions and levels of coordination, there are several
challenges such as lack of policy coherence, weak institutional frameworks, and limited
information sharing, sharing, knowledge and gaps in technical areas. For example, in
countries with weak governance and limited institutional capacity, it can be particularly
difficult to coordinate climate adaptation efforts at multiple levels [22]. The next section
discusses some of the missed opportunities on the African continent to effectively
coordinate climate change adaptation interventions due to several reasons.

Some of the challenges in coordinating climate change interventions include fragmentation and
lack of coherence, limited information sharing, knowledge, and capacity gaps. For example,
one of the key challenges includes multiple forms of technical support provided to government
by different agencies with no clear frameworks for coordinating investment in the climate change
adaptation sector. For example, one government department might receive support for building
climate-resilient infrastructure from an international organization, while another department is
working with a different NGO on a similar project. This lack of coordination can result in overlapping
efforts and inefficient resource allocation. While climate change interventions are expected to
work at a larger scale, the countries in Africa have different levels of development, resources, and
priorities [23]. Hence it is difficult to develop and implement a single, coherent climate change
mitigation strategy that will work for everyone for example, such areas as clean energy transition for
the agricultural sector.

At the national level, coordination gaps exist between various tiers of government and across diverse
sectors and stakeholders, such as Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), resulting in redundant efforts,
incomplete coverage, and a general lack of efficiency. There tends to be weak collaboration
between the government and the private sector in promoting innovation in the climate change sector
[24]. In addition, the weak governance structures, limited institutional capacity, and fragmented
policymaking processes can make it difficult to implement coherent and coordinated adaptation
interventions in some countries[25]–[27].

Low income countries such as Uganda, Tanzania and Zimbabwe for example face various
knowledge and capacity gaps when it comes to climate change mitigation[27]. These include lack of
emission inventories, technical skills in renewable energy, climate modeling and forecasting,
limited access to climate finance. These gaps can hinder effective policymaking, planning, and
implementation of mitigation strategies. Lack of data and information on climate change impacts
and vulnerabilities in Africa [28] is also major challenge faced by most low income African countries
who have to rely on international cooperation and partnerships to build the knowledge and capacity
for climate change mitigation.

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

8
3.1 CASE STUDIES AND EXAMPLES

Climate change poses serious challenges to various African regions, affecting agriculture,
livelihoods, and overall resilience. This section will look at specific examples of vulnerable
African regions, such as the Sahel, Kenya, Malawi, the Lake Chad Basin, the Horn of Africa,
and Southern Africa. These examples were chosen to highlight the challenges that African
governments face in coordinating climate change adaptation efforts and to address knowledge
and capacity gaps that impede effective adaptation strategies.

The Sahel region of Africa is a semi-arid geographic zone located in North-

Central Africa between the Sahara Desert and the savanna lands that
covers 10 countries (Burkina Faso, Chad, Eritea, Gambia, Mali, Mauritania,
Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sudan. The region is especially vulnerable
to climate change due to its high dependence on rain-fed agriculture
and livestock [29] and is expected to experience 3-4 °C increase[30] .
Droughts have become more frequent and severe in the region in recent
years, wreaking havoc on agriculture[31], [32]. The World Bank 2022
report estimates that up to 13.5 million people could fall into poverty due
to climate change induced shocks unless climate adaptation measures
are put in place [33]. Given these challenges, countries in the region have
implemented the following climate adaptation strategies: diversification
of livelihoods to improve community incomes beyond agriculture,
improved water storage and management, as well as establishing early
warning systems [34]. Climate adaptation efforts in the Sahel involve
multiple stakeholders (Sahel Climate Change Adaptation Framework
(SCCAF)[35], including governments, international organizations,
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and regional bodies (Africa
Union Development Agency (AUDA-NEPAD, Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS) and the Community of Sahel-Saharan
States (CEN-SAD). The involvement of multiple actors, each with its
own priorities and approaches, can lead to fragmentation and lack of
synergy in adaptation efforts. Limited Capacity: Many Sahel countries
face capacity constraints in terms of technical expertise and institutional
capacity to implement effective adaptation strategies. A lack of trust
between the various countries in the region as well as political instability
can disrupt long term plan as well as the scarcity of financial resources
to support these efforts [31], [36], [37].

