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Geography UNIT
India – Location, Relief and
Drainage 1
Exercise
I. Choose the correct answer.

GEOGRAPHY
1. The north-south extent of India is
a) 2,500 km b) 2,933 km
c) 3,214 km d) 2,814 km Ans: c) 3,214 km

2. ________ River is known as ‘Sorrow of Bihar’.

a) Narmada b) Godavari
c) Kosi d) Damodar Ans: c) Kosi

3. A landmass bounded by sea on three sides is referred to as ________.

a) Coast b) Island
c) Peninsula d) Strait Ans: c) Peninsula

4. The Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar separates India from ________
a) Goa b) West Bengal
c) Sri Lanka d) Maldives Ans: c) Sri Lanka

5. The highest peak in South India is

a) Ooty b) Kodaikanal
c) Anaimudi d) Jindhagada Ans: c) Anaimudi

6. ________ Plains are formed by the older alluviums.

a) Bhabar b) Tarai
c) Bhangar d) Khadar Ans: a) Bhabar

7. Pulicat Lake is located between the states of ________.

a) West Bengal and Odisha b) Karnataka and Kerala
c) Odisha and Andhra Pradesh d) Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
 Ans: d) Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
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II. Match the following.

1. Tsangpo – a) Tributary of River Ganga

2. Yamuna – b) Highest peak in India
3. New alluvium – c) River Brahmaputra in Tibet
4. Mt. Godwin Southern part
of East Austen (K2) – d) Coastal Plain
5. Coromandel Coast – e) Khadhar
 Ans: 1.c 2.a 3.e 4.b 5.d
III. Give Reasons.

1. Himalayas are called young fold mountains.

zz They have been formed only few millions years ago.
zz They were formed because of the folding of the Earth crust due to tectonic activity.
zz So, Himalayas are called young fold mountains.
2. North Indian Rivers are perennial.
zz Perennial rivers flow throughout the year. They originate from mountainous snowy
regions or glaciers.
zz The North Indian Rivers originate from the Himalayan range which is covered with
snow. So, the North Indian Rivers are perennial.
3. South Indian rivers are east flowing.
zz Most of the South Indian rivers are originates from the Western Ghats.
zz The elevation of the Western side is higher than the Eastern side.
zz So, the South Indian Rivers are East flowing rivers.
4. West flowing rivers do not form deltas.
zz The West flowing rivers are originate from the Plateau region and flows towards
Arabian Sea.
zz They pass through Western Ghats which lies close to the Western Coastal plain.
zz So, the West flowing rivers don’t form deltas.
IV. Distinguish between the following.

1. Himalayan rivers and Peninsular rivers.

S.No Himalayan Rivers Peninsular Rivers
1. Himalayan rivers are perennial rivers. Peninsular rivers are non-perennial rivers.
2. These rivers are suitable for These rivers are not suitable for
navigation. navigation.
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3. These rivers are not suitable for Peninsular rivers are useful to generate
hydro-Power generation. hydro-power.
4. Example: River Ganga and Yamuna. Example: River Kaveri and Krishna.
2. Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.
S.No Western Ghats Eastern Ghats
1. The Western Ghats run parallel to the The Eastern Ghats run parallel to the
West Coast. East Coast.
2. The Western Ghats is a continuous The Eastern Ghats is not a continuous
range. range.
3. There are three important passes in There is no pass. There are a number
the Western Ghats. of intersected hills.

GEOGRAPHY
4. Anaimudi is the highest peak in the Mahendra Giri is the highest peak in
Western Ghats. the Eastern Ghats.
3. Western Coastal Plains and Eastern Coastal Plains.
S.No Western Coastal Plain Eastern Coastal Plain
1. It lies between Western Ghats and It lies between Eastern Ghats and Bay
Arabian Sea. of Bengal.
2. Konkan Coast, Kanara Coast and The two divisions of the Coastal Plain
Malabar Coast are the three divisions are Coromandal Coast and Northern
of Western Coastal Plain. Circars.
3. It is not a fertile region. It is a fertile region.
4. Its average width varies from 10 to This Coastal Plain is more extensive
80 km. and wider than the Western Coastal
Plain.

V. Answer in brief.

1. Name the neighbouring countries of India.

The neighbouring countries of India are –
zz Bangladesh and Myanmar (in the East)
zz Pakistan (in the West)
zz Afghanistan (in the North-west)
zz China, Nepal and Bhutan (in the North)
2. Give the importance of IST.
zz The Earth rotates through its axis around 360° in 24 hours. Thus, a difference of 1°
longitude will make a difference of 4 minutes in time.
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zz For example, the difference in longitude between Gujarat and Arunachal Pradesh is
around 30º. Hence, the difference in local time between these two places is 30º x
4 minutes = approximately 2 hours.
zz In order to avoid the difference, we are using Indian Standard Time.
3. Write a short note on Deccan Plateau.
zz The Plateau region of India has two divisions namely the Central Highland and the
Deccan Plateau.
zz The shape of the Deccan Plateau region is roughly triangular.
zz The area of the Plateau is about 7 lakh square km and the height ranges from 500
to 1000 m above the sea level.
zz The Western Ghats forms the Western edge of the Peninsular Plateau and Eastern
Ghats form the Eastern edge of this plateau.
4. State the west following rivers of India.
zz Narmada, Tapti and Mahi are the notable west flowing rivers of India. They are
seasonal rivers.
zz The river Narmada rises in Amarkantak Plateau in Madhaya Pradesh and flows for a
distance of about 1,312 km. and covers 98,796 Sq.km.
zz The Tapti rises near Multai tank in the Betual district of Madhya Pradesh and flows
towards West. It outfalls into the Arabian Sean through the Gulf of Cambay.
zz It is one of the major rivers of Peninsular India with the length of about 724 km and
covers an area of 65,145 Sq.km.
5. Write a brief note on the island group of Lakshadweep.
zz This is a small group of coral islands located on the Western side of West Coastal
Region of India. It covers an area of 32 sq.km.
zz Kavaratti is its administrative capital. Lakshadweep islands are separated from the
Maldives Islands by the Eight Degree Channel.
zz Earlier it had three divisions namely Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi.
zz It was named as Lakshadweep in 1973.
VI. Answer in a paragraph.

1. Explain the divisions of Northern Mountains and its importance to India.

The term Himalaya is derived from Sanskrit. It means ‘The Abode of Snow’. The
Northern Mountains function as a great wall. It is grouped into three divisions. They
are-
i) The Trans-Himalayas
ii) Himalayas and
iii) Purvanchal Hills (Eastern Himalayas)
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i) The Trans-Hamalayas:
zz It is also known as Western Himalayas.
zz It lies to the North of the Great Himalayan range.
zz It lies in Jammu and Kashmir and Tibetian Plateau.
zz The prominent ranges of Trans Himalayas are Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram.
ii) The Himalayas:
It constitutes the core part of Northern Mountains. It is young fold mountain.
The main divisions of the Himalayas are –
a) The Greater Himalayas b) The Lesser Himalayas and c) The Siwaliks
zz Most of the lofty peaks are located in this range. i.e., Mt. Everest & Kanchenjunga

GEOGRAPHY
zz Glaciers like Gangothri, Yamunothri and siachen are found in this range.
zz The average height of Lesser Himalayas or Himachal varies from 3,700 to 4,500 m.
zz Major hill stations such as Shimla, Mussourie, Nainital, Darjeeling are located in this
range.
zz The Outer Himalayas or Shiwaliks extend from Jammu and Kashmir to Assam.
zz It is most discontinuous range. This range is ideal sites for the settlements.
iii) Purvanchal Hills:
zz These are the Eastern off-shoot of Himalayas. It extended in the North-eastern
states of India.
zz Most of the hills are located along the borders of India and Myanmar.
zz Naga Hills, Manipur Hills, Mizo Hills, Tripura Hills, Khazi Hills, Jaintia Hills are the
important hills of Purvanchal Hills.
Importance of Himalayas:
zz Himalayas blocks Southwest monsoon winds and causes heavy rainfall to North
India.
zz It forms a natural barrier to the sub-continent.
zz It is the source for many perennial rivers like Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra etc.
zz The Northern Mountains are described as the paradise of tourists due to its natural
beauty.
zz Many hill stations and pilgrim centres like Amaravathi, Kedarnath, Badrinath and
Vaishnavadevi temples are situated here.
zz It provides raw materials for many forest based industries.
zz It prevents the cold winds blowing from the Central Asia and protects India from
severe cold.
zz Himalayas are renowned for the rich biodiversity.
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2. Give an account on the major peninsular rivers of India.

The South Indian rivers are called the Peninsular Rivers. These rivers are seasonal rivers
(non-perennial). Based on the direction of flow, the peninsular rivers are divided into
the West flowing and East flowing rivers.
East flowing rivers:

i) Mahanadi:
zz River Mahanadi originates in Raipur district of Chattisgarh. Its length is 851 km.
zz The distributaries of Mahanadi form the Delta of Mahanadi which is one of the
largest deltas in India.
zz The Mahanadi empties its water in Bay of Bengal.

ii) Godavari:
zz Godavari is the longest river among the Peninsular Rivers. It is also called Vridha
Ganga.
zz It originates from Nasik district of Maharashtra and empties its water in Bay of
Bengal.
zz The river Rajahmundry gets divided into two channels called Vasistha and Gautami
and forms one of the largest deltas in India.

iii) Krishna:
zz The river Krishna originates from Mahabaleshwar in the Western Ghats of
Mahanrashtra.
zz It is the second largest Peninsular river.
zz It flows through Andhra Pradesh and joins in Bay of Bengal.

iv) Kaveri:
zz The river Kaveri originates at Talakaveri, Kudagu hills of Karnataka. It is also called
as Dhakshin Ganga of Ganga of South.
zz The Kaveri breaks at Srirangam Island with two channels, river Coleroon and Kaveri.
zz At last, it empties into the Bay of Bengal at Poompuhar.
West flowing rivers:

i) Narmada:
zz It rises in Amarkantak Plateau in Madhya Pradesh and empties in Arabian Sea.
zz It is the largest among the West flowing rivers of Peninsular India.
zz It forms 27 km long estuary before enters into the sea.
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ii) Tapti:
zz Tapti River rises in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh and flows from East to West.
zz Its length is 724 km and covers an area of 65.145 sq. km.
zz It outfalls into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Cambay.

3. Give a detailed account on the basin of the Ganga.

zz The Ganga River system is the largest drainage system of India.
zz The length of the river Ganaga is about 2,525 km and covers 8,61,404 sq. km in
India.
zz The river Ganga originates as Bhagirathi from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarkhand
state at an elevation of 7,010 m.

GEOGRAPHY
zz Its major tributaries from the North are Gomati, Gandak, Kosi and Ghaghra and from
South, Yamnua (largest tributary of Ganga), son, Chambal, etc.,
zz The river Ganga is known as the River Padma in Bangladesh.
zz The combined river of Ganga and Brahmaputra creates the world’s largest delta
known as Sundarbans in Bangladesh.
zz These rivers brought large quantities of sand and silt from the mountains and
desposited in this vast plain. So, this are became a fertile region of the country.
zz Many religious centres such as Haridwar, Mathura, Varanasi and Allahabad are
situated on the banks of river Ganga.
zz Later days, these places have developed into large cultural, educational and tourist
centres.
zz So, the Ganga basin became the densely populated region of India.

VII. Map Exercises

Mark the following in the outline map of India

1. Major mountain ranges – Karakoram, Ladakh, Zaskar, Aravalli, Western Ghats, Eastern
Ghats.
2. Major rivers – Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Tapti, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna
& Kaveri.
3. Major plateaus – Malwa, Chotanagpur, Deccan.
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MAJOR MOUNTAIN RANGES & MAJOR PLATEAUS

INDIA RIVERS
Ind N
us AND LAKES KARAKORAM
Wular W E LADAKH
Lake S ZASKAR
lum
us

Jhe nab Beas

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Lake ba agh
Brahm
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Luni Ga

LI
am ara
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AL
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Ch
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AV
ak

AR
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So
Sa
ba A

Hugli
M thi

LW
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i

MA
ah

U
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ar EA CHOTANAGPUR
barm

Narmada Ma ek Sundarban AT PLATEAU

PL
ha ha
Sa Ta na
thi
Pen
ga nga
Chilka AU
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Lake LA S
ANP AT
GH
Go

HATS
CC
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da

E
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va

ERN G
Krishn EA
ri

a Kolleru
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WEST
Lake
b ha
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Pennaru
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Pulicat Lake LEGEND

River
Kavery Lake
Vembanad
Lake Vaigai

Not to Scale

VIII. Activities

1. Observe the Peninsular Plateau map of India and mark the major plateau divisions of
India
2. Prepare a table showing the major West flowing and East flowing rivers of peninsular
India.
3. Assume that you are travelling from West Bengal to Gujarat along the beautiful coasts
of India. Find out the states which you would pass through?
4. Find out the states through which the river Ganga flows.
5. Prepare a table showing the major rivers in India and findout it’s tributaries, origin,
length and area.
STUDENTS SELF ACTIVITY.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
I. Choose the correct answer.

1. India is the ________ largest country in Asia.

a) Third b) Seventh
c) Fifth d) Second Ans: d) Second
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2. The Southernmost point of India is ________.

a) Andaman b) Kanyakumari
c) Indira Point d) Kavartti Ans: c) Indira Point
3. India shares shortest border with ________.
a) Nepal b) Afghanistan
c) Myanmar d) Bhutan Ans: b) Afghanistan
4. The southernmost point of main land of India is ________.
a) Kanniyakumari b) Indira Point
c) Port Plair d) Cochin Ans: a) Kanniyakumari
5. ________ will be the new capital of Andra Pradesh.

GEOGRAPHY
a) Hyderabad b) Amaravati
c) Thirupathi d) Secunderabad Ans: b) Amaravati
6. India’s central meridian is ________ longitude.
a) 82°30’ E b) 82°30’ W
c) 82°30’ N d) 82°30’ S Ans: a) 82°30’ E
7. The Indian Standard Time (IST) is _____ hrs ahead of Greenwich Mean Time
(GMT).
a) 5 b) 4
c) 5.30 d) 6 Ans: c) 5.30
8. ________ is popularly known as the ‘Roof of the world’.
a) Karakorum range b) Mt. Everest
c) Pamir Knot d) Ladak Range Ans: c) Pamir Knot
9. The term ________ is derived from Sanskrit which means ‘The Abode of
snow’.
a) Mt. Fuji b) Mt. Everest
c) Himalayas d) Thar Ans: c) Himalayas
10. ________ range is the oldest fold mountain range in India.
a) Vindya b) Satpura
c) Karakoram d) Aravalli Ans: d) Aravalli
11. The Trans-Himalayas lies to the ________ of the Great Himalayas.
a) East b) West
c) South d) North Ans: d) North
12. The longitudinal valleys found between the Siwaliks and the Lesser Himalayas
are called ________ in the West.
a) Duars b) Duns
c) Glaciers d) Plains Ans: b) Duns
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13. The Peninsular Plateau is an ________ plateau region.

a) Old rocky b) New rocky
c) Indian d) Desert Ans: a) Old rocky

14. ________ mark the North-western boundary of the plateau region.

a) Vindya mountains b) Aravalli hills
c) Satpura range d) Guru Sikar Ans: b) Aravalli hills

15. River Narmada divides the plateau region of Indi broadly into ________.
a) Two parts b) Three parts
c) Four parts d) Five parts Ans: a) Two parts

16. The Western part of the Central Highland is known as the ________ Plateau.
a) Malwa b) Chhota-Nagpur
c) Shillong d) Deccan Ans: a) Malwa

17. The peak of ________ is the highest point in the plateau.

a) Anaimudi b) Magendragiri
c) The Nilgiris d) Kalsubai Ans: a) Anaimudi

18. The Eastern Ghats join the Western Ghats at the ________ hills.
a) Palani b) Cardamom
c) Nilgiri d) Kolli Ans: c) Nilgiri

19. ________ is a famous back water lake found in the Western Coastal Plain.
a) Chilka b) Pulicat
c) Kolleru d) Vembanad Ans: d) Vembanad

20. The second largest beach in the world is ________

a) Marin Drive beach b) Kovalam beach
c) Marina beach d) Juhu beach Ans: c) Marina beach

21. ________ Channel separates Andaman from Nicobar group of islands.

a) Twenty-five Degree b) Ten Degree
c) Eight Degree d) Five Degree Ans: b) Ten Degree

22. The Southernmost tip of India, the Indira Point is a part of ________ Island.
a) Andaman b) Nicobar
c) Lakshadweep d) Maldive Ans: b) Nicobar

23. Name the Channel that separates Lakshadweep islands and Maldives Islands.
a) Twenty five Degree b) Ten Degree
c) Eight Degree d) Five Degree Ans: c) Eight Degree
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24. The ________ river system is the largest drainage system of India.
a) Brahmaputra b) Indus
c) Ganga d) Yamuna Ans: c) Ganga
25. The river Ganga originates as ________ from the Gangotri Glacier.
a) Bhagirathi b) Padma
c) Glacier d) Jhelum Ans: a) Bhagirathi
26. Rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra creates the world’s largest delta known as
Sudarbans in ________.
a) India b) Nepal
c) Bangladesh d) Bhutan Ans: c) Bangladesh

GEOGRAPHY
27. The river Brahmaputra is known as ________ (purifier) in Tibet.
a) Padma b) Jamuna
c) Tsangpo d) Suddha Ans: c) Tsangpo
28. ________ is longest river among the Peninsular rivers of India.
a) Krishna b) Kaveri
c) Godavari d) Narmada Ans: c) Godavari
29. ________ is the fresh water lake located in the deltaic region of the Godavari.
a) Pulicat b) Chilka
c) Vembanad d) Kolleru Ans: d) Kolleru
30. The river Kaveri originates at Talakaveri, ________ hills of Karnataka.
a) Kodaikkanal b) Mahabaleshwar
c) Kudagu d) Gurushikar Ans: c) Kudagu
31. The river ________ is called Dhakshin Ganga or Ganga of South.
a) Krishna b) Kaveri
c) Godavari d) Narmada Ans: b) Kaveri
32. The Kaveri breaks at ________ Island with two channels – river Coleroon and
Kaveri.
a) Srirangapatnam b) Mettur
c) Srirangam d) Thanjavur Ans: c) Srirangam
33. ________ is the largest among the West flowing rivers of Peninsular India.
a) Krishna b) Kaveri
c) Godavari d) Narmada Ans: d) Narmada
34. Mahanadi empties its water in ________.
a) Bay of Bengal b) Arabian Sea
c) Indian Ocean d) River Ganga Ans: a) Bay of Bengal
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35. India is politically divided into ________ states and ________ Union
territories.
a) 28 and 9 b) 28 and 7
c) 29 and 8 d) 28 and 8 Ans: a) 28 and 9
36. India’s Central Meridian passes through ________, near Allahabad.
a) Kanpur b) Varanasi
c) Mirzapur d) Patna Ans: c) Mirzapur
37. India’s only active volcano is found on ________ Island in Andaman and
Nicobar group of Islands.
a) Pitt b) Minicoy
c) Amindivi d) Barren Ans: d) Barren
38. ________ is the largest tributary of River Ganga.
a) Kosi b) Yamuna
c) Gomti d) Gandak Ans: b) Yamuna
39. Pushkar Lake in Rajasthan is popularly known as ________.
a) Salt Lake b) Kolleru Lake
c) Pulicat Lake d) Chilka Lake Ans: a) Salt Lake
40. ________ river is called Vridha Ganga.
a) Krishna b) Godavari
c) Mahanadi d) Narmada Ans: b) Godavari

II. Match the following.

1. Pakistan – a) East
2. Afghanistan – b) West
3. China – c) North
4. Myanmar – d) South
5. Sri Lanka – e) North-west
 Ans: 1.b 2.e 3.c 4.a 5. d
6. Roof of the world – a) Lesser Himalayas
7. Abode of snow – b) That desert
8. Himadri – c) Pamir Knot
9. Himachal – d) Himalayas
10. Great Indian desert – e) Greater Himalayas
 Ans: 6.c 7.d 8.e 9.a 10.b
11. Indira Point – a) Tributary
12. Yamuna – b) Bangladesh
13. Tsangpo – c) Nicobar island
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14. Jamuna – d) Tibet

15. Sundarbans – e) Largest delta
 Ans: 11.c 12.a 13.d 14.b 15.e
16. Dhakshin Ganga – a) Kaveri
17. Vridha Ganga – b) Lakshadweep Islands
18. Tsangpo – c) Godavari
19. River Padma – d) Brahmaputra
20. Kavaratti – e) Bangladesh
 Ans: 16.a 17.c 18.d 19.e 20.b
III. Give Reasons.

GEOGRAPHY
1. India is known as ‘Subcontinent’. Why?
zz India has distinct continental characteristics in physiographic characters, climate,
natural vegetation, minerals, human resources, etc.
zz Hence, India is known as ‘subcontinent’.
2. How can we saw that India is located in the North-eastern hemisphere?
zz India extends from 8°4’ N to 37°6’ N latitudes and 68°7’ E to 97°25’ E longitudes.
zz Hence, India is located of the North-eastern hemisphere.
3. ‘Himalaya’ is known as ‘The Abode of Snow’.
zz Himalayan range is completely covered with snow throughout the year.
zz The term ‘Himayala’ is derived from Sanskrit which means ‘The Abode of Snow’.
zz So, Himalaya is also known as ‘The Abode of Snow’
4. The Trans-Himalayas is known as ‘Tibetan Himalayas’. Why?
zz It lies to the North of the Great Himalayas.
zz It spread out in Jammu and Kashmir and Tibetean plateau.
zz As its areal extent is more in Tibet, it is known as Tibetan Himalayas.
5. Eastern Coastal Plain is a fertile region. Why?
zz East flowing rivers bring alluvial soil and deposit in the coastal plain.
zz These rivers water the coastal plain which is essential for agriculture.
zz So, Eastern coastal Plain is a fertile region.
6. The Eastern states are called seven sisters.
zz There are seven states in the Eastern side of India such as Assam, Arunachal
Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.
zz So, they are together called as seven sisters.
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7. The river Godavari is often referred as Vridha Ganga.

zz Godavari is the longest river (1,465 km) with an area of 3.13 lakh km² among the
peninsular rivers.
zz So, it is often referred to as Vidha Ganga mainly because of its large size and extent
among the peninsular rivers.

IV. Distinguish between the following.

1. Himadri and Himachal.

S.No Himdadri Himachal
1. It is known as Great Himalayas. It is known as Lesser Himalayas.
2. The Greater Himalayas are about 25 Its width varies up to 80 km.
km wide.
3. Its average height is about 6000 m. The height of this range varies from
3,700 to 4,500 m.
4. Almost all the lofty peaks of Himalayas Major hill stations of the Himalayas are
are located in this range. located in this range.

2. GMT and IST.

S.No GMT IST

1. GMT means Greenwich Meant Time It means Indian Standard time
2. GMT meridian passes through Indian Standard meridian passes
Greenwich, London. through Mirzapur, Allahabad.
3. 0° longitude is named as Greenwich 82°30’ E longitude called as Indian
meridian. Standard meridian.
4. It is useful to calculate international It is useful to calculate Indian timings.
timings.

3. Western Himalayas and Western Himalayas.

S.No Greater Himalayas Outer Himalayas

1. It is known as Himadri It is called as Shiwaliks
2. Its average height is about 6000 m. The altitude varies between 900 to
1100 metres.
3. The Greater Himalayas are about 25 The width of Siwaliks varies from 10
km wide. km in the East to 50 km in the West.
4. It is the most continuous range. This is the most discontinuous range.
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4. West flowing rivers and East flowing rivers:

S.No West flowing rivers East flowing rivers
1. These rivers are originate from These rivers are originate from Western
Madhya Pradesh and flows towards Ghats and flows towards East.
West.
2. These rivers empty into the Arabian These rivers empty into the Bay of
Sea. Bengal.
3. The rivers never forms delta before it These rivers form a huge delta near
outfall the sea. their mouth.
4. Example: Narmada and Tapti Example: Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.

GEOGRAPHY
V. Answer in brief.

1. India is located in a strategic place. Justify.

zz The Trans-Indian ocean routes which connect the countries of Europe in the West
and the countries of East Asia Provide a strategic central location to India.
zz It helps India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the
Western Coast and with South East, East Asia from the Eastern Coast.
2. What are the five physiographic divisions of India?
The physiographic divisions of India are –
zz The Northern Mountains
zz The Northern Plains
zz The Peninsular Plateau
zz The Coastal Plains and
zz The Islands
3. Write a note on Bhangar Plains.
zz The Bhangar represent the upland alluvial tracts of the Great Plains of India, formed
by the older alluviums.
zz The Bhangar land lies above the flood limits of the rivers.
zz This soil is dark in colour, rich in humus content and well drained.
zz It is very useful for agriculture.
4. Write about Khadar Plains.
zz The new alluvium tracts along the courses of the rivers are known as the ‘Khadar’
or ‘Bet’ lands.
zz The Khadar tracts are enriched by fresh deposits of silt every year during rainy
seasons.
zz The Khadar land consists of sand, silt, clay and mud. It is highly fertile soil.
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5. Write about Malwa Plateau and Chhota-Nagpur Plateau of Central High land.
Malwa Plateau:
zz The Western part of the Central Highland is known as the Malwa Plateau.
zz It lies to the South-east of Aravalli and to the North of Vidhyachal Range.
zz The rivers Chambal, Betwa and Ken drain the Malwa Plateau before they join the
river Yamnuna.
Chhota Nagpur Plateau:
zz The Eastern part of the Central High land is known as Chhota-Nagpur Plateau.
zz It covers much of Jharkhand, adjacent parts of Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar and
Chhattisgarh.
zz This region is very rich in mineral resources particularly iron ore and coal.

6. Write about the Island of India.

zz India has two major island groups namely Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep.
zz The former group consists of 572 islands and are located in Bay of Bengal.
zz The later one has 27 islands. These islands are coral origin located in Arabian Sea.
zz India’s only active volcano is found on Barren Island in Andaman and Nicobar group
of Islands.
zz The Southernmost tip of India, Indira Point is a part of Nicobar Island.
zz The uninhabited ‘Pitt Island’ of Lakshadweep group has a bird sanctuary.

7. What are the characteristics of Himalayan Rivers?

zz Long and wide
zz Perennial in nature
zz Unsuitable for hydro power generation
zz Middle and lower courses are navigable.

8. What are the characteristics of South Indian Rivers.

zz Originate from Western Ghats
zz Short and narrow
zz Non Perennial in nature
zz Suitable for hydropower generation
zz Not useful for navigation
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VI. Answer in a paragraph.

