Shiv Kumar

Problems
and Solutions
in Thermal
Engineering
With Multiple-Choice Type Questions
Problems and Solutions in Thermal
Engineering
Shiv Kumar

Problems and Solutions

in Thermal Engineering
With Multiple-Choice Type
Questions

123
Shiv Kumar
Department of Mechanical
and Automation Engineering
GGSIP University
New Delhi, India

ISBN 978-3-031-10583-8 ISBN 978-3-031-10584-5 (eBook)

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Dedicated to
My Parents
My Wife Dr. Kusum Lata and My Son Tanishq
Preface

Thermodynamics deals with the storage, transformation and transfer of

energy.As an engineering discipline, Thermal Engineering dealswith the
innovative use of the laws of thermodynamics in solving relevant techno-
logical problems. This introductory textbook aims to provide undergraduate
engineering students with the knowledge (basics principles and thermody-
namics laws) they need to have to know, understand and analyze the
thermodynamic problems they are likely to encounter in practice.
The book is developed in such a way that the most complex things are
explained in simplest of manners to ensure thorough understanding for the
reader. The book is concise and every concept is presented from an
elementary and tangible perspective.
The subject matter is well illustrated with a innumerable examples.
A great deal of attention is given to select the numerical problems and
solving them. The theory and numerical problems at the end of each chapter
also aim to enhance the creative capabilities of students.
Text books are dynamic and need to change with time. Suggestions from
the teachers and students for the further improvement of the text are welcome
and will be implemented in the next edition. The readers are requested to
bring out the error to the notice, which will be suitably acknowledged.

New Delhi, India Shiv Kumar

vii
Acknowledgements

First of all I would like to express my deep gratitude to God for giving me the
strength and health for completing this book. I am very thankful to my
colleagues of mechanical engineering department for their highly appreciable
help and my students for their valuable suggestions.
I am also thankful my publishers Sh. Sunil Saxena and Sh. Jai Raj Kapoor
of Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. and editorial group for their help and assistance.
A special thanks goes to my wife Ms. Kusum for her help, support and
strength to complete the book.

Shiv Kumar

ix
Contents

1 Basic of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 First Law of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Second Law of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4 Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5 Properties of Pure Substance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6 Vapor Power Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7 IC Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8 Gas Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
MCQ-Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

xi
About the Author

Shiv Kumar is former Head of Department of Mechanical and Automation

Engineering and Associate Professor at Guru Premsukh Memorial College of
Engineering affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi,
India. He obtained his Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Machine Design and
Automation Engineering from R.E.C. (presently NIT), Jalandhar, and Mas-
ter’s degree in Thermal Engineering from Delhi College of Engineering,
India. He has over 18 years of teaching experience. He has published several
books in the field of Mechanical Engineering.

xiii
 Basic of Thermodynamics
1

1. I.C. Engine is an example of (C) Neither mass nor energy transfer

(D) None of these
(A) Closed system
(B) Open system 6. The energy is not allowed to cross the
(C) Isolated system boundary of the system, that system is called
(D) None of these a/an

2. In an I.C. engine, third process (i.e., expan- (A) Closed system

sion of gas) is an example of (B) Open system
(C) Isolated system
(A) Closed system (D) None of these
(B) Open system
(C) Isolate system 7. Consider the following properties:
(D) None of these
1. Temperature
3. In an I.C. engine, fourth process (i.e., exhaust 2. Viscosity
of gas) is an example of 3. Specific entropy
4. Thermal conductivity
(A) Closed system
(B) Open system Which of the above properties of a system is/are
(C) Isolated system intensive?
(D) None of these
(A) 1 only
4. Thermos flask in an example of (B) 2 and 3 only
(C) 2, 3, and 4 only
(A) Closed system (D) 1, 2, 3, and 4
(B) Open system
(C) Isolated system 8. Consider the following properties:
(D) None of these
1. Entropy
5. In an open system 2. Viscosity
3. Temperature
(A) Mass transfer 4. Specific heat at constant volume
(B) Energy transfer

© The Author(s) 2023 1

S. Kumar, Problems and Solutions in Thermal Engineering,
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2 1 Basic of Thermodynamics

Which of the above properties of a system is/are (C) High pressure and low temperature
extensive properly? (D) None of these

(A) 1 only
14. Which of the following statement about
(B) 1 and 2 only
work for a quasi-equilibrium process is
(C) 2, 3, and 4
incorrect?
(D) 1, 2, and 4
(A) Work is a path function
9. Which of the following is not an extensive (B) The differential of work is inexact
property? (C) Work is the area under a p–T diagram
(D) Work is always zero for a constant
(A) Temperature volume process
(B) Internal energy
(C) Momentum
(D) Volume

10. Which of the following is a heterogeneous

system?

(A) The cooling of a fluid in a radiator

(B) A mixture of ice, water, and steam
(C) A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen
(D) Atmospheric air 15. The figure shows thermodynamic expansion
processes a, b, c, and d. Which line is very
close to the isentropic process?
11*. An ideal gas at 27 °C is heated at constant
pressure till the volume becomes three times. (A) a
The temperature of the gas will then be (B) b
(C) c
(A) 81 °C
(D) d
(B) 900 °C
(C) 627 °C
16. Match List-I with List-II and select the cor-
(D) 927 °C
rect answer using the code given below the
list:
12*. In case of Boyle’s law, if pressure increases
by 1%, the percentage decrease in volume is
List-I List-II (T–s traces)
(A) 1/100% (Process
index n)
(B) 0%
(C) 1/101% (a) 0
(D) 100/101% (b) 1
(c) 1.4
13. The equations, pV = mRT is best obeyed by (d) 1
gases at
(A) Low pressure and low temperature
(B) Low pressure and high temperature
1 Basic of Thermodynamics 3

( a
)
Code: 19. In the equations p þ V2 ðV - bÞ ¼ RT

a b c d 1. The coefficient ‘a’ takes care of inter-

(A) 3 1 4 2 molecular attraction.
2. The coefficient ‘b’ accounts for the
(B) 2 1 4 3
volume of molecules.
(C) 3 4 1 2
3. The equation is obeyed by real gases
(D) 2 4 1 3
more closely at high pressure.
4. The coefficient ‘b’ is known as co-
17*. During an adiabatic process, the pressure volume.
p of a fixed mass of ideal gas changes by Dp
and its volume V changes by DV. The value Of these statements:
is DV
V (A) 1, 2, and 3 are true
(A) - 1c Dp
p
(B) 1 and 2 are true
Dp (C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 are true
(B) p (D) 1, 2, and 4 are true
(C) -c Dpp
1 Dp
(D) c p ( )
20. In the Van der Waals equations p þ Va2
( ) ðV - bÞ ¼ RT, the units of constant ‘a’ are:
18. The equations p þ Va2 ðV - bÞ ¼ RT is
called (A) Nm4, kg m5/s2
(A) Maxwell equation (B) Nm2, kg m3/s2
(B) Van der Waals equation (C) N/m4, kg/m3s2
(C) Ideal gas equation (D) None of the above
(D) Polytropic process equation
 First Law of Thermodynamics
2

21. Two bodies which are at different states are 25*. A rigid tank contains 6 kg of an ideal gas at
brought into contact with each other and 3 atm and 40 °C. Now a valve is opened,
allowed to reach a final state of thermal and half of the mass of the gas is allowed to
equilibrium. The final temperature attained escape. If the final pressure in the tank is 2.2
is specified by the atm, the final temperature in the tank is
(A) First law of thermodynamics (A) 459 °C
(B) Second law of thermodynamics (B) 186 K
(C) Third law of thermodynamics (C) 20 °C
(D) Zeroth law of thermodynamics (D) 186 °C

22. cp–cv = R is valid for 26*. The pressure of an automobile tire is mea-
sured to be 190 kPa (gage) before a trip and
(A) All gases
215 kPa (gage) after the trip at a location
(B) Gases of very high pressure
where the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa. If
(C) Ideal gases
the temperature of the air in the tire before
(D) Gases of very low temperature
the trip is 25 °C, the air temperature after
the trip is (change in mass is negligible)
23. cp and cv are equal at
(A) 64.2 °C
(A) 0 °C
(B) 51.14 °C
(B) 0 K
(C) 27.2 °C
(C) 0 °F
(D) 28.3 °C
(D) 0 °R
27*. If the work done on a closed system is 20
24. cv for an ideal gas
kJ/kg, and 40 kJ/kg heat is rejected from the
(A) Does not depend upon temperature system, its internal energy decrease by
(B) Is independent of pressure only
(A) 20 kJ/kg
(C) Is independent of volume only
(B) 60 kJ/kg
(D) Is independent of both pressure and
(C) 20 kJ/kg
volume
(D) 60 kJ/kg

© The Author(s) 2023 5

S. Kumar, Problems and Solutions in Thermal Engineering,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10584-5_2
6 2 First Law of Thermodynamics

28. The constant volume gas thermometer 33. In a system which undergoes an irreversible
works on the principle that process, positive work done is 50 kJ and the
heat added 45 kJ. What is the change in
(A) At low pressure, the temperature of the
entropy?
gas is independent of its pressure at
constant volume (A) Zero
(B) At high pressure, the temperature of (B) Positive
the gas is independent of its pressure at (C) Negative
constant volume (D) Indeterminate
(C) At low pressure, the temperature of the
gas is proportional to its pressure at 34. Consider the following processes in ther-
constant volume modynamic cycles:
(D) At high pressure, the temperature of
the gas is proportional to its pressure at 1. Constant pressure
constant volume 2. Constant volume
3. Adiabatic
29. There is no work transfer involved in this 4. Isothermal
process
Which of the above processes are involved in
(A) Adiabatic expansion Stirling cycles?
(B) Isothermal expansion
(C) Polytropic expansion (A) 1 and 2
(D) Free expansion (B) 2 and 4
(C) 2 and 3
30. This process is one in which there is only (D) 3 and 4
work interaction between the system and
the surroundings 35. Which of the following processes is not a
part of the dual cycle?
(A) Diabatic process
(B) Adiabatic process (A) Adiabatic compression
(C) Isothermal process (B) Constant volume expansion
(D) Quasi-static process (C) Isothermal expansion
(D) Constant pressure expansion
31. In which of the following processes, the
heat is fully converted into work? 36. Match List I with List II and select the cor-
(A) Reversible adiabatic process rect answer using the code given below the
(B) Reversible isobaric process lists:
(C) Reversible isometric process
(D) Reversible isothermal process List I (Process) List II (Heat transfer equal to)
(a) Constant 1. Zero
32. The expression can be used for obtaining volume
work of (b) Constant 2. Change in pressure internal
energy
(A) Throttling process (c) Constant 3. Change in temperature
(B) Steady flow reversible process enthalpy
(C) Non-flow reversible process (d) Constant 4. Work done
(D) Adiabatic irreversible process entropy
2 First Law of Thermodynamics 7

Code: 40. Match items from groups, I, II, III, IV, and V

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Group Group II Group III Group Group V
(A) 1 3 4 2 I IV

(B) 2 3 4 1 When added Differential Function Phenomenon

to the system,
(C) 1 4 3 2 is
(D) 2 4 3 1 E Heat G Positive I Exact K Path M
Transisent
F H Negative J Inexact L Point N Boundary
37. For reversible adiabatic compression in a Work
steady flow process, the work transfer per
unit mass is
R (A) F-G-J-K-M E-G-I-K-N
(A) pdV
R (B) E-G-I-K-M F-H-I-K-N
(B) vdp (C) F-H-J-L-N E-H-I-L-M
R
(C) Tds (D) E-G-J-K-N F-H-J-K-M
R
(D) sdT
41. Consider the following statements about heat
38*. 10 kg of air at 300 K is contained in a rigid and work:
tank of volume 1 m3. A slow leak develops I. Both are path functions
and heat is added to maintain the initial II. Both are exact differentials
pressure in the tank. If the final temperature III. Work in low grade energy and heat is
reached is 500 K, the mass of air escaped is high grade energy
— IV. Heat is low grade energy and work is
(A) 4 kg high grade energy
(B) 5 kg
(C) 6 kg Which of the following options are true?
(D) 8 kg (A) I and II
(B) I and III
39*. The air contained in a frictionless piston- (C) I and IV
cylinder arrangement interacts with the (D) II and III
surroundings and undergoes an isobaric
process from an initial state of 300 K and
0.01 m3 to a final state at which the volume 42. Heat and work are
is 0.03 m3. Assume air to behave as an ideal
(A) Intensive properties
gas with a gas constant of 0.287 kJ/kgK and
(B) Extensive properties
a cv value of 0.767 kJ/kgK. If the work
(C) Point functions
transferred during the process is 10 kJ, the
(D) Path functions
heat transferred during the pressure is
(A) 16.72 kJ from surroundings to the air 43*. A 100 W electric bulb was switched on in a
(B) 36.72 kJ from air to the surroundings 2.5 m / 3 m / 3 size thermally insulated
(C) 26.72 kJ from surroundings to the air room having a temperature of 20 °C. The
(D) 36.72 kJ from surroundings to the air room temperature at the end of 24 h will be
8 2 First Law of Thermodynamics

(A) 321 °C to air at 20 °C, how long would it take for

(B) 314 °C the same material to cool to 60 °C if the
(C) 450 °C heat transfer coefficient were doubled?
(D) 470 °C
(A) 4.4 s
(B) 20 s
Statement for Linked Answer Questions (C) 80 s
(D) 3.0 s
A football was inflated to gauge pressure of 1 bar
when the ambient temperature was 15 °C. When 48*. A frictionless piston-cylinder device con-
the game started the next day, the air temperature tains a gas initially at 0.8 MPa and 0.015
at the stadium was 5 °C. Assume that the volume m3. It expands quasi-statically at a constant
3
of the football remains constant at 2500 cm . temperature to a final volume of 0.030 m3.
44*. The amount of heat lost by the air in the The work output (in kJ) during this process
football and the gauge pressure of air in the will be
football at the stadium, respectively, equal. (A) 8.32
(A) 30.6 J, 1.94 bar (B) 12.00
(B) 21.8 J, 0.93 bar (C) 554. 67
(C) 61.1 J, 1.94 bar (D) 8320.00
(D) 43.7 J, 0.93 bar
49*. A mono-atomic ideal gas (c = 1.67,
45*. Gauge pressure of air to which the ball must molecular weight = 40) is compressed adi-
have been originally inflated so that it abatically from 0.1 MPa, 300 K to 0.2 MPa.
would equal 1 bar gauge at the stadium is The universal gas constant is 8.314 kJ
kmol–1 K–1. The work of compression of
(A) 2.23 bar the gas (in kJ kg–1) is
(B) 1.94 bar
(C) 1.07 bar (A) 29.7
(D) 1.00 bar (B) 19.9
(C) 13.3
46*. A gas expands in a frictionless piston- (D) 0
cylinder arrangement. The expansion pro-
cess is very slow and is resisted by an 50*. The pressure of 10 kg of air is increased
ambient pressure of 100 kPa. During the isothermally at 60 °C from 100 to 800 kPa.
expansion process, the pressure of the sys- How much heat is rejected?
tem (gas) remains constant at 300 kPa. The (A) 1810 kJ
change in volume of the gas is 0.01 m3. The (B) 1987 kJ
maximum amount of work that could be (C) 1260 kJ
utilized from the process is (D) 1580 kJ
(A) 0 kJ
51*. Air is compressed adiabatically from 100
(B) 1 kJ
kPa and 20 °C to 800 kPa. Estimate final
(C) 2 kJ
temperature
(D) 3 kJ
(A) 530 °C
47*. A given volume of material, initially at (B) 440 °C
100 °C, cools to 60 °C in 40 s. Assuming no (C) 290 °C
phase change and only convective cooling (D) 257 °C
2 First Law of Thermodynamics 9

52. 1 kg of ice at 0 °C is mixed with 1 kg of 57. For a closed system, the difference between
water at 25 °C. The resulting temperature the heat added to the system and the work
will be done by the system is equal to the change in
(A) Less than 0 °C (A) Internal energy
(B) Greater than 0 °C (B) Enthalpy
(C) Equal to 0 °C (C) Entropy
(D) None of these (D) Temperature