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

9
 Kenya is yet another country affected by climate change. According to
the IPCC, Kenya’s average temperature has increased by about 1.5o c
since the pre-industrial era and by another 2-3 o c by the end of century.
Kenya has experienced more erratic rainfall patterns in recent years,
making crop planning difficult for farmers [1]. Climate change is leading
to an increase in heat stress-related illnesses, such as malaria[38] and
dengue fever as well as socio-economic losses estimated at 2-4% of
the Gross Domestic Product annually (2020) [39]. Since 2016, Kenya
was one of the countries to enact the Climate Change Act (2016) and
the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018–2022 whose
focus is on low carbon and climate resilient pathways To adapt to these
challenges, the Government has supported communities to participate
in sustainable land management, implementing rain water harvesting,
and promoting climate smart agriculture through crop diversification,
conservation agriculture and agroforestry [40]. Attempts in Kenya to
coordinate climate change adaptation face challenges of effective
coordination because of the various government agencies involved in
climate change adaptation. At local level, some of the challenges arise
because the farmers are unaware of climate change phenomenon and
its eminent impacts.

Malawi is an especially vulnerable country to the effects of climate

change. The average temperatures are projected to increase by 1.4-3.0°C
by the 2060s, and by 1.5-5.0°C by the 2090s. Malawi has experienced
more frequent and severe floods in recent years, destroying crops and
displacing people . With regards to climate adaptation, the country
is guided by its National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA)
which focuses on enhancing agricultural productivity, protecting the
environment, and ensuring sustainable development [41]. There various
government and non-governmental agencies involved in climate
change adaptation are largely uncoordinated and do not have adequate
resources to support these efforts. In addition, Malawi’s focus is on food
and water security. Interventions in other areas are hampered by lack of
funding and lack of climate change data [42].

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

10
 The Lake Chad Basin is an African region with a population of over 30
million people that covers the regions of Chad, Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon,
the Central African Republic, and Libya. For more than two decades,
the basin has been suffering from severe drought [43], which has had
a devastating impact on agriculture. Lake Chad has shrunk 90% in 60
years, due to climate change, irrigation, the construction of dams, and
population increase. The area is managed by the Lake Chad Basin
Commission (LCBC) which deals with transboundary issues and climate
change impacts on integrated water management [44]. Some of the
key successes for the LCBC has been developing the capacity of its
members to implement climate change strategies and measures to
adapt traditional and modern agricultural practices[44].

Southern Africa is another African region that is vulnerable to climate

change whose geographic areas covers Angola, Botswana, the Comoros,
the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Eswatini, Lesotho,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, the Seychelles,
South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In recent years, the region
has seen more erratic rainfall patterns, making crop planning difficult for
farmers[46], [47].. The Southern African Development Community (SADC)
members are committed to integrated and sustainable development, and
climate change adaptation and mitigation[48]. Issues of environment
and climate change are implemented under SADC’s Environment and
Climate Change Programme, under the Food, Agriculture and Natural
Resources Directorate To implement most its work, SADC relies on the
resources and support from cooperating partners. While there is focus on
these climate related risks, SADC lacks a policy or action plan to address
climate-related security risks as well an action plan to coordinate the
different sectors [46].

The Great Green Wall Initiative is a large-scale African-led effort to restore degraded land in
the Sahel and Sahara Desert regions. It was launched in 2007 by the African Union and has
since been endorsed by over 20 countries. The GGWI aims to restore 100 million hectares of
degraded land by 2030, and to create 10 million green jobs [49]. Some of the key interventions
includes planting trees, restoring grasslands, improving soil fertility to combat desertification
and land degradation throughout Africa’s Sahel region. Several countries, governments,
international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), local communities,
and private sectors collaborated on the initiative. This collaborative approach ensured
that resources, expertise, and experiences were pooled, resulting in more effective and
comprehensive climate adaptation strategies. [50]. However, given the widespread coverage
of the project (about 20 countries), coordination of actions is always not effective and requires
significant resources to do so[51].