1. What are the four major regions of Northern Plains of India?

The fertile plain lies to the South of the Northern Mountains. It is divided into four
major regions. They are-
i) Rajasthan Plains:
zz It is located to the west of Aravalli range and covers an area of about 1,75,000
sq.km.
zz It is formed by the deposition of the river Luni and the long vanished river Saraswathi.
zz There are several salt lakes in Rajasthan. The Sambar salt lake (Pushkar Lake) near
Jaipur is the prominent one.

GEOGRAPHY
ii) Punjab-Haryana Plains:
zz Punjab-Haryana Plain lies on the North-east of the Great Indian Desert.
zz These are formed by the deposition of the rivers Sutlej, Beas and Ravi.
zz These plains act as water-divide (doab).
iii) Ganga Plains:
zz It extends from the Yamuna River in the West to Bangladesh in the East.
zz It is the largest plain in India that covers 3.75 sq. km.
zz The general slope of the entire plain is towards East and South-east.
iv) Brahmaputra Plains:
zz It is a low-level plain located in the Eastern part of Great Plains of India.
zz It is located mainly in the state of Assam and formed by the deposits of river
Brahmaputra.
zz These plains create alluvial fans and marshy tracts.
2. Describe the Western Coastal Plain and Eastern Coastal Plain.
The Indian coastal plains are divided into two divisions. They are –
i) Western Coastal Plains and
ii) Eastern Coastal Plains.
i) Western Coastal Plain
zz It lies between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.
zz It extends from Rann of Kutch in the North and Kanniyakumari in the South.
zz The Northern part of the West Coastal Plain is known as Konkan Plain.
zz The middle part of the plain is known as Kanara Coast.
zz The Southern part of the plain is known as Malabar Coast. This coast is characterized
by sand dunes.
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zz Along the coast, there are numerous shallow lagoons and backwaters called Kayals
and Teris.
zz Vembanad is a famous back water lake found in this region.
ii) Eastern Coastal Plain
zz It lies between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.
zz The coastal plain between Mahanadi and Krishna river is known as the Northern
Circars.
zz The Southern part lies between Krishna and Kaveri rivers is called Coromandal Coast.
zz Marina beach in Chennai, the second largest beach in the world is on this plain.
zz The backwater lakes such as Chilka Lake, Kolleru Lake and Pulicat Lake are lies in
the East Coastal Plain.


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1. India – Location, Relief and Drainage

Time : 45 mts. Marks: 40

I. Choose the correct answer: 5×1=5

1. The southernmost point of main land of India is ________.
a) Kanniyakumari b) Indira Point c) Port Plair d) Cochin
2. ________ will be the new capital of Andra Pradesh.
a) Hyderabad b) Amaravati c) Thirupathi d) Secunderabad
3. India’s central meridian is ________ longitude.
a) 82°30’ E b) 82°30’ W c) 82°30’ N d) 82°30’ S
4. The Indian Standard Time (IST) is ________ hrs ahead of Greenwich Mean
Time (GMT).
a) 5 b) 4 c) 5.30 d) 6

GEOGRAPHY
5. ________ is popularly known as the ‘Roof of the world’.
a) Karakorum range b) Mt. Everest c) Pamir Knot d) Ladak Range
6. The highest peak in South India is ________
a) Ooty b) Kodaikanal c) Anaimudi d) Jindhagada
II. Match the following: 5×1=5
7. Tsangpo – a) River Brahmaputra in Tibet
8. Yamuna – b) Highest peak in India
9. New alluvium – c) Tributary of River Ganga
10. Mt. Godwin Austen (K2) – d) Southern part of East Coast Plain
11. Coromandel Coast – e) Khadhar
III. Distinguish between the following:2×2=4
12. Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.
13. Himalayan rivers and Peninsular rivers.
IV. Answer in brief: 5×2=10
14. Name the neighbouring countries of India.
15. Give the importance of IST.
16. Write a note on the island group of Lakshadweep.
17. What are the characteristics of South Indian Rivers.
18. Give reason: a) North Indian Rivers are perennial.
b) West flowing rivers do not form deltas.
V. Answer any one in a paragraph: 1×5=5
19. Explain the divisions of Northern Mountains and its importance to India.
20. Give an account on the major peninsular rivers of India.
VI. On the outline map of India, mark the following. 10
i) Karakoram range ii) Aravalli Range iii) Western Ghats iv) River Ganga
v) River Narmada vi) Kaveri vii) Malwa plateau viii) Deccan plateau
ix) Indira Point x) Gulf of Mannar
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Geography UNIT

Climate and Natural Vegetation of India

2
Exercise
I. Choose the correct answer.

1. Western disturbances cause rainfall in ________.

a) Tamilnadu b) Kerala
c) Punjab d) Madhya Pradesh Ans: c) Punjab

2. ________ helps in quick ripening of mangoes along the coast of Kerala and
Karnataka.
a) Loo b) Norwester
c) Mango showers d) Jet stream Ans: c) Mango showers

3. ________ is a line joining the places of equal rainfall.

a) sohyets b) Isobar
c) Isotherm d) Latitudes Ans: a) Isohyets

4. Climate of India is labelled as ________.

a) Tropical humid b) Equatorial Climate
c) Tropical Monsoon Climate d) Temperate Climate
 Ans: c) Tropical monsoon climate

5. The monsoon forests are otherwise called as ________.

a) Tropical evergreen forest b) Deciduous forest
c) Mangrove forest d) Mountain forest Ans: b) Deciduous forest

6. Sesahachalam hills, a Biosphere reserve is situated in ________.

a) Tamil Nadu b) Andhra Pradesh
c) Madhya Pradesh d) Karnataka Ans: b) Andhra Pradesh

7. ________ is a part of the world network biosphere reserves of UNESCO.

a) Nilgiri b) Agasthiyamalai
c) Great Nicobar d) Kachch Ans: a) Nilgiaris
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II. Match the following.

1. Sundarbans – a) Desert and semi desert vegetation

2. Biodiversity hotspot – b) October - December
3. North east monsoon – c) Littoral forest
4. Tropical thorn forests – d) West Beangal
5. Coastal forests – e) The Himalayas
 Ans: 1.d 2.e 3.b 4.a 5.c

III Consider the given statements and choose the correct option from the given
below ones.
1. Assertion (A) : The Himalayas acts as a climatic barrier.

GEOGRAPHY
Reason (R) :  The Himalayas prevents cold winds from central Asia and keep the
Indian Sub-continent warm. (Give option for this questions)
a) Both (A) and (R) are true: R explains A
b) Both (A) and (R) are true: R does not explain A
c) (A) is true (R) is false
d) (A) is false (R) is true Ans: a) Both (A) and (R) are true; R explains A

IV. Choose the inappropriate answer.

1. Tidal forests are found in and around ________.

a) Desert b) The deltas of Ganga and Brahmaputra
c) The delta of Godavari d) The delta of Mahanadhi Ans: a) Desert
2. Climate of India is aff ected by ________.
a) Latitudinal extent b) Altitude
c) Distance from the sea d) Soil Ans: d) Soil
V. Answer briefly.

1. List the factors affecting climate of India.

The climate of India is affected by the following factors-
zz Latitude  Altitude,  Distance from the seas,
zz Monsoon wind,  Relief features and  Jet stream.
2. What is meant by ‘normal lapse rate’?
zz The temperature decreases when the altitude increases,.
zz The temperature decreases at the rate of 6.5 C for every 1000 metres of ascent.
zz This is known as ‘Normal lapse rate’.
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3. What are ‘jet streams’?

zz Jet streams are the fast moving winds blowing in a narrow zone in the upper
atmosphere.
zz According to the Jet stream theory, the onset of southwest monsoon is driven by
shift of the subtropical westerly jet from the plains of India towards the Tibetan
plateau.
zz The easterly jet streams cause tropical depressions both during Southwest monsoon
and retreating monsoon.
4. Write a short note on ‘Monsoon wind’.
zz The word ‘monsoon’ is derived from the Arabic word ‘Mausim’ which means season.
zz Originally this word was used by the Arab navigators several centuries ago.
zz It is used to describe a system of seasonal reversal of winds along the shores of the
Indian Ocean especially over the Arabian sea.
zz It blows from the South-west to North-east during summer and from the North-east
to South-west during winter.
5. Name the four distinct seasons of India.
The four distinct seasons of India are -
zz Winter or Cold weather season
zz Pre Monsoon or Summer or Hot weather season
zz South-west monsoon or Rainy season
zz North-east monsoon season.
6. What is ‘burst of monsoon’?
zz The sudden approach of monsoon wind over South India with lightning and thunder
is termed as the ‘Break’ or ‘Burst of monsoon’.
zz It lowers the temperature of India to a large extent.
zz The monsoon wind strikes against the Southern tip of Indian land mass and get
divided into two branches namely the Arabian Sea branch and Bay of Bengal branch.
7. Name the areas which receive heavy rainfall.
The heavy rainfall areas of India are-
zz The Western Coast
zz Assam
zz South Meghalaya
zz Tripura, Nagaland
zz Arunachal Pradesh
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8. State the places of mangrove forests in India.

zz These forests occur in and around the deltas, estuaries and creeks prone to tidal
influence.
zz The delta of the Ganga-Brahmaputra has the largest mangrove forest.
zz Mangrove forests are also found in the deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna
rivers.
9. Write any five biosphere reserves in India.
S.No Biosphere reserves State
1 Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu
2 The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu

GEOGRAPHY
3 Agasthyamalai Kerala
4 Sundarbans West Bengal
5 Cold desert Himachal Pradesh

VI. Distinguish between the following.

1. Weather and Climate.

S.No Weather Climate
1. Weather is the state of the atmosphere Climate is the average of weather for a
at a particular place and time. long period of time at any place.
2. Weather of a place many change Climate of a place remains for a long
daily. period of time
3. On a particular day, the temperature Generally, the climate of Mumbai and
of Mumbai and Pune may be same. Pune considerably differ.

2. Tropical Evergreen Forest and Deciduous Forest.

S.No Tropical Evergreen forest Deciduous forest

1. These forests are found in the region These forests are found in the area
where the annual rainfall is more than where the annual rainfall is between
200 cm. 100 cm and 200 cm.
2. The trees found in this forest never The trees in this forest shed their
shed their leaves. leaves during spring and early summer.
3. This forest is also called as Evergreen This forest is also known as Monsoon
forest. forest.
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3. North East Monsoon and South West Monsoon.

S.No North-east monsoon South-west monsoon
1. This monsoon winds blow from the These winds blow from the sea to land.
land to sea.
2. This monsoon winds are the retreat South-west monsoon originate from
(coming back) winds of Southwest Indian ocean.
monsoon.
3. The period of the North-east monsoon The period of South-west monsoon is
is from October and November. from June to September.
4. It gives rainfall only to Coromandal It gives heavy rainfall to most of the
coast. parts of India.

VII. Give Reasons.

1. Western Coastal plain is narrow.

zz Western Coastal Plain lies between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.
zz The distance between Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats is less. So, the width of
the coastal plain is narrow.
2. India has a tropical monsoon climate.
zz High temperatures during summers and dry winters are some of the characteristics
of the Tropical Monsoon types of climate.
zz India has a tropical monsoon climate because most of India lies in the tropical belt.
3. Mountains are cooler than the plains.
zz The temperature decreases when the altitude increases.
zz Temperature decreases at the rate of 6.5 C for every 1000 metres of ascent.
zz So, the places in the mountains are cooler than the places on the plains.

VIII. Answer in detail:

1. Write about South West Monsoon.

zz The Southwest monsoon is the most significant feature of the Indian climate.
zz The onset of the monsoon takes place normally by the first week of June and covers
the whole country by 15th July.
zz Prior to the onset of the Southwest monsoon, the temperature in North India reaches
up to 46° C.
zz The sudden approach of monsoon wind over South India with lightning and thunder
is termed as the ‘Burst of monsoon’.
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zz It lowers the temperature of India to a large extent. The monsoon wind strikes
against the Southern tip of Indian land mass and gets divided into two branches.
They are-
i) Arabian sea branch
ii) Bay of Bengal branch
i) Arabian sea branch:
zz The Arabian Sea branch of Southwest monsoon given heavy rainfall of the West
coast of India as it is located in the windward side of the Western Ghats.
zz The other part which advances towards North is obstructed by Himalayan mountains
and results in heavy rainfall in North.
zz As the Aravalli Mountain is located parallel to the wind direction, Rajasthan and

GEOGRAPHY
Western part do not get much rainfall from this branch.
ii) Bay of Bengal branch:
zz The wind from Bay of Bengal branch moves towards North-east India and Myanmar.
zz This wind is trapped by a chain of mountains and gives heavy rainfall to the Eastern
states.
zz Later on, this wind travel towards West which results in decreases in rainfall from
east to West.
2. Describe the forests of India.
The climate, soil and landform characteristics are the important environment controls
of natural vegetation. On the basis of the above factors, the natural vegetation of India
can be divided in to the following types.
Tropical evergreen forest:
zz These forests are found in the region where the annual rainfall is more than 200 cm
zz Karnataka, Kerala, Andaman-Nicobar islands, Assam, West Bengal and the Eastern
states have this type of forests.
zz The most important trees of these forests are rubber, mahogany, ebony, rosewood,
coconut, chinchona, iron wood and cedar.
zz These forests are not fully exploited due to lack of transport facilities.
Tropical Deciduous forest:
zz These forests are found in the region with the annual rainfall of 100 to 200 cm.
zz Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madya Pradesh, Chattisgarh,
Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana states have these forests.
zz The most important trees of these forests are sandalwood, rosewood, amla, padauk,
bamboo, etc.
zz These forests are called as ‘Monsoon forests’.
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Tropical Dry forest:

zz These forests are found in the areas with 50 to 1oo cm annual rainfall.
zz Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, Western Karnataka and East
Tamilnadu have these forests.
zz The important vegetations are amaltas, banyan, bamboo, babool, etc,
zz These forests are known as ‘Tropical thorn forest’.
Mountain forest:
zz These forests are found in the mountainous ranges. On the basis of altitude and
amount of rainfall, these forests are classified in to two.
zz They are i) Eastern Himalayan forest and ii) Western Himalayan forest
zz The Easter Himalayan forests are found on the slopes of the mountains of North-
eastern states.
zz The Western Himalayan forests are found in the states of Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
Other types:
zz Alpine forests are found in the slopes of Himalayas with about 2400 m altitude.
zz Tidal forest found in and around the deltas and estuaries. These forests are known
as ‘Sundarbans’.
zz Coastal forests or Littoral forests found along the coasts of Kerala and Goa.
zz These forests are found along the rivers on Khadar areas.
XI. Map Exercises

Mark the following on the outline map of India.

1. Direction of South West Monsoon wind. 2. Direction of North East Monsoon wind.
South West Monsoon In India North East Monsoon In India
N N

W E W E
S S

I N D I A I N D I A

Arabian Bay of Arabian Bay of

Sea Bengal Sea Bengal

Not to Scale Not to Scale

Indian Ocean Indian Ocean

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3. Areas of heavy rainfall 4. Mountain forests

5. Panna biosphere reserve 6. Agasthiyamalai biosphere reserve

Areas of heavy rainfall

Mountain forests

GEOGRAPHY
Panna biosphere reserve

Agasthiyamalai
biosphere reserve

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
I. Choose the correct answer.

1. Meteorology is the science of ________.

a) Weather b) Social
c) Political d) Human Ans: a) Weather
2. We wear cotton during ________.
a) North-east monsoon b) Winter
c) Rainy d) Summer Ans: d) Summer
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3. The ________ divides the country into two equal halves.

a) Tropic of Capricorn b) Equator
c) Tropic of Cancer d) North Pole Ans: c) Tropic of Cancer
4. The temperature ________ at the rate of 6.5° C for every 1000 metres of
ascent.
a) Equal b) Increase
c) Decrease d) Normal Ans: c) Decrease
5. Temperature decreases at the rate of ________ for every 1000 metres of
ascent.
a) 10.5º C b) 6.5º C
c) 7.5º C d) 2º C Ans: b) 6.5º C
6. The places located in the higher altitudes have ________ climate.
a) Hot b) Humid
c) Dry d) Cool Ans: d) Cool
7. The most dominant factor that affects the climate of India is the ________.
a) Rainfall b) Monsoon winds
c) Cyclone d) Ultra violet rays Ans: b) Monsoon winds
8. Weather refers to the state of ________ of a place at a given point of time.
a) Climate b) Monsoon
c) Temperature d) Atmosphere Ans: d) Atmosphere
9. The Himalayas acts as a barrier to the freezing cold wind blows from ________.
a) Central Asia b) China
c) Afghanistan d) Arctic region Ans: a) Central Asia
10. The word monsoon has been derived from the ________ word ‘Mausim’.
a) Sanskrit b) French
c) Arabic d) Greeck Ans: c) Arabic
11. The Arabic word ‘Mausim’ means ________.
a) Wind b) Season
c) Rain d) Sun Ans: b) Season
12. ________ desert is the driest place on the Earth.
a) Thar b) Sahara
c) Atacama d) Siberian Ans: c) Atacama
13. The fast moving winds blowing in a narrow zone in the upper atmosphere
is called ________.
a) Breeze b) Jet streams
c) Monsoon winds d) Hot winds Ans: b) Jet streams
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14. During summer solstice, the sun’s rays fall vertically over the ________.
a) Tropic of Capricorn b) Tropic of Cancer
c) Polar region d) Equator Ans: a) Tropic of Cancer
15. During ________ season, the vertical rays of the Sun falls over Tropic of
Capricorn.
a) Summer b) Winter
c) Rainy d) Autumn Ans: b) Winter
16. During ________ season, the vertical rays of the Sun falls over the Peninsular
India.
a) Summer b) Winter
c) Rainy d) Autumn Ans: a) Summer

GEOGRAPHY
17. The ‘Mango Showers’ helps in quick ripening of mangoes along the coast of
________.
a) Kerala and Karnataka b) Kerala and Tamil Nadu
c) Karnataka and Tamil Nadu d) Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
 Ans: a) Kerala and Karnataka
18. The sudden approach of monsoon wind over South India with lightning and
thunder is termed as the ________.
a) Pre Monsoon b) Burst of monsoon
c) Kalbaisakhi d) Mongo Showes Ans: b) Burst of monsoon
19. ________ is the place which receives highest rainfall in the world.
a) Chirapunji b) Jaipur
c) Mawsynram d) Doddabetta Ans: c) Mawsynram
20. Mawsynram, the place that receives highest rainfall in the world is located in
________.
a) Assam b) Mizoram
c) Nagaland d) Meghalaya Ans: d) Meghalaya
21. Overall about 75% of Indian rainfall is received from ________ monsoon.
a) South-west b) North-east
c) South-east d) North-west Ans: a) South-west
22. The average annual rainfall of India is ________.
a) 100 cm b) 118 cm
c) 125 cm d) 150 cm Ans: b) 118 cm
23. Mawsynram, the place in Meghalaya receives ________ of rainfall in the
world.
a) 188 cm b) 1141 cm
c) 118 cm d) 1000 cm Ans: b) 1141 cm
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24. ________ refers to a plant community unaffected by man directly or indirectly.

a) Natural vegetation b) Biosphere
c) Vegetation d) Environment Ans: a) Natural vegetation
25. ________ forest has not been fully exploited due to lack of transport facilities.
a) Tropical Dry b) Tropical Evergreen
c) Mountain d) Tropical Deciduous Ans: b) Tropical Evergreen
26. Tropical Deciduous Forest is also known as ________ Forest.
a) Dry b) Mountain
c) Monsoon d) Himalayan Ans: c) Monsoon
27. The forest that found in the areas having annual rainfall of less than 50 cm is
called Tropical ________ forest.
a) Thorn b) Deciduous
c) Monsoon d) Mountain Ans: a) Thorn
28. The Alpine forests are found on the ________ part of Himalayas.
a) Eastern b) Western
c) Northern d) Southern Ans: a) Eastern
29. The delta of the Ganga-Brahmaputra has the largest ________ forest.
a) Thorn b) Tidal
c) Evergreen d) Deciduous Ans: b) Tidal
30. Tidal forest is also known as ________ forest.
a) Thorn b) Monsoon
c) Deciduous d) Mangrove Ans: d) Mangrove
31. The term ________ includes animals of any habitant in nature.
a) Human beings b) Wildlife
c) Fauna d) Biodiversity Ans: b) Wildlife
32. The Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL) was constituted in ________.
a) 1948 b) 1950
c) 1952 d) 1955 Ans: c) 1952
33. The Government of India enacted Wildlife (Protection) Act in the year ______.
a) 1958 b) 1972
c) 1952 d) 1975 Ans: b) 1972
34. To conserve the tigers, Government of India launched a project called
________.
a) Project Tiger b) Conserve Tiger
c) Protect Tiger d) Preserve Tiger Ans: a) Project Tiger
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35. To conserve the tigers, Government launched ‘Project Tiger’ in ________.

a) 1947 b) 1950
c) 1973 d) 1990 Ans: c) 1973
36. Wildlife Research Institute of India is located at ________.
a) Nagpur b) Dehradun
c) Darjeeling d) Patiala Ans: b) Dehradun
37. The Indian government has established ________ Biosphere Reserves in
India.
a) 10 b) 15
c) 18 d) 20 Ans: c) 18

GEOGRAPHY
II. Match the following.

1. Gulf of Mannar – a) Less rainfall

2. Project Tiger – b) Bio-sphere
3. Thorn forest – c) Driest place
4. Mawsynram – d) Protect the tigers
5. Atacama desert – e) Highest rainfall
 Ans: 1.b 2.d 3.a 4.e 5.c
6. Equable climate – a) Kalbaisakhis
7. Tropic of Cancer – b) British climate
8. Leeward side – c) Season
9. Mausim – d) Rain shadow region
10. Norwesters – e) Divides India into two halves.
 Ans: 6.b 7.e 8.d 9.c 10.a
11. Mango Showers – a) 6.5 C for every 1000 metres
12. Leeward side – b) Punjab
13. Normal lapse rate – c) Karnataka
14. Black Buck – d) Tamil Nadu
15. Nilgiri Tahr – e) Kerala
 Ans: 11.e 12.c 13.a 14.b 15.d

III Consider the given statements and choose the correct option from the given
below ones.
1. Assertion (A) : Monsoons are a complex meteorological phenomenon.
Reason (R) : Meteorologists have developed a number of concepts about the origin
of monsoons.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true; R explains A
b) Both (A) and (R) are true; R does not explains A
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c) (A) is correct (R) is false

d) (A) is false (R) is true Ans: a) Both (A) and (R) are true; R explains A

2. Assertion (A) : The Riverine forest are found along the rivers of Khadar areas.
Reason (R) : The rivers of Great plains are more prominent for this type of natural
vegetation.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true; R explains A
b) Both (A) and (R) are true; R does not explains A
c) (A) is correct (R) is false
d) (A) is false (R) is true
 Ans: b) Both (A) and (R) are true; R does not explains A

3. Assertion (A) : The mountains are cooler than the places on the plains.
Reason (R) : When the altitude increases, the temperature decreases.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true; R explains A
b) Both (A) and (R) are true; R does not explains A
c) (A) is correct (R) is false
d) (A) is false (R) is true Ans: b) Both (A) and (R) are true; R explains A

4. Assertion (A) : 
The most dominant factor which affects the climate of India is the
monsoon winds.
Reason (R) : During the South-west monsoon, areas on the Eastern slope of Western
Ghats receive heavy rainfall.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true; R explains A
b) Both (A) and (R) are true; R does not explains A
c) (A) is correct (R) is false
d) (A) is false (R) is true Ans: c) (A) is current (R) is false

IV. Choose the inappropriate answer.

1. Kalbaisakhis, the local storms occurs over ________.

a) Bihar b) West Bengal
c) Punjab d) Assam Ans: c) Punjab
2. The state ________ which is situated on the Leeward side of Western Ghats
gets less rainfall.
a) Kerala b) Maharashtra
c) Andhra Pradesh d) Tamil Nadu. Ans: a) Kerala
3. One of the eight biosphere reserves of India that falls under the list of
Man and Biosphere programme of UNESCO is ________.
a) Gulf of Mannar b) The Nilgiris
c) Sundarbans d) Mudumalai Ans: d) Mudumalai
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4. The Black Buck is the state animal of ________

a) Karnataka b) Andhra Pradesh
c) Haryana d) Punjab Ans: a) Karnataka

V. Answer briefly.

1. Define: i) Weather ii) Climate

i) Weather :
 Weather refers to the state of atmosphere such as heat, cloudiness, dryness,
sunshine, wind, rain, etc., of a place at a given point of time.
ii) Climate :

GEOGRAPHY
Climate is the accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events of a given location
over a period of 30-35 years.

2. What is i) Windward side? ii) Leeward side?

i) Windward side:
The wind striking side of the mountain is called Windward side. It receives heavy
rainfall. Kerala is situated in the windward side.
ii) Leeward side:
The other side of the mountain which is sheltered from the wind is called Leeward
side. It receives very less rainfall. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka located in the leeward
side.

3. What is natural vegetation?

zz Natural vegetation refers to a plant community which is unaffected by man either
directly or indirectly.
zz Climate, soil and landform characteristics are important environmental controls of
natural vegetation.
zz It includes all plant life forms such as trees, bushes, herbs and forbs, etc, that grow
naturally in an area.

4. Name the states that are known for the Tropical Deciduous Forest.
zz Great Plains – Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.
zz Central India – Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, chattisgarh.
zz South India – Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and
Kerala.
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5. Where can we see the Tropical Evergreen forests?

We can find the Tropical Evergreen forests in the following regions -
zz Western Ghats in Maharashtra  Karnataka  Kerala  Assam
zz Andaman-Nicobar Islands  Tripura  Mizoram  Manipur
zz West Bengal  Megalaya  Nagaland
6. Name the trees of Tropical Evergreen forest.
The important trees of the Tropical Evergreen Forest are -
zz Rubber  Rose wood  Chinchona  Iron wood
zz Mahogany  Coconut  Candes  Cedar
zz Ebony  Bamboo  Palm  Teak
7. What is ‘Project Tiger’?
zz The Government of India has taken a lot of efforts to protect wild animals especially
tigers.
zz One among them measure was ‘Project Tiger’ which was launched in April 1973.
zz Its aim is to conserve tiger population in specifically constituted ‘Tiger Reserves’ in
India.
zz This project is benefited tremendously with an increase of 60% from 1973.
8. What are the measures taken by the Indian government to conserve the
wildlife?
zz The Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL) was constituted in 1952 to suggest means of
protection, conservation and management of wildlife to the government.
zz The Government of India enacted Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972 with the objective
of effectively protecting the wild life of the country.
zz Its main is to control poaching, smuggling and illegal trade in wildlife and its
diversities.
9. What is ‘Wildlife sanctuary’?
zz Wildlife sanctuary is an area where wild animals and plants are protected.
zz It is a declared protected area where very limited human activities are allowed.
zz To preserve the wildlife, a network of 102 National Parks and about 515 Wildlife
Sanctuaries across the country have been created.
10. Write a note on ‘Mango shower’.
zz The winds blow from Southwest to Northeast direction because of the atmospheric
pressure in Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
zz They bring pre-monsoon showers to the West coast during the month of May.
zz There are few thunder showers called ‘Mango Sh0owers’ which helps in quick
ripening of mangoes along the coast of Kerala and Karnataka.
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VI. Distinguish between the following.