53. In an adiabatic process 58*. One hundred people are at a meeting in a

10 m / 20 m / 3 m room when the air
(A) Work done is a path function
conditioning fails. Determine the tempera-
(B) Heat transfer is zero
ture increase if the system is off for 15 min.
(C) Temperature remains constant
Each person emits 400 kJ/h of heat and the
(D) Enthalpy remains constant
lights add 300 W of energy. Neglect all
other forms of energy input
54. Internal energy of a perfect gas is zero at
(A) 14 °C
(A) 0 °C
(B) 18 °C
(B) −180 °C
(C) 21 °C
(C) Absolute zero temperature
(D) 25 °C
(D) None of above
59. A thermodynamic cycle with an ideal gas as
55*. The contents of a well-insulated tank are
working fluid is shown below:
heated by a resistor of 20 X in which 10 A
current is flowing. Consider the tank along
with its contents as a thermodynamic sys- p
tem. The work done by the system and the 3 2
heat transfer to the system is positive. The
rates of heat (Q), work (W), and change in
internal energy (DU) during the process in γ
kW are pv = C
1
(A) Q = 0, W = −2.3, DU = +2.3
(B) Q = +2.3, W = 0, DU = +2.3 v
(C) Q = −2.3, W = 0, DU = –2.3
(D) Q = 0, W = +2.3, DU = –2.3
The above cycle is represent on T–s dia-
56. A fluid is contained in a closed system. For a gram by
reversible process, during which work is
produced by the fluid, the correct statement is
(A) Change in fluid pressure is greater than (A)
zero
(B) Change in fluid pressure is less than
zero
(C) Change in fluid volume is less than
zero (B)
(D) Change in fluid volume is greater than
zero
10 2 First Law of Thermodynamics

T
3
1
(C)
(D)
2

s
(D)
61. If the specific heats of the working fluid are
constant and the value of specific heat ratio
c is 1.4, the thermal efficiency (%) of the
cycle is
Common Data for Questions: 60 and 61
(A) 21
A thermodynamic cycle with an ideal gas as (B) 40.9
working fluid is shown below. (C) 42.6
(D) 59.7

P 62. A thermodynamic cycle with an ideal gas as

3
400 kPa working fluid is shown below:
γ
PV = constant

100 kPa 2 1

3
1m V1 V

60. The above cycle is represented on T–s plane

by

T 3 The above cycle is represent on T–s

diagram
(A)
1
2
s
(A)
T
3
1

(B)
2

T 3 (B)

(C) 1
2
s
2 First Law of Thermodynamics 11

(C)
(C)

3
(D)

(D)
2
1
64. For steady flow through an insulated hori-
zontal constant diameter pipe, this property
63. A thermodynamic cycle with an ideal remains constant
gas as working fluid is given below
(A) Enthalpy
(B) Internal energy
p (C) Entropy
(D) Volume
2
65. Which of the following relations is not valid
T= C for throttling process?
pvγ = C (A) Mass before expansion = Mass after
3 expansion
1
(B) Pressure before expansion = Pressure
after expansion
v
(C) Enthalpy before expansion = Enthalpy
after expansion
The above cycle is represent on T–s dia- (D) External work done = Zero
gram by
66. In a throttling process, which one of the
following parameters remains constant?
(A) Temperature
(A)
(B) Pressure
(C) Enthalpy
(D) Entropy

67*. The enthalpy drop for flow through con-

(B) vergent horizontal nozzles is 100 kJ/kg. If
the velocity of the approach at the inlet to
the nozzle is negligible, the exit velocity of
the fluid is
12 2 First Law of Thermodynamics

(A) 20 m/s 72*. In a laboratory test, a well insulated horizontal

(B) 400 m/s nozzle has a flow of steam at a mass flow rate
(C) 447.2 m/s of 0.2 kg/s. Steam enters the nozzle at 12 MPa
(D) 520.8 m/s and 400 °C with negligible small kinetic
energy. The condition at the nozzle outlet is
68*. 0.70 kg/s of air enters with a specific measured to be 500 kPa and 350 °C. Steam
enthalpy of 290 kJ/kg and leaves it with 450 properties: Specific enthalpy at inlet =
kJ/kg of specific enthalpy. Velocities at inlet 3263.88 kJ/kg, at exit = 3167.65 kJ/kg
and exit are 6 m/s and 2 m/s, respectively.
Assuming adiabatic process, what is power The exit velocity of steam in m/s is
input to the compressor?
(A) 13.87
(A) 120 kW (B) 438.7
(B) 118 kW (C) 138.4
(C) 115 kW (D) 43.87
(D) 112 kW
Statement for Linked Answer Questions: 73
69*. A nozzle acceleration air from 20 m/s to
and 74.
200 m/s. What temperature change is
expected? Air enters an adiabatic nozzle at 300 kPa, 500 K
(A) 10 °C with a velocity 10 m/s. It leaves the nozzle at 100
(B) 20 °C kPa with a velocity of 180 m/s. The inlet area is
(C) 30 °C 80 cm2. The specific heat of air cp is 1008 J/kgK.
(D) 40 °C 73*. The exit temperature of the air is
(A) 516 K
70*. Steam at a pressure of 6 bars (enthalpy 2988 (B) 532 K
kJ/kg) passes through a frictionless nozzle (C) 484 K
to a pressure of 4 bars (enthalpy 2888 (D) 468 K
kJ/kg). Neglecting velocity of approach, the
final velocity of steam at the exit of the 74*. The exit area of the nozzle in cm2 is
nozzle will be
(A) 90.1
(A) 447.2 m/s (B) 56.3
(B) 44.72 m/s (C) 4.4
(C) 4.472 m/s (D) 12.9
(D) 4472 m/s
75*. A compressor undergoes a reversible,
71*. A steam turbine receives steam steadily at steady flow process. The gas at the inlet and
10 bar with an enthalpy of 3000 kJ/kg and outlet of the compressor is designated as
discharges at 1 bar with an enthalpy of 2700 state 1 and as state 2, respectively. Potential
kJ/kg. The work output is 250 kJ/kg. The and kinetic energy changes are to be
change in KE and PE are negligible. The ignored. The following notations are used
heat transfer from the turbine casing to the v = specific volume and p = pressure of the
surroundings is equal to gas.
(A) 0 kJ/kg The specific work required to be supplied to
(B) 50 kJ/kg the compressor for this gas compression
(C) 150 kJ/kg process is
(D) 250 kJ/kg
2 First Law of Thermodynamics 13

R2
(A) pdv 77*. If the mass flow rate of steam through the
R12 turbine is 20 kg/s, the power output of the
(B) 1 vdp
turbine (in MW) is
(C) v1 (p2 − p1)
(D) –p(v1 − v2) (A) 12.157
(B) 12.941
76*. A thermal power plant operates on a (C) 168.001
regenerative cycle with a single open feed- (D) 168.785
water heater, as shown in the figure. For the
state points shown, the specific enthalpies 78*. Assume the above turbine to be part of a
are: h1 = 2800 kJ/kg and h2 = 200 kJ/kg the simple Rankine cycle. The density of water
bleed to the feedwater heater is 20% of the at the inlet of the pump is 1000 kg/m3.
boiler generations rate. The specific Ignoring kinetic and potential energy
enthalpy at state 3 is effects, the specific work (in kJ/kg) supplied

to the pump is
(A) 720 kJ/kg (A) 0.293
(B) 2280 kJ/kg (B) 0.351
(C) 1500 kJ/kg (C) 2.930
(D) 3000 kJ/kg (D) 3.510

79*. A balloon containing an ideal gas is initially

Common Data for Questions: 77 and 78
kept in an evacuated and insulated room. The
The inlet and the outlet conditions of the steam balloon rupture and the gas fills up the entire
for an adiabatic steam turbine are as indicated in room. Which one of the following statements
the notations are as usually followed. is TRUE at the end of the above process?
14 2 First Law of Thermodynamics

(A) The internal energy of the gas decrease Q: For a system undergoing a process, its
from its initial value, but the enthalpy entropy remains constant only when the
remains constant process is reversible.
(B) The internal energy of the gas increa- R: The work done by a closed system in an
ses from its initial value, but the adiabatic process is a point function
enthalpy remains constant S: A liquid expands upon freezing when the
(C) Both internal energy and enthalpy of slope of its fusion curve on the Pressure-
the gas remain constant Temperature diagram is negative.
(D) Both internal energy and enthalpy of
the gas increase (A) R and S
(B) P and Q
80*. A rigid, insulated tank is initially evacuated. (C) Q, R, and S
The tank is connected with a supply line (D) P, Q, and R
through which air (assumed to be ideal gas
with constant specific heats) passes at 1 82. A system turbine receives steam steadily at
MPa, 350 °C. A valve connected with the 10 bar with an enthalpy of 3000 kJ/kg and
supply line is opened and the tank is discharge at 1 bar with an enthalpy of 2700
charged with air until the final pressure kJ/kg. The work output is 250 kJ/kg. The
inside the tank reaches 1 MPa. The final change in KE and PE are negligible. The
temperature inside the tank heat transfer from the turbine casing to the
surroundings is equal to—
(A) 0 kJ/kg
(B) 50 kJ/kg
(C) 250 kJ/kg
(D) 150 kJ/kg

83. The difference between constant pressure

specific heat cp and constant volume
specific heat cv for a pure substance
(A) Approaches zero at triple point
(B) Approaches zero as the absolute tem-
perature approaches zero
(A) Is greater than 350 °C (C) Is always equal to the gas constant R
(B) Is less than 350 °C (D) Approaches zero at critical point
(C) Is equal to 350 °C
(D) May be greater than, less than, or 84. Joule–Thomson coefficient is the slope at
equal to 350 °C, depending on the
(A) Constant enthalpy lines on T–s
volume of the tank
diagram
(B) Constant enthalpy lines on T–p diagram
81. Which combination of the following state-
(C) Inversion curve on T–s diagram
ments is correct?
(D) Inversion curve on T–p diagram
P: A gas cools upon expansion only when
its Joule–Thomson coefficient is positive in 85. Which gas shows a heating effect in the
the temperature range of expansion. Joule–Thomson experiment while under-
going throttling process through a porous
plug of cotton wool?
2 First Law of Thermodynamics 15

(A) Carbon dioxide 2. Throttling process is an adiabatic steady

(B) Hydrogen flow process.
(C) Oxygen 3. Increase in entropy in wet region is
(D) Nitrogen directly proportional to the increase in
enthalpy.
86. The following remarks pertain to the prop- Which of these remarks are correct?
erties of gases and vapours:
(A) 1, 2 and 3
1. The equation of state is not by itself (B) 1 and 2 only
sufficient for the calculation of proper- (C) 1 and 3 only
ties such as u, h, and s. (D) 2 and 3 only
 Second Law of Thermodynamics
3

87. Select an acceptable paraphrase of the (C) The temperature of the heat rever-
Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law. sible to which a Carnot engine rejects
all the heat that is taken in
(A) No process can produce more work
(D) Both (A) and (B)
than the heat that it accepts
(B) No engine can produce more work
91*. An irreversible heat engine extracts heat
than the heat that it intakes
from a high temperature source at a rate of
(C) An engine cannot produce work
100 kW and rejects heat to a sink at a rate
without accepting heat
of 50 kW. The entire work output of the
(D) An engine has to reject heat
heat engine is used to drive a reversible
heat pump operating between a set of
88. Which of the following can be assumed to
independent isothermal heat reversible at
be reversible?
17 °C and 75 °C. The rate in (kW) at
(A) A paddle wheel which the heat pump delivers heat to its
(B) A burst membrane high temperature sink is
(C) A resistance heater
(D) A piston compressing gas in a race (A) 50
engine (B) 250
(C) 300
89. Select an incorrect statement relating to a (D) 360
Carnot cycle.
92*. An inventor claims a thermal engine
(A) There are two adiabatic process operates between ocean layers at 27 °C
(B) Work occurs for all four processes and 10 °C. It produces 10 kW and dis-
(C) Each process is a reversible process charges 9900 kJ/min. Such an engine is
(D) Work occurs for two adiabatic
processes (A) Impossible
(B) Possible
90. Absolute zero temperature signifies (C) Probable
(D) Reversible
(A) Minimum temperature attainable
(B) The temperature of the heat reversible
to which a Carnot engine rejects no
heat

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18 3 Second Law of Thermodynamics

93*. A Carnot engine operates between recei- (A) 6

vers at 20 °C and 200 °C. If 10 kW of (B) 5
power is produced, find the rejected heat (C) 1.2
rate (D) 0.8

(A) 20.2 kJ/s 98*. A condenser of a refrigeration system

(B) 25.27 kJ/s rejects heat at a rate of 120 kW, while its
(C) 12.1 kJ/s compressor consumes a power of 30 kW.
(D) 16.3 kJ/s The coefficient of performance of the
system would be—
94*. An inventor states that his new conceptual
engine, while operating between temper- (A) 0.25
ature limits of 377 °C and 27 °C, will (B) 4
reject 50% of heat absorbed from the (C) 0.333
source. What type of cycle will this engine (D) 3
have?
99*. The thermal efficiency of a Carnot heat
(A) Carnot cycle engine is 30%. If the engine is reversed in
(B) Stirling cycle the operation of work as a heat pump with
(C) Impossible cycle operation conditions unchanged, then
(D) Possible cycle what will be the COP for the heat pump?

95*. A heat engine is supplied with 2512 (A) 0.30

kJ/min of heat at 650 °C. Heat rejection (B) 2.33
with 900 kJ/min takes place at 100 °C. (C) 3.33
This type of heat engine is (D) Cannot be calculated

(A) Ideal 100*. A reversible heat engine rejects 50 percent

(B) Irreversible of the heat supplied during a cycle of
(C) Impossible operation. If this engine is reversed and
(D) Practical operates as a heat pump, then what is its
coefficient of performance?
96*. The refrigerating efficiency, that is, the
ratio of the actual COP to reversible COP (A) 1.0
of a refrigeration cycle is 0.8, the con- (B) 1.5
denser and evaporator temperatures are 51 (C) 2.0
°C and −30 °C, respectively. If the cooling (D) 2.5
capacity of the plant is 2.4 kW then what
is the work requirement? 101*. An engine working on Carnot cycle rejects
40% of absorbed heat from the source,
(A) 1.00 kW while the sink temperature is maintained at
(B) 1.33 kW 270 °C, then what is the source
(C) 1.25 kW temperature?
(D) 2.08 kW
(A) 750 °C
97*. A Carnot cycle refrigerator operates (B) 477 °C
between 250 and 300 K. Its coefficient of (C) 203 °C
performance is— (D) 67.5 °C
3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 19

102*. An inventor says that his new concept of 106. Consider the following statement for a
an engine while working between tem- throttling process.
perature limits of 27 °C and 327 °C rejects
1. It is an adiabatic process
45% of the heat absorbed from the source.
2. There is no work transfer in the process
His engine is then equivalent to which one
3. Entropy increase in throttling process
of the following engines?

(A) Carnot engine Which of these statements are correct?