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

11
 3.2 CHALLENGES TO EFFECTIVE COORDINATION OF CLIMATE ADAPTAION
INTERVENTIONS IN AFRICAN AGRICULTURE

Some of the key factors affecting effective coordination in this sector include:

Lack of trust and coordination The coordination of government agencies

between countries and government agencies. and institutions
Effective coordination requires strong involved in climate change adaptation plays
collaboration, information sharing, and a crucial role in effective implementation.
mutual trust among stakeholders. Without Fragmented efforts and lack of coordination
proper coordination mechanisms, it becomes among agencies hinder the development
challenging to implement coherent and and implementation of comprehensive and
integrated adaptation strategies. integrated adaptation strategies.

Insufficient resources, The severity and persistence

which pose a significant challenge to climate of climate change impacts require long-term
change adaptation efforts. Limited funding planning and sustained efforts. Coordinated
and inadequate allocation of resources hinder adaptation initiatives need to be designed
the implementation of necessary measures to with a long-term perspective, considering
build resilience and adapt to climate change. the evolving nature of climate change and its
Adequate financial support and resource impacts on agriculture.
mobilization are crucial for successful
coordination initiatives.

Lack of awareness and knowledge Building strong regional collaboration

about climate change among farmers and among countries facing similar climate change
communities is another barrier to effective challenges can enhance the effectiveness of
coordination. Building awareness and providing adaptation efforts. Sharing experiences, best
information about climate change impacts, practices, and lessons learned can facilitate
adaptation strategies, and available support mutual learning and support the development
mechanisms are essential for empowering of coordinated approaches that are tailored to
farmers and facilitating their active participation regional contexts.
in coordinated efforts.

In summary, the main lessons learned highlight the importance of trust, coordination, resource
availability, awareness, knowledge dissemination, institutional coordination, long-term planning,
and regional collaboration for successful climate change adaptation efforts in Africa.

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

12
 3.3 LESSONS LEARNED FOR SUCCESSFUL COORDINATION INITIATIVES IN AFRICAN
AGRICULTURE

The implementation of effective climate change learned. Understanding these lessons allows
adaptation measures in Africa has been fraught policymakers and stakeholders to better
with difficulties, as evidenced by experiences navigate the complexities of climate change
in the Sahel, Kenya, Malawi, the Lake Chad adaptation and increase the effectiveness of
Basin, the Horn of Africa, Great Wall Initiative, coordinated efforts to build resilience and
and Southern Africa. These regions have taught mitigate the effects of climate change in Africa.
us valuable lessons about the factors that
contribute to the success or failure of climate Several cases can be cited as successes on the
change adaptation efforts. The importance African continent. The following section focuses
of trust and coordination between countries on Ethiopia’s National Adaptation Plan to
and government agencies, the critical role illustrate the importance of multi-stakeholder
of adequate resources, the importance of collaboration in the successful implementation
raising awareness and knowledge among of climate change adaptation initiatives.
farmers and communities, the need for
coordinated government institutions, the need
for long-term planning, and the benefits of
regional collaboration are among the lessons

Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Green Economy National Adaptation Plan is a 15-year plan
addressing climate change impact and resilient development for the country. The goals
of the NAP among others are to reduce Ethiopia’s vulnerability to climate change by
improving the resilience of its agricultural sector, water management system, human
health system, forests and biodiversity, and urban areas. Second, it seeks to promote
sustainable development and economic growth through the adoption of climate-smart
practices. Third, it seeks to ensure that all Ethiopians have access to the resources and
services they need to adapt to climate change[52].This ambition action plan is implemented
in collaboration with international partners, demonstrates effective coordination and has
achieved significant outcomes in building resilience to climate change. The success of the
Climate Change Adaptation Program in Ethiopia can be attributed to several key factors:

Strong Government Leadership

The Ethiopian government demonstrated a strong commitment to and leadership in
dealing with climate change adaptation. They established dedicated institutions to
coordinate and oversee adaptation efforts at the national level, such as the Climate
Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) strategy and the Ethiopian Climate Change
Directorate [53].

Coordination of Multi-Stakeholder Engagement

The program involved a diverse group of stakeholders, including government
agencies, local communities, civil society organizations, and international partners.
This collaboration ensures that different points of view were considered, and that
local knowledge was incorporated into adaptation planning and implementation[54].

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

13
 Participatory Approach
The program emphasized community involvement and ownership in adaptation
efforts. Because local communities are actively involved in decision-making processes,
adaptation interventions are more relevant and effective. This participatory approach
instills a sense of ownership in communities and empowers them to implement and
sustain adaptation measures.