1. Windward side and Leeward side of the mountain.

S.No Windward side Leeward side

1.. The wind striking side of the mountain The other side of the Windward side
is called Windward side. of the mountain is Leeward side.
2. Windward side receives heavy rainfall. It receives very less rainfall.
3. Kerala and Karnataka coastal areas Pune and Bangalore are lies in the
are lie in the Windward side of the Leeward side of the Western Ghats.
Western Ghats.
2. Summer season and Winter season.

GEOGRAPHY
S.No Summer season Winter season
1. In India, the summer season starts in This season starts in December and
March and continuous up to May extends up to February
2. During summer, the Sun is overhead During winter, the Sun is overhead in
in the Tropic of Cancer. the Tropic of Capricorn.
3. In this season, the temperature in In this season, cold weather prevails
North India is very high. in North India.
3. Tropical Deciduous forest and Tropical Dry forest.

S.No Tropical Deciduous forest Tropical Dry forest

1. This forest is found in the region with This forest is found in the areas with
the annual rainfall of 100 to 200 cm. 50 to 100 cm annual rainfall.
2. This forest is also known as Monsoon This type forest is known as Tropical
forest. thorn forest.
3 Rubber, mahogany, ebony, rosewood, Banyan, bamboo, babool, palas, etc,
etc., are notable trees found in this are the important trees of this forest.
forest.
4. The trees found in this forest are The trees in this forest are not
economically very useful. economically useful.

VII. Give Reasons.

1. The annual temperature of Delhi is higher than Kochi.

zz Distance from the sea is one of the main factors that influence the climate of a place.
zz Here, Kochi is located on the Western coast whereas Delhi is located in the interior
part of India.
zz So, the annual temperature of Delhi is higher than Kochi.
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2. The amount of rainfall in Kolkata is more than Bikaner.

zz Air near the coast has more moisture and greater potential to produce precipitation.
zz Kolkata is located near the coast and Bikaner is located in the interior part of the
country.
zz So, Kolkata gets 119 cm rainfall whereas Bikaner gets just 24 cm of rainfall.
3. Mumbai gets a heavy rainfall and Pune gets less rainfall.
zz The moister laden winds give heavy rainfall to Western Coastal region.
zz Mumbai gets heavy rainfall as it lies on windward side of the Western Ghats.
zz But, Pune gets less than 50 cm of rainfall as it lies on the leeward side of the
Western Ghats.
4. Equable climate is called ‘British climate’.
Equable climate is also called as the British climate, which is neither too hot nor too
cold.

VIII. Answer in detail.

1. Explain any four factors that affects the climate of India.

The climate of a place is determined by the following factors -
zz Latitude
zz Altitude
zz Distance from the sea
zz Monsoon wind
zz Relief features and
zz Jet stream
i) Latitude:
zz The Tropic of Cancer divides the country into two equal haves.
zz The area located to the South of Tropic of Cancer experiences high temperature and
no severe cold throughout year.
zz The area to the North of this parallel enjoys sub-tropical climate. Here, summer
temperature may rise about 40° C and it is close to freezing point during winter.
ii) Altitude:
zz The temperature of a place decreases when the altitude increases.
zz Hence, places in the mountains are cooler than the places on the plains.
zz That is why the places located at higher altitudes even in South India have cool
climate.
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iii) Distance from the sea:

zz Distance from the sea not only affects temperature but also the amount of rainfall.
zz North India experiences much seasonal variation in temperature due to the absence
of influence of seas. For example, the annual temperature of Kochi is lesser than
Delhi.
zz Air near the coast has more moisture and greater potential to produce precipitation.
So, Kolkata which is located near the coast gets heavy rainfall than Bikaner.

iv) Monsoon wind:

zz The most dominant factor which affects the climate of India is the monsoon winds.
zz These are seasonal reversal winds and India remains in the influence of these winds.

GEOGRAPHY
zz The summer season ends in India by the end of May because the onset of Southwest
monsoon.
zz It brings down the temperature and causes moderate to heavy rainfall to many parts
of the country.

v) Relief:
zz Relief of India has a great bearing on major elements of climate.
zz The Himalayas acts as a barrier to the freezing cold wind blows from Central Asia
and keep the Indian subcontinent warm.
zz During Southwest monsoon, areas on the Western slope of the Western Ghats
receive heavy rainfall.
zz On the contrary, vast areas lie in the rain shadow or leeward side of the Western
Ghats receive very little rainfall.

vi) Jet streams:

zz Jet streams are the fast moving winds blowing in a narrow zone in the upper
atmosphere.
zz The easterly jet streams cause tropical depressions both during Southwest monsoon
and retreating monsoon.

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2. Climate and Natural Vegetation of India

Time : 45 mts. Marks: 40

I. Choose the correct answer: 6×1=6

1. Western disturbances cause rainfall in ________.
a) Tamilnadu b) Kerala c) Punjab d) Madhya Pradesh
2. _____ helps in quick ripening of mangoes along the coast of Kerala and Karnataka.
a) Loo b) Norwester c) Mango showers d) Jet stream
3. ________ is a line joining the places of equal rainfall.
a) Isohyets b) Isobar c) Isotherm d) Latitudes
4. Sesahachalam hills, a Biosphere reserve is situated in ________.
a) Tamilnadu b) Andhra Pradesh c) Madhya Pradesh d) Karnataka
5. ________ is a part of the world network biosphere reserves of UNESCO.
a) Nilgiri b) Agasthiyamalai c) Great Nicobar d) Kachch
6. Temperature decreases at the rate of ______ for every 1000 metres of ascent.
a) 10.5º C b) 6.5º C c) 7.5º C d) 2º C
II. Match the following: 5×1=5
7. Gulf of Mannar – a) Less rainfall
8. Project Tiger – b) Bio-sphere
9. Thorn forest – c) Driest place
10. Mawsynram – d) Protect the tigers
11. Atacama desert – e) Highest rainfall
III. Distinguish between the following: 2×2=4
12. Tropical Evergreen forest and Deciduous forest.
13. North-east Monsoon and South-west Monsoon .
IV. Answer in brief: 5×2=10
14. What are the factors affecting climate of India.
15. What is meant by ‘normal lapse rate’?
16. What is ‘burst monsoon’?
17. Write any five biosphere reserves in India.
18. Give reason: a) Western Coastal plain is narrow.
b) Mountains are cooler than the plains.
V. Answer any one in a paragraph: 1×5=5
19. Write about South-west Monsoon.
20. Describe the forests of India.
VI. On the outline map of India, mark the following. 10
i) Direction of South-west Monsoon wind (2) ii) Direction of North-east monsoon (2)
iii) An area of heavy rainfall region (2) iv) An area of mountain forest (1) v) An area of
desert/thorn forest (1) vi) Panna biosphere reserve (1) vii) Eastern Coastal Plain (1)
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Geography UNIT

India - Agriculture
3
Exercise
I. Choose the correct answer.

GEOGRAPHY
1. The soil which is rich in iron oxides is ________.
a) Alluvial b) Black
c) Red d) Alkaline Ans: c) Red
2. Which of the following organization has divided the Indian soils into 8 major
groups?
a) Indian Council of Agricultural Research
b) Indian Meteorological Department
c) Soil Survey of India
d) Indian Institute of Soil Science
 Ans: a) Indian Council of Agricultural Research
3. The soils formed by the rivers are:
a) Red soils b) Black soils
c) Desert soils d) Alluvial soils Ans: d) Alluvial soil
4. ________ dam is the highest gravity dam in India.
a) Hirakud dam b) Bhakra Nangal dam
c) Mettur dam d) Nagarjuna Sagar dam
 Ans: b) Bhakra Nangal dam
5. ________ is a cash crop.
a) Cotton b) Wheat
c) Rice d) Maize Ans: a) Cotton
6. Black soils are also called as ________.
a) Arid soils b) Saline soils
c) Regur soils d) Mountain soils Ans: c) Regur soils
7. The longest dam in the world is ________.
a) Mettur dam b) Kosi dam
c) Hirakud dam d) Bhakra-Nangal dam Ans: c) Hirakud dam
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8. Which crop is called as “Golden Fibre” in India?

a) Cotton b) Wheat
c) Jute d) Tobacco Ans: c) Jute

II C
 onsider the given statements and choose the correct option from the given
below ones.
1. Assertion (A) : Horticulture involves cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
Reason (R) : India ranks first in the world in the production of mango, banana, and
citrus fruits.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
b) Both (A) and (R)are true: (R) does not explain (A)
c) (A) is correct (R) is false
d) (A) is false (R) is true Ans: c) (A) is correct (R) is false

2. Assertion (A) : Alluvial soil is formed by the deposition of eroded and decayed materials
brought by the rivers.
Reason (R) : Paddy and wheat are grown well in the soil.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
b) Both (A) and (R)are true and (R) does not explain (A)
c) (A) is correct (R) is false
d) (A) is false (R) is true
 Ans: b) Both (A) and (R) are true; R does not explains A
III. Pick the odd one out.

1. a) Wheat b) Rice
c) Millets d) Coffee Ans: d) Coffee (Reason: Cash crop)
2. a) Khadar b) Bhangar
c) Alluvial soil d) Black soil
 Ans: b) Black soil (Reason: Suitable for cotton)
3. a) Inundational canals b) Perennial canals
c) Tanks d) Canals
 Ans: c) Tanks (Reason: water can be stored)
IV. Match the following

1. Sugar bowl of India – a) Mahanadi

2. Coffee – b) Golden revolution
3. Tehri – c) Karnataka
4. Hirakud – d) Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
5. Horticulture – e) Highest dam in the India
 Ans: 1.d 2.c 3.e 4.a 5.b
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V. Answer in brief.

1. Define soil.
zz Soil is one of the most important natural resources.
zz It is the uppermost layer of the land surface.
zz Usually, it is composed of minerals, organic matter, living organisms, air and water.
zz It is generally formed by the weathering of rocks under different conditions.
2. Name the types of soil found in India.
The eight types of soil found in India are -
zz Alluvial soil  Forest and Mountain soil

GEOGRAPHY
zz Black soil  Arid and desert soil
zz Red soil  Saline and alkaline soil
zz Laterite soil  Peaty and marshy soil
3. State any two characteristics of black cotton soil.
zz Black soil is derived from the basalts of Deccan trap.
zz It is black in colour due to presence of titanium and iron.
zz Its nature is sticky when wet.
4. Define Agriculture.
Agriculture is the process of producing food for people, fodder for cattle, fiber and many
other desired products and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock).
5. State the types of agriculture practices in India.
The types of agriculture practices in India are -
zz Subsistence farming  Dry farming
zz Shifting agriculture  Mixed farming agriculture
zz Intensive farming  Terrace cultivation
6. Name the seasons of agriculture in India?
The seasons of agriculture in India are -
zz Kharif Season – June - September
zz Rabi Season – October - March
zz Zaid Season – April - June
7. Mention the plantation crops of India.
zz Plantation crops are cultivated for the purpose of exports.
zz These are cultivated in large estates on hilly slopes.
zz Tea, coffee, rubber and spices are the major plantation crops of India.
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8. What do you mean by livestock?

zz Livestock is an integral component of the farming system in India.
zz This sector is socially and economically very significant due to its multi-functional
outputs.
zz It also helps to improve food and nutritional security by providing nutrient-rich food
products.
zz It generates incomes and employment and act as a cushion against crop failure.
9. Write a brief note on the categories of fisheries in India?
zz Marine or Sea fisheries include coastal off-shore and deep sea fisheries mainly on
the continental self up to a depth of 200 m. Among the coastal states, Kerala leads
in the marine fish production in India.
zz Inland or Fresh water fisheries is practised in rivers, lakes, canals, reservoirs, ponds,
tanks, etc.. Andhra Pradesh is the leading Fresh water fisheries producer in India.
VI. Give Reasons.

1. Agriculture is the backbone of India.

zz Agriculture is the backbone of India because majority of the India’s population are
dependent on agriculture, its allied activities and agro-based industries.
zz According to 2011 Agricultural Census of India, an estimated 61.5% of the people
are dependent on agriculture.
2. Rain water harvesting is necessary.
Rain water harvesting is important because
zz To conquer the deficiency of surface water to meet our demands
zz To capture the decline in ground water levels
zz Above all, India is dependent on Monsoon rainfall.
VII. Distinguish between the following.

1. Rabi and Kharif crop seasons.

S.No Rabi crop season Kharif crop season
1. The season begins in October and This season starts in June and ends in
ends in March September
2. These crops grow well in Low These crops need high temperature
temperature and low rainfall. and heavy rainfall
3. Wheat, barley, gram, etc., are Rice, millet, cotton, jute, jowar are the
important crops. main crops of this season.
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2. Inundational canal and Perennial canal.

S.No Inundation canal Perennial canal
1. In this, water is taken out directly Here, water is taken out from the
from the rivers without constructing rivers by constructing dams and
any barrage or dam. barrages.
2. They usually receive their water when These canals have water throughout
the river is full or at the time of flood. the year as the water is stored behind
the dam
3. These canals are not used regularly. These canals are used regularly.
3. Marine fishing and Inland fishing.
S.No Marine fishing Inland fishing

GEOGRAPHY
1. It consists of fishing coastal, off-shore It consists of fishing in fresh water
and deep sea fisheries. such rivers, canals, lakes, etc.
2. They are caught by using synthetic More intensive farming can be done
fiber nets, mechanized fishing etc. in composite fish culture systems.
3. In this, a large amount fishes are In this, a large amount fishes are
caught. culture. Eg: Blue revolution.
4. Alluvial soils and Black soils.
S.No Alluvial soil Black soil
1. Alluvial soil formed from sediments Black soil is derived from basalts of
deposited by rivers. Deccan trap.
2. It is rich in potash, phosphoric acid, It is rich in potash lime, aluminium
and lime. calcium and magnesium.
3 The soil is poor in nitrogen This soil is poor in nitrogen phosphoric
acid and humus.
4. Soil is suitable for rice, wheat, This soil is suitable for cotton, millets,
sugarcane and oilseeds. and tobacco.

VIII. Answer in a paragraph.

1. State any five types of soil in India and explain the characteristics and
distribution of soil.
Soil is one of the most important natural resources. It is the uppermost layer of the land
surface. It is generally formed by the weathering of rocks under different conditions.
The eight types of soils and its characteristics are-
Alluvial soils:
zz It is the sediments deposited by streams and rivers.
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zz The two varieties of Alluvial soils are Khadar and Bhangar. Khadar is light coloured
and Bhangar dark in colour.
zz Its chemical properties are – rich in potash, phosphoric acid and carbon compounds.
But, poor in nitrogen.
zz Sandy, loam, silt and clay are its nature.
zz The soil is distributed in Ganga and Brahmaputra river valleys, plains of Uttar
Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal and Bihar.
Black soils:
zz Black soil is derived from basalts of Deccan trap. It is black in colour due to presence
of titanium and iron.
zz It consists of calcium and magnesium carbonates, iron, aluminium, lime and
magnesia. But, poor in nitrogen phosphoric acid and humus.
zz Its nature is sticky when wet and high degree of moisture retentive.
zz This type of soil found in Malwa plateau, Kathiawar peninsula, Telangaga and
Rayalaseema.
Red Soils:
zz It is formed due decomposition of ancient crystalline rocks like granites and gneisses.
zz It is rich in minerals such as iron and magnesium and deficient in nitrogen, humus,
phosphoric acid and lime.
zz Light texture, porous friable presence of limited soluble salts.
zz Red soil is found in Eastern part of Deccan plateau, southern states of Kerala,
Tamilnadu, Kerala and Chota Nagpur Plateau.
Laterite soils:
zz This soil is formed by the process of leaching.
zz This soil is composed of hydrated oxides of iron and aluminium.
zz Its nature is more acidic on higher areas and poor in high level, clay and easily
retains moisture.
zz It is found in Assam hills, hill summits of Kerala and Karnataka and Eastern Ghats.
Forest and Mountain soils:
zz Due to mechanical weathering caused by snow, rain, temperature variation are the
reasons for the formation of these soils.
zz They are deficient in potash, phosphorus and lime.
zz Their nature is light, sandy and thin. Their character changes with the parent rocks.
Very rich in humus, slow decomposition makes it acidic.
zz These soils found in the forest belts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Sikkim and Eastern and Western Ghats.
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Arid and desert soils:

zz It contains high percentages of soluble salts, alkaline with varying degree of calcium
carbonate and is poor in organic matter.
zz The soils are light in colour, low humus and friable structure and low in moisture.
zz These soils are found Rajasthan, Northern Gujarat and Southern Punjab.

Saline and alkaline soils:

zz It is formed due to ill drainage. Salts are transferred from subsurface to the top soil
by the capillary action.
zz The soil liberates sodium, magnesium and calcium salts and sulphurous acid.
zz It consists of un decomposed rock and mineral fragments.

GEOGRAPHY
zz The soils are found in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan
and Maharashtra.

Peaty and marshy soils:

zz It is formed in humid regions from the organic matter.
zz The soil is deficient in potash and phosphate. Contain considerable amount of
soluble salts.
zz The soil is found in some parts of Kerala, coastal areas of Odisha and Tamilnadu and
Sundarban regions.

2. What is Multipurpose projects and write about any two Multipurpose projects
of India.
The construction of dams across rivers is aimed at many purposes. It helps in
irrigation, hydro power generation, water supply for drinking and industrial purpose,
controlling floods, development of fisheries, navigation, etc. These types of dams are
called Multi-purpose projects.

i) Bhakra-Nangal Project:
The most ambitious project to convert large barren semi-arid region of North West
India into lush green fertile agricultural field was Bhakra Nangal Project. It was one
of the largest multipurpose Indian projects constructed over the river Sutlej.
After construction, Bhakra-Nangal became one of the highest dams in the world.
The entire project is divided into two separate divisions. They are-
i) The Bhakra Dam and
ii) The Nangal Barrage
zz The Bhakra Dam has the capacity to store more than 10,000 million mз water.
This lake is popularly known as Govind Sagar Lake.
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zz Nangal dam is located 13km downstream of Bhakra. The combined length of

Bhakra-Nangal Canal exceeds 1000 kms.
zz Apart from the two main dams storage, this project comprises several hydro
projects.
zz Nearly, almost all of Punjab, large areas of Haryana and Rajasthan are benefited
directly by the Bhakra Nangal multipurpose project.

ii) Hirakud Project:

Mahanadi is the lifeline of Orissa. It enters Orissa from the highland of Naraj. This
rapid fall from considerable height provoked planners to erect this monumental dam
at Hirakud. It is the longest dam in the world and irrigates 1,41,600 sq. km. Its
objectives are-
zz Harnessing ample hydel power from swift flow of water
zz Control of occasional flood and resultant havoc
zz Irrigation through canals to large areas of Puri and Cuttack districts
zz Improvement of water transport through greater navigability
zz Overall economic development of the area by providing employment at the
project
zz Rapid industrialization of the area through the stable and assured power supply

3. Bring out the characteristics of Intensive and Plantation farming.

Agriculture is the process of producing food for people, fodder for cattle, fibre and
many other desired products. A variety of farming practises are followed in India.
Intensive farming:
zz Intensive farming is an agricultural intensification and mechanization system of
agriculture.
zz It aims to maximize yields from available land through various means such as using
pesticides and chemical fertilizers.
zz This method is applied to raise in livestock with billions of animals such as cows, pigs
and chickens being held indoors.
zz Intensive farming is practiced in Punjab, parts of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh in India.
Plantation agriculture:
zz It is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit.
zz Countries that have plantation agriculture usually experience high annual
temperatures and receive high annual rainfall.
zz Some of the important plantation crops are tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil
palm, sugarcane, bananas and pineapples.
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zz The characteristic features of this type of farming are large estates or plantations,
large capital investment, scientific methods of cultivation, single crop specialisation,
cheap labour and a good system of transportation and markets for the export of the
products.
zz Plantation agriculture is followed in Kerala, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &
Kashmir and most of the Eastern States of India.
4.Examine the geographical conditions favourable for the cultivation of rice
and wheat.
Indian agriculture is largely dominated by the food crops. Among them, rice is the
main food crop of South India and wheat is the main crop in North India.
Rice:

GEOGRAPHY
zz Rice is an indigenous crop. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world.
zz It is mainly tropical crop, growing mainly with mean temperature of 24° C and
annual rainfall of 150 cm.
zz Deep fertile clayey or loamy soils are suited well for rice cultivation.
zz It needs abundant supply of cheap labour.
zz Rice is sown in three ways – Broadcasting, Ploughing or drilling and Transplanting.
zz Important rice producing India states are West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil
Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
Wheat:
zz Wheat is the second most important food crop of our country next to rice.
zz It requires 10-15° C at the time of sowing and 20-25° C at the time of ripening of
grains.
zz Wheat is primarily a crop of mid-latitude grasslands and requires a cool climate with
moderate rainfall.
zz Wheat thrives well in areas receiving an annual rainfall of about 75 cm. Annual
rainfall of 100 cm is the highest limit of wheat cultivation.
zz Although wheat can be grown in a variety of soils, well drained fertile, friable loams
and clay loams are the best suited soils for wheat cultivation.
zz It grows well in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and the black soil
tract of the Deccan.

XI. Hot questions.

1. Can you imagine a world without agriculture?

No, we cannot imagine a world without agriculture.
If there is no agriculture, the world will starve. In this century, the population has
increased multifolds and natural resources decreased. Food insecurity is now a
permanent danger. Farming is more important than medicine now days.
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2. Can you give solutions for the prevailing water disputes in South India?
There is a long dispute between the states of South India regarding distribution of
water during the summer season. South India is dependent on monsoon rainfall and
the rivers are perennial rivers. These are the main reasons for the dispute.
The best solution is Linking the water access rivers to the river like would be one of
the good idea as it increases the water level of the river. Godavari and Kaveri linking is
one of the best projects. However, actions to be taken considering the pros and cons of
the project into consideration.

X. Map Exercises

1. Demarcate the major tracts of alluvial soils.

2. Delineate the main regions of black soil.
3. Locate the Hirakud dam, Mettur dam and Damodar dam.
4. Shade the regions of jute cultivation.
5. Mark any three tea and coffee growing areas.
6. Demarcate the regions of desert soil.
7. Locate the fishing hubs: Tuticorin, Chennai, Cochin, Mumbai, Machilipatnam.
8. Demarcate: Cauveri delta, Godavari delta

N
INDIA W E
MAJOR SOIL GROUPS
S

TYPES OF SOILS
Alluvial
Red
Black
Laterite
Forest and Mountain
Arid and Desert
Saline and Alkaline
Peaty and Marshy
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Coffee Growing Area

Jute Growing Area

Tea Growing Area

GEOGRAPHY
Mumbai

Godavari Delta

Machilipatnam

Chennai

Cauvery Delta

Tuticorin
Cochin

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
I. Choose the correct answer.