(B) Diesel engine
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(C) An impossible engine
(B) 1 and 2 only
(D) Ericsson engine
(C) 2 and 3 only
(D) 1 and 3 only
103*. A series combination of two Carnot engi-
nes operates between the temperature of
180 °C and 20 °C. If the engines produce
107. The continual motion of a movable device
an equal amount of work, then what is the
in absence of friction
intermediate temperature?
(A) Violates the first law of
(A) 80 °C
thermodynamics
(B) 90 °C
(B) Violates the second law of
(C) 100 °C
thermodynamics
(D) 110 °C
(C) Is the perpetual motion of the second
kind
104. Three engines A, B, and C operating on
(D) Is the perpetual motion of the third
Carnot cycle use working substances as
kind
Argon, Oxygen, and Air, respectively.
Which engine will have higher efficiency?
108. For a given temperature T1 as the differ-
(A) Engine A ence between T1 and T2 increases, the
(B) Engine B COP of a Carnot heat pump
(C) Engine C
(A) Increases
(D) All engines have same efficiency
(B) Decreases
(C) Does not change
105. A heat engine a supplied with 250 kJ/s of
(D) First decreases, then increase
heat at a constant fixed temperature of 227
°C, the heat is rejected at 27 °C, the cycle
109*. The maximum efficiency that a heat
is reversible, then what amount of heat is
engine, operating between 327 °C and 27 °
rejected?
C, can be
(A) 250 kJ/s
(A) 1/2
(B) 200 kJ/s
(B) 1/4
(C) 180 kJ/s
(C) 3/4
(D) 150 kJ/s
(D) 1/4
20 3 Second Law of Thermodynamics

110*. A Carnot engine uses nitrogen as the 111. Consider the following statements about a
working fluid. The heat supplied is 53 kJ Carnot cycle:
and adiabatic expansion ratio is 16:1. The
1. It is an ideal hypothetical cycle.
receiver temperature is 295 K. The heat
2. It is a reversible cycle.
rejected in kJ is
3. It consists of two isothermals and two
(A) 27.75 reversible adiabatic.
(B) 17.48 4. Its efficiency exceeds 100%
(C) 20.50
(D) 230 Of these statements:

(A) 1, 2, and 3 are true

(B) 1 and 3 are true
(C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 are true
(D) 2, 3, and 4 are true
 Entropy
4

112. As the time is passing, the entropy of the (C) If ice is melted in water in an insulated
universe container, the net entropy decreases
(D) The entropy of an isolated system
(A) Is decreasing
must remain constant or increase
(B) Is increasing
(C) Remains constant
116*. If a closed system is undergoing an irre-
(D) All of above
versible process, the entropy of the system
113. The absolute entropy for all crystalline (A) Must increase
substance at absolute zero temperature (B) Always remains constant
(C) Must decrease
(A) Is positive
(D) Can increase, decrease or remain
(B) Is negative
constant
(C) Is zero
(D) Both (A) and (C)
117. One kilogram of water at room tempera-
ture is brought into contact with a high
114. As the entropy of the universe is increas-
temperature thermal reservoir. The
ing, day by day, the work producing
entropy change of the universe is
capacity of a heat engine is
(A) Equal to entropy change of the
(A) Decreasing
reservoir
(B) Increasing
(B) Equal to entropy change of water
(C) Not changed
(C) Equal to zero
(D) All of above
(D) Always positive
115. Which of the following statements is
118. For a thermodynamic cycle to be irre-
incorrect?
versible, it is necessary that
(A) Work must be input if energy is H dQ
(A) ¼0
transferred from a cold body to a hot H dTQ
body (B) \0
H dTQ
(B) The entropy of a baked potato (C) [0
decreases as it cools H dTQ
(D) T 0

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22 4 Entropy

119. Enthatpy (H) is defined as 124. For a gas that is allowed to expand reversibly
and adiabatically, there is no change in
(A) H = U + pV
(B) H = U − pV (A) Internal energy
(C) H = U + TS (B) Temperature
(D) H = mcv T (C) Entropy
(D) Enthalpy
120. Helmholtz free energy (F) is defined as
125. The enthalpy change during reversible
(A) F = U + TS
closed system is given by
(B) F = U − TS
(C) F = H − TS (A) dH = −SdT − pdV
(D) F = H + TS (B) dH = SdT + Vdp
(C) dH = TdS + pdV
121. Gibbs free energy (G) is defined as (D) dH = TdS + Vdp
(A) G = U + TS
126*. An ideal gas of mass m and temperature T1
(B) G = H + pV
undergoes a reversible isothermal process
(C) G = H − TS
from an initial pressure P1 to a final
(D) G = U − TS
pressure P2. The heat loss during the
process is Q. The entropy change DS of
122. A certain amount of fluid at temperature T1
the gas is
is mixed with an equal amount of the same
 
fluid at temperature T2 in an insulated (A) mR ln PP21
container. With total fluid as the system,  
consider the following statements: (B) mR ln PP12
 
I. Entropy of the system is conserved. (C) mR ln PP21  TQ1
II. Energy of the system is conserved.
(D) Zero
III. Entropy of the system increases.
IV. Entropy of the system decreases.
127*. Determine the available energy of furnace
gas cp = 1.046 kJ/kgK, when it is cooled
Which of the following options is true?
from 1260 to 480 K at constant pressure.
(A) II and III The surroundings are at 295 K.
(B) I and II
(A) −518.1 kJ/kg
(C) I and IV
(B) 815.88 kJ/kg
(D) Only I
(C) 518.1 kJ/kg
(D) none of these
123. The statements that the entropy of a pure
substance in complete thermodynamic 128*. When the air is throttled, there is an
equilibrium becomes zero at the absolute entropy increase. For 2 kg/s of air the
zero of temperature is known as entropy increases by 0.06 kW/K. The
pressure ratio (final to initial state) is (gas
(A) Law of entropy
constant: R = 0.287 kJ/kgK)
(B) First law of thermodynamics
(C) Second law of thermodynamics (A) 0.8
(D) Third law of thermodynamics (B) 0.9
(C) 1
(D) none of thes
4 Entropy 23

129*. Air is compressed from an initial state of Which of the following statements is TRUE?
100 kPa and 17 °C to a final state of 600
(A) Process I is more irreversible than Process II
kPa and 57 °C. R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, cv =
(B) Process II is more irreversible than Process I
0.718 kJ/kgK. The entropy change of air
(C) Irreversibility associated in both the pro-
during the process in kJ/kgK is
cesses equal
(A) 0.385 (D) Both the processes are reversible
(B) −0.385
(C) 0.421
Common Data Questions: 133 and 134
(D) −0.421
In an experimental set up, air flows between two
130*. A heat transformer is a device that trans- stations P and Q adiabatically. The direction of
fers a part of the heat, supplied to it an flow depends on the pressure and temperature
intermediate temperature, to a high tem- conditions maintained at P and Q. The conditions
perature reservoir while rejecting the at station P are 150 kPa and 350 K. The tem-
remaining part to a low temperature heat perature at station Q is 300 K.
sink. In such a heat transformer, 100 kJ of The following are the properties and relations
heat is supplied at 350 K. The maximum pertaining to air:
amount of heat in kJ that can be trans- Specific heat at constant pressure, cp = 1.005
ferred to 400 K, when the rest is rejected kJ/kgK;
to a heat sink at 300 K is Specific heat at constant volume, cv = 0.718
kJ/kgK;
(A) 12.50
Characteristic gas constant, R = 0.287
(B) 14.29
kJ/kgK.
(C) 33.33
Enthalpy, h = cpT.
(D) 57.14
Internal energy, u = cvT.
131. A reversible thermodynamic cycle con- 133*. If the air has to flow from station P to
taining only three processes and producing station Q, the maximum possible value of
work is to be constructed. The constraints pressure in kPa at station Q is close to
are: (i) there must be one isothermal pro-
(A) 50
cess, (ii) there must be one isentropic
(B) 87
process, (iii) the maximum and minimum
(C) 128
cycle pressures and the clearance volume
(D) 150
are fixed, and (iv) polytropic processes are
not allowed. Then the number of possible
134*. If the pressure at station Q is 50 kPa, the
cycles are
change in entropy (sQ – sP) in kJ/kgK is
(A) 1
(A) −0.155
(B) 2
(B) 0
(C) 3
(C) 0.160
(D) 4
(D) 0.355
132*. Consider the following two processes:
135. Two moles of oxygen are mixed adiabat-
(A) A heat source at 1200 K loses 2500 ically with another Two moles of oxygen
kJ of heat of sink at 800 K in a mixing chamber so that the final total
(B) A heat source at 800 K loses 2000 kJ pressure and temperature of the mixture
of heat of sink of 500 K become the same as those of the individual
24 4 Entropy

constituents at their initial states. The (C) Reservoir: ds = cp logeTT21

universal gas constant is given as R. The (D) Iron: ds = cp logeTT21
change in entropy due to mixing per mole
of oxygen is given by
138. Determine the total entropy change if 10
(A) −R In 2 kg of ice at 0 °C is mixed in an insulated
(B) 0 container with 20 kg of water at 20 °C.
(C) R ln 2 The latent heat of ice is 340 kJ/kg
(D) R In 4
(A) 0.21 kJ/K
(B) 12.03 kJ/K
136*. A cyclic device operates between three
(C) 6.12 kJ/K
reservoirs, as shown in the figure. Heat is
(D) 1.2 kJ/K
transferred from the cyclic device. It is
assumed that heat transfer between each
139. Which of the following second law state-
thermal reservoir and the cycle device
ments is wrong?
takes place across negligible temperature
difference. Interactions between the cyclic (A) The entropy of an isolated system
device and the respective thermal reser- must remains constant or increased
voirs that are shown in the figure are all in (B) The entropy of a hot copper block
the form of heat transfer. decreases as it cools
(C) If ice is melted in water in an insu-
lated container, the net entropy
decreases
(D) Work must be input if energy is trans-
ferred from a cold body to a hot body.

140*. 100 kJ of energy is transferred from a heat

reservoir at 1000 K to a heat reservoir at
500 K. The ambient temperature is 300 K.
The loss of available energy due to heat
The cyclic device can be transfer process is
(A) A reversible heat engine (A) 20 kJ
(B) A reversible heat pump or a rever- (B) 30 kJ
sible refrigerator (C) 40 kJ
(C) An irreversible heat engine (D) 50 kJ
(D) An irreversible heat pump or an
irreversible refrigerator 141. When a system reaches the state of equi-
librium, the following property assumes
137. Which of the following entropy relation- its maximum value
ship for a process is wrong?
(A) Availability
T2 (B) Entropy
(A) Air: V = constant, ds = cv loge T1
(B) Water: ds = cp logeTT21 (C) Gibbs functions
(D) Helmholtz function
 Properties of Pure Substance
5

142. Consider the following statements about a 145. For a liquid phase, the degrees of freedom
pure substance are

1. It is a one component system. (A) Temperature and volume

2. It is of constant chemical composition (B) Temperature and pressure
throughout. (C) Pressure and volume
3. It always exists in one phase. (D) All of the above

(A) 1 and 2 are true 146. Degree of freedom of a system ice–water–

(B) 2 alone is true vapour will be
(C) 2 and 3 are true (A) 0
(D) 1, 2, and 3 are true (B) 1
(C) 3
143. Gibbs phase rule is expressed as
(D) 2
(A) F = C +P−2
(B) F = C−P+2 147. For a pure substance in a triple point, the
(C) F = C−P−2 degree of freedom is
(D) F = P−C+2
(A) 3
(B) 2
where
(C) 1
(D) 0
F = degrees of freedom,
C = number of components in the system,
148. The minimum number of process that can
P = number of phases which exists in a given
exist in a system is
system
(A) 1
144. For a liquid phase, the degree of freedom (B) 0
is (C) 2
(D) 3
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 0

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26 5 Properties of Pure Substance

149. Degree of freedom of a system consisting Of these statements:

of a gaseous mixture of H2 and NH3 will
(A) 1, 2, 3, and 4 are true
be
(B) 1, 2, 3, and are false
(A) 3 (C) 1, 2, and 3 are true
(B) 2 (D) 2 and 3 are true
(C) 1
(D) 0 154. In steam tables, the entropy is shown as
zero for
150. What is the degree of freedom for a system (A) Saturated liquid at 0 °C
comprising liquid water in equilibrium (B) Saturated vapor at 0 °C
with its vapour? (C) Saturated liquid at atmospheric
(A) 0 pressure
(B) 1 (D) Saturated vapor at atmospheric
(C) 2 pressure
(D) 3
155. With increase of pressure, the latent heat
151. Consider a system of ice, liquid, and water of steam—
vapour. The number of independent (A) Remains same
intensive properties in the system is (B) Decreases
(A) 0 (C) Increases
(B) 1 (D) Behave unpredictably
(C) 2
(D) 3 156. Which combination of the following
statements is correct?
152*. A small steam whistle (perfectly insulated The incorporation of reheater in a steam
and doing no shaft work) causes a drop of power plant:
200 J/kg in the enthalpy of the steam from P: Always increases the thermal efficiency
entry to exit. If the kinetic energy of steam of the plant.
entry is negligible, the velocity of steam at Q: Always increases the dryness fraction
exit is— of steam at condenser inlet.
R: Always increases the mean temperature
(A) 4 m/s of heat addition.
(B) 20 m/s S: Always increases the specific work
(C) 40 m/s output
(D) 632.45 m/s
(A) P and S
153. Consider the following statements: (B) Q and S
(C) P, R, and S
1. Water always boils at 100 °C (D) P, Q, R, and S
2. The triple point temperature of water is
273.01 K 157*. A 300 m3 rigid tank is filled with a satu-
3. The critical temperature of water is rated liquid–vapour mixture of water at
374.15 K 200 kPa. If 25% of the mass of liquid and
4. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 at 4 75% of the mass of vapour, the total mass
°C in the tank is
5 Properties of Pure Substance 27

(A) 451 kg (C) 273 K

(B) 282 kg (D) All of the above
(C) 338 kg
(D) 300 kg 162*. Given below is an extract from steam
table.
At 200 kPa, the specific volumes of liquid and
vapour are 0.001061 m3/kg and 0.886 m3/kg, Temperature Psat Specific volume (m3/kg) Enthaply (kJ/kg)
(°C) (bar)
Saturated Saturated Saturated Saturated
respectively. liquid vapour liquid vapour

45 0.09593 0.001010 15.26 188.45 2394.8

158*. Water is boiled in a pan on a stove at see- 342.24 150 0.0011658 0.010337 1610.5 2610.5
level. During 10 min of boiling, it is
observed that 200 g of water has evapo- Specific enthalpy of water in kJ/kg at 150
rated. Then the rate of heat transfer to the bar and 45 °C.
water is
(A) 203.60
(A) 53.51 kJ/min (B) 200.53
(B) 45.14 kJ/min (C) 196.38
(C) 41.82 kJ/min (D) 188.45
(D) 0.84 kJ/min

At sea level, the latent heat of vaporization is Statement of Linked Answer Questions
2257 kJ/kg.
The following table of properties was printed out
for saturated liquid and saturated vapour of
159. 1 gm of ice of 0 °C is converted into water
ammonia. The titles for only the first two col-
at the same temperature. The change in
umns are available. All that we know is that the
internal energy of the system is
other columns (columns 3–8) contain data on
(A) 80 kcal specific properties namely, internal energy
(B) 0.08 kcal (kJ/kg), enthalpy (kJ/kg), and entropy (kJ/kgK).
(C) 0.04 kcal
(D) 40 kcal t (°C) p (kPa)

–20 190.2 88.76 0.3657 89.05 5.6155 1299.5 1418.0

0 429.6 179.69 0.7114 180.36 5.3309 1318.0 1442.2

160. No substance can exist in the liquid phase
20 857.5 272.89 1.0408 274.30 5.0860 1332.2 1460.2
in stable equilibrium
40 1554.9 368.74 1.3574 371.43 4.8662 1341.0 1470.2
(A) At temperature below the triple point
temperature 163*. The specific enthalpy data are in columns
(B) At pressure below the triple point
pressure (A) 3 and 7
(C) At pressure above the triple point (B) 3 and 8
pressure (C) 5 and 7
(D) At temperature above the triple point (D) 5 and 8
temperature
164*. When saturated liquid at 40 °C is throttled
161. The triple point of water is 0.01 °C. What to –20 °C, the quality at exit will be
is in Kelvin? (A) 0.189
(A) 273.01 K (B) 0.212
(B) 273.16 K (C) 0.231
(D) 0.788
28 5 Properties of Pure Substance

165. Water has a critical specific volume of Specific volumes of liquid (vf) and vapour (vg)
0.003155 m3/kg. A closed and rigid steel phase, as well as values of saturation tempera-
tank of volume 0.025 m3 contains a mix- tures, are given in the table below:
ture of water and steam at 0.1 MPa. The
mass of the mixture is 10 kg. The tank is Pressure Saturation vf (kg) vg
now slowly heated. The liquid level inside (kPa) temperature, Tsat (° (m3/
C) kg)
the tank
100 100 0.001 0.1
(A) will rise 200 200 0.0015 0.002
(B) will fall
(C) will remain constant
166*. At the end of the process, which one of the
(D) may rise or fall depending on the
following situations will be true?
amount of heat transferred
(A) Superheated vapour will be left in the
system.
Common Data Questions: 166, 167, and 168
(B) No vapour will be left in the system
In the figure shown, the system is a pure sub- (C) A liquid + vapour mixture will be
stance kept in a piston-cylinder arrangement. The left in the system.
system is initially a two-phase mixture contain- (D) The mixture will exist at a dry satu-
ing 1 kg of liquid and 0.03 kg of vapour at a rated vapour state.
pressure of 100 kPa. Initially, the piston rests on
167*. The work done by the system during the
a set of stops as show in the figure a pressure of
process is
200 kPa is required to exactly balance the weight
of the piston and the outside atmospheric pres- (A) 0.1 kJ
sure. Heat transfer takes place into the system (B) 0.2 kJ
unit and its volume increases by 50%. Heat (C) 0.3 kJ
transfer to the system occurs in such a manner (D) 0.4 kJ
that the piston, when allowed to move does so in
a very slow (quasi-static/quasi-equilibrium) pro- 168*. The net entropy generation (considering
cess. The thermal reservoir from which heat is the system and the thermal reservoir
transferred to the system has a temperature of together) during the process is closed to
400 °C. The average temperature of the system (A) 7.5 J/K
boundary can be taken as 175 °C. The heat (B) 7.7 J/K
transfer to the system is 1 kJ, during which its (C) 8.5 J/K
entropy increases by 10 J/K. (D) 10 J/k