Integrated and Holistic Approach

The program adopts an integrated approach by addressing multiple sectors affected
by climate change. It combines measures such as sustainable land management,
afforestation, water resource management, and climate-resilient agriculture. This
holistic approach ensures that adaptation efforts are comprehensive and synergistic,
maximizing their impact and minimizing trade-offs[55].

Adequate Financial Support

International partners, including multilateral development banks, bilateral donors,
and climate finance mechanisms, provided significant financial support to the
program. The availability of sufficient resources has allowed for the large-scale
implementation of adaptation projects, facilitating the transformation of vulnerable
sectors and communities.

Long-Term Vision and Planning

The program’s long-term goals are in line with Ethiopia’s national development
plans. It recognizes that climate change is a long-term challenge that will necessitate
ongoing efforts. Long-term planning allows for proactive and iterative adaptation
actions to adapt to changing climate dynamics and ensure long-term resilience.[55].

Because of its effective governance, multi-stakeholder engagement, participatory

approach, sector integration, financial support, and long-term planning, Ethiopia’s
Climate Change Adaptation Program stands out as a successful case of coordination.
This case demonstrates the significance of comprehensive coordination mechanisms,
stakeholder participation, and long-term commitment to achieving climate resilience and
mitigating the effects of climate change.

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

14
 4. Strategies for
effective coordination

4.1 STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONAL be complex, as it requires integrating diverse

FRAMEWORKS AND COORDINATION perspectives, policies, and strategies.
MECHANISMS Overcoming sectoral silos and fostering
cross-sectoral collaboration is crucial for
Multi-level Coordination: Coordinating holistic and integrated climate adaptation in
climate adaptation efforts in agriculture agriculture.
requires collaboration and coordination
at multiple levels, including national, Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging
regional, and local levels. Ensuring effective a wide range of stakeholders, including
communication and coordination among farmers, local communities, research
different levels of governance, institutions, institutions, non-governmental
and stakeholders can be challenging due organizations, and government agencies, is
to differences in priorities, capacities, and essential for successful climate adaptation
decision-making processes. in agriculture. However, coordinating these
diverse stakeholders with different interests,
Sectoral Integration: Agriculture is a knowledge levels, and capacities can be a
multi-sectoral issue that intersects with challenge. Ensuring meaningful participation,
various sectors such as climate services, effective communication, and inclusive
water management, land use planning, and decision-making processes is crucial for
rural development. Coordinating climate building ownership and sustainability.
adaptation efforts across these sectors can

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

15
4.2 ENHANCING INFORMATION SHARING and support climate change adaptation efforts.
AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
PLATFORMS
4.4 MOBILIZING FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Coordinating knowledge management, FOR COORDINATED CLIMATE
sharing best practices, and capacity building ADAPTATION PROGRAMS
initiatives is crucial for enhancing climate
resilience in agriculture. Ensuring effective Adequate financial resources and
coordination among research institutions, investments are essential for implementing
extension services, and training providers climate adaptation measures in agriculture.
can be challenging, particularly in resource- Coordinating efforts to mobilize funding from
constrained environments. Promoting diverse sources, including international climate
knowledge exchange platforms, providing finance mechanisms, national budgets, and
training and technical support, and facilitating private sector investments, can be challenging.
information dissemination are important to Ensuring effective coordination and
overcome coordination challenges. alignment of funding strategies, leveraging
resources, and promoting innovative
Climate adaptation in agriculture relies on financing mechanisms are key coordination
accurate and timely data and information, challenges in climate adaptation.
including climate projections, agro-
meteorological data, and knowledge about
local farming practices. However, data 4.5 BUILDING CAPACITY AND
availability, quality, and accessibility can vary PROMOTING TECHNICAL EXPERTISE IN
across regions and institutions. Coordinating CLIMATE ADAPTATION
data collection, analysis, and sharing
mechanisms among different stakeholders Building capacity and promoting technical
can be a challenge, hindering evidence-based expertise in climate adaptation are critical
decision-making and adaptive planning. for Africa’s unique climate challenges.
African countries can effectively respond to
climate change impacts, protect vulnerable
4.3 ENGAGING AND EMPOWERING communities, and ensure sustainable
LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND FARMERS development in the face of a changing climate
by strengthening knowledge, skills, and
Local communities and farmers have valuable institutional capacity.
knowledge about their environment, including
weather patterns, soil conditions, and In Africa, indigenous knowledge and
traditional farming practices. This knowledge traditional practices provide valuable
can contribute to the development of effective insights into climate adaptation strategies
climate change adaptation strategies that are that have been passed down through
specific to the local context. By engaging generations. Sustainable land management,
and empowering local communities and water conservation techniques, and agricultural
farmers, their expertise can be harnessed to practices tailored to local conditions are
implement climate-resilient practices. frequently included in these practices. The
importance of incorporating and preserving
Involving local communities and farmers in indigenous knowledge alongside modern
decision-making processes and adaptation scientific approaches should not be overlooked
initiatives creates a sense of ownership and when promoting technical expertise in climate
increases their commitment to the actions taken. adaptation.
When people feel that their voices are heard
and that they have a stake in the outcomes,
they are more likely to actively participate in