1. ________ is the uppermost layer of the land surface.

a) Water b) Lava
c) Soil d) Core Ans: c) Soil
2. The Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) was set up in ________.
a) 1950 b) 1951
c) 1952 d) 1953 Ans: d) 1953
3. The soils of India is divided into ________ major groups.
a) Eight b) Ten
c) Twelve d) Fifteen Ans: a) Eight
4. Watering of agricultural plants through artificial means is called ________.
a) Penetration b) Sedimentation
c) Irrigation d) Purification Ans: c) Irrigation
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5. The second most important source of irrigation in our country is ________

irrigation.
a) Well b) Canal
c) Tank d) Tube well Ans: b) Canal
6. About 60 percent of the canal irrigated area falls in the ________ of India.
a) Northern plains b) Peninsular India
c) Desert region d) Coastal plain Ans: a) Northern plains
7. ________ irrigation is widely practiced in the areas where groundwater is
sufficient.
a) Canal b) Tank
c) Open well d) Tube well Ans: c) Open well
8. Irrigation by ________ is very old system in India.
a) Canal b) Tank
c) Open well d) Tube well Ans: b) Tank
9. The tank irrigation is popular in ________ India.
a) Peninsular b) Northern
c) Eastern d) Western Ans: a) Peninsular
10. In the Drip irrigation system, water is supplied in form of drops through
________.
a) Pipes b) Hose
c) Motor d) Nassals Ans: d) Nassals
11. Rain gun is used to spread water like ________.
a) Drizzle b) Drops
c) Rain d) Sprinkle Ans: c) Rain
12. ________ is useful to irrigate the crops like sugarcane and maize.
a) Drip irrigation b) Sprinkler method
c) Rain Gun d) Tube well Ans: c) Rain gun
13. Pivot irrigation is also called water wheel and ________ irrigation.
a) Centre b) Circle
c) Square d) Pipe Ans: b) Circle
14. Multipurpose River Valley Project is a scientific management of ________
resources in our country.
a) Soil b) Heat
c) Natural d) Water Ans: d) Water
15. Shifting Agriculture is performed by ________ people in a piece of forest
land.
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a) Rural b) Urban
c) Tribal d) Poor Ans: c) Tribal
16. In ________ farming, agricultural land holding is small.
a) Intensive b) Shifting
c) Subsistence d) Mixed Ans: c) Subsistence
17. In subsistence forming, preference is given to ________ crops.
a) Food b) Cash
c) Horticulture d) Fancy Ans: a) Food
18. Traditional farming method results in ________ productivity.
a) Normal b) High

GEOGRAPHY
c) Low d) Nil Ans: c) Low
19. ________ Agriculture is also called as ‘Slash and burn’ cultivation.
a) Mixed farming b) Terrace cultivation
c) Dry farming d) Shifting Ans: d) Shifting
20. Terrace cultivation is practiced specially in ________ regions.
a) Desert b) Delta
c) Hilly d) Forest Ans: c) Hilly
21. ________ erosion is checked due to terrace formation on hill slopes.
a) Wind b) Soil
c) Mineral d) Plant Ans: b) Soil
22. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after ________.
a) Bangladesh b) China
c) Myanmar d) Pakistan Ans: b) China
23. ________ is the second most important food crop of our country.
a) Rice b) Cotton
c) Jowar d) Wheat Ans: d) Wheat
24. The leading producer of rice in India is ________.
a) Punjab b) Maharashtra
c) Uttar Pradesh d) West Bengal Ans: d) West Bengal
25. ________ provides cheap food to the large section of the poor population.
a) Rice b) Cotton
c) Jowar d) Wheat Ans: d) Jowar
26. ________ is ranked first in sugar production in the world.
a) India b) Brazil
c) Cuba d) South Africa Ans: c) Cuba
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27. ________ is the leading state both in cultivation and production of jute.
a) Uttar Pradesh b) West Bengal
c) Assam d) Bihar Ans: b) West Bengal
28. ________ is the leading state in the production of coffee in India.
a) Karnataka b) Kerala
c) Assam d) Punjab Ans: a) Karnataka
29. ________ refers to the cultivation of fruits, flowers and vegetables.
a) Pisciculture b) Agriculture
c) Horticulture d) Sericulture Ans: c) Horticulture
30. India has second largest cattle population after ________ at world level.
a) India b) Brazil
c) Cuba d) South Africa Ans: b) Brazil
31. The ________ is the Poor man’s cow providing milk, meat, skin and hair.
a) Goat b) Camel
c) Buffalo d) Mule Ans: a) Goat
32. The first Livestock Census in India was conducted in ________.
a) 1919 b) 1947
c) 1950 d) 1951 Ans: a) 1919
33. Plantation crops are cultivated in the large estates on ________.
a) Deltas b) Hilly slopes
c) Plateaus d) Desert areas Ans: b) Hilly slopes
34. In India, Rubber plantations were first established in ________ in 1902.
a) Assam b) Karnataka
c) Kerala d) West Bengal Ans: c) Kerala
35. The leading state in the wool production is ________ followed by Karnataka.
a) Rajasthan b) Madhya Pradesh
c) Maharashtra d) Tamil Nadu Ans: a) Rajasthan
36. ________ is leading state in the marine fish production in India.
a) Gujarat b) West Bengal
c) Kerala d) Orissa Ans: c) Kerala
37. ________ is the leading producer of fresh water fishes in India.
a) Tamil Nadu b) Andhra Pradesh
c) Karnataka d) Bihar Ans: b) Andhra Pradesh
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38. The increased production of fertilizers is known as ________ Revolution.

a) White b) Blue
c) Gray d) Green Ans: c) Gray
39. The increased production of ________ is known as Golden Fibre Revolution.
a) Jute b) Onion
c) Potato d) Leather Ans: a) Jute

II C
 onsider the given statements and choose the correct option from the given
below ones.
1. Assertion (A) : Depletion and exhaustion of soils resulting low productivity.
Reason (R) : Indian soils have been used for growing crops over thousands of

GEOGRAPHY
years without caring much for replenishing.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true; R explains A
b) Both (A) and (R) are true; R does not explains A
c) (A) is correct (R) is false
d) (A) is false (R) is true Ans: a) Both (A) and (R) are true; R explains A

2. Assertion (A) : Goat is called as the ‘Poor man’s cow’.

Reason (R) : Like a cow, it also provides milk, meat, skin and hair.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true; R explains A
b) Both (A) and (R) are true; R does not explains A
c) (A) is correct (R) is false
d) (A) is false (R) is true Ans: a) Both (A) and (R) are true; R explains A

3. Assertion (A) : Arabica and Robusta are two main varieties of coffee.
Reason (R) : Globally, India is the 7th largest producer of coffee.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true; R explains A
b) Both (A) and (R) are true; R does not explains A
c) (A) is correct (R) is false
d) (A) is false (R) is true
 Ans: b) Both (A) and (R) are true; R does not explains A
4. Assertion (A) : Terrace cultivation is practiced specially in hilly areas.
Reason (R) : Wheat is the main crop cultivated in Terrace farming.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true; R explains A
b) Both (A) and (R) are true; R does not explains A
c) (A) is correct (R) is false
d) (A) is false (R) is true Ans: c) (A) is correct (R) is false.
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III. Pick the odd one out.

1. a) Wheat b) Cotton
c) Jute d) Tea
 Ans: a) Wheat (Reason: Food crop)
2. a) Jhum b) Poonam
c) Podu d) Zaid
 Ans: d) Zaid (Reason: It is not shifting agriculture)
3. a) Goats b) Elephants
c) Buffaloes d) Sheep
 Ans: b) Elephants (Reason: others are livestock)
4. a) Cat fish b) Eels
c) Cat d) Mullets
 Ans: c) Cat (Reason: Others are fish varieties)
IV. Match the following.

1. White Revolution – a) Fertilizers

2. Round Revolution – b) Milk production
3. Green Revolution – c) Fish production
4. Grey Revolution – d) Potato
5. Blue Revolution – e) Agriculture
 Ans: 1.b 2.d 3.e 4.a 5.c
6. Mettur Dam – a) Mahanadi
7. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam – b) Krishna
8. Bhakra-Nangal Dam – c) Kaveri
9. Sardar Sarovar Dam – d) Sutlej
10. Hirakud Dam – e) Narmada
 Ans: 6.c 7.b 8.d 9.e 10.a

11. Oil seed production – a) Golden Revolution

12. Horticulture development – b) Yellow Revolution
13. Egg and poultry production – c) Red Revolution
14. Meat and Tomato production - d) Silver Revolution
15. Jute production – e) Golden Fibre Revolution
 Ans: 11.b 12.a 13.d 14.c 15.e
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V. Answer in brief.

1. What is multipurpose project?

zz It is a scientific management of water resources in our country.
zz The construction of dams across rivers is aimed at many purposes.
zz It helps in irrigation, hydro power generation, water supply for drinking and industrial
purpose, controlling floods, development of fisheries, navigation, etc.
zz These types of dams are called Multi-purpose projects.
2. What are the main problems with the Indian soil?
The main problems of the Indian soils are-

GEOGRAPHY
zz Soil erosion zz Saline and Alkaline and
zz Degradation of soil zz Salt flats
zz Water-logging
3. Mention the methods of conservation and management of soil.
The methods of conservation and management of soil are-
zz Afforestation
zz Constructing dams and barrages
zz Prevention of overgrazing
zz Improved methods of agricultural practices.
4. Name the different conservation methods for better soil management.
The different conservation methods for better soil management are-
zz Contour method,
zz Rotation of crops,
zz Contour bunding,
zz Strip cropping,
zz Planting of shelter belts and
zz Adopting the techniques of sustainable agriculture.
5. Why is the tank irrigation popular in the peninsular India?
zz The undulating relief and hard rocks make difficult to dig canals and wells.
zz Natural depressions serve as reservoirs.
zz Absence of perennial rivers
zz Impermeable rock structure which do not permit percolation
zz The scattered nature of population and agricultural fields.
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6. Write the modern irrigation systems.

zz Drip system is used to watering like drops at near the roots of plant. It will over a
tiny area zt plant.
zz Rain gun used to spread water like rain in name and used to serve for crops which
used to serve for crops which used to grow up to 4 feet.
zz Central pivot irrigation or water wheel or circle irrigation is a method of crop irrigation
in which equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers.
7. What is mixed farming agriculture?
Mixed farming is defined as a system of farm which includes crop production, raising
livestock, poultry, fisheries, bee keeping etc., to sustain and satisfy as many needs of
the farmer as possible.
8. What are the four major categories of crops of India?
Major categories are -
zz Food crops (wheat, rice, maize, millets, pulses, etc.,)
zz Cash crops (sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, jute, soil seeds, etc.,)
zz Plantation crops (tea, coffee, rubber, etc.,)
zz Horticulture crops (fruits, flowers, vegetables, etc.,)
9. What are the uses of oil seeds?
Oil seeds provide oil and oilcake which are used for making lubricants, varnish, medicine,
perfume, candles, soaps, manure and cattle feed.

VI. Give Reasons.

1. Small farms are predominant in India.

zz The farmers are dependent on land, water, inputs, credits, technology and markets.
It is not possible for the farmers to get the above benefits.
zz The income of the farmers is meagre. They are unable to invest everything on the
farms. So, small farms are predominant in India.
2. Tank irrigation is popular in the Peninsular India.
zz Natural depressions are more which serve as reservoirs.
zz Absence of perennial rivers.
zz Impermeable (water proof) rock structure.
3. Shifting agriculture is also known as ‘Slash and burn cultivation’.
zz The tribal people in the forest region clear the trees through felling and burning the
trees.
zz Once the land is cleared, they grow crops for two or three years.
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zz When soil lost its fertility, they shift to new area, clear the forest and cultivate crops.
zz So, this type of shifting agriculture is also known as ‘Slash and burn cultivation’.

VII. Distinguish between the following.

1. Red soils and Black soils.

S.No Red Soils Black soils
1. This is formed due to decomposition These soils derived from basalts of
of ancient crystalline rocks. Deccan trap.
2. Rich in minerals such as iron and It is rich in potash lime, aluminium
magnesium. calcium and magnesium.
3. Poor in nitrogen, humus, phosphoric This soil is poor in nitrogen phosphoric

GEOGRAPHY
acid and lime. acid and humus.
2. Subsistence farming and Shifting agriculture.
S.No Subsistence farming Shifting agriculture
1. In this farming, food crops are grown. In this agriculture, gains and
vegetables are generally cultivated.
2. This farming is practiced in plains and It is generally followed in the forest
delta regions. areas.
3. Farmers practice Subsistence farming. Tribal people involved in Shifting
agriculture.
3. Paddy and Wheat.
S.No Paddy Wheat
1. Paddy is the staple food crop of South Wheat is the staple food crop of North
India. India.
2. It needs mean temperature of 24°C It requires 10-15°C at the time of
and annual rainfall of 150 cm. sowing and 20-25°C at the time of
ripening of grains.
3. Mono cropping is followed while Dual cropping method is adopted while
cultivating paddy. cultivating wheat.
4. Sugarcane and Cotton.
S.No Sugarcane Cotton
1. Sugarcane grows well in the hot Cotton grows well in tropical and
humid climate. subtropical climate.
2. India is the second largest producer India occupies second next to China in
of sugarcane in the world. the production of cotton.
3. Sugarcane is the raw material for It is the raw material for cotton textile
sugar industry. industry.
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VIII. Answer in a paragraph.

1. What are the major issues faced by farmers in India?

Indian agriculture and Indian farmers are plagued by several problems. Some of them
are natural and some others are manmade.
zz The problem of Small and fragmented land-holdings is more serious in densely
populated regions. About 76% of operational land holdings in Indian are marginal
holdings (less than 1 hectare)
zz Seeds are basic input for attaining higher crop yields. Unfortunately, good quality
seeds are out of the reach for many small and marginal farmers due to their high
price.
zz Indian soils are used for growing crops over thousands of years without caring much
for replenishing. This led to depletion of soils and low productivity.
zz Lack of irrigation is one major problems faced by the Indian farmers. Only one-third
of the cropped area falls under irrigated area.
zz In most of the areas, the agricultural operations in larger parts are carried on
human hand using simple conventional tools. Lack of mechanization leads to low
productivity.
zz Fertile lands suffer from soil erosion by wind and water also affects the agriculture.
Such areas should be treated properly and restored its fertility.
zz In the rural India, agricultural marketing continues in a bad shape. There is a
fluctuation in the prices of agricultural products.
zz Storage facilities in the rural areas are totally absent. So the farmers are compelled
to sell their products immediately at the low prices.
zz One of the main handicaps with Indian agriculture is the lack of cheap and efficient
means of transportation. So, the farmers face a lot of problems in sending their good
to the markets.
zz Agriculture is an important industry which requires a huge capital. In India, most of
the farmers are small and marginal farmers. So, the scarcity of capital affects the
productivity.

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3. India - Agriculture
Time : 45 mts. Marks: 40

I. Choose the correct answer: 6×1=6

1. The soil which is rich in iron oxides is ________.
a) Alluvial b) Black c) Red d) Alkaline
2. ________ dam is the highest gravity in India.
a) Hirakud dam b) Bhakra Nangal dam c) Mettur dam d) Nagarjuna Sagar dam
3. Black soils are also called as ________.
a) Arid soils b) Saline soils c) Regur soils d) Mountain soils
4. The longest dam in the world is ________.
a) Mettur dam b) Kosi dam c) Hirakud dam d) Bhakra-Nangal dam

GEOGRAPHY
5. ________ is the second most important food crop of our country.
a) Rice b) Cotton c) Jowar d) Wheat
6. The leading producer of rice in India is ________.
a) Punjab b) Maharashtra c) Uttar Pradesh d) West Bengal
II. Match the following: 5×1=5
7. Oil seed production – a) Golden Revolution
8. Horticulture development – b) Yellow Revolution
9. Egg and poultry production – c) Red Revolution
10. Meat and Tomato production – d) Silver Revolution
11. Jute production – e) Golden Fibre Revolution
III. Distinguish between the following: 2×2=4
12. Inundational canal and Perennial canal.
13. Marine fishing and Inland fishing.
IV. Answer in brief: 5×2=10
14. Name the types of soil found in India.
15. Define: Agriculture.
16. State any two characteristics of black cotton soil.
17. What do you mean livestock?
18. Give reason: a) Agriculture is the backbone of India.
b) Rain water harvesting is necessary.
V. Answer any one in a paragraph: 1×5=5
19. What is multipurpose projects and write about any two multipurpose projects of India.
20. Examine the geographical conditions favourable for the cultivation of rice and wheat.
VI. 21. On the outline map of India, mark the following. 10
i) Demarcate the major tracts of alluvial soils (2) ii) Shade the main regions of black
soil (2) iii) Locate the Hirakud dam and Mettur dam (2) iv) Locate the fishing hubs –
Tuticorin, Chennai, Cochin and Mumbai (4)
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Geography UNIT

India - Resources and Industries 4

Exercise
I. Choose the correct answer.

1. Manganese is used in ________.

a) Storage batteries b) Steel Making
c) Copper smelting d) Petroleum Refining Ans: b) Steel making
2. The Anthracite coal has ________.
a) 80 to 95% Carbon b) Above 70% Carbon
c) 60 to 70% Carbon d) Below 50% Carbon Ans: a) 80 to 95% coal
3. The most important constituents of petroleum are hydrogen and
a) Oxygen b) Water
c) Carbon d) Nitrogen Ans: d) Nitrogen
4. The city which is called as the Manchester of South India is
a) Chennai b) Salem
c) Madurai d) Coimbatore Ans: d) Coimbatore
5. The first Nuclear Power station was commissioned in
a) Gujarat b) Rajasthan
c) Maharashtra d) Tamil nadu Ans: c) Maharashtra
6. The most abundant source of energy is
a) Bio mass b) Sun
c) Coal d) Oil Ans: b) Sun
7. The famous Sindri Fertilizer Plant is located in
a) Jharkhand b) Bihar
c) Rajasthan d) Assam Ans: a) Jharkhand
8. The nucleus for the development of the chotanagpur plateau region is
a) Transport b) Mineral Deposits
c) Large demand d) Power Availability Ans: b) Mineral deposits
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II. Match the following.

1. Bauxite – a) Cement
2. Gypsum – b) Aircraft
3. Black Gold – c) Electrical goods
4. Iron ore – d) Coal
5. Mica – e) Magnetite
 Ans: 1.b 2.a 3.d 4.e 5.c

III. Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Define the resource and state its types.

GEOGRAPHY
zz Energy derived from the environment that is used by living things including human
is called as natural resources.
zz Natural resources include air, water, soil, minerals, fossil fuels, plants, wild life, etc.
zz Natural resources are classified into two such as –
i) Renewable resources and
ii) Non-renewal resources.
zz Renewable resources are those which have natural regeneration after their
utilisation. Ex: solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy and wave energy.
zz Non-renewable resources are the sources that cannot be replaced again after
utilisation. Ex: Coal, petroleum and natural gas.
2. What are minerals and state its type?
zz Minerals are the natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite
chemical and physical properties.
zz Minerals are broadly grouped under two categories. They are i) metallic and ii) non-
metallic minerals.
zz Metallic minerals are the mineral which contain one or more metallic elements in
them. Ex. Gold and copper.
zz Non-metallic minerals do not contain metal in them. Ex. Mica, limestone and coal.
3. State the uses of magnesium.
zz It is important mineral used for making iron and steel and serves as basic raw
material for alloying.
zz It is also used in manufacturing of bleaching powder, insecticides, paints and
batteries.
zz Due to its light weight and strength, it is used in making many vehicle parts especially
in trucks and automobiles.
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4. What is natural gas?

zz Natural gas usually accompanies the petroleum accumulations.
zz It is naturally occurring hydro carbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane.
zz But, commonly includes varying amounts of other higher alkanes and sometimes a
small percentage of carbon-dioxide, nitrogen and hydrogen sulphides.
zz It is formed when layers of decomposed plants and animals are exposed to intense
heat and pressure over thousands of years.
zz It is used as a source of energy for heating, cooking and electricity generation.
5. Name the different types of coal with their carbon content.
Coal is available in the form of sedimentary rocks. Based on carbon content, it is classified
in to the following types.
S.No. Types of coal Carbon content
1. Anthracite 80 to 90 % carbon
2. Bituminous 60 to 80 % carbon
3. Lignite 40 to 60 % carbon
4. Peat Less than 40% carbon

6. Mention the major areas of jute production in India.

zz India tops in the production of raw jute and jute goods and second in the export of
jute goods next to Bangladesh.
zz The major jute producing areas in India are West Bengal and concentrated along the
Hoogly River within the radius of six kilometre of Kolkata.
zz Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, chhattisgarh and Odisha are the other
jute good producing areas.
7. Name the important oil producing regions of India.
Petroleum is oil obtained from rocks of the Earth. So, it is also called Mineral oil. Oil in
India is obtained from on-shore areas as well as off-shore areas. They are -
zz Mumbai High oil fields zz Digboi oil fields, Assam
zz Gujarat Coast zz Offshore of Andaman and Nicobar
zz Aliabet oil field, South of Bhavanagar zz Gulf of Mannar
zz Ankaleshwar zz Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
zz Cambay-Luni Region
zz Bharmaputra Valley
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IV. Distinguish between

1. Renewable and non-renewable resources.

S.No Renewable resources Non-renewable resources
1. These resources can be reproduced These resources can be reproduced
again and again. after the usage.
2. Time taken to renew the resources The time of formation these resources
may be different from one resource is extremely slow and cannot be
to another. renewed easily.
3. eg: air, water and sun light. eg: coal, petroleum and natural gas.
2. Metallic and non-metallic minerals.

GEOGRAPHY
S.No Metallic minerals Non-metallic minerals
1. The metallic minerals contain one or The Non-metallic minerals do not
more metallic elements in them. contain metal in them.
2. These minerals look shining. These metals look dull colour.
3. eg: gold, manganese and copper. eg: lime stone, gypsum and potash.
3. Agro based industry and mineral based industry.
S.No Agro based industry Mineral based industry
1. These industries use agricultural Here, metallic and non-metallic
products as their raw materials. minerals are used as raw materials.
2. Most of these factories are located These industries are located nearer to
near the areas of cultivation (farms). the source of minerals (mines).
3. eg: cotton textile industry and sugar eg: cement, steel and iron industries.
industry.

4. Jute industry and sugar industry.

S.No Jute industry Sugar industry
1. Jute is the raw materials in this Sugarcane and sugar beet are the
industry. raw materials of Sugar industry.
2. India is the largest producer of jute India is the second largest producer
goods in the world. of sugar in the world next to Brazil.
3. eg: jute bags, rope, mats and carpet. eg: bagasse, molasses and press mud.
5. Conventional energy and non- conventional energy.
S.No Conventional energy Non-conventional energy
1. Conventional sources of energy are Non-conventional sources of energy
non-renewable sources of energy. are renewable sources of energy.
eg: coal, petroleum and natural gas. eg: solar and wind energy.
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2. Most of these energy sources cause They do not cause any pollution.
pollution when used. eg: solar energy, geothermal energy
eg: coal and firewood. etc.
3. They are common and widely used They are comparatively new sources
sources. of energy.
eg: thermal power eg: solar panels and wind mills.

V. Answer the following in a paragraph.

1. Write about the distribution of cotton textile industries in India.

Textile is a broad term which includes cotton, jute, wool, silk and synthetic fibre textiles.
The first cotton textile mill was established at Fort Gloster near Kolkata in 1818.
Cotton textile industry:
zz Traditional sectors like hand loom, handicrafts and small power-loom units are the
biggest source of employment for millions of people in rural and semi urban areas.
zz The cotton textile industries contribute about 7% of industrial output, 2% of India’s
GDP and 15% of the country’s export earnings.
zz It is one of the largest sources of employment generation in the country.
Manchester of India:
Black cotton soil in Maharashtra, humid climate, Mumbai port, availability of hydro
power, good market and well developed transport facility favour the cotton textile
industries in Mumbai.
The higher concentration of textile mills in and around Mumbai makes it as
“Manchester of India”.
Textile Industries in Tamil Nadu:
Erode, Tirupur, Karur, Chennai, Thirunelveli, Madurai, Thoothukudi, Salem and
Virudhunagar are the major cotton textiles centres in Tamil Nadu.
Distribution of cotton textile industries
The major cotton textile industries are concentrated in the states of Maharashtra,
Gujarat, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Manchester of South India:
Coimbatore is the most important centre of Tamil Nadu with 200 mills out of its 435
mills. So it is called ‘Manchester of South India.
2. Describe the major challenges of Indian industries.
Industries in India face many problems. Some major problems are listed below-
zz Shortage and fluctuation in power supply
zz Non-availability of large blocks of land
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zz Poor access to credit

zz High rate of interest for borrowed loan
zz Non-availability of cheap labourers
zz Lack of technical and vocational training for employees
zz Inappropriate living conditions nearby industrial estates.

VI. On the outline map of India mark the following.

1. Iron ore production centres.

2. Centres of Petroleum and Natural Gas production.
3. Coal mining centres.
4. Areas of cultivation of cotton.

GEOGRAPHY
5. Iron and Steel industries.

MAJOR INDUSTRIES IN INDIA W

N

E
S

Cotton growing area

Coal Mining centre

LEGEND
COTTON
Centres of natural Gas production
IRON & STEEL
Centres of Petrolium

Centres of Iron and Steel industries

Iron ore production centres

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
I. Choose the Correct Answer:

1. The process of extracting mineral from the Earth is known as ________.

a) Fetching b) Depositing
c) Mining d) Plundering Ans: c) Mining
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2. The headquarters of the Geological Survey of India is located at ________.

a) Delhi b) Mumbai
c) Kolkata d) Dehradun Ans: c) Kolkata
3. ________ is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite
chemical and physical properties.
a) Iron b) Mineral
c) Coal d) Petroleum Ans: b) Mineral
4. ________ is the most widely distributed element of the Earth crust.
a) Rock b) Coal
c) Iron ore d) Lime stone Ans: c) Iron ore
5. ________ is the leading producer of iron ore in the country.
a) Tamil Nadu b) Uttar Pradesh
c) Jharkhand d) Madhya Pradesh Ans: c) Jharkhand
6. The headquarters of the Manganese Ore India Limited (MOIL) is located in
________
a) Nagpur b) New Delhi
c) Kolkata d) Ranchi Ans: a) Nagpur
7. India is the ________ largest producer of manganese in the world.
a) First b) Third
c) Fifth d) Seventh Ans: c) fifth
8. The first metal used by the prehistoric man is ________.
a) Iron b) Gold
c) Copper d) Aluminium Ans: c) Copper
9. Being ________, copper is used to make utensils and other objects of any
shape.
a) Strong b) Light weight
c) Rigid d) Flexible And: d) Flexible
10. Largest reserves of copper ore is in the state of ________ follower by
Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh.
a) Rajasthan b) Haryana
c) Gujarat d) Uttarakhand Ans: a) Rajasthan
11. Jharkand is the largest producer of ________ with 62% of India’s production.
a) Iron b) Gold
c) Copper d) Aluminium Ans: c) Copper
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12. Bauxite is an important ore from which ________ is extracted.

a) Iron b) Mica
c) Copper d) Aluminium Ans: d) Aluminium
13. Aluminium is used in the manufacturing of ________ and automobile engines.
a) Aircrafts b) Railway engines
c) Furniture d) Stationeries Ans: a) Aircraft
14. Mica became very popular with the development of ________ industry.
a) Automobile b) Textile
c) Chemical d) Electrical Ans: d) Electrical
15. ________ is the non-conductor of electricity.