169. A pressure-cooker contains water at 100 °

C with volume being one-tenth of vapor
volume. At 100 °C, the specific volume
for saturated liquid and saturated vapour is
0.001 m3/kg, respectively. The dryness
fraction for the mixture is
1
(A) 160
1
(B) 161
160
(C) 161
(D) 1
 Vapor Power Cycles
6

170. The Rankine power cycle is idealized (A) Regenerative cycle

which of the following is not of the (B) Reheat cycle
idealization? (C) Carnot cycle
(D) Brayton cycle
(A) Friction is absent
(B) Heat transfer does not occur across a
174. Consider the following statements pe-
finite temperature difference
pertaining to the features of a regenera-
(C) Pressure drops in pipes are neglected
tive steam cycle plant as compared to a
(D) Pipes connecting components are
non-regenerative plant.
insulated
1. It increases the cycle efficiency
171. The component of the Rankine cycle that 2. It requires a bigger boiler.
leads to a relatively low efficiency is the 3. It requires a smaller condenser
(A) Boiler
Which of the above statements are
(B) Turbine
correct?
(C) Pump
(D) Condenser (A) 1, 2, and 3
(B) 1 and 3
172*. What is the difference between the tem- (C) 1 and 2
perature of the feedwater outlet and the (D) 2 and 3
saturation temperature of steam entering
the heater called? 175. Why is the thermal efficiency of superheat
(modified) Rankine cycle higher than that
(A) Pinch point
of simple Rankine cycle?
(B) Terminal temperature difference
(C) LMTD (A) Enthalpy of steam is higher for
(D) Terminal point superheat cycle
(B) Mean temperature of heat addition is
173. Mean temperature of heat addition gets higher.
increased resulting in an increase in cycle (C) Temperature of the condenser is high
thermal efficiency. What is this cycle (D) Quality of steam in the condenser is
called? low

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S. Kumar, Problems and Solutions in Thermal Engineering,
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30 6 Vapor Power Cycles

176. Consider the following statements in (C) Brayton cycle

connection of Rankine cycle with regen- (D) Combined cycle
erative feedwater heating:
1. It reduces boiler capacity for a given 179. Which of the following thermal plants will
output have the highest overall thermal efficiency?
2. It reduces the temperature stresses in
(A) Steam power plant
the boiler
(B) Gas turbine power plant
3. It improves the cycle efficiency
(C) Combined gas and steam power plant
4. It provides a convenient means of de-
(D) Diesel power plant
aerating the feed water
180. For two cycles coupled in series, the top-
Which of the above statements are ping cycle has an efficiency of 30% and the
correct? bottoming cycle has an efficiency of 20%.
(A) 1 and 2 only The overall combined cycle efficiency is
(B) 2 and 3 only (A) 50%
(C) 3 and 4 only (B) 44%
(D) 2, 3, and 4 (C) 38%
(D) 55%
177. Determine the correctness or otherwise of
the following Assertion (A) and the Rea- 181*. The values of enthalpy of steam at the
son (R). inlet and outlet of a steam turbine in a
Rankine cycle are 2800 kJ/kg and 1800
Assertion (A): In a power working on the kJ/kg respectively. Neglecting pump
Rankine cycle, the regenerative feedwater work, the specific steam consumption of
heating improves the efficiency of the kg/kW-hour is
steam turbine.
(A) 3.60
Reasons (R): The regenerative feedwater (B) 0.36
heating raises the average temperature of (C) 0.06
heat addition in the Rankine cycle. (D) 0.01

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is 182*. In a certain steam plant, the turbine
the correct reason for (A) develops 1.2 MW. The heat supplied to
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is the steam in the boiler is 3000 kJ/kg, the
NOT the correct reason for (A) heat rejected by the system to cooling
(C) Both (A) and (R) are false water of the condenser is 2000 kJ/kg, and
(D) (A) is false but (R) is true. feed pump work required to pump the
condensate back into the boiler is 6 kW.
178. A power plant which uses a gas turbine The steam flow rate round the cycle is—
followed by a steam turbine for power
generation is called: (A) 1.194 Kg/s
(B) 1 Kg/s
(A) Topping cycle (C) 2.2 Kg/s
(B) Bottoming cycle (D) none of these
6 Vapor Power Cycles 31

183. In a Rankine cycle, with the maximum kPa with quality (dryness fraction) 0.9. The
steam temperature being fixed from met- enthalpies of the saturated liquid and vapour
allurgical consideration as—boiler pres- at 15 kPa are hf = 225.94 kJ/kg and hg =
sure increase. 2598.3 kJ/kg, respectively. The mass flow
rate of steam is 10 kg/s. Kinetic and
(A) Condenser load will increase
potential energy changes are negligible. The
(B) Quality of turbine exhaust will
power output of the turbine in MW is:
decrease
(C) Quality of turbine exhaust will (A) 6.5
increase (B) 8.9
(D) Quality of turbine exhaust will (C) 9.1
remain unchanged (D) 27.0
Common Date Question: 187, 188, and 189
Common Data Question 184 and 185 187. Find the specific work output of the insu-
In a steam power plant operating on the Rankine lated turbine as shown in Figure
cycle, steam enters the turbine at 4 MPa, 350 °C
Saturated Steam (Pressure Based)
and exits at a pressure of 15 kPa. Then it enters
the condenser and exits as saturated water. Next,
P Specific enthalpy Specific
a pump feeds back the water to the boiler. The kJ/kg entropy kJ/kgK
adiabatic efficiency of the turbine is 90%. The
40 kPa hf hg sf sg
thermodynamic states of water and steam are
317.7 2636.8 1.026 7.67
given in the table.

State h (kJ kg–1) s (kJ kg–1 K–1) v (m3kg–1) Superheated steam Table
Steam: 4 3092.5 6.5821 0.06645
MPa, 350 °C
T p = 60 bar
Water: 5 kPa hf hg sf sg vf vg
600 °C h s
225.94 2599.1 0.7549 8.0085 0.001014 10.02
3658.4 kJ/kg 7.1677 kJ/kgK

h is specific enthalpy, s is specific entropy, and

v the specific volume; subscripts f and g denote (A) 1410 kJ/kg
saturated liquid state and saturated vapour state. (B) 1021 kJ/kg
(C) 1200 kJ/kg
184. The net work output (kJ kg–1) of the cycle is (D) 1360 kJ/kg
(A) 498
(B) 775
(C) 860
(D) 957
Steam
–1 60 bar
185. Heat supplied (kJ kg ) to the cycle is 600 °C
(A) 2372
(B) 2576
(C) 2863
(D) 3092

186. Steam enters an adiabatic turbine operating

at a steady state with an enthalpy of 3251.0 40 kPa
x=0
kJ/kg and leaves as a saturated mixture at 15
32 6 Vapor Power Cycles

188. Find the maximum specific work output of 191. A thermal electric power plant produces 1000
the above turbine. MW of power. If the coal release 900 / 107
kJ/h of energy, then what is the rate at which
(A) 1410 kJ/kg
heat is rejected from the power plant?
(B) 1021 kJ/kg
(C) 1197 kJ/kg (A) 500 MW
(D) 1360 kJ/kg (B) 1000 MW
(C) 1500 MW
189. Calculate the efficiency of the turbine (D) 2000 MW
(A) 85%
192. In a certain steam plant, the turbine develops
(B) 89%
1.2 MW. The heat supplied to the steam in
(C) 89%
the boiler is 3000 kJ/kg, the heat rejected by
(D) 93%
the system to cooling water to the condenser
is 2000 kJ/kg, and feed pump work required
190. The minimum power needed by a water
to pump the condensate back into the boiler is
pump that increases the pressure of 4 kg/s
6 kW. The steam flow rate round the cycle is
from 100 kPa to 6 MPa is
(A) 1.194 kg/s
(A) 23.6 kW
(B) 1 kg/s
(B) 236 kW
(C) 2.2 kg/s
(C) 250 kW
(D) none of these
(D) 6 kW
 IC Engines
7

193. An IC engine has a bore and stroke each 196. A diesel engine has a compression ratio of
equal to 2 units. The total area to calculate 14 and cut off takes place at 6% of the
heat loss from the engine can be taken as stroke. What is the value of cut off ratio?
(A) 4 p (A) 1.25
(B) 5 p (B) 2
(C) 6 p (C) 2.15
(D) 8 p (D) 1.78

194. The bore and stroke of the cylinder of a 6- 197. At a given compression ratio, what is the
cylinder engine working on an Otto-cycle relation among the Otto cycle efficiencies
are 17 cm and 30 cm, respectively, total for the working fluids having c = 1.2, 1.4,
3
clearance volume is 9225 cm , then what is and 1.67?
the compression ratio?
(A) (ηc = 1.2) > (ηc = 1.4) > (ηc = 1.67)
(A) 7.8 (B) (ηc = 1.2) < (ηc = 1.4) < (ηc = 1.67)
(B) 6.2 (C) (ηc = 1.2) = (ηc = 1.4) = ( ηc = 1.67)
(C) 15.8 (D) (ηc = 1.2) ≤ (ηc = 1.4) ≤ (ηc =
(D) 5.4 1.67)

195. The exhaust process in the Otto and diesel 198. A Carnot engine receives 100 kJ of heat at
cycle is replaced with a constant volume 600 K. Heat is rejected at 300 K. The dis-
process for which primary reason? placement volume is 0.2 m3. The mean
effective pressure is
(A) To simulate the zero work of the actual
exhaust process (A) 2 bar
(B) To restore the air to its original state (B) 2.5 bar
(C) To ensure that the first law is satisfied (C) 3 bar
(D) To simulate the zero heat transfer of (D) 3.5 bar
the actual process

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34 7 IC Engines

199. This reversible cycle consists of constant (A) gO ¼ 0:25; gB ¼ 0:18

volume heat addition, reversible adiabatic (B) gO ¼ gB ¼ 0:33
expansion, and constant pressure heat (C) gO ¼ 0:5; gB ¼ 0:45
rejection (D) it is not possible to calculate the effi-
ciencies unless the temperature after
(A) Otto cycle
the expansion is given.
(B) Lenoir cycle
(C) Atkinson cycle
204. If WO and WB are work outputs per unit
(D) Brayton cycle
mass, then
200. For the same maximum pressure and heat (A) WO > WB
input, the most sufficient cycle is (B) W O < WB
(C) W O = WB
(A) Diesel cycle
(D) It is not possible to calculate the work
(B) Dual cycle
outputs unless the temperature after
(C) Otto cycle
expansion is given.
(D) Stirling cycle
205. Match List I and II and select the correct
201. In an Otto cycle, twice as much energy is
answer using the code given below the lists:
generated per cycle as is rejected through
the exhaust. What is the compression ratio?
(for air, c = 1.4)
(A) 5.66 List I List II
(B) 7.66 1. Diesel cycle
P
(C) 11.12
(D) none of these
(a)

202. The stroke and bore of a four stroke spark

ignition engine are 250 mm and 200 mm, V

respectively. The clearance volume is 0.001 2. Carnot cycle

T
m3. If the specific heat ratio c = 1.4, the air-
standard cycle efficiency of the engine is (b)
(A) 46.40%
(B) 56.10% S
(C) 58.20% 3. Brayton cycle
(D) 62.80% P

(c)
Common Data for Questions: 203 and 204
In two air standard cycles—one operating on the V
Otto and the other on the Brayton cycle—air is
4. Otto cycle
isentropically compressed from 300 to 450 K. P
Heat is added to raise the temperature to 600 K in
the Otto cycle and 550 K in the Brayton cycle. (d)

203. If gO and gB are the efficiencies of the Otto

V
and Brayton cycles, then
7 IC Engines 35

Code: Code:

a b c d a b c d
(A) 4 2 3 1 (A) 3 4 1 2
(B) 1 2 3 4 (B) 1 4 3 2
(C) 4 3 2 1 (C) 3 2 1 4
(D) 1 3 2 4 (D) 1 2 3 4

206. Which gas power cycle consists of four 209. The crank radius of a single-cylinder I.C
process during which work alone is trans- engine is 60 mm and the diameter of the
ferred during two processes and heat alone is cylinder is 80 mm. The swept volume of the
transferred during the other two processes? cylinder in cm3 is
(A) Atkinson cycle (A) 48
(B) Carnot cycle (B) 96
(C) Otto cycle (C) 302
(D) Diesel cycle (D) 603

207. Consider the following statements: 210. A turbo-charged four-stroke direct injection
Comparing the thermal efficiency of air diesel engine has a displacement volume of
standard Otto and Diesel cycles, the Diesel 0.0259 m3 (25.9 L). The engine has an
cycle is more efficient for constant maxi- output of 950 kW at 2200 rpm. The mean
mum pressure and constant: effective pressure in MPa is closest to
1. Heat input (A) 2
2. Output (B) 1
3. Maximum temperature (C) 0.2
(D) 0.1
Which of the above statements is/are
correct? 211. In an air-standard Otto cycle, the compres-
sion ratio is 10. The condition at the
(A) 1, 2, and 3
beginning of the compression process is
(B) 1 only
100 kPa and 27 °C. Heat added at constant
(C) 1 and 2 only
volume is 1500 kJ/kg while 700 kJ/kg of
(D) 2 and 3 only
heat is rejected during the other constant
volume process in the cycle. Specific gas
208. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
constant for air = 0.287 kJ/kgK.
answer using the codes given below the lists:
(A) 103
List I List II (B) 310
(Name of cycle) (Characteristic of cycle efficiency g) (C) 515
(a) Otto cycle 1. g depends only upon temperature (D) 1032
limits
(b) Diesel cycle 2. g depends only on pressure limits 212. Group I shows different heat addition pro-
(c) Carnot cycle 3. g depends on volume compression cesses in power cycles. Likewise, Group II
ratio shows different heat removal processes.
(d) Baryton 4. g depends on cut-off ratio and Group III lists power cycles. Match items
cycle volume compression ratio
from Groups I, II, and III.
36 7 IC Engines

Group I Group II Group III (A) P-S-5 (B) P-S-1

P Pressure S. Pressure 1. Rankine R-U-3 R-U-3
constant constant cycle P-S-1 P-S-4
Q Volume T. Volume 2. Otto Q-T-2 P-T-2
constant constant cycle
(C) R-T-3 (D) P-T-4
R Temperature U. Temperature 3. Carnot
constant constant cycle P-S-1 R-S-3
4. Diesel P-T-4 P-S-1
cycle Q-S-5 P-S-5
5. Brayton
cycle
 Gas Turbine
8

213. An air compressor has an inlet temperature 216. Reheating in a gas turbine
of 300 K. If it could be operated isentropi-
(A) decreases the turbine work
cally, the outlet temperature would be
(B) decreases the compressor work
575 K. If the actual outlet temperature was
(C) increase the turbine work
600 K, how efficient temperature was 600 K,
(D) increases the compressor work
how efficient was the compressor?
(A) 80% 217. Consider the following statements about
(B) 95% modification in a gas turbine power plant
(C) 85.2% working on a simple Brayton cycle:
(D) 91.7%
1. Incorporation of regeneration process
increases specific work output as well as
214. In a gas turbine, working on Brayton cycle
thermal efficiency
with regeneration, air exits from the com-
2. Incorporation of regeneration process
pressor at 550 K and gas exits from the
increases thermal efficiency but specific
turbine at 800 K. If the effectiveness of the
work output remains unchanged
regenerator is 0.8, then what is the air
3. Incorporation of inter cooling process in
temperature at the combustion chamber
a multi-stage compression increases
inlet?
specific work output but the heat input
(A) 600 K also increases
(B) 650 K 4. Incorporation of intercooling process in
(C) 700 K a multi-stage compression system
(D) 750 K increases specific work output, the heat
addition remains unchanged.
215. A gas turbine works on which one of the
following cycles? Which of the above statements are correct?
(A) Otto (A) 1 and 3
(B) Dual (B) 1 and 4
(C) Rankine (C) 2 and 3
(D) Brayton (D) 2 and 4

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S. Kumar, Problems and Solutions in Thermal Engineering,
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38 8 Gas Turbine

218. Consider the following features for a gas List X List Y

turbine plant: (a) Intercooles I. 1–2
1. Intercooling (b) Combustor II. 2–3
2. Regeneration (c) Reheater III. 3–4
3. Reheat (d) High pressure compressor IV. 4–5
V. 6–7
Which of the above features in a simple gas
turbine cycle increases the network?
(A) 1, 2, and 3
(B) Only 1 and 2 Code a b c d
(C) Only 2 and 3 (A) I II IV III
(D) Only 1 and 3 (B) III IV V II
(C) II IV V III
(D) II V IV I
219. Consider the following statements with
reference to Gas turbine cycle:
1. Regeneration increases thermal
efficiency Linked Date Questions: 221 and 222
2. Reheating decreases the thermal A gas turbine operating on Brayton between the
efficiency minimum and maximum tempera ting are 35 °C
3. Cycle efficiency increases when the and 900 °C, respectively. The inlet and outlet
maximum temperature of the cycle is pressure of the compressor is 100 kPa and
increased 500 kPa, respectively.