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

16
 5. Policy
Recommendations

To achieve effective coordination efforts in climate change adaptation for the agricultural
sector, these policy recommendations emphasize the importance of policy coherence,
stakeholder engagement, research and data, partnerships, and mainstreaming climate
adaptation.

water management, and incorporating climate

information services into decision-making
processes are all part of this. Governments can
create an enabling environment for coordinated
climate adaptation efforts in the agricultural
5.1.1 Promoting policy coherence and sector by fostering policy coherence and
integration of climate adaptation in integration.
agricultural policies

To improve the effectiveness of climate change

adaptation in agriculture, policy coherence
and the incorporation of climate adaptation
considerations into agricultural policies
are critical. This can be accomplished by 5.1.2 Establishing multi-stakeholder
aligning national and regional agricultural platforms for coordination and
strategies with the goals and objectives of collaboration
climate change adaptation. Climate change
vulnerabilities and risks should be factored Effective stakeholder coordination and
into agricultural policies and plans, according collaboration are critical for successful climate
to policymakers. Incorporating climate-smart change adaptation in agriculture. Strengthening
practices, promoting sustainable land and the existing multi-stakeholder platforms or

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

17
creating more inclusive and representative
platforms can help to facilitate dialogue,
information sharing, and collaborative decision-
making. Representatives from government
agencies, farmer organizations, research
institutions, civil society, private sector entities, 5.1.4 Encouraging partnerships and
and international organizations should be networks to leverage resources and
present on these platforms. Multi-stakeholder expertise
platforms can foster coordination, build trust,
and promote the exchange of knowledge and Partnerships and networks are critical in
best practices by bringing together diverse improving the coordination of agricultural
perspectives and expertise. Such collaborative climate change adaptation. Partnerships should
mechanisms allow stakeholders to identify be actively sought by governments, international
priorities collectively, develop joint action organizations, research institutions, civil society
plans, and track the implementation of climate groups, farmers’ organizations, and private
adaptation measures. sector entities to leverage resources, expertise,
and technical assistance. Collaborative
initiatives can pool financial resources, share
knowledge and experiences, and provide
support for capacity-building activities. Public-
private partnerships can foster innovation
and the spread of climate-smart technologies
5.1.3 Investing in research and data and practices. Stakeholders can overcome
collection to inform coordinated decision- resource constraints, increase the scalability of
making adaptation efforts, and have a greater impact
in addressing climate change challenges in
To effectively adapt to climate change in agriculture by fostering partnerships and
agriculture, informed decision-making networks. Overall, encourage dialogue,
is essential. Governments and relevant information sharing, and joint decision-making
stakeholders should invest in research and to leverage collective expertise and resources.
data collection to improve understanding of the
agricultural sector’s climate change impacts,
vulnerabilities, and adaptation options. In
addition to supporting effective data collection
for effective decision making, there is need to
invest in bridging the research-policy divide,
e.g., by developing the capacity of policymakers 5.1.5 Mainstreaming climate adaptation in
to demand and use research evidence. Robust development agendas and international
data collection systems can focus on climate cooperation
modeling, meteorological data collection, and
assessing the socioeconomic implications To ensure sustained and coordinated efforts
of climate change on agriculture. In addition, in the agricultural sector, climate change
research should focus on identifying novel adaptation must be integrated into development
climate-smart agricultural practices and agendas and international cooperation
technologies. Policymakers and stakeholders frameworks. Climate adaptation should be
can make informed decisions, prioritize prioritized in national and decentralized-level
adaptation actions, and allocate resources development plans and strategies, in line with
effectively within coordinated efforts by international commitments such as the Paris
generating reliable and context-specific data. Agreement. International cooperation should
assist developing countries in developing
adaptive capacity and gaining access to