GEOGRAPHY
a) Iron b) Mica
c) Copper d) Aluminium Ans: b) Mica
16. The resources from which the electricity generated are called ________
resources.
a) Heat b) Hydro
c) Thermal d) Energy Ans: d) Energy
19. Coal is available in the form of ________ rocks.
a) Sedimentary b) Liquid
c) Igneous d) Metamorphic Ans: a) Sedimentary
20. Coal is valuable one for the Industrial development. So it is called as _______.
a) Liquid gold b) White gold
c) Black gold d) Brown gold Ans: c) Black gold
21. The headquarters of Coal India Limited is located in ________, West Bengal.
a) Dacca b) Baharampur
c) Kolkata d) Durgapur Ans: c) Kolkata
22. The word petroleum is derived from two Latin words such as ________ and
________.
a) Petro and Oleum b) Petro and lium
c) Petro and oil d) pet and rilim Ans: a) Petro and Oleum
23. Petroleum is also called as ________.
a) Crude oil b) Mineral oil
c) Earth oil d) Indian oil Ans: b) Mineral oil
24. Power generated from ________ is termed as hydroelectricity.
a) Wind b) Sun
c) Water d) Minerals Ans: c) Water
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25. Photovoltaic converts ________ in to an electric current using the photovoltaic

effect.
a) Heat b) Light
c) Wind d) Water Ans: b) Light
26. The first hydro-electric power station in India was established at ________
in 1897.
a) New Delhi b) Darjeeling
c) Kashmir d) Mumbai Ans: b) Darjeeling
27. ________ is a cheap and pollution free source of energy.
a) Wind b) Sound
c) Thermal d) Biomass Ans: a) Wind
28. ________ has the largest installation of wind turbines in the country.
a) Gujarat b) Maharashtra
c) Tamil Nadu d) Goa Ans: c) Tamil Nadu
29. ________ based industries draw their raw materials from agricultural sector.
a) Forest b) Agro
c) Mineral d) Chemical Ans: b) Agro
30. The firt cotton textile mill was established in ________ near Kolkata in 1818.
a) Fort St. George b) Fort St, Williams
c) Fort Gloster d) Fort St john Ans: c) Fort Gloster
31. ________ is the process of cotton fiber is separated from the cotton seed.
a) Ginning b) Scouring
c) Spinning d) Warping Ans: a) Ginning
32. The higher concentration of textile mills in and around ________, makes
it as ‘Manchester of India’.
a) Coimbatore b) Mumbai
c) Surat d) Sholapur Ans: b) Mumbai
33. ________ industry is the second important textile industry in India after
cotton textile.
a) Wool b) Khadi
c) Jute d) silk Ans: c) Jute
34. The first attempt to produce iron and steel unit was set up at ________ in
Tamil Nadu.
a) Thanjavur b) Chennai
c) Port Novo d) Madurai Ans: c) Port Novo
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35. At present, ________ is the second largest agro based industry in India next
to cotton industry.
a) Jute b) Silk
c) Sugar d) paper Ans: c) Sugar
36. In India, ________ is the principal raw material used for making paper.
a) Bamboo b) Soft wood
c) Teak d) Oak Ans: b) Soft wood
37. The first paper mill of India was started in 1812 at ________ in West Bengal.
a) Serampore b) Baharampur
c) Kolkata d) Durgapur Ans: a) Serampore

GEOGRAPHY
38. The major mineral based industry of country is the ________ industry.
a) Automobile b) Iron and steel
c) Textile d) Paper Ans: b) Iron and steel
39. The first automobile industry in India was started in ________.
a) 1947 b) 1950
c) 1951 d) 1948 Ans: a) 1947
40. The first automobile industry, Premier Automobiles Ltd, is located at
________, Mumbai.
a) Kurla b) Bombay High
c) Surat d) Nova Ans: a) Kurla
41. Bengaluru is the largest producer of ________ goods in India.
a) Electric b) Electronic
c) Sandal d) Commercial Ans: b) Electronic
42. ________ is called ‘Electronic Capital of India’.
a) Hyderabad b) Chennai
c) Bengaluru d) New Delhi Ans: c) Bengaluru
43. ‘Make in India’ program was launched in ________.
a) 2014 b) 1916
c) 1918 d) 1920 Ans: a) 2014
44. The mines near the Earth crust are known as ________.
a) Open pit mines b) Shaft mines
c) Deep mines d) Crust mines Ans: d) Open pit mines
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II. Match the following.

1. Detroit of India – a) Gujarat

2. Thermal power plant – b) Thiruvananthapuram
3. Wind form – c) Andhra Pradesh
4. Tidal energy – d) 1975
5. Solar power – e) Chennai
 Ans: 1.e 2.d 3.a 4.b 5.c
6. Metallic mineral – a) Coal
7. Non conductor – b) Gold
8. Black Gold – c) Electric current
9. Mineral oil – d) Mica
10. Photovoltaic – e) Petroleum
 Ans: 6.e 7.d 8.a 9.b 10.c
11. Electronic capital – a) Cotton industry
12. Manchester of India – b) Coimbatore
13. Detroit of Asia – c) Bangaluru
14. Monday fever – d) Chennai
15. Manchester of South India – e) Mumbai
 Ans: 11.c 12.e 13.d 14.a 15.b
16. Digboi oil field – a) Karnataka
17. Non metallic mineral – b) Oldest one
18. Wind energy – c) Textile industry
19. Largest producer of silk – d) Limestone
20. Brown lung disease – e) Kanniyakumari
 Ans: 16.b 17.d 18.e 19.a 20.c
21. Iron ore – a) Andhra Pradesh
22. Bauxite – b) Odisha
23. Coal – c) Limonite
24. Gypsum – d) Jharkhand
25. Mica – e) Rajasthan
 Ans: 21.d 22.b 23.c 24.e 25.a
III. Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Name the states that lead in the production of iron ore in India.
zz Jharkhand is the leading producer of iron ore with 25% the country’s production.
zz Odisha with 21% production ranks second in the country.
zz The magnetite production of Chhattisgarh is 18% and Karnataka is 20%.
zz Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are also notable for the production of iron ore.
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2. What are the organisations associated with minerals in India?

The organisations associated with minerals in India are-
S.No. Organisations Headquarters
1. Geological Survey of India Kolkata
2. Indian Bureau of Mines Nagpur
3. Non-Ferrous Material Technology Development Centre (NFTDC) Hyderabad
3. Name the different forms of iron ores and its iron content.
The iron ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark gray, bright
yellow or deep purple to rusty red. The iron is usually found in following form-
S.No. Form of Iron ores Iron content (%)

GEOGRAPHY
1. Magnetite 72.4 %
2. Hematite 69.9 %
3. Goethite 62.9 %
4. Limonite 55 %
5. Siderite 48.2 %
4. Write a note on Lime stone.
zz Lime stone is associated with rocks composed of either calcium carbonate or
carbonate of calcium and magnesium or mixture of both.
zz Limestone also contains small quantities of silica, alumina, iron oxides, phosphorous
and sulphur.
zz Lime stone is used in the industries of chemicals for soda ash, caustic soda, bleaching
powder, paper, cement, iron and steel, glass and fertilizers.
5. Why is Mumbai called as ‘Manchester of India’?
The following facility favours the development of cotton textile industries in Mumbai.
zz Presence of black cotton soil in Maharashtra,
zz Humid climate,
zz Presence of Mumbai port,
zz Availability of hydro power,
zz Good market and well developed transport facilities.
The high concentration of textile mills in and around Mumbai, makes it as ‘Manchester
of India’.
6. Name the major software industries in India.
zz India is home to some of the finest software companies in the world.
zz The software companies in India are reputed across the world for their efficient IT
solutions.
zz In India, the software industry began with the entry of Tata Consultancy Services
(TCS).
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zz Along with this, L & T, Infotech, i-Flex, Accentures, Cognizant, Galexe Solutions
India Pvt. Ltd., and ITC Infotech are the major software industries in our country.
7. Mention the major challenges of Indian industries.
Industries in India face many problems. Some major problems are listed below-
zz Shortage and fluctuation in power supply.
zz Non-availability of large blocks of land.
zz Poor access to credit.
zz High rate of interest for borrowed loan.
zz Non-availability of cheap labourers.
zz Lack of technical and vocational trained employees.
zz Inappropriate living conditions nearby industrial estates.

IV. Distinguish between

1. Paper industry and Sugar industry:

S.No Paper industry Sugar industry
1. Paper industry is a forest products It is an agro-based industry.
based industry.
2. Paper industry functions throughout The sugar industry does not function
the year. throughout the year. It functions
during the sugarcane harvest season.
3. Wood pulp, bamboo, waste papers, Sugarcane and sugar beet are the
bagasee are the raw materials of this raw materials of this industry.
industry.

2. Automobile industry and Electronic industry:

S.No Automobile industry Electronic industry
1. This industry has changed the It has changed the lifestyle of the
transport system of the people people to a great extent.
completely.
2. It manufactures commercial vehicles It produces communication devices
to transport goods and people. and iPod, pen drives etc.,
3. Automobile industry occupies a vast Minimum area is enough to start this
area. type of industries.
3. Iron and steel industry and software industry:
S.No Iron and steel industry Software industry
1. These are mineral based industries. These are not mineral based
industries.
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2. Most of the iron and steel industries These industries are scattered in big
are located in the Chota-Nagpur cities all over India.
Plateau region.
3. Both skilled and semi-skilled worked Skilled workers alone are employed in
are employed in these industries. these industries.
4. Thermal electricity and Hydro electricity:
S.No Thermal electricity Hydro electricity.
1. Thermal electricity is produced using Hydro electricity is produced from
coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc. water.
2. Nearly 66% of the total production Nearly 20% of the total production
of electricity in India is from thermal of electricity in India is from hydro

GEOGRAPHY
power stations. power.
3. The resources used in this system are The resource used in this system is
non-renewable. renewable.
5. Wind energy and Thermal energy:
S.No Wind energy Thermal energy
1. Wind energy is produced from wind It is produced by burning coal,
using wind mill. petroleum and natural gas.
2. It is free from pollution. It pollutes the atmosphere.
3. Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Maharashtra Mizoram, Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand,
has wind farms and produces wind Chhattisgarh and West Bengal are
energy. producing thermal energy.

V. Answer the following in a paragraph.

1. Explain the factors responsible for the concentration of jute industries in the
Hoogly region.
Jute is a low priced fibre used mainly for making package materials like gunny bags.
It is the second largest textile industry in India after cotton textiles. Jute is also known
as ‘Golden fibre’.
The major jute producing areas are in West Bengal and concentrated along the
Hoogly river within the radius of six kilometre of Kolkata.
The factors responsible for the concentration of jute industries in the Hoogly regions are-
Raw material : Hugli is very near to the areas of jute cultivation.
Transport : 
The waters of Hugli provide inexpensive transport facilities and
there is good network of railways and roadways
Water : There is the abundant water supply for processing of jute.
Labour : Cheap labour is easily available from West Bengal. Odisha, and Bihar
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Kolkata : 
The developed urban city provides banking, insurance and port
facilities for export.
2. Write an account on the major iron and steel industries of India.
Iron and steel industry is called as ‘Basic metallurgical industry’. Its finished products
are used as raw materials by host of other industries.
Several industries use iron and steel as their primary raw material. Due to this, the
steel producing capacity of a country is generally taken as an indicator of its level of
industrial development.
Iron and steel industry of India is mainly concentrated in the states of Jharkhand,
West Bengal and Odisha. These areas have sufficient iron ore, coal, limestone,
manganese and silicon which are required for iron and steel industry.
The major iron and steel industries of India are-
Year of
S.No Name of the industry Place Product
beginning
1 Tata Iron and Steel Jamshedpur, 1911 Pig iron
Company (TISCO) Jharkhand
2 Indian Iron and Steel Burnpur, Hirapur, 1972 Pig iron & Crude
Company (IISCO) Kulti, West Bengal steel
3 Visweshwaraya Iron Bhadravati, 1923 Alloy and Sponge
& Steel Ltd. (VISL) Karnataka Steel
4 Hindustan Steel Ltd, Bhilai, Chattisgarh 1957 Railway Equipments
(Russian collaboration and ship building
5 Hindustan Steel Rourkela, Odisha 1965 Electric plates &
Ltd, (German Hot and cold rolled
collaboration) sheets
6 Hindustan Steel Ltd, Durgapur, West 1959 Alloy steel and
(British collaboration) Bengal railway equipments
7 Hindustan Steel Ltd, Bokarao, 1972 Sludge and slog
(Russian collaboration) Jharkhand
8 Salem Steel Ltd. Salem, Tamil Nadu 1982 Stainless steel
9 Visakhapatnam Steel Visakhapatnam, 1981 Hot metal
Plant Andhra Pradesh

3. Explain the factors that influence the location of Industries.

The location of an industry is determined by raw material, power, transport, man
power, water, market and government policies.
Raw material:
Industries are located with respect to the availability of raw materials. For example,
sugar industry is located near the raw material region. Because, it is a weight losing
material.
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Power:
Most of the industries tend to be located near the source of power. Power is needed
to process the raw materials. Most of the iron and steel industries are located nearly the
coal fields. Because, it requires about 5 tons of coking coal to melt 1 ton of iron ore.

Transport:
Transport is an important factor for carrying raw materials to manufacturing units
and finished products to the markets. Oil refineries are located near railway stations or
near the port.

Man power:
Availability of skilled and unskilled or technically qualified manpower is an important
factor for the location of industries. For example, Mumbai and Chennai get man p0wer

GEOGRAPHY
from all over the country.

Water:
Water is very essential for industries like iron and steel, textiles, rayon, paper etc.
For example, 1 ton of steel needs 300 tons of water for cooling and 1 ton of rayon needs
100 tons of water for bleaching.

Market:
High demand and purchasing power determine the market. So, most of the industries
are located close to the centers of consumption.

VI. Give Reasons.

1. Mumbai is called as ‘Manchester of India’.

The higher concentration of textile mills in and around Mumbai makes it as ‘Manchester
of India.
2. Coimbatore is called as ‘Manchester of South India’.
zz The major cotton textile industries are concentrated in Coimbatore.
zz Coimbatore is the most important centre in Tamil Nadu with 200 mills out of 435
mills.
zz So, Coimbatore is called as ‘Manchester of South India’.
3. Chennai is nicknamed as the ‘Detroit of Asia’.
It is due to the presence of major automobile manufacturing units and allied industries
around the city
4. Bangaluru is called as the ‘Electronic capital of India’.
Bangaluru is the largest producer of electronic goods in India. Hence, it is called as the
‘Electronic capital of India’.

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4. India - Resources and Industries

Time : 45 mts. Marks: 40

I. Choose the correct answer: 6×1=6

1. Manganese is used in ________.
a) Storage batteries b) Steel making c) Copper smelting d) Petroleum refining
2. The Anthracite coal has ________.
a) 80 to 95% Carbon b) Above 70% Carbon c) 60 to 70% carbon d) Below 50% Carbon
3. The most important constituents of petroleum are hydrogen and ________.
a) Oxygen b) Water c) Carbon d) Nitrogen
4. The city which is called as the Manchester of South India is ________.
a) Chennai b) Salem c) Madurai d) Coimbatore
5. The first Nuclear Power station was commissioned in ________.
a) Gujarat b) Rajasthan c) Maharashtra d) Tamil Nadu
6. The famous Sindri Fertilizer plant is located in ________.
a) Jharkhand b) Bihar c) Rajasthan d) Assam
II. Match the following: 5×1=5
7. Electronic capital – a) Cotton industry
8. Manchester of India – b) Coimbatore
9. Detroit of Asia – c) Bangaluru
10. Monday fever – d) Chennai
11. Manchester of South India – e) Mumbai
III. Distinguish between the following: 2×2=4
12. Agro-based industry and Mineral-based industry
13. Renewable and Non-renewable resources.
IV. Answer in brief: 5×2=10
14. Define the resource and state its types.
15. State the uses of magnesium.
16. Name the different types of coal with their carbon content.
17. What do you mean livestock?
18. Give reason: a) Chennai is nicknamed as the ‘Detroit of Asia’.
b) Bengaluru is called as the ‘Electronic capital of India’.
V. Answer any one in a paragraph: 1×5=5
19. Write about the distribution of cotton textile industries in India.
20. Describe the major challenges of Indian industries.
VI. On the outline map of India, mark the following. 10
i) Iron ore production centres ii) Centres of petroleum iii) Coal mining centres iv) Areas
of cultivation of cotton v) Iron and steel industries.

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Geography UNIT
India - Population, Transport,
Communication and Trade 5
Exercise
I. Choose the correct Answer.

GEOGRAPHY
1. The scientific study of different aspects of population is called ________.
a) Cartography b) Demography
c) Anthropology d) Epigraphy Ans: b) Demography
2. ________ transport provides door to door services.
a) Railways b) Roadways
c) Airways d) Waterways Ans: b) Roadways
3. The length of Golden Quadrilateral superhighways in India is ________.
a) 5846 km b) 5942 km
c) 5630 km d) 5800 km Ans: a) 5846 km
4. The National Remote sensing Centre(NRSC) is located at ________.
a) Bengaluru b) Chennai
c) Delhi d) Hyderabad Ans: d) Hyderabad
5. The transport useful in the inaccessible areas is ________.
a) Roadways b) Railways
c) Airways d) Waterways Ans: c) Airways
6. Which of the following is associated with helicopter service?
a) Air India b) Indian Airlines
c) Vayudoot d) Pavan Hans Ans: d) Pavan Hans
7. The major import item of India is ________.
a) Cement b) Jewells
c) Tea d) Petroleum Ans: d) Petroleum
II. Match the following.

1. Border Road Organisation – a) Satellite communication

2. INSAT – b) Impact of Urbanization
3. Mazagaon Dock – c) 1990
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4. Urban sprawl – d) Mumbai

5. Konkan Railways – e) 1960
– f) Hyderabad
 Ans: 1.e 2.a 3.d 4.b 5.c
III. Answer the following questions briefly:

1. What is migration? State its types.

zz It is the movement of people across regions and territories. It can be-
i) Internal migration (within a country) or
ii) International (between the countries) migration.
zz Internal migration does not change the size of population of a country but it
influences the distribution of population in a nation.
zz International migration does not have much impact on the population of a country.
2. Write any four advantages of railways.
zz It helps us in moving bulk goods such as iron ore, coal mineral oil, etc., from one
centre to another.
zz Railways serve as chief mode of transport for both passengers and goods
zz It forms a major employment sector giving jobs to lakhs of people.
zz It helps in agricultural development by connecting urban to rural areas.
zz It helps in connecting famines by quick movement of essential commodities.
3. Write a note on Pipeline network transport in India.
zz Pipelines provided a very convenient mode of transport to connect oil and natural
gas fields, refineries and to the markets.
zz The three important network large network of pipeline in the country are-
i) Oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur,
ii) From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab and
iii) Gas pipeline from the Hazira in Gujarat to Jagadispur in Uttar Pradesh.
4. State the major Inland waterways of India.
The major waterways are-
zz National waterway 1 : It extends between Haldia and Allahabad, measures 1620
km and includes the stretches of the Ganga- Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system.
zz National Waterway 2 : This waterway includes the stretch of the Brahmaputra
river between Dhubri and Sadiya a distance of 891 km.
zz National Waterway 3 : This waterway extends between Kollam and Kottapuram
in the state of Kerala. It is the first national waterway in the country with 24 hour
navigation facilities along its entire stretch of 205 km.
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5. What is communication? What are its types?

zz Communication is a process that involves exchange of information, thoughts and
ideas. Technology does wonders in communication fields.
zz Communication is categorized in to personal and mass communications.
zz The exchange of information between the individuals is called personal
Communication. Ex: Postal letters, telephones, mobile phones, etc.
zz Communication that helps millions of people to get the information at the same time
is known as mass communication. Ex: News papers, televisions, radios, etc.
6. Define “International trade”.
zz Trade carried on between two or more countries is called International trade.
It is also called as external trade or foreign trade.

GEOGRAPHY
zz

zz Waterways and Airways play a vital role in this type of trade.

zz Foreign currency is involved in international trade.
7. State the merits of Roadways.
zz Roads play an important role in carrying goods and passengers for short, medium
and long distances.
zz It is highly suitable for short distance services.
zz It is comparatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain roads.
zz It can establish easy contact between farms, fields, factories and markets.
zz It is cost efficient and can provide door to door transport services.

IV. Distinguish between

1. Density of population and Growth of population.

S.No Density of population Growth of population
1. It is a better measure of understanding Population growth is the difference
the variation in distribution of between birth rate and death rate plus
population. migration of people per year.
2. It is expressed as number of persons It is expressed in percentage.
per unit area usually per sq.km.
3. The most densely populated state of Uttar Pradesh is the most populous
India is Bihar. state in the country.
2. Personal communication and Mass communication.
S.No Personal communication Mass communication
1. The exchange of information The spread of information among the
between the individuals is called people at a same time is known as
personal communication. mass communication
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2. It includes postal service, telephone, It includes radio, television,

mobile phone, internet, etc. newspapers, etc.
3. In this system, news spreads slowly The news spread quickly among the
to the public. people.
3. Print Media and Electronic Media.
S.No Print media Electronic media
1. It delivers news and information It delivers news and information
through printed publications. through electronic gadgets.
2. One should be literate to read the Literacy is not necessary. Anyone can
information provided. watch and hear information provided.
3. Live discussion is not possible. Live discussion is possible.
4. Roadways and Railways.
S.No Roadways Railways
1. Indian roadways touch nook and It connects important towns, cities
corner of the country. and industrial centres.
2. Laying the roads and its maintenance Laying the railway tracks and its
are cheaper. maintenance are costlier.
3. Bulk goods cannot be sent easily. Bulk goods can be sent easily from one
place to another.
5. Waterways and Airways.
S.No Waterways Airways
1. Waterways are the cheapest means Airways are the costliest and fastest
of transport. mode of transport.
2. It is suitable to carry passengers, It is suitable to carry heavy and bulky
freights and mail. goods at low cost.
3. Airways pollute the atmosphere. It is fuel efficient and environment
friendly more of transport.
6. Internal trade and International trade.
S.No Internal trade International trade
1. It is carried within the domestic It is a trade carried on between two or
territory of a country. more countries.
2. It is also known as Domestic trade or This is known as Foreign trade or
Local trade. External trade.
3. This trade is mostly based on the This trade is carried on the foreign
nation’s currency. currency.
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V. Answer the following in a paragraph.

1. What is urbanization? Explain its problem.

The process of society’s transformation from rural to urban is known as urbanization.
The level of urbanization of a place is assessed based on the size of population of the
towns and cities and the proportion of population engaged in non agricultural sectors.
Impact of urbanization:
zz Urbanization and population concentration go hand–in–hand and are closely related
to each other.
zz A rapid rate of urbanization in a society is taken as an indicator of its economic
development. Urbanization is increasing rapidly in the developing countries including

GEOGRAPHY
India.
zz Rural to urban migration leads to population explosion in urban areas.
zz By 2030, more than 50% of India’s population is expected to live in urban areas.
zz The following are the major problems of urbanization in India.
i) It creates urban sprawl.
ii) It makes overcrowding in urban centres.
iii) It leads to shortage of houses in urban areas.
iv) It leads to the formation of slums.
v) It increases traffic congestion in cities.
vi) It creates water scarcity in cities.
vii) It creates drainage problem.
viii) It poses the problem of solid waste management.
ix) It increases the rate of crime.
2. Explain the importances of satellite communication in India.
zz The use of Satellite in getting a continuous and synoptic view of larger area has
made this communication system very vital for the country.
zz Satellite images are used for weather forecasting, monitoring of natural calamities,
Surveillance of border areas, etc.
zz The communication through satellites emerged as a new era in communication in
our country after the establishment of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
in 1969.
zz Satellite system in India can be grouped into two-the Indian National Satellite
System (INSAT) and the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS).
zz The INSAT, established in 1983, is a multipurpose system for telecommunication,
meteorological observation and for various other programs.
zz The INSAT series are used for relaying signals to television, telephone, radio, mobile
phone.
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zz It is also useful in weather detection, internet and military applications.

zz The INSAT series, GSAT series, KALPANA-1, HAMSAT, EDUSAT are the major
communication satellite used for communication purpose.
zz INSAT-1B launched on 30th August 1983 is the first communication satellite in INSAT
series.
zz GSAT–7A is the recent launch (December 19, 2018) for communication programs.
3. Classify and explain the roadways in India.
Roads play an important role in carrying goods and passengers for short, medium and
long distances. For the purpose of construction and maintenance, roads are classified
into-
zz National Highways,  State Highways,  District roads,
zz Rural roads,  Border Roads  Golden Quadrilateral
zz North-South and East-West Corridors  Expressways and
zz International Highways
National Highways:
zz National Highways are running through length and breadth of the country. It
connects capitals of states, major ports, rail junctions, industrial and tourist centres.
zz Ministry of Road and transport and Highways of India is responsible for the
development and maintenance of National Highways.
State Highways:
zz The state highways are usually roads that link important cities, towns and district
headquarters within the state.
zz They connect them with national highways or highways of neighbouring states.
zz These roads are maintained by state governments.
District Roads:
zz District Roads provide connectivity between the district and taluk headquarters with
the state highways and national highways.
zz District Roads are constructed and maintained by the Public Works Department of
the states.
Rural Roads (Village Roads):
zz Rural roads connectivity is a key component of rural development.
zz It links the different villages with their neighbouring towns.
zz They are maintained by Village Panchayats.
zz These are the roads of strategic importance in border areas.
zz They are constructed and maintained by Border Roads Organization.
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Golden Quadrilateral
zz Golden Quadrilateral is a project launched to connect four Indian metropolitan cities
namely Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai-Delhi in 1999.
zz It is a 5,846 km long road.
North-South and East-west Corridors:
zz North-South corridor aims at connecting Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with
Kanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu with 4,076 km long road.
zz The East-West corridor has been planned to connect Silchar in Assam with the port
town of Porbandar in Gujarat.
Expressways:

GEOGRAPHY
zz These are multi-lane good quality highways for high speed traffic.
zz Some of the important expressways are-
(i) Mumbai-Pune Road,
(ii) Kolkata-Dumdum Airport road
(iii) Durgapur-Kolkata road and
(iv) Yamuna expressway between Delhi and Agra.
International Highways:
zz These are the roads that link India with neighbouring countries for promoting
harmonious relationship with them. These highways have been constructed with an
aid from World Bank.
zz These roads connect important highways of India with those of the neighbouring
countries such as Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar.
zz Road density is the highest in Kerala and lowest in Jammu &Kashmir.
VI. On the outline map of India mark the following.

1. National Highway NH-44

2. Major seaports in India.
3. Major International Airports in India.
4. Densely populated state of India.
5. State of highest literacy in India
6. Railways zones of India.
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National Highway 7

International Airport in India

zz Railway zones Major Sea Port in India

Densely Populated state (Bihar)

State of highest literacy (Kerala)

Delhi Delhi

Jaipur Jaipur
Gorakpur
Guwahati Guwahati
Hazipur
Allahabad
Allahabad
Varanasi
Ranchi Ranchi
Jabalpur
Kolkatta Kandla Kolkatta
Bilaspur
Nagpur Paradwip

Bhubaneshwar
Mumbai Mumbai

Secunderabad Hydrabad Secunderabad

Vishakapatnam

Hubballi
Marmagoa

Chennai Chennai
Bangalore

Madurai

Cochin
Tuticorin

Kanyakumari

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
I. Choose the correct answer.