Of the these correct statements are 221. The maximum work done per kg of air of

(A) 1, and 3 (A) 288.50 kJ/kg

(B) 2 and 3 (B) 280.25 kJ/kg
(C) 1 and 2 (C) 305.25 kJ/kg
(D) 1 and 3 (D) 225 kJ/kg

222. The ratio of efficiency of the Carnot cycle to

220. The cycle shown in the given figure repre- Brayton cycle is
sents a Gas Turbine Cycle with intercooling (A) 1.33
and reheating Match List X (Units) with (B) 1.44
List Y (Processes) and select the correct (C) 1.51
answer using the codes given below the Lists: (D) 1.25

223. An ideal Brayton cycle, operating between

T
5 the pressure limits of 1 bar and 6 bar, has a
7 minimum and maximum temperature limits
4
6 8
of 1 bar and 6 bar, has a minimum
2
and maximum temperature of 300 K and
3 1500 K. The ratio of specific heats of the
1
working fluid is 1.4. The approximate final
s
8 Gas Turbine 39

temperature in kelvin at the end of the 228. Use of maximum pressure ratio, corre-
compression and expansion processes are, sponding to maximum to minimum cycle
respectively. temperature ratio in case of Joule cycle
gives which one of the following?
(A) 500 and 900
(B) 900 and 500 (A) Maximum efficiency but very less
(C) 500 and 500 specific work output
(D) 900 and 900 (B) Maximum efficiency and very high
specific work output
224. An open cycle gas turbine uses a fuel of (C) Minimum efficiency and very less
calorific value 40,000 kJ/kg, with air–fuel specific work output
ratio of 80:1 and develops a net output of 80 (D) Minimum efficiency but very high
kJ/kg of air. What is the thermal efficiency specific work output
of the cycle?
229. The efficiency of a simple gas turbine can
(A) 61%
be improved by using a regenerator because
(B) 16%
the
(C) 18%
(D) none of these (A) Work of compression is reduced.
(B) Heat required to be supplied is reduced
225. The power required to drive a turbo- (C) Work output of the turbine is increased
compressor for a given pressure ratio (D) Heat rejected is increased
decreases when
230. The use of a regenerator in a gas turbine
(A) Air is heated at entry
cycle
(B) Air is cooled at entry
(C) Air is cooled at exit (A) Increases efficiency but has no effect
(D) Air is heated at exit on output
(B) Increases output but has no effect on
226. For the air standard Brayton cycle, an
efficiency
increase in the maximum temperature of the
(C) Increases both efficiency and output
cycle, while keeping the pressure ratio the
(D) Increases efficiency but decreases
same would result in
output
(A) Increase in air standard efficiency
(B) Decrease in air standard efficiency 231. Inter-cooling in gas turbines
(C) No change in air standard efficiency
(A) Decreases net output but increases
(D) Increase in the efficiency but reduction
thermal efficiency
in net work
(B) Increases net output but decreases
thermal efficiency
227. Optimum pressure ratio for maximum
(C) Decreases both net output and thermal
specific output for ideal gas turbine plant
efficiency.
operating at an initial temperature of 300 K
(D) Increases both net output and thermal
and maximum temperature of 100 K is
efficiency
closer to
(A) 4 232. Reheating in a gas turbine
(B) 8
(A) Increases the coprocessors work
(C) 12
(B) Decreases the compressor work
(D) 16
40 8 Gas Turbine

(C) Increases the turbine work 236. In a gas turbine plant, regeneration is done
(D) Decreases the turbine work to
(A) Increase compression work
233. A gas turbine cycle with heat exchanger and
(B) Decrease turbine work
reheating improves
(C) Limit the maximum temperature
(A) Only the thermal efficiency (D) Improve plant efficiency
(B) Only the specific power output
(C) Both thermal efficiency and specific 237. A gas turbine operating on the Brayton
power output cycle has the maximum temperature of
(D) Neither thermal efficiency nor specific 1200 K and the minimum temperature of
power output 300 K. The cycle efficiency for the maxi-
mum work capacity will be
234. Compressors used in gas turbines are of
(A) 75%
(A) Reciprocating type (B) 60%
(B) Centrifugal type (C) 50%
(C) Axial-flow type (D) 25%
(D) All of the above
238. The engines in a commercial jet aircraft
235. In a gas turbine power plant, reheating of operate on which of the basic cycles?
gases between the high pressure and low
(A) Diesel
pressure turbine stages will
(B) Otto
(A) Improve turbine output (C) Brayton
(B) Decrease turbine output (D) Carnot
(C) Increases compressor output
(D) Decreases compressor work
Answers

1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (A) 6. (C). 7. (D) 8. (A)

9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (C) 12. (D) 13. (B) 14. (C) 15. (C) 16. (C)
17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (C) 20. (A) 21. (A) 22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (D)
33. (B) 34. (B) 35. (C) 36. (B) 37. (B) 38. (A) 39. (D) 40. (D)
41. (C) 42. (D) 43. (D) 44. (D) 45. (C) 46. (C) 47. (C) 48. (A)
49. (A) 50. (B) 51. (D) 52. (C) 53. (B) 54. (C) 55. (A) 56. (D)
57. (A) 58. (A) 59. (B) 60. (C) 61. (A) 62. (D) 63. (A) 64. (A)
65. (B) 66. (C) 67. (C) 68. (D) 69. (B) 70. (A) 71. (B) 72. (B)
73. (C) 74. (D) 75. (B) 76. (A) 77. (A) 78. (C) 79. (C) 80. (A)
81. (A) 82. (B) 83. (B) 84. (B) 85. (B) 86. (A) 87. (D) 88. (D)
89. (D) 90. (B) 91. (C) 92. (A) 93. (B) 94. (D) 95. (C) 96. (A)
97. (B) 98. (D) 99. (C) 100. (C) 101. (D) 102. (D) 103. (C) 104. (D)
105. (D) 106. (A) 107. (D) 108. (B) 109. (A) 110. (B) 111. (A) 112. (B)
113. (C) 114. (A) 115. (C) 116. (A) 117. (D) 118. (B) 119. (A) 120. (B)
121. (C) 122. (A) 123. (D) 124. (C) 125. (D) 126. (B) 127. (C) 128. (B)
(continued)
MCQ-Solution 41

129. (B) 130. (D) 131. (D) 132. (B) 133. (B) 134. (C) 135. (B) 136. (A)
137. (C) 138. (A) 139. (C) 140. (B) 141. (B) 142. (A) 143. (B) 144. (B)
145. (B) 146. (A) 147. (D) 148. (A) 149. (A) 150. (B) 151. (A) 152. (B)
153. (B) 154. (A) 155. (B) 156. (B) 157. (A) 158. (B) 159. (B) 160. (B)
161. (B) 162. (D) 163. (D) 164. (B) 165. (A) 166. (A) 167. (B) 168. (C)
169. (B) 170. (B) 171. (A) 172. (B) 173. (B) 174. (B) 175. (A) 176. (C)
177. (A) 178. (D) 179. (C) 180. (B) 181. (A) 182. (A) 183. (B) 184. (C)
185. (C) 186. (B) 187. (B) 188. (C) 189. (A) 190. (A) 191. (C) 192. (A)
193. (C) 194. (D) 195. (A) 196. (D) 197. (B) 198. (B) 199. (B) 200. (C)
201. (D) 202. (C) 203. (B) 204. (A) 205. (D) 206. (C) 207. (A) 208. (A)
209. (D) 210. (A) 211. (D) 212. (A) 213. (D) 214. (D) 215. (D) 216. (C)
217. (C) 218. (D) 219. (A) 220. (B) 221. (B) 222. (C) 223. (A) 224. (D)
225. (B) 226. (C) 227. (B) 228. (A) 229. (B) 230. (A) 231. (B) 232. (C)
233. (C) 234. (C) 235. (A) 236. (D) 237. (C) 238. (C)

V2 ¼ ?
MCQ-Solution
We know that the Boyle’s law,
11. (C) T1 ¼ 27  C ¼ ð27 þ 273Þ K ¼ 300 K
p 1 V1 ¼ p2 V2
p¼C
p  V ¼ 1:01p  V2
Let V1 ¼ C
V
or V2 ¼ 1:01
V1 ¼ V
Percentage decrease in volume
V2 ¼ 3V1 ¼ 3V ( )
V1  V2
T2 ¼ ? ¼  100
V1
( V ) ( )
V  1:01 1
Applying Charles’ law, ¼  100 ¼ 1   100
V 1:01
( ) ( )
100 101  100 100
V1 V2 ¼ 1  100 ¼  100 ¼ %
¼ 101 101 101
T1 T2
V 3V
¼ 17. (A) Explanation: pV c ¼ C for adiabatic
300 T2
process .
or Taking loge both sides, we get
T2 ¼ 3  300 ¼ 900 K
. loge p þ c loge V ¼ loge C
¼ ð900  273Þ C ¼ 627 C
12. (D) Let p1 ¼ p Differentiating, we get

p2 ¼ p þ 0:01p ¼ 1:01p dp dV
þc ¼0
p V
and let V1 ¼ V
dp
or c dV
V ¼ p
42 8 Gas Turbine

or dV
V ¼  1c dp
p 285 310
¼
298 T2
25. (D) Explanation. Given data:
or
At initial state At final state
m1 = 6 kg m2 ¼ m21 ¼ 62 ¼ 3 kg T2 ¼ 324:15 K ¼ 51:15  C
p1 = 3 atm p2 = 2.2 atm
27. (A) Explanation

T1 ¼ 40 C T2 = ?
¼ ð40 þ 273Þ K ¼ 313 K Work done:

W ¼ 20 kJ=kg
pV ¼ mRT Heat transfer:
p R
¼ ) R&V are constant
mT V Q ¼ 40 kJ=kg
p1 p2
¼
m1 T1 m2 T2 We know that
3 2:2
¼
6  313 3  T2 Q ¼ dU þ W
40 ¼ dU  20
or T2 ¼ 459:06 K ¼ 186:06  C
26. (B) Explanation. Given data: or

Before trip After trip

dU ¼ 40 þ 20 ¼ 20 kJ=kg
Gage pressure pG1 = 190 kPa pG2 = 215 kPa
Thus, the internal energy decreases by 20 kJ/kg
patm = 95 kPa p2 ¼ pG2 þ patm
¼ 215 þ 95 ¼ 310 kPa 38. (A) Explanation

T1 ¼ 25 C T2 = ?
¼ ð25 þ 273ÞK ¼ 298 K At initial state At final state
m1 = 10 kg m2 = ?
Absolute pressure: T1 = 300 K T2 = 500 K
V1 = 1 m3 V2 = V1 = 1 m3 Rigid tank
p1 ¼ pG1 þ patm
Let p1 = p p2 = p1 = p
¼ 190 þ 95 ¼ 285 kPa
From equation of state

Equation of state, p1 V1 = m1 R T1 p2 V2 = m2 R T2
p1 m1 T1 p1
R ¼ V1 R ¼ mV2 T2 2 ) p2 ¼ p1
pV ¼ mRT
p mR
¼ ) m; R and V are constant m1 T1 m2 T2
T V ) ¼
p V1 V2
¼ constant
T
10  300 m2  500
p 1 p2 ¼
¼ 1 1
T1 T2
MCQ-Solution 43

or m2 ¼ 6 kg or

Mass of air escaped ¼ m1  m2 ¼ 10  6 Q ¼ mcp ðT2  T1 Þ

¼ 4 kg ¼ 0:058  1:054ð900  300Þ
¼ 36:679 kJ
39. (B) Explanation: Given data for the isobaric
process. cp  cv ¼ R
c p ¼ R þ cv
T1 ¼ 300 K
¼ 0:287 þ 0:767
V1 ¼ 0:01 m3 ¼ 1:054 kJ=kgK
V2 ¼ 0:03 m3
43. (D) Explanation: Given data:
R ¼ 0:287 kJ=kgK
cv ¼ 0:767 kJ=kgK Q ¼ 100 W ¼ 100 J=s

W ¼ 10 kJ Volume of room:

For isobaric process, V ¼ 2:5  3  3 ¼ 22:5 m3

T1 T2 Time:
¼
V1 V2
t ¼ 24 hr ¼ 24  60  60 s ¼ 86400 s
300 T2
¼
0:01 0:03 Initial temperature:
or T2 ¼ 900 K T1 ¼ 20  C ¼ ð20 þ 273ÞK ¼ 293 K

W ¼ p ð V2  V 1 Þ p1 V ¼ mRT1
10 ¼ pð0:03  0:01Þ
where
or p ¼ 500 kPa
p1 ¼ patm ¼ 1 bar ¼ 100 kPa
p1 V1 ¼ mRT1 R ¼ 0:287 kJ=kgK
500  0:01 ¼ m  0:287  300 ) 100  22:5 ¼ m  0:287  297

or m ¼ 0:058 kg or

Q ¼ mcv ðT2  T1 Þ þ W m ¼ 26:75 kg

¼ 0:058  0:767ð900  300Þ þ 10 Q ¼ 100 J=s ¼ 100  86400 J ¼ 8640 kJ
¼ 26:69 þ 10 ¼ 36:69 kJ
also
The +ve sign shows that heat transfer from sur-
roundings to the air. Q ¼ mcv ðT2  T1 Þ
44 8 Gas Turbine

) 8640 ¼ 26:75  0:718ðT2  293Þ p 1 p2

¼
T1 T2
449:84 ¼ T2  293
201:325 p2
¼
or 288 278

T2 ¼ 449:84 þ 297 ¼ 742:84 K or

  
¼ ð742:84  273Þ C ¼ 469:84 C  470 C p2 ¼ 194:33 kPa ðabsoluteÞ

44. (D), 45 (C) also

Explanation: p2 ¼ pG2 þ pamt

Gauge pressure: ) 194:33 ¼ pG2 þ 101:325

pG1 ¼ 1 bar ¼ 100 kPa or

Ambient temperature: pG2 ¼ 93 kPa ¼ 0:93 bar

T1 ¼ 15  C ¼ ð15 þ 273Þ K ¼ 288 K Alternatively:

Absolute pressure: p1 V ¼ mRT2

p1 ¼ pG1 þ patm ¼ 100 þ 101325 ¼ 201:325 kPa p2  2500  106 ¼ 6:089  103  0:287
 278
Temperature:
or

T2 ¼ 5 C ¼ ð5 þ 273Þ K ¼ 278 K
p2 ¼ 194:32 kPa ðabsoluteÞ
p1 V1 ¼ mRT1
also
201:325  2500  106 ¼ m  0:287  288
p2 ¼ pG2 þ patm
or
m ¼ 6:089  103 kg ) 194:32 ¼ pG2 þ 101:325
Heat loss:
or
Q ¼ mcv ðT1  T2 Þ
pG2 ¼ 92:99 kPa
¼ 6:089  103  0:718ð288  278Þ
 93 kPa
¼ 0:0437 kJ ¼ 43:7 J
¼ 0:93 bar
At
Case-II
V¼C If

pG1 ¼ 1 bar ¼ 100 kPa

MCQ-Solution 45

Absolute pressure:
patm
p1 ¼ pG1 þ pamt
¼ 100 þ 101:325 ¼ 201:325 kPa p

T1 ¼ 278 K
T2 ¼ 288 K
47. (B) Explanation:
At Rate of heat lost by materials = Rate of heat
gained by air
V¼C
p2 p1 dT
¼ mc ¼ hAðTs  T1 Þ
T2 T1 t
p2 201:325 1
¼ h/
288 278 t

or or

p2 ¼ 208:56 kPa ht ¼ C
h1 t 1 ¼ h 2 t 2
also
h  40 ¼ 2ht2
p2 ¼ pG2 þ pamt
or
) 208:56 ¼ pG2 þ 101:325
t2 ¼ 20 s
or
48. (A) Explanation: given data for constant
pG2 ¼ 107:235 kPa ¼ 1:07 bar
temperature process
46. (C) Explanation: p1 ¼ 0:8 MPa ¼ 800 kPa
Pressure of gas in a cylinder:
V1 ¼ 0:015 m3
p ¼ 300 kPa V2 ¼ 0:030 m3

Ambient pressure: We knows that work done for constant temper-

ature process,
patm ¼ 100 kPa
V2
Change in volume: W ¼ p1 V1 loge
V1
0:030
dV ¼ 0:01 m3 ¼ 800  0:015 loge
0:015
¼ 8:317 kJ  8:32kJ
Wmax ¼ ðp  pamt ÞdV
¼ ð300  ð100Þ  0:01 ¼ 2kJ
46 8 Gas Turbine

49. (A) Explanation: Given data: Work:

Adiabatic index: RT1  RT2 RðT1  T2 Þ

w12 ¼ ¼
c1 c1
c ¼ 1:67
0:2078ð300  396:12Þ
¼ ¼ 29:81 kJ=kg
Molecular weight: 1:67  1

M ¼ 40 The −ve sign indicates work done on the system.