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

18
financial resources for agricultural climate
adaptation. Climate adaptation should also
be incorporated into agricultural development
projects, programs, and financing mechanisms.
Countries can strengthen the resilience of their
agricultural systems, promote sustainable 5.1.7 Resource Mobilization
development, and contribute to global climate
goals by mainstreaming climate adaptation. African governments can increase resource
mobilization efforts, attract financial support,
and effectively channel funds toward
agricultural climate change adaptation. For
example, Governments can prioritize climate
adaptation in national budgets, allocating
sufficient funds to finance adaptation projects
5.1.6 Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning and initiatives. This may involve reallocating
existing budgets or creating dedicated funds
To improve the agricultural sector’s adaptive for climate change adaptation. In addition,
capacity, a robust monitoring, evaluation, and African governments can also actively engage
knowledge exchange system is required. A with international climate finance mechanisms,
system like this will enable evidence-based such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the
decision-making, make identifying successful Adaptation Fund, to access additional funding
adaptation practices easier, and foster a culture for adaptation interventions. A third alternative is
of learning and continuous improvement. to focus on exploring and developing innovative
Finally, it will help to build resilience and ensure financing instruments tailored to their unique
the long-term effectiveness of agricultural circumstances. These may include climate
climate change adaptation efforts. insurance mechanisms, microfinance solutions,
or results-based financing approaches that
link funding to specific adaptation outcomes
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS and achievements. Improved coordination
and management of financial resources will
Policymakers can tap into valuable insights, allow for the implementation of climate-
adaptability, and innovative solutions that have resilient agricultural practices, the support of
been refined over generations by integrating smallholder farmers, the improvement of food
local and indigenous knowledge systems in security, and the development of a sustainable
climate change adaptation. This approach not and climate-resilient agricultural sector in
only improves the effectiveness and cultural Africa.
relevance of agricultural climate change
adaptation efforts, but it also respects local
and indigenous communities’ rights, traditions,
and contributions. Some of the key actions to
take include fostering collaboration with local
communities, preservation and transmission of
traditional knowledge as well as upholding the
principle of Free Prior and Informed Consent
(FPIC) to protect the knowledge and rights of
local communities.

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

19
 6. Conclusion

In conclusion, climate change poses a significant threat to global agricultural systems,

and effective adaptation measures are urgently needed. Coordinating climate adaptation
in agriculture is crucial for building resilience and ensuring long-term sustainability.

However, there are various coordination resources, and lack of awareness. Lessons
challenges that need to be addressed, such learned from successful coordination initiatives
as stakeholder fragmentation, limited financial highlight the importance of trust, coordination,
resources, and knowledge gaps. Despite resource availability, awareness, institutional
these challenges, there are opportunities coordination, long-term planning, and
for collaborative governance, technological regional collaboration. Strategies for effective
innovations, and knowledge exchange coordination include strengthening institutional
that can improve coordination efforts. By frameworks, enhancing information sharing
overcoming these challenges and seizing and knowledge management platforms,
these opportunities, the agricultural sector can engaging and empowering local communities
strengthen its resilience and ensure sustainable and farmers, mobilizing financial resources, and
agrifood systems in the face of climate change. building capacity in climate adaptation. Policy
coherence, stakeholder engagement, research
In African agriculture, climate change and data, partnerships, and mainstreaming
adaptation is of utmost importance due to climate adaptation in agricultural policies are
the continent’s reliance on climate-sensitive crucial for achieving effective coordination in
sectors. Investments in irrigation, improved climate change adaptation. By implementing
seed varieties, soil management, climate-smart these recommendations, governments and
agricultural practices, extension services, and stakeholders can enhance the resilience
research and development are key initiatives of agricultural systems and safeguard food
to enhance adaptation. However, coordination security in the face of climate change.
efforts in Africa have faced challenges in
various regions, including a lack of trust, limited

Coordination challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in African agriculture

20
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