1. India is the ________ most populous country in the world.

a) First b) Second
c) Third d) Fourth Ans: b) Second
2. Census is taken once in ________ years in our country.
a) Ten b) Five
c) Six d) Seven Ans: a) Ten
3. In India, the first census was carried out in the year ________.
a) 1947 b) 1950
c) 1957 d) 1872 Ans: d) 1872
4. The distribution of population in India is quite ________.
a) Even b) Normal
c) Moderate d) Uneven Ans: d) Uneven
5. The most populous state in the country is ________.
a) Kerala b) Tamil Nadu
c) Uttar Pradesh d) Maharashtra Ans: c) Uttar Pradesh
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6. ________ is the least populous state in India.

a) Assam b) Sikkim
c) Nagaland d) Manipur Ans: b) Sikkim
7. In the distribution of population, ________ tops among the Union territories.
a) Lakshadweep b) Puducherry
c) Chandigarh d) Delhi Ans: d) Delhi
8. The state with least population density is ________.
a) Gujarat b) Tamil Nadu
c) Rajasthan d) Arunachal Pradesh Ans: d) Arunachal Pradesh
9. ________ islands have the lowest density of population.
a) Lakshadweep b) Bamban

GEOGRAPHY
c) Sri Lankan d) Andaman & Nicobar
 Ans: d) Andaman & Nicobar
10. According to 2011, the average density of population of India is ________
per sq.km.
a) 250 persons b) 382 persons
c) 122 persons d) 100 persons Ans: b) 382 persons
11. ________ refers to the number of live births per thousand people in a year.
a) Growth rate b) Birth rate
c) Death rate d) Population growth Ans: b) Birth rate
12. ________ is the movement of people across regions and territories.
a) Voyages b) Travelling
c) Migration d) Change Ans: c) Migration
13. Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per ________ male population.
a) 100 b) 1000
c) 10 d) 10,000 Ans: b) 1000
14. The lowest sex ratio is recorded in the union territory of ________.
a) Delhi b) Haryana
c) Daman and Diu d) Puducherry Ans: c) Daman and Diu
15. The ratio between the economically inactive of population is termed as
________ ratio.
a) Weeker b) Backward
c) Dependency d) Economic Ans: c) Dependency
16. India’s literacy rate as per 2011 census is ________.
a) 50% b) 74.04%
c) 25.25% d) 99% Ans: b) 74.04%
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17. ________ ranks first in the country with a literacy rate of 93.91%.
a) Delhi b) Tamil Nadu
c) West Bengal d) Kerala Ans: d) Kerala
18. The lowest literacy rate is found in ________.
a) Assam b) Arunachal Pradesh
c) Bihar d) Rajasthan Ans: c) Bihar
19. The level of urbanization is measured in term of percentage of ________
population.
a) Rural b) Urban
c) International d) National Ans: b) Urban
20. ________ is the most urbanized state with 62.17% of urban population.
a) Goa b) Kerala
c) Odisha d) Punjab Ans: a) Goa
21. ________ is the least urbanized state with 10.04% of urban population.
a) Assam b) Mizoram
c) Manipur d) Himachal Pradesh Ans: d) Himachal Pradesh
22. ________ system is considered as the Lifeline of a Country.
a) Agricultural b) Electrical
c) Transport d) Irrigational Ans: c) Transport
23. ________ is essential for economic development of a country.
a) Agricultural b) Electrical
c) Transport d) Irrigational Ans: c) Transport
24. There are ________ major means of transport in the world.
a) Two b) Three
c) Four d) Five Ans: b) Three
25. The road constructed by ________ from Kolkata to Peshawar is named as
Grand Trunk Road.
a) Akbar b) Aurangzeb
c) Shershah Suri d) Asoka Ans: c) Shershah Suri
26. The longest National Highway is ________ which runs from Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh to Kanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
a) NH 44 b) NH 47
c) NH 10 d) NH 28 Ans: a) NH 44
27. The shortest National Highway is NH 47A which runs from Ernakulam to Kochi
port covering a distance of ________.
a) 10 km b) 6 km
c) 7 km d) 15 km Ans: b) 6 km
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28. ________ are considered as the backbone of the surface transport system in
India.
a) Roadways b) Waterways
c) Railways d) Airways Ans: c) Railways
29. Border Roads Organization has constructed world’s highest road joining
________ and Leh in Ladakh.
a) Delhi b) Darjeeling
c) Chandigarh d) Amritsar Ans: c) Chandigarh
30. The road that connects four metropolitan cities namely Delhi, Kolkata,
Chennai and Mumbai is called as ________ road.
a) Golden quadrilateral b) Golden Triangular

GEOGRAPHY
c) Golden Trunk d) Grand Diamond Ans: b) Golden quadrilateral
31. National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was established in ________.
a) 1945 b) 1955
c) 1975 d) 1995 Ans: d) 1995
32. Indian railways network is the largest in Asia and ________ largest in the
world.
a) Fifth b) Second
c) First d) Fourth Ans: b) Second
33. The sub-urban railway was started in 1925 in ________.
a) Kolkata b) Chennai
c) New Delhi d) Mumbai Ans: d) Mumbai
34. The metro in ________ is the first one in India.
a) Kolkata b) Chennai
c) New Delhi d) Mumbai Ans: a) Kolkata
35. The state of ________ has no railway network.
a) Mizoram b) Meghalaya
c) Assam d) Bihar Ans: b) Megalaya
36. Water transport is the oldest and also the ________ means of transport.
a) Costliest b) Fastest
c) Safest d) Cheapest Ans: d) Cheapest
37. There are ________ major ports in India.
a) 10 b) 12
c) 13 d) 14 Ans: c) 13
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38. Air transport in India made a beginning in ________ from Allahabad to Naini.
a) 1915 b) 1918
c) 1921 d) 1925 Ans: b) 1918
39. The first Indian postal stamp was issued in 1852 in ________.
a) Kolkatta b) Karachi
c) New Delhi d) Lahore Ans: b) Karachi
40. The Postal Index Number (PIN) was introduced in India in ________
a) 1952 b) 1962
c) 1972 d) 1982 Ans: c) 1972
41. The Indian Postal Service introduced the Quick Mail Service was introduced
in ________.
a) 1955 b) 1965
c) 1975 d) 1985 Ans: c) 1975
42. ________ communication enables millions of people to get information at
the same time.
a) Oral b) Personal
c) Messenger d) Mass Ans: d) Mass
43. Radio broadcasting in India was stated in 1923 by Radio Club of ________.
a) Bombay b) New Delhi
c) Hyderabad d) Cochin Ans: a) Bombay
44. All India Radio was renamed as Akashwani in ________.
a) 1957 b) 1955
c) 1950 d) 1945 Ans: a) 1957
45. The Indian Space Research Organization was started in ________.
a) 1967 b) 1969
c) 1965 d) 1963 Ans: b) 1969
46. INSAT – IB launched in 1983 is the first ________ satellite in INSAT series.
a) Education b) Communication
c) Agriculture d) Remote Ans: b) Communication
47. The trade between two countries is called ________ Trade.
a) Unilateral b) Bilateral
c) Trilateral d) Multilateral Ans: b) Bilateral
48. The trade between more than two countries is called ________ Trade.
a) Unilateral b) Bilateral
c) Trilateral d) Multilateral Ans: d) Multilateral
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49. The situation in which the value of exports exceeds the value of imports is
termed as ________ balance of trade.
a) Favourable b) Unfavourable
c) Cost d) International Ans: a) Fourable
50. In the Domestic trade, ________ transport plays a major role.
a) Roadways b) Waterways
c) Airways d) None of these. Ans: a) Roadways
51. Trade carried on between two or more countries is called ________ trade.
a) Local b) Domestic
c) International d) Bilateral Ans: c) International

GEOGRAPHY
52. At present, there are ________ designated international airports available in
India.
a) Ten b) Fifteen
c) Nineteen d) Twenty Ans: c) Nineteen

II. Match the following

1. Internal trade – a) Trade between two countries

2. Foreign trade – b) Domestic trade
3. Bilateral trade – c) Cement and glass
4. Export items – d) Barter system
5. Import items – e) External trade
– f) Gold and telecom instruments
 Ans: 1.b 2.e 3.a 4.c 5.f
6. Personal communication – a) Satellite communication
7. Mass communication – b) Impact of Urbanization
8. GSAT – c) Bangalore
9. Barter system – d) Telephone
10. ISRO – e) Television
– f) Trade Ans: 6.d 7.e 8.a 9.f 10.c

11. Vishakapatnam – a) New Delhi

12. River Ganga – b) Major shipyard
13. Mass Rapid Transit System – c) Inland waterways
14. Northern Railways – d) Chennai
15. Southern Railways – e) Metro in Kolkata
– f) Hyderabad
 Ans: 11.b 12.c 13.e 14.a 15. d
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16. NH - 7 – a) Chandigarh to Leh

17. Grand Trunk Road – b) Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai
18. Border Roads – c) Kolkata to Peshawar
19. Golden Quadrilateral – d) Mumbai
20. Express ways – e) Mumbai to Pune Road
– f) Varanasi to Kanniyakumari
 Ans: 16.f 17.c 18.a 19.b 20. e
21. Northern Railways – a) Guwahati
22. North Western Railways – b) Gorakhpur
23. North Central Railways – c) Allahabad
24. North Eastern Railways – d) Jaipur
25. North East Frontier Railway – e) New Delhi
– f) Mumbai
 Ans: 21.e 22.d 23.c 24.b 25.a
26. Southern Railways – a) Chennai
27. South Central Railways – b) Secundrabad
28. South Eastern Railways – c) Kolkata
29. South Western Railways – d) Hubball
30. South East Central Railways – e) Bilaspur
– f) Hyderabad
 Ans: 26.a 27.b 28.c 29.d 30.e
III. Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What is census? Mention the purpose of taking census.

zz Population census is the total process of collecting, compiling, analysing or otherwise
disseminating demographic, economic and social data pertaining, at a specific time.
zz The data collected through the census are used for administration, planning, policy
making as well as management and evaluation of various programmes by the
government.
2. What are the factors responsible for the uneven distribution of population in
the country?
The factors which are responsible for the uneven distribution of population are-
i) Physical factors, ii) Socio-economic factors and iii) Historical factors
Physical factors :
It includes relief, climate, water, natural vegetation, minerals and energy resources.
Socio-economic factors:
It consists of the religion, culture, political issues, economy, human settlements,
transport network, industrialization, urbanization, employment opportunity, etc.
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3. What does the population change refer?

zz Population change refers to an increase or decrease of population of an area from
one period to another period.
zz Population growth is influenced by the birth rate, death rate and migration. These
three make the changes in population.
zz The rapid decline in death rate is the major cause of the rapid growth of population
in India.
4. Write the push and pull factors of migration.
zz Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories. It can be internal
(within a country) or international (between the countries).
In India, the mass migration is from rural to urban.

GEOGRAPHY
zz

zz Unemployment and under employment in the rural areas are the push factors.
zz The employment opportunity and higher wages in the urban areas are the pull
factors of migration in the country.
5. What are the problems of overpopulation?
The Population problems vary in space and time and differ from region to region. Some
of the major issues created by the overpopulation in our country are-
zz Overcrowding,
zz Unemployment and under employment,
zz Low standard of living,
zz Malnutrition,
zz Mismanagement of natural and agricultural resources,
zz Unhealthy environment etc.
6. How are the roads classified? Mention the classification.
For the purpose of construction and maintenance, roads are classified into six categories.
They are-
zz National Highways,
zz State Highways,
zz District roads,
zz Rural roads,
zz Border Roads and
zz International Highways.
7. What are Expressways?
These are multi-line good quality highways for high speed traffic. Some of the important
expressways are-
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zz Mumbai-Pune Road,
zz Kolkata-Dumdum Airport road
zz Durgapur-Kolkata road and
zz Yamuna expressway between Delhi and Agra.
8. Write a note on Metro Railways in India.
zz There are 8 cities with metro rail connectivity in India.
zz They are Kolkata (West Bengal), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Bengaluru (Karnataka),
Delhi, Gurgaon (Haryana), Mumbai (Maharashtra), Jaipur (Rajasthan) and Kochi
(Kerala).
zz The metro in Kolkata is the first one in India.
zz It is also called as Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS).
zz As of September 2018, India has 507 km of operational metro lines and 381 stations.
9. Write about Pavan-Hans Helicopter Ltd.
zz It is a public sector company based in New Delhi. Its operations are based at the
Juhu Aerodrome in Vile Parle (West) Mumbai.
zz Pavan-Hans is a Mini Ratna–I category public sector undertaking.
zz Pavan-Hans Helicopter Ltd has been providing Helicopter support services to the
petroleum sector, including ONGC and oil India Ltd.
zz It often provides services to various state governments in India particularly north
east India Inter Island, Ferry services in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, services to
Lakshadweep Island etc.,
10. Name the four major shipyards of India.
zz Hindustan shipyard in Vishakhapatnam
zz Garden Reach workshop in Kolkata
zz Mazagaon Dock in Mumabi
zz Kochi shipyard in Kochi
11. What is trade? Mention the types of Trade.
Trade is an act or process of buying, selling or exchanging of goods and services. Trade
in general, is of two types. They are-
i) Internal trade and
ii) International trade
The trade carried on within the domestic territory of a country is termed as Internal
trade. It is also called as Domestic trade or Local trade.
The trade carried on between two or more countries is called International Trade. It
is also called as External trade or foreign trade.
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IV. Distinguish between

1. National Highways and State Highways.

S.No National Highways State Highways
1. National Highways link the State State Highways link the State capitals
capitals with National capital. with different district headquarters.
2. These roads are maintained by the These roads are constructed and
Central Public Works Department. maintained by the State Public works
Department.
3. Construction and maintenance are Construction and maintenance are not
expensive one. an expensive one.

GEOGRAPHY
2. Exports and Imports.
S.No Exports Imports
1. It means goods and services sold for It refers to goods and services brought
foreign country. from overseas countries.
2. It occurs when there is surplus of It happens when there is a deficit in
goods. the production.
3. The value of export is more, then the The value of import is more, then the
country has favourable trade. Country has unfavourable trade.

3. Akashvani and Doordarshan.

S.No Akashvani Doordarshan
1. All India Radio is called as Akashvani. Television transmission in India is
called Doordarshan.
2. We can hear the programmes and We can see live telecast of the
events. But, we cannot visualize. programmes and events.
3. The cost of the instrument (radio) is The cost of the instrument (television)
cheaper. is costlier.
4. District roads and Village roads.
S.No District roads Village roads
1. These roads connect cities and towns These roads connect villages with
with district headquarters. towns.
2. These roads are maintained by the These roads are looked after by the
Corporations and Municipalities. Panchayats.
3. Heavy vehicles can be operated on Heavy vehicles cannot be operated
these roads. often on these roads.
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V. Answer the following in a paragraph.

1. Bring out the distribution and density of population in India.

zz The term ‘Population Distribution’ refers to the way the people are spaced over the
earth’s surface. The distribution of population in India is quite uneven because of
the vast variation in the availability of resources. Population is mostly concentrated
in the regions of industrial centres and the good agricultural lands. Availability of
fertile regions for agriculture, centres of employment opportunity plays a major role
in the concentration of population.
zz On the other hand, the areas such as high mountains, arid lands, thickly forested
areas and some remote corners are very thinly populated and some areas are even
uninhabited. Terrain, climate, soil, water bodies, mineral resources, industries,
transport and urbanization are the major factors which affect the distribution of
population in our country.
zz The uneven distribution of population in the country is the result of several factors
such as physical, socio-economic and historical ones. The physical factors
include relief, climate, water, natural vegetation, minerals and energy resources.
Socio-economic factors consists of the religion, culture, political issues, economy,
human settlements, transport network, industrialization, urbanization, employment
opportunity etc
zz Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in the country followed by Maharashtra,
Bihar (103.8 million) West Bengal and the combined Andhra Pradesh. These five
states account for about half of the country’s population. More than one fourth of
the population live only in the two states of U.P and Maharashtra.
zz Sikkim is the least populous state of India. Delhi with 16.75 million population tops
among the Union territories.
2. Explain the process of measuring Human development.
zz It is a process of enlarging the range of people’s choice, increasing their opportunities
for education, health care, income and empowerment.
zz It covers the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to
economic, social and political freedom.
zz It is an approach that is focused on people and their opportunities and choices.
Human Development Indicators:
zz Population trends, health outcomes, education achievements, national income and
composition of resources, work and employment, human security, human and capital
mobility are supplementary indicators.
zz Perceptions of well-being and status of fundamental rights treaties are the human
development indicators.
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Measuring of Human development:

zz Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index focusing on three basic
dimensions of human development. They are –
i) Health – Life expectancy at birth
ii) Education – Expected years of schooling for school age children and average
years of schooling for the adult population.
iii) Income – Measured by gross national income and percapita income.
3. Explain the means of personal communication in India.
Communication is a process that involves exchange of information, thought and ideas.
There are two types in communication system. They are -
zz Personal communication and

GEOGRAPHY
zz Mass communication.
Personal communication refers to exchange of information between two persons. The
means or modes of personal communication are
i) indian postal service ii) telegrams iii) telephones iv) mobile phones and v) fax
Indian Postal service:
zz It enables people to send letters, envelops, parcels and mails to nook and corner of
the country and also to foreign countries.
zz They also provide Valuable Payable post service, Electronic Money Order service,
instant Money order service, e-post and e-Bill post service, Express parcel post and
Speed post services.
Telegram:
zz It is a form of written communication by which messages can be sent quickly to
distant places.
Telephone:
zz It is form of oral communication. It is the most preferred form because it provides
instant communication.
Mobile Phone:
zz It is very popular in today’s world. It provides an access to the user and receiver at
anytime, at anywhere. It is a handy one and can be taken anywhere.
Fax:
zz It is an electronic device that enables instant transmission of nay matter. Internet
fax is a form for sending documents using internet with the help of a fax machines.

4. Explain the means of Mass communication in India.

Mass communication enables millions of people to get the information at the same
time. It helps in creating awareness among the people regarding various national
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policies and programme. The important means of mass communications are –

zz Radio
zz Television
zz Newspapers
zz Internet
Radio:
Radio broadcast in India was started in 1927. It was named as All India Radio. Later, it
came to be called as Akashvani. It serves as an effective medium to educate people on
health, environment production, family planning, science and technology.
Television:
Television in India is known as Doordarshan and it is one of the largest networks in the
world. It offers three tier program services, national, regional and local, for various
categories of people. It broadcasts a variety of programs from entertainment, education,
sports and health hazards for people of different age groups and regions.
Newspapers:
Newspapers are a most common but powerful means of communication which provides
information about national and international events to the people in a democratic country
like India, they were as a very effective tool for knowing public views and opinions.
Internet:
It is a vast network of computers. It connects many of the world’s business institutions
and individuals. It enables computer users throughout the world to send and receive
messages and information in a variety of form. The basic services of internet are e-mail,
the World Wide Web (www) and internet phone.


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5. India - Population, Transport, Communication and Trade

Time : 45 mts. Marks: 40
I. Choose the correct answer: 6×1=6
1. ________ transport provides door to door services.
a) Railways b) Roadways c) Airways d) Waterways
2. The length of Golden Quadrilateral superhighways in India is ________.
a) 5846 km b) 5847 km c) 5849 km d) 5800 km
3. The National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) is located at ________.
a) Bengaluru b) Chennai c) Delhi d) Hyderabad
4. The transport useful in the inaccessible areas is ________.
a) Roadways b) Railways c) Airways d) Waterways
5. Which of the following is associated with helicopter service?

GEOGRAPHY
a) Air India b) Indian Airlines c) Vayudoot d) Pavan Hans
6. The major import item of India is ________.
a) Cement b) Jewells c) Tea d) Petroleum
II. Match the following: 5×1=5
7. Personal communication – a) Satellite communication
8. Mass communication – b) Impact of Urbanization
9. GSAT – c) Bangalore
10. Barter system – d) Telephone
11. ISRO – e) Television
– f) Trade
III. Distinguish between the following: 2×2=4
12. Airways and Waterways
13. Internal trade and International trade
IV. Answer in brief: 5×2=10
14. What is migration? State its types.
15. State the major inland waterways of India.
16. State the merits of Roadways.
17. What is communication? What are its types?
18. Give reason: a) Air travel preferred in the North-eastern states.
b) Sex ratio in our country is always unfavourable to females.
V. Answer any one in a paragraph: 1×5=5
19. What is the urbanization? Explain its problem.
20. Explain the importance of satellite communication in India.
VI. 21. On the outline map of India, mark the following. 10
i) National Highways 44 (2) ii) Any two seaports of India (2) iii) Any two International
Airports in India (2) iv) State of highest literacy in India (1) v) Head quarters of any
three Railway zones of India (3)

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Geography UNIT

Physical Geography of Tamil Nadu

6
Exercise
I. Choose the correct answer.

1. The latitudinal extent of Tamil Nadu is ________.

a) 8°5′N to 13°35′N b) 8°5′S to 13°35′S
c) 8°0′N to 13°5′N d) 8°0′S to 13°05′S Ans: a) 8°5′N to 13°35′N
2. The longitudinal extent of Tamil Nadu is ________.
a) 76°18′ E to 80°20′E b) 76°18′ W to 80°20′W
c) 86°18′ E to 10°20′E d) 86°18′ W to 10°20′W
 Ans: a) 76°18′ E to 80°20′E
3. The highest peak in Tamil Nadu is ________.
a) Anaimudi b) Doddabetta
c) Mahendragiri d) Servarayan Ans: b) Doddabetta
4. Which of the following passes is not located in the Western Ghats of Tamil
Nadu?
a) Palghat b) Shencottah
c) Bhorghat d) Achankoil Ans: c) Bhorghat
5. Which one of the following rivers is flow into the Arabian Sea?
a) Periyar b) Cauvery
c) Chittar d) Bhavani Ans: b) Cauvery
6. The district with largest mangrove forest cover in Tamil Nadu is ________.
a) Ramanathapuram b) Nagapattinam
c) Cuddalore d) Theni Ans: c) Cuddalore
7. Retreating monsoon wind picks up moisture from ________.
a) Arabian sea b) Bay of Bengal
c) Indian Ocean d) Timor sea Ans: b) Bay of Bengal
8. Which of the following district is affected by sand dunes to a large extent?
a) Theni b) Madurai
c) Thanjavur d) Ramanathapuram Ans: d) Ramanathapuram
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9. The district which has the largest forest cover in Tamil Nadu is ________.
a) Dharmapuri b) Vellore
c) Dindigul d) Erode Ans: a) Dharmapuri

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. The plateau which lies between the Nilgiris and Dharmapuri districts is ________.
 Ans: Coimbatore Plageau
2. ________ is the highest peak in the southern most part of the Eastern Ghats.
Ans: Solaikaradu
3. The riverine Island of Srirangam is located between ________ and ________ branches
of cauvery. Ans: Cauvery and Kollidam

GEOGRAPHY
4. ________ is the Tamil Nadu state animal. Ans: Tahr goat
III. Match the following.

1. Winter season – a) Pre-monsoon

2. Summer season – b) June to September
3. Southwest monsoon – c) March to May
4. North east monsoon – d) January and February
5. Mango Shower – e) October to December
 Ans: 1.d 2.c 3.b 4.e 5. a
IV. Assertion type question.

1. Assertion (A) : Tamil Nadu does not receive much rainfall from southwest monsoon.
Reason (R) : It is situated in the rain shadow area of the Western Ghats.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A).
b) Both (A) and (R) are true but, (R) does not explain (A).
c) (A) is true but, (R) is false.
d) (R) is true but, (A) is false.
 Ans: a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A).
V. Answer the following in brief.

1. State the boundaries of Tamil Nadu.

Tamil Nadu is bounded by-
zz Bay of Bengal in the east,
zz Kerala in the west,
zz Andhra Pradesh in the north,
zz Karnataka in the northwest and
zz Indian Ocean in the south.
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2. What is ‘Teri’?
The sand dunes formed along the coast of Ramanathapuram and Thoothukudi districts
are called Teri.
3. How is coastal plain formed?
zz Coastal plains of Tami Nadu are called Coromandel or Cholamandalam plain.
zz It is formed by the rivers that flow towards East drain in the Bay of Bengal.
4. Name the major islands of Tamil Nadu.
The major islands of Tamil Nadu are -
zz Pamban zz Upputanni
zz Hare zz Island Grounds
zz Krusadai zz Kattupalli Island
zz Nallathanni Theevu zz Quibble Island and
zz Pullivasal zz Vivekananda Rock Memorial
zz Srirangam
5. Name the tributaries of river Thamirabarani.
The tributaries of river Thamirabarani are -
zz Karaiyar zz Pachaiyar
zz Servalar zz Chittar and
zz Manimuthar zz Ramanathi
zz Gadananathi
6. Define : Disaster Risk Reduction.
zz Disaster Risk Reduction is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through
systematic efforts to analyse and reduce the causal factors of disasters.
zz This includes reducing exposure to hazards, lessening the vulnerability of people and
property, wise management of land and environment and improving preparedness
and early warning for adverse events.
7. During cyclone, how does the Meterological department warn the fishermen?
zz During cyclone, the meter logical department warns the fishermen through mobile
phone, radio, T.V and news paper not to go into sea.
zz They also warns the fishermen to keep boats and rafts tied up safety and have a
radio to get the information about the situation.
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VI. Distinguish between the following.

1. Thamiraparani and Cauvery.

S.No Thamiraparani Cauvery
1. It originates at Talacauvery of Kodagu It originates from Pothigai Hills,
District of Karanataka. Papanasam in Ambasamudram taluk.
2. It flows through the district of Salem, It courses through the districts of
Erode, Trichy and Thanjavur. Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi.
3. The important tributaries of River It main tributaries are Karaiyar, Chittar,
Cauvery are Bhavani, Noyyal and Servalar, Manimuthar, Gadananathi,
Amaravathi. Pachaiyar and Ramanathi.

GEOGRAPHY
VII. Give Reasons for the following.

1. Eastern Ghats are not a continuous range.

Eastern Ghats is a discontinuous and irregular one because it is dissected at many
places by the rivers.
2. Tamil Nadu receives low rainfall during southwest monsoon.
zz During the season of South-west monsoon, Tamil Nadu is located in the rain shadow
region for the wind which blows from the Arabian Sea.
zz As a result, Tamil Nadu receives only a meagre rainfall from this monsoon.
3. Cuddalore is a multiprone disaster zone.
zz A sudden natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss to lives and properties
is called as disaster.
zz Cuddalore is often affected by flood, cyclone earth quakes, tremors and tidal waves.
So, it is a multiprone disaster zone.

VIII. Answer the following in a paragraph.

1. Describe the nature of the plateau region of Tamil Nadu.

Plateaus of Tamil Nadu are located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats.
It is roughly Triangular in shape. Its height increases from East to West. This plateau
is broader in the North and very narrow in the South.
Bharamahal Plateau:
zz Brahmahal plateau is a part of the Mysore plateau situated in the North-western part
of Tamil Nadu.
zz Its height ranges from 350 to 710 metres.
zz Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri district are located in this region.
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Coimbatore Plateau:
zz It lies between the Nilgiris and Dharmapuri districts.
zz Its height varies from 150 to 450 metres.
zz This region includes Salem, Coimbatore and Erode Districts.
zz Moyar River separates this plateau from the Mysore plateau.
zz Rivers like Bhavani, Noyyal and Amaravathi originate from Western Ghats and form
valleys in this region.

Madurai Plateau:
zz This plateau found in Madurai district and extends up to the foot hills of the Western
Ghats.
zz Vaigai and Thamirabarai basins are located in this zone.