For adiabatic compression,

p 2
p1 ¼ 0:1 MPa
T1 ¼ 300 K
pv =C
p2 ¼ 0:2 MPa

Universal gas constant:

1

R ¼ 8:314 kJ=kmol K
v
For process 1–2,
50. (B) Explanation: Given data for isothermal
( )c1 process:
T2 p2 c
¼
T1 p1 m ¼ 10 kg
( )1:67
T1 ¼ 60  C ¼ ð60 þ 273Þ K ¼ 333 K
1
T2 0:2 1:67
¼
300 0:1 p1 ¼ 100 kPa
T2 p2 ¼ 800 kPa
¼ ð2Þ0:401
300
Heat transfer:
or
Q ¼ Work done
T2 ¼ 396:12 K
V2
¼ p1 V1 loge
Gas constant: V1
p1
¼ mRT1 loge
Universal gas constant : R p2
R¼ 100
Molecular weight : M ¼ 10  0:287  333 loge ¼ 1987:34 kJ
8:314 800
¼ ¼ 0:2078 kJ/kgK
40 51. (D) Explanation: Given data for adiabatic
For unit mass, compression:

p 1 v 1  p2 v 2 At initial state:
w12 ¼
c1 p1 ¼ 100 kPa
MCQ-Solution 47

T1 ¼ 20  C ¼ ð20 þ 273Þ K ¼ 393 K DU ¼ I 2 R

¼ ð10Þ2  23 ¼ 2300 W ¼ 2:3 kW
At final state:

p2 ¼ 800 kPa According to first law of thermodynamic for

process:
T2 ¼ ?
Q ¼ dU þ W
We know the relation between temperature and
pressure for adiabatic process, 0 ¼ 2:3 þ W

( )c1 or
T2 p2 c
¼
T1 p1 W ¼ 2:3 kW
( )1:41
T2 800 1:4 58. (A) Explanation:
¼ *c ¼ 1:4 for air
293 100
T2 Volume of room ¼ 10  20  3 ¼ 600 m3
¼ ð8Þ0:255 ¼ 1:808
293
Heat emitted by one person ¼ 400 kJ=h
or 400 kJ
¼ ¼ 0:11 kJ=s
3600 s
T2 ¼ 1:808  293 ¼ 529:74 K ¼ 0:11 kW
¼ ð529:74  273Þ  C ¼ 256:74  C  257  C
Heat emitted by 100 persons ¼ 100  0:11
¼ 11 kW
55. (A) Explanation:
Heat added by light energy ¼ 300 W
Heat transfer: ¼ 0:300 kW
Q¼0 well  insulated wall Total heat added ¼ 11 þ 0:300 ¼ 11:300 kW

Increase in internal energy: Heat added in 15 min or 900 s ¼ 11:300  900

¼ 10170 kJ
DU ¼ rate of heat dissipated by a resistor
48 8 Gas Turbine

Suppose initial temperature of room, T = 22 °C Q ¼ mcp DT

(for human comfort condition)
i.e., ) 10170 ¼ 718:029  1:005  DT
10170
T ¼ 22  C ¼ 22 þ 273 ¼ 295 K DT ¼ ¼ 14:0  C
718:029  1:005
Pressure: 60. (C) and 61. (A) Explanation:
Efficiency of Lenoir cycle,
P ¼ 1:01325 bar ¼ 1:01325  100 kPa
" #
rp1=c  1
Applying equation of state we have, g¼1c
rp  1
pV ¼ mRT
where
or
c ¼ 1:4
pV 1:01325  100  600 p3
m¼ ¼ rp ¼ ; pressure ratio
RT 0:287  295 p2
m ¼ 718:029 kg 400
¼ ¼4
100
Now Heat added in room in 15 min, " #
ð4Þ1=1:4  1
g ¼ 1  1: 4 ¼ 1  0:7895
Q ¼ 10170 kJ 41
¼ 0:2105 ¼ 21:05%
also

p
3 T 3
400kPa
γ
pV = C
1
2
100kPa 1
2

1 m3 v s
MCQ-Solution 49

Alternatively:

For adiabatic process: 3–1: Work output:

p1 V1c ¼ p3 V3c W ¼ QA  QR
p3 c
V1c ¼ V Thermal efficiency:
p1 3
W QA  QR
or gth ¼ ¼
QA QA
( )1=c QR mcp ðT1  T2 Þ
p3 ¼1 ¼1
V1 ¼ V3 QA mcv ðT3  T2 Þ
p1
( ) mðT1  T2 Þ mRðT1  T2 Þ
400 1=1:4 ¼1c ¼1c
¼ 1 mT3  T2 mRðT3  T2 Þ
100 ð p1 V1  p 2 V 2 Þ
¼ 2:69 m3 ¼1c
ð p3 V3  p2 V 2 Þ
p 1 ð V 1  V2 Þ
Process 2–3: Heat addition at constant volume: ¼1c ) V 2 ¼ V3 ; p 1 ¼ p 2
V 2 ð p3  p2 Þ
QA ¼ mcv ðT3  T2 Þ 1:4  100ð2:69  1Þ
¼1 ¼ 1  0:7886
1ð400  100Þ
Process 1–2: Heat rejection at constant pressure: ¼ 0:2114 ¼ 21:14%

QR ¼ mcp ðT1  T2 Þ
50 8 Gas Turbine

64. (A) Explanation: m ¼ 0:70 kg=s

Applying the steady flow energy equation h1 ¼ 290 kJ=kg
between sections (1)–(2) and (2)–(2),
we get h2 ¼ 450 kJ=kg

V12 V2 V1 ¼ 6 m=s
h1 þ þ gz1 þ q ¼ h2 þ 2 þ gz2 þ w
2 2 V2 ¼ 2 m=s
where Applying the steady flow energy equation,
q = 0 insulated pipe [ ]
V2 gz1
w = 0 no shaft work m h1 þ 1 þ þQ
z2 = z2 for horizontal pipe [ 2000 21000 ]
V1 = V2 Constant Cross-Sectional Area V gz2
¼ m h2 þ 2 þ þW
) h1 = h2 2000 1000
67. (C) Explanation: where
Change in enthalpy: Q = 0, adiabatic flow,
[ ] [ ]
Dh ¼ 100 kJ=kg V12 V22
) m h1 þ ¼ m h2 þ þW
2000 2000
h2  h1 ¼ 100 kJ=kg " # " #
ð6Þ2 ð2Þ2
0:70 290 þ ¼ 0:7 450 þ þW
or 2000 2000

h1  h2 ¼ 100 kJ=kg 203:01 ¼ 315 þ W

Inlet velocity is negligible i.e., V1 = 0 or

Exit velocity: W ¼ 111:99 kW  112 kW

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
V2 ¼ 2000ðh1  h2 Þ m=s Thus, the power is input to the compressor is 112
kW.
where h1 and h2 are in kJ/kg
69. (B) Explanation: Given data:
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
V2 ¼ 2000  100 ¼ 447:21 m=s
V1 ¼ 20 m=s
68. (D) Explanation: Given data for compressor:
MCQ-Solution 51

V2 ¼ 200 m=s p1 ¼ 10 bar

h1 ¼ 3000 kJ=kg
Applying the steady flow energy equation for
unit mass flow rate, p2 ¼ 1 bar

V12 gz1 V2 gz2 h2 ¼ 2700 kJ=kg

h1 þ þ þ q ¼ h2 þ 2 þ þw
2000 1000 2000 1000 W ¼ 250 kJ=kg
q¼?
where

q ¼ 0; w ¼ 0 The steady flow energy equation for unit mass

flow rate,
and
V12 V2
h1 þ þ gz1 þ q ¼ h2 þ 2 þ gz2 þ w
z1 ¼ z 2 2 2

V12 V2 Change in KE and PE are negligible

) h1 þ ¼ h2 þ 2
2000 2000
h1 þ q ¼ h2 þ w
V2 V2
) h 1  h2 ¼ 2  1 3000 þ q ¼ 2700 þ 250
2000 2000
V22  V12
cp ðT1  T2 Þ ¼ or
2000
q ¼ 50 kJ=kg
where
The heat transfer from the turbine casing to the
cp ¼ 1:005 kJ=kg for air
surroundings is equal to 50 kJ/kg.
T1 ; T2 are in  C or K
72. (B) Explanation. Given data:
2 2
ð200Þ  ð20Þ
) 1:005ðT1  T2 Þ ¼ ¼ 19:8 m ¼ 0:2 kg=s
2000
h1 ¼ 3263:88 kJ=kg
or
h2 ¼ 3167:65 kJ=kg
19:8
T1  T 2 ¼ ¼ 19:70  C  20  C
1:005 Exit velocity:
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
70. (A) Explanation: Given data: V2 ¼ 2000ðh1  h2 Þ m=s

h1 ¼ 2988 kJ=kg where

h2 ¼ 2888 kJ=kg
h1 and h2 are in kJ/kg
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
V2 ¼ 2000ðh1  h2 Þm=s
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 2000ð2988  2888Þ ¼ 447:21 m=s ) V2 ¼ 2000ð3263:88  3167:65Þ
¼ 438:70 m=s
71. (B) Explanation: Given data:
52 8 Gas Turbine

Note: The above expression of V2 is only used or

when flow through the nozzle is adiabatic and
inlet velocity is neglected. T2 ¼ 483:97 K  484 K

73. (C) Explanation: 74. (D) Explanation. Continuity equation for

Applying the steady flow energy equation compression flow

A1 V 1 A2 V 2
¼
v1 v2
A1 V1 A2 V2 ) pv ¼ RT
¼
RT1 RT2 or v ¼ RT
P
p1 p2

A 1 V 1 p 1 A2 V 2 p 2
¼
T1 T2

V12 V2 80  10  300 A2  180  100

h1 þ þ gz1 þ g ¼ h2 þ 2 þ gz2 þ w ¼
2 2 500 484

Assumptions: or

z1 ¼ z2 A2 ¼ 12:90 cm2

q ¼ 0; adiabatic flow 75. (B) Explanation:

w ¼ 0; always for nozzle The specific work required to be supplied to the
V12 V22 compressor:
h1 þ ¼ h2 þ
2 2 Z 2

V12 V22 w¼ vdp

c p T1 þ ¼ c p T2 þ 1
2 2
2 76. (A) Explanation: Given data:
ð10Þ ð180Þ2
1008  500 þ ¼ 1008T2 þ
2 2 h1 ¼ 2800 kJ=kg
504050 ¼ 1008T2 þ 16200
h2 ¼ 200 kJ=kg

m kg 0.8m kg
Boiler Turbine

BoilerFeed 0.2m kg
Pump
2 Condenser

3 2

m kg 0.8m kg Condensate
OpenFeedwater Extraction
Heater Pump
MCQ-Solution 53

Using energy balance equation for open feed- when v is in m3/kg

water heater
p1 & p2 are in kPa
m h3 ¼ 0:2 m h1 þ 0:8 m h2 p1  p2 3000  70
) wp ¼ ¼ ¼ 2:93 kJ=kg
q 1000
or
79. (C) Explanation: The balloon ruptures in an
h3 ¼ 0:2 h1 þ 0:8 h2
evacuated and insulated room, the gas fills up the
¼ 0:2  2800 þ 0:8  200 ¼ 720 kJ=kg entire room. This case is related to free
expansion.
77. (A) Explanation:
That is.,
Applying the steady flow energy equation
( ) ( ) d Q ¼ 0; d W ¼ 0
V2 V2
m h1 þ þ gz1 þ Q ¼ m h2 þ 2 þ gz2 þ W
2 2 According to firist law of the thermodynamics,

where d Q ¼ dU ¼ d W
0 ¼ dU þ 0
Q¼0
for adiabatic flow
( 2
) ( ) dU ¼ 0
V1 V22
m hþ þ gz1 ¼ m h2 þ þ gz2 þ W U2  U 1 ¼ 0
2 2
U2 ¼ U1
On units balancing
mcv T2 ¼ mcv T1
( ) ( )
V2 gz1 V2 gz
m h1 þ 1 þ ¼ m h2 þ 2 þ þW or
2000 1000 2000 1000
! T2 ¼ T1
ð160Þ2 9:81  10
20 3200 þ þ mcp T2 ¼ mcp T1
2000 1000
!
ð100Þ2 9:81  6 or
¼20 2600 þ þ þW
2000 1000
H2 ¼ H1
64257:96 ¼ 52101:17 þ W
For free expansion of an ideal gas, both internal
or energy and enthalpy of the gas remain constant.

W ¼ 12156:79 kW ¼ 12:1568 MW 80. (A) Explanation: For unsteady flow process,

 12:157 MW the unsteady flow energy equation,
[ ] [ ]
V2 V2
78. (C) Explanation: Q ¼ m2 u2 þ 2 þ gz2  m1 u2 þ 1 þ gz2
2 2
Specific work supplied to the pump, [ 2
] [ 2
]
V V
þ me he þ c þ gze  ml hi þ i þ gzi þ W
2 2
wp ¼ vðp1  p2 Þ kJ=kg
ð1Þ
54 8 Gas Turbine

cp
T2 ¼ Ti ¼ c Ti
cv
¼ 1:4  623 ¼ 872:3 K ¼ 599:2  C

The final temperature T2 = 599.2 °C inside the

tank is greater than 350 °C.
Ti=350°C 82. (B) Explanation:
i i
=623K
h1 ¼ 3000 kJ=kg; h2 ¼ 2700 kJ=kg
w ¼ 250 kJ=kg
Tank
Applying the SFEE for unit mass flow rate,

V12 V2
h1 þ þ gz1 þ q ¼ h2 þ 2 þ gz2 þ w
2 2
For given problem,
Change in KE and PE are negligible
V1, V2 are neglected
z1 =z2 h1 þ q ¼ h2 þ w
m1 = 0, evacuated tank
3000 þ q ¼ 2700 þ 250
me =0 no exit
zi =0 q ¼ 50 kJ=kg
Q = 0, W = 0
The −ve sign indicates, the heat transfer from the
Above Eq. (1) becomes turbine casing to the surroundings.
0 ¼ m2 u2  mi hi 91. (C) Explanation: Given data:

or Q1 ¼ 100 kW

m2 u2 ¼ mi hi Q2 ¼ 50 kW

u2 ¼ hi ) m1 ¼ m2 T3 ¼ 290 K

cv T2 ¼ cp Ti T4 ¼ 348 K
MCQ-Solution 55

Heat engine work output: Carnot efficiency:

W ¼ Q1  Q2 T2
gCarnot ¼ 1 
T1
W ¼ 100  50 ¼ 50 kW 283
¼ Pump input work ¼1 ¼ 1  0:9433
300
Q4 ¼ 0:0567 ¼ 5:67%
ðCOPÞHP ¼
W

also

T4
ðCOPÞHP ¼
T4  T3
Q4 T4
) ¼
W T4  T3
Q 348 348
¼ ¼
50 348  290 58

or

Q ¼ 300 kW

92. (A) Explanation:

T1 ¼ 27  C ¼ ð27 þ 273Þ K ¼ 300 K Since, the actual efficiency of heat engine is more
than the Carnot efficiencey, so the heat engine is
T2 ¼ 10  C ¼ ð10 þ 1273Þ K ¼ 283 K
impossible
W ¼ 10 kW
93. (B) Explanation:
9900
Q2 ¼ 9900 kJ=min ¼ kJ=s ¼ 165 kW
60
T1
Q1 ¼ W þ Q2
¼ 10 þ 165
¼ 175 kW Q1

Efficiency:
HE W
W 10
g¼ ¼
Q1 175
¼ 0:0571
Q2
¼ 5:71%

T2
56 8 Gas Turbine

T2 ¼ 20  C ¼ ð20 þ 273ÞK T1 ¼ 377  C

¼ 293 K ¼ ð377 þ 273Þ K ¼ 650 K

T1 ¼ 200  C ¼ ð200 þ 273ÞK T2 ¼ 27  C ¼ ð27 þ 273Þ K

¼ 473 K ¼ 300 K
W ¼ 10 kW
Carnot efficiency:
T2
gCarnot ¼1 T2 300
T1 gCarnot ¼ 1  ¼1
293 T1 650
¼1 ¼ 1  0:4615
473
¼ 1  0:6194 ¼ 0:3806 ¼ 0:5385 ¼ 53:85%

also Actual efficiency:

W
gCarnot ¼ Q2
Q1
g¼1
10 Q1
) 0:3806 ¼ 0:5Q1
Q ¼1
Q1
or ¼ 1  0:5 ¼ 0:5 ¼ 50%

T2 Since, the actual efficiency is less than the Carnot

Q1 ¼ 1  ¼ 26:27 kW
T1 efficiency, so this engine has possible cycle.

also 95. (C) Explanation:

Q1 ¼ W þ Q2
) 26:27 ¼ 10 þ Q2 T 1 =650°C

or
Q 1 = 2512kJ/min
Q2 ¼ 26:27  10 ¼ 25:27 kWorkJ=s

94. (D) Explanation:

HE W
T1

Q 2 = 900kJ/min
Q1

HE W T 2 =100°C

Fig.Heatengine
Q2 = 0.5Q 1

T2

Fig.Heatengine
MCQ-Solution 57

Q1 ¼ 2512 kJ=min as

T1 ¼ 650  C Actual COP

¼ 0:8
¼ ð273 þ 650Þ K ¼ 923 K Reversible COP
Actual COP ¼ Reversible COP  0:8
Q2 ¼ 900 kJ=min
¼ 3  0:8 ¼ 2:4
T2 ¼ 100  C
¼ ð273 þ 100Þ K ¼ 373 K also

Q2
Carnot efficiency: Actual COP ¼
W
T2 Q2
gCarnot ¼ 1  2:4 ¼
T1 W
373 Q2 2:4
¼1 W¼ ¼ ¼ 1 kW
923 2:4 2:4
¼ 1  0:4041 ¼ 0:5959 ¼ 59:59%
97. (B) Explanation:
Actual efficiency:

Q2 373 T1
g¼1 ¼1
Q1 923
¼ 1  0:3582 ¼ 0:6418%
Q1
Since, the actual efficiency is more than than
Carnot efficiency, so this type of heat engine is
impossible. W R
96. (A) Explanation:

Actual COP Q2
¼ 0:8
Reversible COP

Cooling capacity:
T2
Q2 ¼ 2:4 kW
T1 ¼ 51  C ¼ 324 K Fig.Carnotcyclerefrigerator

T2 ¼ 30  C ¼ 30 þ 273 ¼ 273 K T1 ¼ 300 K; T2 ¼ 250 K

T2
Now reversible ðCOPÞR ¼
T1  T2
T2 243 243 250
COP ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼3 ¼
T1  T2 324  243 81 300  250
250
¼ ¼5
50
58 8 Gas Turbine

98. (D) Explanation: Now

Q  Q2 Q  0:5Q 0:5Q
T1 g¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:5
Q2 Q Q

As
Q1
1
ðCOPÞHP ¼
g
W R 1 10
ðCOPÞHP ¼ ¼ ¼2
0:5 5

101. (B) Explanation:

Q2
Let Q1 = Q2, T1 = ?, T2 = 27 °C = 300 K

40
Q2 ¼ Q ¼ 0:4 Q
T2 100

Fig.Refrigerator Now

Q2 T2
Q1 ¼ 120 kW ¼
Q T1
W ¼ 30 kW
0:4 Q 300
¼
Q1 ¼ W þ Q2 Q T1
120 ¼ 30 þ Q2 0:4 T1 ¼ 300
300
or T1 ¼ ¼ 750 K
0:4
Q2 ¼ 120  30 ¼ 90 kW
T1 ¼ 750  273 ¼ 477  C
Q2 90
COP ¼ ¼ ¼3
W 30 102. (C) Explanation:

99. (C) Explanation: T1 ¼ 327  C ¼ 327 þ 273 ¼ 600 K

gCarnot ¼ 30% ¼ 0:30 T2 ¼ 27  C ¼ 27 þ 273 ¼ 300 K

1 1 Now
ðCOPÞHP ¼ ¼ ¼ 3:33
gCarnot 0:3
T2 300 1
gCarnot ¼ 1  ¼1 ¼ 1  ¼ 0:5
100. (C) Explanation: T1 600 2
Let
Let
Q1 ¼ Q
Q1 ¼ Q

50
Q2 ¼ 50% Q ¼ Q ¼ 0:5Q
100
MCQ-Solution 59

45 For same work output,

Q2 ¼ 45%Q ¼ Q ¼ 0:45 Q
100 T1 þ T3
T2 ¼
Now 2
453 þ 293
¼ ¼ 373 K
Q  Q2 Q  0:45Q 0:55Q 2
gHE ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:55
Q1 Q Q ¼ 100  C

Since 105. (D) Explanation:

Given data:
gHE [ gCarnot
Q1 ¼ 250 kJ=s
So inventor’s heat engine is an impossible
engine T1 ¼ 227  C
¼ 227 þ 273 ¼ 500 K
103. (C) Explanation:
T2 ¼ 27  C ¼ 27 þ 273 ¼ 300 K
Given data:
Q2 ¼ ?
T1 ¼ 180  C
¼ ð180 þ 273ÞK Since cycle is reversible so
¼ 453 K
Q2 T2
¼
T3 ¼ 20 C  Q1 T1
¼ ð20 þ 273ÞK Q2 300
¼
¼ 293 K 250 500

or
T1
300
Q2 ¼  250 ¼ 150 kJ=s
Q1 500

HE1 W1 109. (A) Explanation:

Q2
T1 ¼ 327  C ¼ ð327 þ 273ÞK ¼ 600 K

and
T2

T2 ¼ 27  C ¼ ð27 þ 273ÞK ¼ 300 K

Q2

Maximum efficiency:
HE2 W2
T2
Q3 gmax ¼ 1 
T1
300 300 1
T3 ¼1 ¼ ¼
600 600 2
Fig.
60 8 Gas Turbine

110. (B) Explanation:

p
T
3
3 Q1
TH 4
4

2
TL 1
1 2
Q2
v s

Fig.CarnotCycle

Heat supplied: 126. (B) Explanation:

Q1 ¼ 53 kJ We know that D S ¼ dTQ .

Integrating between states 1 and 2 gives
Adiabalic expansion ratio:
Z2 Z2
V1 dQ
¼ 16 DS ¼
V4 T
1 1
Heat rejected: Z2
1
S2  S1 ¼ dQ *T ¼ C
Q2 ¼ ? T
1
For adiabatic expansion process 4–1, 1
¼ Q12
T
( )1c mRT V2 V2
TL V1 ¼ ln ¼ mR ln
¼ T V1 V1
TH V4
p1
TL 1 1 ¼ mR ln
¼ ð16Þ114 ¼ ð16Þ0:4 ¼ 0:4 ¼ p2
TH 16 3:031
Q where
TL
gCarnot ¼ 1  ¼1 2
TH Qi p 1 V2
¼ for isothermal process
p 2 V1
or
or
TL Q 2 TL 1
¼ ; Q2 ¼  Q1 ¼  53
TH Q1 TH 3:031 We know that the entropy change in terms of
¼ 17:48 kJ temperature and pressure ratios,

116. (A) If an irreversible process occurs in a T2 p2

S2  S1 ¼ mcp ln  mR ln
closed system, the entropy of the system must T1 p1
increases.
where T1 = T2 for isothermal process.
MCQ-Solution 61

p2 T1 ¼ 17  C ¼ ð17 þ 273ÞK ¼ 290 K

S2  S1 ¼ mR ln
p1
p1 p2 ¼ 600 kPa
¼ mR ln
p2 
T2 ¼ 57 C ¼ ð57 þ 273ÞK ¼ 330 K

127. (C) Explanation: R ¼ 0:287 kJ/kgK

cv ¼ 0:718 kJ/kgK
cp ¼ 1:047 kJ=kgK
T1 ¼ 1260 K; T2 ¼ 480 K We know that the entropy change in terms of
temperature and pressure ratio,
T0 ¼ 295 K
T2 p2
Available energy: s2  s1 ¼ cp loge  R loge
T1 p1
for umits mass
T1
AE ¼ cp ðT1  T2 Þ  T0 cp loge
T2
1260 where
¼ 1:046ð1260  480Þ  295  1:046 loge
480
¼ 815:88  297:79 cp ¼ R þ cv *R ¼ cp  cv
¼ 518:1 kJ=kgK ¼ 0:287 þ 0:718 ¼ 1:005 kJ=kgK
330 600
) s2  s1 ¼ 1:005 loge  0:287 loge
128. (B) Explanation: 290 100
¼ 0:1298  0:5142
Increase in etntropy:
¼ 0:3844 kJ=kgK
p2
DS ¼ mR loge for throttling process  0:385 kJ=kgK
p1
130. (D) Explanation:
where

DS ¼ 0:06 kW=K
m ¼ 2 kg=s

and

R ¼ 0:287 kJ=kgK
p2
) 0:06 ¼ 2  0:287 loge
p1

or
p2
¼ 0:9
p1

129. (B) Explanation. Given data:

p1 ¼ 100 kPa Fig.

Let Q2 heat in kJ can be transfer to 400 K

and Q3 heat rejected to the sink at 300 K
62 8 Gas Turbine

T1 ¼ 350 K Q1 Q2 Q3
  ¼0
T1 400 300
Q1 ¼ 100 kJ
100 Q2 ð100  Q2 Þ
T2 ¼ 400 K   ¼0
350 400 300
100 Q2 1 Q2
T3 ¼ 300 K   þ ¼0
350 400 [ 3 300
]
Heat supplied: 1 1 1 1
  Q2  ¼0
3:5 3 400 300
[ ]
Q1 ¼ Q2 þ Q3 300  400
0:2857  0:3333  Q2 ¼0
100 ¼ Q2 þ Q3 120000
( )
100
0:0476  Q2 ¼0
or 120000
100
Q3 ¼ 100  Q2 Q2 ¼ 0:0476
120000
Q2 ¼ 57:12 kJ
Applying the Clausious equality,

132. (B) Explanation:

Process I Process II

1200K 800K

Q1 = 2500kJ Q2 = 2000kJ

800K 500K

Entropy change of Process I: Entropy change of Process II:

Q1 Q1 Q2 Q2
DS1 ¼ þ DS2 ¼ þ
T1 T2 T1 T2
2500 2500 2000 2000
¼ þ ¼ þ
1200 800 800 500
¼ 2:08 þ 3:12 ¼ 2:5 þ 4
¼ 1:04 kJ=K ¼ 1:5 kJ=K
MCQ-Solution 63

Thus, DS2 > DS1, Process II is more irreversible

than Process -I
133. (B) Explanation:

Change in entropy:
pp ¼ 150 kPa pQ ¼ ?
TQ pQ
TP ¼ 30 K TQ ¼ 300 K sQ  sp ¼ cp loge  R loge
Tp pP
cp ¼ 1:005 kJ=kgK; cv ¼ 0:718 kJ=kgK 300 50
¼ 1:005 loge  0:287 loge
cp 1:005 350 150
c¼ ¼ ¼ 1:4 ¼ 1:005ð0:1541Þ  0:287ð1:098Þ
cv 0:718
¼ 0:1548 þ 0:3151 ¼ 0:160 kJ=kgK
For adiabatic process P–Q,
( )c1 135. (B) Explanation:
TQ pQ c
¼
TP pp If 2 mol of O2 are mixed adiabatically with
anther 2 mol of O2 at the same temperature and
300 ( pQ )1:41:41 ( pQ )0:255 pressure, the final temperature and pressure of
¼ ¼
350 150 150 the mixture become same as the initial state, then
the change of entropy due to mixture is zero.
or
( ) 136. (B) Explanation:
pQ 300 3:5
¼ According to Clausious’s inequality,
150 350
I
pQ dQ
¼ 0:583 0
150 T
100 50 60
or þ  0
1000 500 300
pQ ¼ 87:45 kPa 0:1 þ 0:1  0:2  0

134. (B) Explanation: 0¼0

If

pQ ¼ 50 kPa
64 8 Gas Turbine

Hence, the cyclic device can be a reversible heat ¼ mw cpw ðTw  0Þ

engine. ¼ 20  4:18ð20  0Þ ¼ 1672 kJ
138. (A) Explanation:
Which of less than the amount of heat required to
Given data: change 10 kg of ice at 0 °C to 10 kg of water at
0 °C. It means that some amount of ice is melted
mice ¼ 10 kg mw ¼ 20 kg to gain the net heat of 20 kg of water by changing
T1 ¼ 0  C Tw1 ¼ 20  C the temperature from 20 to 0 °C.
Let m = mass of ice is melted at 0 °C.
Latent heat: Applying the energy balance equation heat
gained by ice when ice when m kg of ice of
L ¼ 340 kJ=kg melted at 0 °C = heat lost of 20 kg water by
changing the temperature from 20 to 0 °C
Now to check the final equilibrium state of the
system. mL ¼ mw cpw ðTw  0Þ
The amount of heat required to change 10 kg of m  340 ¼ 1672
ice at 0 °C to 10 kg of water at 0°C,
or
¼ mL
¼ 10  340 ¼ 3400 kJ m ¼ 4:92 kg

The amount of heat loss of change 20 kg of water

at 20 °C to 0°C,

Fig.
MCQ-Solution 65

Entropy change of ice block, Loss of availability:

mL I ¼ T0 DSuni
ðDSÞice ¼
T1 ¼ 300  0:1 ¼ 30 kJ
where 152. (B) Explanation:
T1 ¼ 273 K pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
V2 ¼ 2D h m=s
4:92  340
) ðDSÞice ¼ ¼ 6:12 kJ=K
273 where Dh is in J/kg
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Entrapy change of 20 kg water, ) V2 ¼ 2  200 ¼ 400 ¼ 20 m=s
Tf
ðDSÞw ¼ mw cpw logk 157. (A) Explanation:
Tw
Volume of rigid tank:
where
V ¼ 200 m3
Tf ¼ 273 K
Let total mass in tank ¼ m kg
Tw ¼ 20  C ¼ ð20 þ 273ÞK ¼ 293 K
Mass of liquid:
273
) ðDSÞw ¼ 20  4:18 loge ¼ 5:91 kJ=K
293 mf ¼ 25%m ¼ 0:25 m
Total entropy change:
Mass of vapour:
DS ¼ ðDSÞice þ ðDSÞw mg ¼ 75%m ¼ 0:75 m
¼ 6:12  5:91 ¼ 0:21 kJ=K
Total volume:
140. (B) Explanation:
V ¼ Vf þ Vg
T1=1000K
where

Vf ¼ mf vf
Q=100kJ
and

Vg ¼ mg vg
T2=500K T0=300K
) V ¼ mf vf þ mg vg
Fig.
V ¼ 0:25 mvf þ 0:75 mvg
100 100 ( )
DSuni ¼ þ V ¼ 0:25vf þ 0:75vg m
1000 500
¼ 0:1 þ 0:2 ¼ 0:1 kJ=K
66 8 Gas Turbine

or p3 ¼ 150 bar ¼ p2

m¼
V T3 ¼ 45  C
0:25vf þ 0:75vg
300 At saturated point 2,
¼ ¼ 451:28 kg
0:25  0:001061 þ 0:75  0:886
p2 ¼ 150 bar
158. (B) Explanation: T2 ¼ Tsat ¼ 342:24  C
Time of vaporization:
At saturated point 1,
t ¼ 10 min
p1 ¼ 0:09594 bar
Mass of water vaporisation: T1 ¼ T3 ¼ 45  C
M ¼ 200 g ¼ 0:2 kg As T3 < T2, the given condition of water is sub-
cooled liquid.
Rate of water evaporated:
and T3 ¼ T1 ¼ 45  C.
M 0:2 The specific enthalpy at point 3  the specific
m¼ ¼ kg=min
t 10 enthaply at saturated liquid point 1

Latent heat of vaporization: h3 ¼ h1 ¼ 188:45 kJ=kg

hfg ¼ 2257 kJ=kg 163. (D), (164) (B)

Rate of heat transfer to the water ¼ mhfg Explanation:
0:2
¼  2257 ¼ 45:14 kJ=min Specific enthalpy:
10

162. (D) Explanation: Given data: h ¼ u þ pv

i.e., h > u and the value of entropy is less than u.