2. Write an account on river Cauvery.

zz The river Cauvery originates at Talacauvery in the Brahmagiri hills of Kodagu(coorg)
district of Karnataka in the Western Ghats. It serves as the boundary between
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu for a distance of 64 km.
zz About 416 km of its course falls in Tamil Nadu. It forms Hogenakkal waterfalls in
Dharmapuri district.
zz Mettur Dam, also called as the Stanley Reservoir, is located across this river in Salem
district.
zz A tributary called Bhavani joins Cauvery on the right bank about 45 km from the
Mettur Reservoir. Thereafter, it takes easterly course to enter into the plains of Tamil
Nadu.
zz Two more tributaries, Noyyal and Amaravathi, confluence the river on the right bank
at Thirumukkudal, 10 km from Karur. The river is wider in this region where it is
called as ‘Agandra Cauvery’.
zz In Tiruchirappalli district, the river branches into two parts. The northern branch is
called Coleroon or Kollidam and the southern branch remains Cauvery
zz After flowing for about 16 km, the two branches join again to form the ‘Srirangam
Island’.
zz The Grand Anaicut, also called as Kallanai was built across the river Cauvery.
zz After Kallanai, the river breaks into a large number of distributaries and forms a
network all over the delta.
zz The network of distributaries within the delta of Cauvery in the coast is called as the
‘Garden of Southern India’. It merges into Bay of Bengal to the south of Cuddalore.
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3. Explain the characteristic features of summer and winter seasons of Tamil

Nadu.
The state Tamil Nadu lies to the South of Tropic of Cancer which is near the Equator.
The temperature of the state is relatively high throughout the year. The annual temperate
ranges from 18°C to 43°C.
The four seasons of Tamil Nadu are winter season, summer season, South-west
monsoon and North-east monsoon.
Summer season:
zz The apparent migration of the sun towards north during March, April and May results
in the reception of vertical sun’s rays by South India. Thus, there is a steady rise in
temperature from the equator.

GEOGRAPHY
zz Tamil Nadu located to the south of Tropic of Cancer, experiences high temperature.
Generally the temperature varies from 30°C to more than 40°C.
zz During this season particularly in the month of May, southern part of the state
receives some rainfall from pre-monsoon showers (Mango/Blossom showers) and
some parts experience convectional rainfall.
Winter season:
zz During January and February, the vertical rays of the sun fall between the Tropic
of Capricorn and the Equator. Hence, Tamil Nadu and India on the whole receive
slanting rays from the sun.
zz The weather is slightly cooler during these months. Winter temperature in Tamil
Nadu varies from 15°C to 25°C.
zz In the hill stations, the winter temperature drops below 5°C occasionally. This drop in
temperature leads to the formation of thick mist and frost. This season is practically
dry.
4. Bring out the types and distribution of soils in Tamil Nadu.
Soil is the loose material mainly formed by the weathering and erosion of rocks. It
forms an important element of agriculture. It provides essential minerals and nutrients
for the growth of vegetation. Soil is one of the important non-renewable resources in
the world. The soils in Tamil Nadu are broadly classified into five types according to
their characteristics.
Alluvial soil:
zz Alluvial soils are formed by the deposition of silt by the rivers.
zz Paddy, sugarcane, banana and turmeric are cultivated in this soil.
zz It is found in the river valley regions and the coastal plains of Tamil Nadu.
zz Generally this type of soil is found in the districts of Thanjavur, Tiruvarur,
Nagapattinam, Villupuram, Cuddalore, Tirunelveli and Kanniyakumari.
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Black Soil
zz It is formed by the weathering of igneous rocks. It is also known as regur soil.
zz Cotton, sorghum, cumbu and fodder crops are the major crops cultivated in the
black soil regions of Tamil Nadu.
zz Black soils are found extensively in the districts of Coimbatore, Madurai, Virudhunagar,
Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi.
Red Soil
zz Red soils cover over two-thirds of the total area of Tamil Nadu. They are found
particularly in the central districts of the state.
zz This soil is sandy and loamy in texture. The colour of the soil is due to the presence
of high content of iron oxides.
zz Paddy, ragi, tobacco and vegetables are the chief crops grown in this soil. Almost all
types of crops can be grown in this soil.
zz It is dominantly found in Sivagangai and Ramanathapuram districts.
Laterite Soil
zz Laterite soils are found in some parts of Kancheepuram, Tiruvallur and Thanjavur
districts and some patches over the mountainous region in the Nilgiris.
zz Crops grown in this soil are paddy, ginger, pepper and plantains.
zz It is also suitable for the cultivation of tea and coffee plants.
Saline Soil
zz Saline soils in Tamil Nadu are confined to the Coromandel coast. Vedaranyam has a
pocket of saline soil.
zz The tsunami of 2004 brought a lot of sand and deposited it all along the East coast
of Tamil Nadu. The tsunami made the coastal areas unsuitable for cultivation to a
considerable extent.
5. What are the Risk reduction measures taken before and after cyclone.
The coastal regions of Tamil Nadu are often hit by the tropical cyclones formed in
Bay of Bengal during North-east monsoon. Based on the cyclone hit areas, the state of
Tamil Nadu can be divided into five zones namely very high, high medium, low and very
low cyclone prone zones.
We can see the risk reductions measures that are to be taken before and the after
cyclone. They are –
Before:
zz Ignore rumours, stay calm, don’t be panic, keep you mobile phones charged to
ensure connectivity, use sms, listen to radio, watch TV and read newspapers for
weather updates.
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zz Keep your documents and valuables in water proof containers, prepare an emergency
kit with essential items for survival, secure your house, carry out repairs, and don’t
leave sharp objects loose.
zz Untie cattle/animals for their safety.
zz Fishermen should keep a radio set with extra batteries handy; keep boats and rafts
tied up safely and don’t venture out in the sea.
After:
zz Those who shifted to the cyclone centre must remain there till instructions are
received: strictly avoid loose electrical wires after the cyclone
zz Beware of snakes and other insects immediately after the cyclone,
Clear debris and carcasses from/near the premise after the cyclone and

GEOGRAPHY
zz

zz Report losses truthfully and accurately to the authorities.

IX. Map Study.

1. Mark important rivers, distribution of soil and forest types on different Tamil
Nadu maps.
Important rivers Distribution of soil
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Types of Forest

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
I. Choose the correct answer.

1. The study of one’s own region is the first step to become a ________ citizen.
a) Nations b) Local
c) Global d) Modern Ans: c) Global
2. States were reorganised on ________ basis as per the States Reorganisation
Act of 1956.
a) Area b) Population
c) Linguistic d) Employment Ans: c) Linguistic
3. The first state of India created on linguistic basis is ________.
a) Tamil Nadu b) Andhra Pradesh
c) Punjab d) Rajasthan Ans: a) Andhra Pradesh
4. The Madras state was renamed as ________ by C.N.Annadurai, former Chief
Minister.
a) Chennai b) Tamil Nadu
c) Madras d) Kerala Ans: b) Tamil Nadu
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5. Tamil Nadu has the second longest coastline in India next to ________.
a) Andhra Pradesh b) Karnataka
c) Odisa d) Gujarat Ans: d) Gujarat
6. The Northern extremity of Tamil Nadu is marked by ________.
a) Chennai b) Thiruppathi
c) Pulicat lake d) Vellore fort Ans: c) Pulicat lake
7. Tamil Nadu is located on the Peninsular Plateau known as ________ Plateau.
a) Malwa b) Chota-Nagpur
c) Kashmir d) Deccan Ans: d) Deccan
8. Cardamom Hills are also known as ________.

GEOGRAPHY
a) Palani hills b) Yela Mala hills
c) Anaimalai hills d) Nilgiri hills Ans: b) Yela Mala hills
9. ________ hills feature richest biodiversity in the Western Ghats.
a) Pothigai b) Palani
c) Anamalai d) Kalvarayan Ans: a) Pothigai
10. Servarayan Hills is a mountain range located near the ________ city.
a) Salem b) Dharmapuri
c) Erode d) Theni Ans: a) Salem
11. Kolli Hills is a small mountain range located in ________ district.
a) Tiruchirappalli b) Salem
c) Namakkal d) Coimbatore Ans: c) Namakkal
12. ________, the hill station is known as Poor man’s Ooty.
a) Kodaikanal b) Mettupalayam
c) Yercaud d) Kolli hills Ans: c) Yercaud
13. ________ river separates Coimbatore Plateau from the Mysore plateau.
a) Cauvery b) Vaigai
c) Palar d) Moyar Ans: d) Moyar
14. ________ is a popular seasonal agricultural fruit product of Pachai malai.
a) Mango b) Jackfruit
c) Custard apple d) Papaya Ans: b) Jackfruit
15. Coral rocks are found at the head of ________ in the east coastal plain.
a) Andaman Islands b) Gulf of Mannar
c) Palk Strait d) Sri Lanka Ans: b) Gulf of Mannar
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16. The river Cauvery originates at ________ in the Brahmagiri hills.

a) Thai Cauvery b) Talacauvery
c) Coorg d) Mettur Ans: b) Talavcauvery
17. River Cauvery forms ________ waterfalls in Dharmapuri district.
a) Silver b) Hogenakkal
c) Kutralam d) Tirumurthy Ans: b) Hogenakkal
18. Origin of the river Thamirabarani is associated with sage ________.
a) Agasthiyar b) Appar
c) Sundarar d) Vishnu Ans: a) Agasthiyar
19. The Western region of Tamil Nadu enjoys the ________ climate.
a) Maritime b) Hot
c) Mountainous d) Moderate Ans: c) Mountainous
20. Cyclone originating from ________ bring heavy rainfall to the east coastal
regions of Tamil Nadu.
a) Arabian sea b) Bay of Bengal
c) Indian Ocean d) Persian Gulf Ans: b) Bay of Bengal
21. Soil is one of the important ________ resources in the world.
a) Renewable b) Non-renewable
c) Mineral d) Cheapest Ans: b) Non-renewable
22. The soils in Tamil Nadu are broadly classified into ________ types.
a) Three b) Four
c) Five d) Six Ans: c) Five
23. Chinnakallar near Valparai is the ________ wettest place in India.
a) Third b) Fourth
c) Second d) First Ans: a) Third
24. ________, near Valparai is the wettest place in Tamil Nadu.
a) Palani b) Coimbatore
c) Chinnakallar d) Ooty Ans: c) Chinnakallar
25. ________ is formed by the process of intense leaching.
a) Alluvial soil b) Black soil
c) Laterite soil d) Red soil Ans: c) Laterite soil
26. The forest cover of Tamil Nadu as per 2017 Indian Forest Report is
a) 20.21% b) 20.31%
c) 21.20% d) 21.30% Ans: a) 20.21%
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27. ________ are formed by the deposition of silt by the rivers.

a) Black soil b) Red soil
c) Alluvial soil d) Saline soil Ans: c) Alluvial soil
28. Pichavaram mangrove forest is located near ________ Cuddalore district.
a) Velankanni b) Chidambaram
c) Vedaranyam d) Puducherry Ans: b) Chidambaram
29. Tropical Evergreen forest is found in the regions that receive ________
rainfall.
a) Moderate b) Scanty
c) Heavy d) Low Ans: c) Heavy

GEOGRAPHY
30. ________ is the most common trigger of a Landslide.
a) Tsunami b) Volcano
c) Water d) Fire Ans: c) Water
31. ________ is the highest peak in the Western Ghats.
a) Doddabetta b) Mukkuruthi
c) Perumalmalai d) Vembadisolai Ans: a) Doddabetta

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. Tamil Nadu is the ________ largest state in India. Ans: Eleventh

2. The Nilgiri hills is located in the ________ part of Tamil Nadu. Ans: North-western
3. ________ and Coonoor are the major hill stations located on the Nilgiri hills.
Ans: Ooty
4. The state animal Nilgiri Tahr is found in the ________. Ans: Niligiri hills
5. Aliyar and ________ dams are located at the foothills of Anaimalai range.
Ans: Tirumurthy
6. ________ hills are located in the South-western part of Tamil Nadu.
 Ans: Cardamom hills
7. The plains of Tamil Nadu may be divided into two namely Inland plains and ________.
Ans: Coastal Plains
8. Plateaus of Tamil Nadu are located between the Western Ghats and ________.
Ans: Eastern Ghats
9. Coastal plains of Tamil Nadu are also called Coromandel or ________ plain.
 Ans: Cholamandalam
10. All the rivers of the State of Tamil Nadu are non-perennial except ________.
Ans: Thamirabarani
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11. The river Cauvery originates at Talacauvery, ________ district of Karnataka.

Ans: Kodagu
12. The river Cauvery is wider in Karur region where it is called as ________.
 Ans: Aganda Cauvery.
13. The delta of Cauvery in the coast is called as the ________.
 Ans: Garden of Southern India
14. The annual temperature of Tamil Nadu ranges from ________. Ans: 18° to 43°
15. ________ soil is suitable for the cultivation of tea and coffee plants.
Ans: Laterite soil
16. ________ soil is formed by the process of intense leaching. Ans: Laterite
17. Natural vegetation refers to the ________ cover. Ans: Forest
18. As per the National Forest Policy, a minimum of ________ of the total geographical area
must under forest cover. Ans: One-third
19. ________ helps in the prevention of coastal erosion from waves and storms.
Ans: Mangroves
20. Pichavaram Mangrove forest is the ________ largest mangrove forest in the world.
Ans: Second
21. Vedanthangal Birds Sanctuary is located in ________ district. Ans: Kancheepuram
22. Tamil Nadu is depended mostly on ________ monsoon for its rain.
Ans: North-east
23. The state of Tamil Nadu is located in the ________ Earthquake zone.
 Ans: Moderately low risk
24. Flood is common one in the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu during ________ monsoon.
Ans: North-east
25. A collapse of a mass of Earth or rock from a mountain of cliff is called ________.
Ans: Landslide
26. Tsunami affected coastal areas of Tamil Nadu in ________. Ans: 2004

III. Match the following.

1. Coonoor – a) Anaimalai
2. Valparai – b) Pothigai hills
3. Kodaikanal – c) Mahendragiri hills
4. Southern Kailash – d) Nilgiri hills
5. ISRO complex – e) Palani hills
 Ans: 1.d 2.a 3.e 4.b 5.c
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6. Cauvery – a) Manimuthar
7. Palar – b) Varusanadu hills
8. Then Pennaiyar – c) Ponni
9. Vaigai – d) Kollidam
10. Thamirabarani – e) Pambar
 Ans: 6.d 7.c 8.e 9.b 10.a
11. Stanley Reservoir – a) Yercaud
12. Poor man’s Ooty – b) River Cuvery
13. Blossom showers – c) Chennai
14. Silver Beach – d) Pre-monsoon showers
15. Elliot Beach – e) Kanniyakumar
 Ans: 11.b 12.a 13.d 14.e 15.c

GEOGRAPHY
16. Black soil – a) Coromandel coast
17. Red soil – b) Porous and loamy
18. Laterite soil – c) Intense leaching
19. Saline soil – d) Regur soil
20. Alluvial soil – e) Iron oxides
 Ans: 16.d 17.e 18.c 19.a 25.b
IV. Assertion type question.

1. Assertion (A) : Red soil is rich in iron oxides.

Reason (R) : It is formed by leaching.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A).
b) Both (A) and (R) are true but, (R) does not explain (A).
c) (A) is true but, (R) is false.
d) (R) is true but, (A) is false. Ans: c) (A) is true but (R) is false.

2. Assertion (A) : Tamil Nadu has only 13 districts at the time of its formation. Now, it has
more districts.
Reason (R) : The state was reorganised several times for the of administrative
convenience.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A).
b) Both (A) and (R) are true but, (R) does not explain (A).
c) (A) is true but, (R) is false.
d) (R) is true but, (A) is false.
 Ans: a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A).

4. Assertion (A) : Yela Mala hills are also known as Cardamom Hills.
Reason (R) : The hill acquired its name from the cardamom spice which is grown
here.
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a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A).
b) Both (A) and (R) are true but, (R) does not explain (A).
c) (A) is true but, (R) is false.
d) (R) is true but, (A) is false.
 Ans: a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A).

5. Assertion (A) : Kolli hills is a small mountain range located in Pudukkottai district.
Reason (R) : Tea is a popular seasonal agricultural product of this hills.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A).
b) Both (A) and (R) are true but, (R) does not explain (A).
c) Both (A) and (R) are false.
d) (R) is true but, (A) is false.  Ans: c) Both (A) and (R) are false

6. Assertion (A) : Desertification is one of the major problems of Tamil Nadu.

Reason (R) : About 12% of the total geographical area is under desertification.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A).
b) Both (A) and (R) are true but, (R) does not explain (A).
c) Both (A) and (R) are false.
d) (R) is true but, (A) is false.
 Ans: b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) does not explain (A).

V. Answer the following in brief.

1. Write the importance of Anamalai.

zz Anaimalai is located in the border of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
zz It is located to the south of Palghat Gap.
zz Anaimalai Tiger Reserve, Aliyar Reserved Forest, Valparai hill station, Kadamparai
hydroelectric Power Plant are located on this hills.
zz Aliyar and Tirumurthy dams are located at the foothills of this range
2. Write a note on the Inland plains of Tamil Nadu.
zz Inland plains of Tamil Nadu are drained by the rivers Palar, Ponnaiyar, Cauvery and
Thamirabarani.
zz Cauvery plains is one of the most important fertile plains of the state.
zz The plain of Cauvery is found in Salem, Erode, Karur, Tiruchirapalli, Pudukottai,
Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam districts.
3. What are the other names of Pothigai hills? Write its importance.
zz Its major part lies in Tirunelveli district with its southern slope in the Kanniyakumari
district. Pothigai hills are called with different names such as the Shiva Jothi Parvath,
Agasthiyar hills and Southern Kailash.
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zz This area is known for its rich evergreen forest, waterfalls and ancient temples.
Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve is located in this region.
4. Write a note on the soils of Tamil Nadu.
zz Soil is the loose material mainly formed by the weathering and erosion of rocks. It
forms an important element of agriculture.
zz The soil of a place depends on the factor like climate, parent rocks and vegetative
cover of the respective places.
zz The soils in Tamil Nadu are classified into five types such as alluvial, black, red,
laterite and saline soils.
5. What are known as Sholas?

GEOGRAPHY
zz The Montane Temperate Forest is found in sheltered valleys of Anaimalai, Nilgiris
and Palani hills over a 1000 metres altitude.
zz The threes in this forest are evergreen and usually short.
zz They are known as ‘Sholas’.
6. What is the role of Mangroves in Coastal Zone Management?
zz Mangrove type of forest is found in the coastal areas, river deltas and tails of island.
zz The vegetation of this forest is adapted to survive in tidal mud and salt water.
zz It helps in the prevention of coastal erosion from waves and storms.
zz It also protects coral reefs and sea grass meadows from being smothered in
sediments.
7. Name any four Wildlife Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu.
S.No Wildlife Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu District
1. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary The Nilgiris
2. Mundanthurai Wildlife Sanctuary Tirunelveli
3. Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Coimbatore
4. Kanniyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary Kanniyakumari
8. Name any four Bird Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu.
S.No Wildlife Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu District
1. Pulicat Lake Birds Sanctuary Tiruvallur
2. Vedanthangal Birds Sanctuary Kanchipuram
3. Vettangudi Birds Sanctuary Sivagangai
4. Theerthangal Bird Sanctuary Ramanathapuram
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9. Mention the Biosphere Reserves in Tamil Nadu.

zz Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
zz Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve
zz Agasthiyarmalai Biosphere Reserve
10. What are natural disasters? Give examples.
zz A sudden natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss to lives and properties
is called disaster.
zz Natural disasters are earthquakes, volcanoes eruptions, landslides, cyclones,
droughts and forest fires.
11. Mention some of the methods of water conservation.
Some methods of water conservation are:
zz Protection of water from pollution;
zz Redistribution of water;
zz Rational use of groundwater; population control;
zz Renovation of traditional water sources;
zz Use of modern irrigation methods; increasing forest cover;
zz Changing crop pattern;
zz Flood management and
zz Use of geothermal water.

VI. Give Reasons for the following.

1. Alluvial soil is fertile.

zz Alluvial soils are formed by the deposition of silt by the rivers.
zz They are rich in minerals such as lime, potassium, magnesium, nitrogen and
phosphoric acid.
zz It is porous and loamy. So, Alluvial soils are generally fertile.
2. One of the major ranges of hills in the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu is called
Kalvarayan Hills.
zz Kalvarayan Hills is another major range of hills in the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu.
zz The name ‘Kalvarayan’ comes from the world ‘Karalar’, the ancient name of the
present tribes.
3. The lowest hill range spreads over the district of Perambalur, Trichirapalli
and Salem is called as Pachai Malai.
zz In Tamil language, pachai means green. The vegetation in this range is greener than
the vegetative cover of the other hills in this region.
zz Hence, it is named as ‘Pachai malai’.
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4. The Weather of Tamil Nadu in January and February is slightly cooler.

zz During January and February, the vertical rays of the sun fall between the Tropic of
Capricorn and the Equator.
zz Tamil Nadu on the whole receives slanting rays from the sun.
zz So, the weather is slightly cooler during these months.
5. It is necessary to take intensive care to conserve the soil resources.
zz Soil is a non-renewable resource.
zz It is very difficult to replace the soil once it gets degraded.
zz Soil erosion reduces the fertility of the soils which in turn reduces agricultural
productivity.

GEOGRAPHY
VII. Answer the following in a paragraph.

1. Name the areas which are affected by landslides. What will you do before,
during and after landslides?
A collapse of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain or cliff is called landslide.
Water is the most common trigger of a landslide. Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu is identified as
one of the most vulnerable districts in the country and landslides pose a major threat in
this area. The other regions are Coimbatore and palani hill of Dindigul district.
Risk Reduction Measures:

Before the landslide:

Create awareness; stay alert and awake; monitor the news updates; make evacuation
plan; listen for any unusual sounds that might indicate moving debris such as trees
cracking, boulders knocking and consider leaving the place of landslide if it is safe to do
so.

During the landslide:

i) If indoors:
Find cover in the section of the building that is farthest away from the approaching
landslide; take shelter under a strong table or bench. Hold on firmly and stay until
all movement has ceased.

ii) If outdoors
Move quickly away from its likely path, keeping clear of embankments, trees, power
lines and poles; avoid crossing roads and bridges and stay away from the landslide
because the slope may experience additional failures for hours to days afterwards.
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After the landslide:

Stay away from the slide area; listen to local radio or television stations for the latest
emergency information; watch for flooding, which may occur after a landslide or debris
flow; check for injured and trapped persons near the slide, without entering the direct
slide area.

2. Write a paragraph on Forest fire.

Tamil Nadu is a tropical state. The high temperature during summer leads to occasional
forest fire in deciduous and thorn forests.
Risk Reduction Measures

Before forest fire:

Create defensible space to separate your home from flammable vegetation and
materials (30 feet); follow all local fire and building codes; keep all trees and shrubs
trimmed. Use approved fire resistant materials; make evacuation plans with family
members which include several options with an outside meeting place.

During forest fire:

Listen to radio; watch television; read newspapers for updates; if adequate water
are available fill buckets with water. turn a light on a room in case of smoke; turn off gas
and electrical appliances and be ready to evacuate all family members.

After forest fire:

Check with fire officials before attempting to return to your home; use caution when
re-entering a burned area - flare ups can occur; check grounds for hot spots and check
the roof and exterior areas for sparks and embers

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6. Physical Geography of Tamil Nadu

Time : 45 mts. Marks: 40

I. Choose the correct answer: 6×1=6

1. Which of the following passes is not located in the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu?
a) Palghat b) Shencottah c) Bhorghat d) Achankoil
2. The district with largest mangrove forest cover in Tamil Nadu is
a) Ramanathapuram b) Nagapattinam c) Cuddalore d) Theni
3. Retreating monsoon wind picks up moisture from
a) Arabian sea b) Bay of Bengal c) Indian Ocean d) Timor sea
4. The district which has the largest forest cover in Tamil Nadu is
a) Dharmapuri b) Vellore c) Dindigul d) Erode
5. The Northern extremity of Tamil Nadu is marked by ________.

GEOGRAPHY
a) Chennai b) Thiruppathi c) Pulicat lake d) Vellore fort
6. Tamil Nadu is located on the Peninsular Plateau known as ________ Plateau.
a) Malwa b) Chota-Nagpur c) Kashmir d) Deccan
II. Fill in the blanks: 4×1=4
7. The plateau which lies between the Nilgiris and Dharmapuri districts in ________.
8. The riverine island of Srirangam is located between ________ and ________.
9. ________ is the Tamil Nadu state animal.
10. Tamil Nadu is depended mostly on ________ monsoon for its rain.
III. Match the following: 5×1=5
11. Coonoor – a) Anaimalai
12. Valparai – b) Pothigai hills
13. Kodaikanal – c) Mahendragiri hills
14. Southern Kailash – d) Nilgiri hills
15. ISRO complex – e) Palani hills
IV. Answer in brief: 5×2=10
16. State the boundaries of Tamil Nadu
17. Name the major islands of Tamil Nadu.
18. Define : Disaster risk Reduction.
19. What is ‘Teri’?
20. Give reason: a) Eastern Ghats are not a continuous range.
b) Cuddalore is a multiprone disaster zone.
V. Answer any one in a paragraph: 1×5=5
21. Write an account on river Cauvery.
22. What are the rise reduction measures taken before and after cyclone.
VI. 23. On the outline map of India, mark the following. 10
i) River Cauvery ii) River Vaigai iii) Agasthiya malai iv) Pamban island v) Mettur dam
vi) Mudumalai wildlife Sanctuary viii) Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary ix) Pulicut Lake
x) Point Calimore
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Geography UNIT

Human Geography of Tamil Nadu

7
Exercise
I. Choose the correct answer.

1. The delta which is known as Granary of South India is ________.

a) Cauvery delta b) Mahanadi delta
c) Godavari delta d) Krishna delta Ans: a) Cauvery delta
2. Second staple food of the people of Tamil Nadu is ________.
a) Pulses b) Millets
c) Oilseeds d) Rice Ans: b) Millets
3. A major hydro-electric power project of Tamil Nadu is ________.
a) Mettur b) Papansam
c) Sathanur d) Thungabahdra Ans: a) Mettur
4. Number of major and minor ports in Tamil Nadu are ________.
a) 3 and 15 b) 4 and 15
c) 3 and 16 d) 4 and 15 Ans: a) 3 and 15
II. Fill in the blanks:

1. Agriculture of Tamil Nadu constitutes ________ % of its economy.  Ans: 21

2. Sathanur dam is constructed across the river ________. Ans: Thenpennai
3. ________ is the third largest airport in India after Mumbai and Delhi.
 Ans: Chennai International Airport
4. The difference between the value of exports and imports is called ________.
Ans: Balance Trade
III. Match the following:

1. Bauxite – a) Salem
2. Gypsum – b) Servaroy hills
3. Iron – c) Coimbatore
4. Limestone – d) Tiruchirapalli
 Ans: 1.b 2.d 3.a 4.c
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IV. Questions 1-2 are assertion and reasoning type.

1. Assertion (A) : Coimbatore, Tiruppur and Erode region is called as The Textile Valley of
Tamil Nadu.
Reason (R) : They contribute a major share to the states economy through textiles.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but, (R) does not explain (A)
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true
 Ans: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)

2. Assertion (A) : The Nilgiris is the least populated district of Tamil Nadu

GEOGRAPHY
Reason (R) : It is located in the western most part of Tamil Nadu.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but, (R) does not explain (A)
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false
(d) (A) is false but (R) is false
 Ans: (b) Both (A) and (R)are true but, (R) does not explain (A)
V. Answer the following in brief.

1. Explain the cropping seasons of Tamil Nadu.

Name Sowing period Harvesting time Major crops
Sornavari April and May August and Millets and Cotton
(Chittirai pattam) September
Samba (Adi July and August January and Paddy and sugarcane
pattam) February
Navarai November and February and Fruits, vegetables,
December March Cucumber and watermelon
2. Why is Coimbatore called the Manchester of Tamil Nadu?
zz Manchester, a town in England is famous for spinning units and textile goods.
zz In Tamil Nadu, the climate of Coimbatore is perfect for yarn production.
zz Above all, more than 1000 spinning units are there in and around Coimbatore.
zz It is also well known for marketing of handloom, power loom and readymade
garments.
zz So, Coimbatore is known as the ‘Manchester of Tamil Nadu’.
3. Name the important multipurpose projects of Tamil Nadu.
zz Multipurpose river valley projects are basically designed for the development of
irrigation for agriculture and hydropower generation.
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zz The important multipurpose projects of Tamil Nadu are-

 Mettur Dam  Mullaiperiyar Dam  Bhavani Sagar Dam
 Vaigai Dam  Amaravathi Dam  Manimuthar Dam
 Krishnagiri Dam  Papanasam Dam  Sathanur Dam
 Parampikulam Aliyar Project
4. What is MRTS?
zz Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail network as part of Southern Railway,
headquartered at Chennai.
zz Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network, a Mass rapid transport
system (MRTS) and is currently developing a Metro system, with its first underground
stretch in operation since May 2017
5. List out the air ports and sea ports of Tamil Nadu.
zz Tamil Nadu has four major international airports. They are - Chennai Coimbatore,
Madurai and Tiruchirapalli airports. It also has domestic airports at Tuticorin and
Salem
zz Tamil Nadu has three major ports. They are in Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin. It has
an intermediate port at Nagapattinam and 15 minor ports.
VI. Distinguish between the following.

1. Marine Fishing and Inland fishing.

S.No Marine fishing Inland fishing
1. Marine fishing is carried out in seas Inland fishing is carried out in rivers,
and oceans. ponds, swamps & backwaters.
2. Large mechanised boats are used for Catamaran and diesel boats are used
fishing. in fishing.
3. The equipments used for Marine The equipments used in this type is
fishing are costlier. cheaper.
4. Marine fishing is practiced in the Inland fishing is practiced almost in all
coastal districts. the districts.
2. Food crops and Non-food crops.
S.No Food crops Non-food crops
1. Food crops are produced for human Non-food crops are produced for
consumption. commercial purpose.
2. Food crops are maximum used within Non-food crops are sent to foreign
the country. countries.
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3. It never brings foreign money to the Non-food crops bring foreign money
country. to our country.
4. Paddy, wheat, jowar, bajra, millet etc., Tea, coffee, species, sugarcane etc.,
are examples of food crops. are non-food crops.
3. Surface water and ground water.
S.No Surface water Ground water
1. It is easy to take and use surface It is not an easy process to take
water for agriculture. ground water.
2. It is useful to irrigate vast area. With the help of ground water, we can
irrigate small area.
3. Tank, pond, lake, etc., are examples Well and tube well are examples of

GEOGRAPHY
of surface water. ground water.
4. Surface water easily and quickly Evaporation is slow process in these
evaporates during the summer season. type.

VII. Give Reasons for the following.

1. Farmers switch over from inorganic to organic farming.

zz Organically grown food items are better nutrition, helps us stay healthy, free of
poison, lower prices and enhanced taste.
zz So, most of the farmers switched over from inorganic to organic farming.
2. Cities are densely populated than the villages.
zz Employment opportunities are more in the cities.
zz Transport, Educational and medical facilities are advanced in urban areas.
zz So, the cities are densely populated than the villages.
3. Karur is Called the Textile Capital of Tamil Nadu.
zz Karur is well known for marketing of handloom, power loom and readymade
garments.
zz Karur contribute a major share to the state’s economy through textiles.
zz So, Karur is known as the ‘Textile capital of Tamil Nadu’.

VIII. Answer the following in a paragraph.

1. Write about the plantation farming of Tamil Nadu.

zz Tea, coffee, cashew, rubber and cinchona are the major plantation crops of the
state.
zz Tamil Nadu ranks second in area and production of tea in India next to Assam.
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zz Tea plantations are found in the hills of the Nilgiris and Coimbatore.
zz Coffee plants are grown in the hills of Western Ghats as well as Eastern Ghats.
zz The Nilgiris and Yercaud in Salem are the notable regions for tea plantations.
zz It is also found in the hilly slopes of Dindigul, Madurai, Theni and Dharmapuri
districts.
zz Tamil Nadu stands second in area and production of coffee next to Karnataka.
zz Rubber plantations are significant in Kanyakumari.
zz Pepper is confined to the warm and wet slopes of Eastern and Western Ghats of
Tamil Nadu. Cashew is extensively cultivated in Cuddalore district.
2. Give an account on water resources of Tamil Nadu.
Water is the precious gift of nature to humankind and millions of other species
living on the Earth. Major uses of water include human/animal consumption, irrigation
and industrial use. The state is heavily dependent on monsoon rains. The major water
resources of Tamil Nadu are-
Multipurpose River Valley Project:
Multipurpose river valley projects are basically designed for the development of
irrigation for agriculture, hydropower generation and many other purposes. The dam,
park, major hydroelectric power stations, hills on the sides attract tourists. The important
projects are -
 Mettur Dam  Mullaiperiyar Dam  Bhavani Sagar Dam
 Vaigai Dam  Amaravathi Dam  Manimuthar Dam
 Krishnagiri Dam  Papanasam Dam  Sathanur Dam
 Parampikulam Aliyar Project
Surface Water resources:
zz The total surface water potential of the state is about 24,864 mcm (million cubic
metre).
zz There are 17 major river basins in the state with 81 reservoirs and about 41,262
tanks.
zz Most of the surface water has already been tapped, primarily for irrigation where
water use is largest.
zz An area of 24 lakh hectares of the land are irrigated by surface water through major,
medium and minor schemes
Ground Water Resources:
zz The utilizable groundwater resource of the state is 22,423 mcm. The current level of
utilization of water is about 60 percent of the available recharge while 40 percent is
the balance available for use.
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3. Bring out the mineral distribution in Tamil Nadu.

zz Tamil Nadu is the leading holder of country’s resources of vermiculite, magnetite,
dunite, rutile, garnet, molybdenum and limonite.
zz The state accounts for the country’s 55.3% of lignite, 75% of vermiculite, 59% of
garnet, 52% of molybdenum and 30% of titanium mineral resources.
zz Important minerals are found in the state are as follows - Neyveli has large lignite
resources. Coal is also available in Ramanathapuram. Oil and gas are found in the
Cauvery basin.
zz Iron deposits are found in Kanjamalai region in Salem district and Kalrayan Malai
region of Tiruvannamalai district.
zz Magnesite ores are available near Salem.

GEOGRAPHY
zz Bauxite is found in Servarayan Hills, Kotagiri, Udagamandalam, Palani and Kollimalai
areas.
zz Gypsum is obtained in Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi and Virudhunagar
districts. Ilmenite and rutile are found in the sands of Kanyakumari beach.
zz Limestone is available in Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dindigul, Kancheepuram, Karur,
Madurai, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Perambalur, Ramanathapuram, Salem and
Tiruvallur districts. Magnesite is obtained in Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Karur,
Namakkal, the Nilgiris, Salem, Tiruchirapalli, Tirunelveli and Vellore districts.
zz Feldspar, quartz, copper and lead are also found in some parts of the state.
4. State the densely populated regions of Tamil Nadu and account for its high
density.
zz Reasons for high density: The average number of people living per unit of area
particularly per sq.km is known as population density.
zz The density of population in Tamil Nadu is 555 per sq.km as per the 2011 Census
while it was 480 per sq.km in 2001.
zz The state ranks 12th among the Indian states in population density.
zz Chennai is the densest district with 26,903 persons per sq.km.
zz Chennai is followed by Kanyakumari , Tiruvallur Kancheepuram, Madurai, Coimbatore.
These are the regions with high density of population.
zz Urbanisation and population concentration go hand in hand and are closely related
to each other.
zz Development of transport facilities in urban areas is also one causes for high density.
zz Industrial growth officers message employment opportunities and acts as a great
magnet to attract people.
zz Availability of water plays a significant role in determining the population of a place.
Therefore, most of the population is concentred in the river valleys.
zz Climate is an important as Terrain in influencing population. A moderate climate is
favourable for population.
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5. Explain the different modes of transport available in Tamil Nadu.

Transport is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to
another. It helps in the development of civilizations. The different modes of transport
are air, water and land transport.
Roadways:
zz The State has a total road length of 167,000 km in which 60,628km are maintained
by state Highways Department.
zz It ranks second in India with a share of over 20% in total road projects under
operation in the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model.
zz Types of roads are –
i) National Highways ii) State Highways iii) Corporation & Municipalities Road
iv) Panchayat Union Road v) Village Panchayat Road and vi) Forest roads
Railways:
zz Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail network as part of Southern Railway,
headquartered at Chennai.
zz The present Southern Railway network extends over a large area of India’s southern
peninsula, covering Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, minor portions of Karnataka
and Andhra Pradesh.
zz Tamil Nadu has a total railway track length of 6,693 km with 690 railway stations in
the state.
zz The Main railway junctions are Chennai, Coimbatore, Erode, Madurai, Salem,
Tiruchirappalli and Tirunelveli.
zz Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network, a mass rapid transport
system(MRTS) and is currently developing a Metro system.
Airways:
zz Tamil Nadu has four major international airports. Chennai International Airport is
currently the third largest airport in India
zz Other international airports in Tamil Nadu include Coimbatore, Madurai and
Tiruchirapalli airports.
zz It also has domestic airports at Tuticorin and Salem connecting several parts of
the country. Increased industrial activity has given rise to an increase in passenger
traffic as well as freight movement.
Waterways
zz Tamil Nadu has three major ports namely Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin.
zz It has an intermediate port at Nagapattinam and 15 minor ports.
zz All the minor ports are managed by the Tamil Nadu Maritime Board, Chennai Port.
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zz Nagapattinam is an artificial harbour and the second principal port in the country for
handling containers.
zz Ennore intermediate port was recently converted as a major port and handles the
major coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu.

6. Write about Road safety rules

The road accidents in India are on very high level. Tamil Nadu leads in the number
of road accidents in the country. Increase in road traffic, high speed of vehicles and
violation of traffic rules are the causes of major of accidents. If we follow the basic road
safety rules, road accidents can be reduced. They are-
zz Aware of the road signals
zz Stop, look and cross

GEOGRAPHY
zz Listen and ensure whether a vehicle is approaching;
zz Don’t rush on roads;
zz Cross roads in pedestrian crossings;
zz Don’t stretch hands while driving vehicles;
zz Never cross road at bends and stay safe in a moving vehicle.

IX. Map Exercise:

1. Mark the areas of major crops, minerals, dams, air ports and sea ports.
TamilNadu Major Crops Minerals in TamilNadu
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TamilNadu Multipropose Important

River valley projects Airports routers

Important Sea ports and Routers

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ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
I. Choose the correct answer.

1. Agriculture provides employment for ________ people on a large scale.

a) Rural b) Urban
c) Foreign d) Tribal Ans: a) Rural
2. ________ monsoon is the major source of rainfall for Tamil Nadu.
a) South-east b) South-west
c) North-east d) North-west Ans: c) North-east

GEOGRAPHY
3. ________ provides essential minerals or nutrients for the growth of crops
and vegetation.
a) Manure b) Water
c) Pesticide d) Soil Ans: d) Soil
4. Monsoon rainfall in the state is highly ________.
a) Regular b) Moderate
c) Irregular d) Scanty Ans: c) Irregular
5. Tamil Nadu ranks ________ in the production of rice among the states of
India.
a) Second b) Fourth
c) Fifth d) Third Ans: d) Third
6. India observed 2018 as National Year of ________.
a) Millets b) Rice
c) Wheat d) Milk Ans: a) Millets
7. FAO has decided to observe ________ as the International Year of Millets
a) 2020 b) 2023
c) 2025 d) 2021 Ans: b) 2023
8. Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation Corporation Limited is one of the biggest ________
producer in India.
a) Black coffee b) Black tea
c) Sandal wood d) Red tea Ans: b) Black tea
9. Tamil Nadu ranks second in area and production of tea in India next to
________.
a) Kerala b) Karnataka
c) West Bengal d) Assam Ans: d) Assam
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10. Tamil Nadu stands second in area and production of coffee next to ________.
a) Karnataka b) Andhra Pradesh
c) Assam d) Kerala Ans: a) Karnataka
11. In Tamil Nadu, cashew nut extensively cultivated in ________ district.
a) Pudukkottai b) Cuddalore
c) Ramanathapuram d) Sivagangai Ans: b) Cuddalore
12. ________ has remained an integral part of socio-economic fabric of rural
people.
a) Agriculture b) Livestock
c) Business d) Fishing Ans: b) Livestock
13. The Mettur dam is constructed in a gorge where river ________ enters the
plains.
a) Vaigai b) Thenpennai
c) Cauvery d) Bhavani Ans: c) Cauvery
14. Mullaiperiyar dam was built by the ________ in 1895.
a) French b) British
c) Dutch d) Portuguese Ans: b) British
15. The Papanasam Dam is also known as ________ is located near Thirunelveli.
a) Sathanur dam b) Mettur dam
c) Karaiyar dam d) Vaigai dam Ans: c) Karaiyar dam
16. ________ industry is one of the traditionally well developed industries in
Tamil Nadu.
a) Leather b) Iron and steel
c) Textile d) Electronic Ans: c) Textile
17. Vellor district is the top exporter of finished ________ goods in the country.
a) Textile b) Electrical
c) Electronic d) Leather Ans: d) Leather
18. ________ has the highest urban population in Tamil Nadu.
a) Coimbatore b) Madurai
c) Chennai d) Erode Ans: c) Chennai
19. As per 2011 census, ________ is the least populated district in Tamil Nadu.
a) Pudukkottai b) The Nilgiris
c) Vellore d) Salem Ans: b) The Nilgiris
20. The district of ________ has reported the highest literacy rate in Tamil Nadu.
a) Chennai b) Kanniyakumari
c) Coimbatore d) Madurai Ans: b) Kanyakumari
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21. Literacy rate of Tamil Nadu as per 2011 census is ________.

a) 80.32 % b) 62.33 %
c) 73.45 % d) 80.33 % Ans: d) 80.33 %

22. NH-44 is the longest national highways in Tamil Nadu which runs from
________ to Kanniyakumari.
a) Chennai b) Thiruvannamalai
c) Hosur d) Ooty Ans: c) Hosur

23. In Tamil Nadu, there are ________ major international airports.

a) Three b) Four
c) Five d) Six Ans: b) Four

GEOGRAPHY
24. ________ means goods and services sold for foreign currency.
a) Trade b) Exchange
c) Import d) Export Ans: d) Export

25. The difference between the ________ of export and import is called the
balance of trade.
a) Goods b) Money
c) Value d) Service Ans: c) Value

26. ________ is the headquarters of Postal district of Western Tamil Nadu.

a) Chennai b) Coimbatore
c) Kanniyakumari d) Madurai Ans: b) Coimbatore

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. ________ is the major occupation in Tamil Nadu. Ans: Agriculture

2. The word ‘agriculture’ is derived from the ________ words ‘ager and cultura’ which
means field and growing. Ans: Latin
3. Agriculture in the ________ is moderate and is poor on the hills. Ans: Plateau
4. The Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute is situated at ________ in Thanjavur district.
Ans: Aduthurai
5. Ponni and ________ are the major varieties of paddy grown in Tamil Nadu.
 Ans: Kichadi samba
6. The deltaic region of river Cauvery (the undivided Thanjavur district is rightly called as
the ________. Ans: Granary of Tamil Nadu
7. Millet forms stable food of nearly ________ of human population of Tamil Nadu.
Ans: One-third
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8. ________ ranks second in area and production of tea in India next to Assam.
Ans: Tamil Nadu
9. Tamil Nadu stands second in area and production of ________ next to Karnataka.
Ans: Coffee
10. Goat is known as ________ in India. Ans: Poor man’s cow
11. Marine fishing is called as inshore fishing or ________. Ans: Neritic fishing
12. ________ leads in the production of inland fish production. Ans: Vellore
13. ________ is one of the biggest earthen dams in the country.
 Ans: Bhavani Sagar Dam
14. Amaravathi Dam has been constructed across the river Amaravathi, a tributary of
________ Ans: Cauvery
15. Periyar river originates from ________ hills of Kerala. Ans: Thekkady
16. Parambikulam Aliyar Project is a joint venture of Tamil Nadu and ________ states.
Ans: Kerala
17. Karur is known as the ________ of Tamil Nadu. Ans: Textile capital
18. Central Leather Research Institute is located in ________. Ans: Cennai
19. Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited (TNPL) is located at ________ in Karur district.
Ans: Kagithapuram
20. Tamil Nadu is the second largest software exporter in the country next to ________.
Ans: Karnataka
21. The sex ratio represents the number of females per ________ males.
Ans: 1000
22. The lowest sex ratio in Tamil Nadu is reported in ________ district.
Ans: Dharmapuri
23. Export and import are the two components of ________. Ans: Trade
24. ________ is considered as the ‘Fireworks capital of India’. Ans: Sivakasi
25. The shortest National Highway (NH 785) in Tamil Nadu runs from ________ to ________.
 Ans: Madurai to Thuvarankuruchi
26. The statistical study of the characteristics of human population is called ________.
Ans: Demography
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III. Match the following.

1. Amaravathi dam – a) Salem

2. Krishnagiri dam – b) Thiruvannamlai
3. Sathanur dam – c) Tirunelveli
4. Mettur dam – d) Tirupur
5. Manimuthar dam – e) Krishnagiri
 Ans: 1.d 2.e 3.b 4.a 5.c

6. Textile industry – a) Kanchipuram

7. Silk industry – b) Ariyalur
8. Leather industry – c) Kagithapuram

GEOGRAPHY
9. Paper industry – d) Coimbatore
10. Cement industry – e) Vaniyambadi
 Ans: 6.d 7.a 8.e 9.c 10.b

11. Roadways – a) Nagapattinam

12. Southern Railways – b) Coimbatore
13. International airport – c) State highways
14. Major port – d) Chennai
15. Postal headquarters – e) Trichirapalli
 Ans: 11.c 12.d 13.b 14.a 15. e

16. Mundanthurai wildlife sanctuary – a) Ramanathapuram

17. Karaivetti birds sanctuary – b) Tirunelveli
18. Karikili bird sanctuary – c) Kancheepuram
19. Sakkarakottai Tank bird sanctuary – d) Erode
20. Vellode bird sanctuary – e) Ariyalur
 Ans: 16.b 17.e 18.c 19.a 20.d

IV. Assertion type question.

1. Assertion (A) : In Tamil Nadu, only tropical crops are cultivated.

Reason (R) : The state experiences a tropical climate and the temperature is
relatively high almost throughout the year.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but, (R) does not explain (A)
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true
 Ans: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
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2. Assertion (A) : The regions or river valleys and the coastal plains are the most
agriculturally productive regions of the State.
Reason (R) : They are covered with fertile alluvial soil.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but, (R) does not explain (A)
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true
 Ans: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)

3. Assertion (A) : Irrigation becomes necessary for successful cultivation of crops in our
state.
Reason (R) : Monsoon rainfall in our state is uniform one.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but, (R) does not explain (A)
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true  Ans: (c) (A) is true but (R) is false

V. Answer the following in brief.

1. Define – Agriculture.
zz The word “agriculture” is derived from the Latin words “ager and cultura” which
means field and growing.
zz Agriculture is a practice of farming that includes the cultivation of crops, rearing of
animals, birds, forestry, fisheries and other related activities.
2. What are the types of crops?
The two types of crops are i) Food crops ii) Cash crops
zz Crops cultivated for human consumption are known as food crops. Eg: paddy, millets
and pulses are the principal food crops of the state.
zz Crops produced for its commercial value rather than for use are called as cash crops.
Eg: sugarcane, cotton, cashew, tea, coffee and rubber.
3. Mention the types and regions of agriculture practiced in Tamil Nadu.

Farming type Area practiced

Subsistence and intensive agriculture. Practiced all over Tamil Nadu with few
exceptions.
Plantation agriculture. Hill slopes of Eastern and Western Ghats.
Mixed farming. Banks of river Cauvery and Thenpennai.
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4. Write about the National Project on Organic Farming.

zz ‘National Project on Organic Farming’ was launched to promote organic farming by
the Central Government.
zz The scheme provides financial assistance through Capital Investment Subsidy
Scheme for agro-waste compost production units, bio-fertilizers/ bio-pesticides
production units, development and implementation of quality control regime, human
resource development.

5. What is marine fishing? Mention the types.

Fishing carried out in oceans and seas is called as Marine fishing. The two types of
marine fishing are -
i) Inshore fishing and ii) Offshore fishing

GEOGRAPHY
Inshore fishing:
Fishing within few kilometres from the shoreline is called Inshore fishing. It is also
called as Neritic fishing.

Offshore fishing:
Fishing far from the shore typically 20-30 miles out in water and hundreds and thousands
of feet deep is called Off-shore fishing.

6. What is GI Tag? Name any five important GI Tags of Tamil Nadu.

GI (Geographical indication) is a name or sign used on products which corresponds to a
specific geographical location. It provides rights and protection of holders.

Place Products
Arani Silk
Bhavani Jamakkalam
Coimbatore Wet Grinder
Erode Turmeric
Thanjavur Paintings and Art plate

VI. Give Reasons for the following.

1. Sheep provides a dependable source of income.

zz Sheep is used for multiple purposes like wool, meat, milk, skins and manure.
zz It provides a dependable source of income to the shepherds through the sale of
wool and animals.
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2. It is important to save water for the future generation

zz The state is heavily dependent on monsoon rains.
zz Since, the state is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources,
monsoon failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe droughts.
zz So, it is important to save water for us and the future generation.
3. Tamil Nadu is the best destination for tourists.
zz Approximately 28 lakh foreign and 11 crore domestic tourists visit our state annually.
zz The presence of ancient monuments, pilgrim centres, hill stations, a variety of
natural landscapes, long coastline, along with rich culture and heritage make Tamil
Nadu the best destination for tourists.

VII. Answer the following in a paragraph.

1. Write a paragraph on hazard mitigation.

Hazard mitigation refers to any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-
term risk to human life and property from hazardous conditions.
zz Regular maintenance of machines and wires may reduce the frequency of accidents,
zz Creating awareness and training the workers to be cautious during work hours may
help them to reduce risk during disasters.
zz Wearing specially designed dresses and other safety materials would help the
workers to protect themselves from any serious injuries.
zz Conducting periodical medical camps would help them to assess their health status.
The Provision of having life insurance policies will secure their future.
zz Besides these, the administration should be employees friendly and ready to extend
their help in case of any untoward incidents.

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7. Human Geography of Tamil Nadu
Time : 45 mts. Marks: 40

I. Choose the correct answer: 6×1=6

1. ________ monsoon is the major source of rainfall for Tamil Nadu.
a) South-east b) South-west c) North-east d) North-west
2. ________ provides essential minerals or nutrients for the growth of crops
and vegetation.
a) Manure b) Water c) Pesticide d) Soil
3. India observed 2018 as National Year of ________.
a) Millets b) Rice c) Wheat d) Milk
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4. Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation Corporation Limited is one of the biggest ________
producer in India.
a) Black coffee b) Black tea c) Sandal wood d) Red tea
5. Tamil Nadu stands second in area and production of coffee next to ________.
a) Karnataka b) Andhra Pradesh c) Assam d) Kerala
6. Mullaiperiyar dam was built by the ________ in 1895.
a) French b) British c) Dutch d) Portuguese
II. Fill in the blanks: 5×1=5
7. Marine fishing is called as inshore fishing or ________.
9. Amaravathi Dam has been constructed across the river Amaravathi, a tributary of ______.
10. Parambikulam Aliyar Project is a joint venture of Tamil Nadu and ________ states.

GEOGRAPHY
11. Karur is known as the ________ of Tamil Nadu.
12. Central Leather Research Institute is located in ________.
III. Match the following: 5×1=5
13. Amaravathi dam – a) Salem
14. Krishnagiri dam – b) Thiruvannamlai
15. Sathanur dam – c) Tirunelveli
16. Mettur dam – d) Tirupur
17. Manimuthar dam – e) Krishnagiri
VI. Distinguish: 2×2=4
18. Inland fishing and Marine fishing
19. Surface water and Ground water
VII. Answer in brief: 5×2=10
19. Explain the cropping seasons of Tamil Nadu.
20. Why is Coimbatore called the ‘Manchester of Tamil Nadu’?
21. Name the important multipurpose projects of Tamil Nadu.
22. What is MRTS?
23. List out the air ports and sea ports of Tamil Nadu.
VIII. Answer and one in detail: 1×5=5
24. Giver an account on water resources of Tamil Nadu.
25. Explain the different modes of transport available in Tamil Nadu.
IX. 26. On the outline map of Tamil Nadu, mark the following areas. 10
i) Tea growing area ii) Leather industrial centre iii) Tuticorin
iv) Madurai v) Nagapattinam vi) Textile industrial centre
vii) Chennai viii) Karur ix) Mettur Dam x) Periyar Dam

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