3 2 150bar
150bar
342.24°C
45°C
0.09593bar
1 45°C

h1 = h 3 h
Fig.
MCQ-Solution 67

1
40°C

–20°C
2

For throttling process, 165. (B) Explanation:

Enthalpy at state 1 ¼ Enthalpy at state 2 Critical specific volume of water:

h 1 ¼ h2 vc ¼ 0:003155 m3 =kg

where Volume of steel tank:

h1 ¼ hf ¼ 371:43 kJ=kg at 40  C V ¼ 0:025 m3

( )
h2 ¼ hf þ x2 hg  h at 20  C
Process of mixture of water and steam:
h2 ¼ 89:05 þ x2 ð1418  89:05Þ
p ¼ 0:1 MPa ¼ 1 bar
h2 ¼ 89:05 þ 1328:95 x2
Mass of mixture of water and steam:
also
m ¼ 10 kg
h2 ¼ h1
) 89:05 þ 1328:95x2 ¼ 371:43 Specific volume of mixture:

V 0:025
or v¼ ¼ ¼ 0:0025 m3 =kg
m 10
x2 ¼ 0:212
68 8 Gas Turbine

As v < vc, the condition of steam lies near to Dryness fraction:

saturated liquid line and the liquid level inside
the tank will rise with heating. m8 0:03
x¼ ¼ ¼ 0:029
m 1:03
166. (A), 167. (B) and 168 (C)
At
Explanation:
Mass of liquid: p1 ¼ 100 kPa

mf ¼ 1 kg vf ¼ 0:001 m3 =kg; mg ¼ 0:1 m3 =kg

Mass of vapor: Specific volume:

( )
mg ¼ 0:03 kg v1 ¼ vf þ x vg  vf
¼ 0:001 þ 0:029ð0:1  0:001Þ ¼ 0:003 m3 =kg
Total mass in system
As pressure increases from 100 to 200 kPa at
m ¼ mf þ mg
constant temperature (quasi-static), volume
¼ 1 þ 0:03 ¼ 1:03 kg increases by 50%

patm
patm =100kPa

200kPa
System
MCQ-Solution 69

i.e., vf ¼ 0:001 m3 =kg

v2 ¼ 1:5 v1
vg ¼ 1:6 m3 =kg
3
¼ 1:5  0:038 ¼ 0:0057 m =kg
Vf Vg
vf ¼ vg ¼
As v2 > vg, 200 °C, the steam is superheated vapor mf mg
in the system.
or
Work done ¼ mðp2  patm Þðv2  v1 Þ
Vf ¼ m f v f Vg ¼ m g v g
¼ 1:03ð200  100Þð0:0057  0:0038Þ
¼ 0:195 kJ  0:2 kJ Substituting the values of vf and vg
in Eq. (2), we get
Heat transfer:
Q ¼ 1 kJ ¼ 1000 J mg vg
m f vf ¼
10
Entropy of the surrounding (i.e., reservoir)
or
1000
ðDSÞsurr ¼ ¼ 1:485 J=K mg 10vf
673 ¼
mf vg
Entropy of the system increases: 10  0:001
¼ ¼ 6:25  103
1:6
ðDSÞsys ¼ 10 J=K
Dryness fraction:
Net entropy generation:
mg 1
x¼ ¼
ðDSÞuni ¼ ðDSÞsys þ ðDSÞsurr mg þ mf 1 þ mmgf
¼ 10  1:485 ¼ 8:51 J=K 1 1 1
¼ 1
¼ ¼
1þ 6:25103
1 þ 160 161
169. (B) Explanation:
172. (B) Explanation:
Terminal temperature difference (TTD). It is
defined for all closed feedwater heaters as the
difference between saturation temperature of bled
steam and exit temperature.
Mathematically,

TTD ¼ Saturation temperature of bled steam

 exit water temperature
Fig.
Given data:
Pinch point (P.P.)

Tsat ¼ 100 C The minimum temperature difference between
the two fluid and the points where these occur are
vg called pinch points:
Vf ¼ ð2Þ
10
70 8 Gas Turbine

181. (A) Explanation: Given data:

3 2

s
Fig.Ra nkineCycle

Specific enthalpy at turbine inlet: 182. (A) Explanation:

h1 ¼ 2800 kJ=kg Turbine output power

PT ¼ 1:2 MW ¼ 1200 kW
Specific enthalpy at turbine outlet:

h2 ¼ 1800 kJ=kg Heat supplied:

qS ¼ 3000 kJ=kg
Specific work output by the turbine:
Heat rejected:
w T ¼ h1  h2
qR ¼ 2000 kJ=kg
¼ 2800  1800
¼ 1000 kJ=kg Pump input power:

Net work output: Pp ¼ 6 kW

wnet ¼ wT  wp Net power output:

where pump work: P ¼ PT  PP ¼ 1200  6 ¼ 1194 kW

wp ¼ 0 also
) wnet ¼ wT P ¼ m ð q S  qR Þ
¼ 1000 kJ=kg
) 1194 ¼ mð3000  2000Þ
Specific steam consumption:
or
3600 m ¼ 1:194 kg=s
ssc ¼ kg=kWh ¼ 3:6 kg=kWh
1000
MCQ-Solution 71

184. (C), 185 (C) Explanation: Given data: 6:5821 ¼ 0:7549 þ x2s ð8:0085  0:7549Þ
p1 ¼ 4 MPa ¼ 4000 kPa 6:5821 ¼ 0:7549 þ 7:2536 x2s

T1 ¼ 350 C
or
p2 ¼ p3 ¼ 15 kPa
7:253x2s ¼ 5:8272
gT ¼ 90% ¼ 0:90
or

x2s ¼ 0:8033
T
( )
1 h2s ¼ hf þ x2s hg  hf
¼ 2226:95 þ 0:8033ð2599:1  226:95Þ
¼ 26:95 þ 1905:54
¼ 2132:49 kJ=kg

4
ðDh Þact h1  h2
gT ¼ ¼
ðDhÞIsen h1  h2s
g
3 2s 2
3092:5  h2
0:90 ¼
3092:5  2132:49
3092:5  h2
s 0:90 ¼
960:01

or
From given superheated steam table at
960:01  0:90 ¼ 3092:5  h2
p1 ¼ 4 MPa; T1 ¼ 350  C
or
we get
864 ¼ 3092:5  h2
h1 ¼ 3092:5 kJ=kg
s1 ¼ 6:5821 kJ=kgK or

From given saturated steam table (pressure h2 ¼ 2228:5 kJ=kg

based)
Turbine work:
hf ¼ h3 ¼ 226:95 kJ=kg sf ¼ 0:7549 kJ=kgK
wT ¼ h1  h2
hg ¼ 2599:1 kJ=kg sg ¼ 8:0085 kJ=kgK ¼ 3092:5  2228:5 ¼ 864 kJ=kg

vf ¼ v3 ¼ 0:001014 m3 =kg Pump work:

( )
s1 ¼ s2 ¼ sf þ x 2 s sg  s
wp ¼ v3 ðp1  p2 ÞkJ=kg
72 8 Gas Turbine

where v3 is in m3/kg h1 ¼ 3251:0 kJ=kg

and p1 and p2 are in kPa
p2 ¼ 15 kPa
) wp ¼ 0:001014ð4000  15Þ x2 ¼ 0:9
¼ 4:04 kJ=kg
At p2,
Net work output of the cycle,
hf ¼ 225:94 kJ=kg
wnet ¼ wT  wp
¼ 864  4:04 ¼ 859:96 kJ=kg  860 kJ=kg and

hg ¼ 2598:3 kJ=kg
also
m ¼ 10 kg=s
wp ¼ h4  h3
( )
) 4:04 ¼ h4  226:95 h2 ¼ hf þ x hg  hf
¼ 225:94 þ 0:9ð2598:3  225:94Þ
or ¼ 2361:06 kJ=kg

h4 ¼ 230:99 kJ=kg Power output for the turbine:

Heat supplied to the cycle: P ¼ mðh1  h2 Þ
q41 ¼ h1  h4 ¼ 10ð3251  2361:06Þ
¼ 3092:5  230:99 ¼ 28615kJ=kg ¼ 8899:4 kW ¼ 8:89 MW  8:9 MW
¼ 2863 kJ=kg 187. (B), (188) (C) 189 (A)
186. (B) Explanation: Given data: Explanation: From superheated steam table

3 2

s
Fig.
MCQ-Solution 73

At 7:1677 ¼ 1:026 þ xð7:67  1:026Þ

p1 ¼ 60 bar; T1 ¼ 600  C 7:1677  1:026 ¼ x  6:644
h1 ¼ 3658:4 kJ=kg 6:1417 ¼ 6:644x
s1 ¼ 7:1677 kJ=kgK

From saturated steam table,

T
1

2
3 2s

At or

p2 ¼ 40 kPa x ¼ 0:9243
( )
h2 ¼ hg ¼ 2636:8 kJ=kg h2s ¼ hf þ x hg  hf
hf ¼ 317:6 kJ=kg ¼ 317:6 þ 0:9243ð2636:8  317:6Þ
¼ 2461:23 kJ=kg
sf ¼ 1:026 kJ=kgK
sg ¼ 7:67 kJ=kgK Maximum specific work output,

Specific work output: wT;max ¼ h1  h2s

¼ 3658:4  2461:23 ¼ 1197:17 kJ=kg
w T ¼ h1  h2
¼ 3658:4  2636:8 Turbine efficiency:
¼ 1021:6 kJ=kg
wT
gT ¼
For ideal isentropic process 1–2s, wT;max
( ) 1021:6
¼ ¼ 0:8533 ¼ 85:33%
s1 ¼ s2s ¼ sf þ x sg  sf 1197:17
74 8 Gas Turbine

190. (A) Explanation: Heat rejected:

m ¼ 4 kg=s Q2 ¼ Q1  W ¼ 2500  1000

p1 ¼ 100 kPa ¼ 1500 MW

p2 ¼ 6 MPa ¼ 6000 kPa 192. (A) Explanation: Given data:

Power: WT ¼ 1:2 MW ¼ 1200 kW

P ¼ mvðp2  p1 Þ q41 ¼ 3000 kJ=kg

mðp2  p1 Þ 1 ) Q41 ¼ ms q41
¼ *v ¼
q q
¼ 3000 ms kW
900  107
¼ kJ=s *q ¼ 1000 kg=m3 for water
3600
where
¼ 23:6 kW
ms ¼ steam flow rate; kg=s
191. (C) Explanation: Given data:

W ¼ 1000 MW
Q1 ¼ 900  107 kJ=h
900  107
¼ kJ=s ¼ 0:25  107 kW
3600
¼ 250  107 W
¼ 2500 MW

Fig.
MCQ-Solution 75

q23 ¼ 2000 kJ=kg Swept volume:

) Q23 ¼ 2000 ms kW p 2
Vs ¼ d ‘
4
Wp ¼ 6 kW 3:14
¼  ð17Þ2  30 ¼ 6805:95 cm3
4
Applying the energy balance equation,
Total swept volume:
Sum of supplied energy ¼ sum of output energy
Vs ¼ 6  6805:95 ¼ 40835:7 cm3
WP þ Q41 ¼ WT þ Q23
6 þ 3000 ms ¼ 1200 þ 2000 ms Total volume:

ð3000  2000Þms ¼ 1194 V ¼ Vc þ Vs

1000ms ¼ 1194 ¼ 9225 þ 40835:7 ¼ 50060:7 cm3
ms ¼ 1:194 kg=s
Compression ratio:
193. (C) Explanation: V 50060:7
r¼ ¼ ¼ 5:4
Vc 9225
Total area of heat loss ¼ Cylindrical surface
þ Heat loss from cylinder head 196. (D) Explanation: Given data
þ Heat loss through piston
p p
¼ pdl þ d 2 þ d 2
4 4
p p
¼ p  2  2 ð2Þ2 þ ð2Þ2
4 4
¼ 4p þ p þ p ¼ 6p

194. (D) Explanation:

Given data:
Number of cylinder:
Fig.DieselCycle
x¼6
Compression ratio:
Bore:
r ¼ 14
d ¼ 17 cm
i.e.,
Stroke:
V1
¼ 14
l ¼ 30 cm V2
V2 þ V 3
¼ 14
Total clearance volume: V2

Vc ¼ 9225 cm3
V3
1þ ¼ 14
V2
76 8 Gas Turbine

V3 W
¼ 13 ) 0:5 ¼
V2 100

and or

V3 ¼ V2 þ 0:06V5 ¼ V2 þ 0:06  13V2 W ¼ 50 kJ

V3 ¼ V2 ð1 þ 0:06  13Þ ¼ V2  1:78 Mean effective pressure:
or W 50
pw ¼ ¼ ¼ 250 kPa ¼ 2:5 bar
Vs 0:2
V3
¼ 1:78
V2 201. (D) Explanation
198. (B) Explanation: W ¼ 2Q2 given condition

T1 or

W
Q1 Q2 ¼
2

HE W and

W
W ¼ Q1 
Q2 2

or
T2
W 3
Q1 ¼ W þ ¼ W
Q1 ¼ 100 kJ 2 2

T1 ¼ 600 K Thermal efficiency:

T2 ¼ 300 K W W
gOtto ¼ ¼
Q1 23 W
Displacement volume:
also
Vs ¼ 0:2 m3
T2 1
gCarnot ¼ 1  gOtto ¼ 1  for Otto cycle
T1 rc1
300 2 1 1
¼1 ¼ 1  0:5 ¼ 0:5 ) ¼ 1  1:41 ¼ 1  0:4
600 3 r r

also or

W 1 2 1
gCarnot ¼ ¼1 ¼
Q1 r 0:4 3 3
MCQ-Solution 77

or p 2 3:14
Vs ¼ d l¼  ð0:2Þ2  0:25
4 4
r 0:4 ¼ 3
¼ 7:85  103 m3
or
Total volume in the cylinder:
2:5
r¼3 ¼ 15:58
V 1 ¼ Vc þ V s
where r is compression ratio. ¼ 0:001 þ 7:83  103 ¼ 8:85  103 m3
202. (C) Explanation: Given data:
Stroke length: Compression ratio:

l ¼ 250mm ¼ 0:25m V1 8:85  103

r¼ ¼ ¼ 8:85
Vc 0:001
Bore diameter:
∴ Air-standard cycle efficiency:
d ¼ 200 mm ¼ 0:2 m
1 1
g¼1 ¼1
Clearance volume: r1:41 ð8:85Þ1:41
1
Vc ¼ 0:001 m3 ¼1 ¼ 0:5819  58:2%
ð8:85Þ0:4
c ¼ 1:4
206 (C) Explanation:
Displacement volume:

p T
3
2 3

4
1
1

v s
78 8 Gas Turbine

Option (A) is wrong because work transferred.

Option (B) is wrong because work transferred
during four processes.

p T
3

3 4
4

1 2 1

v s

Option (C) is right because heat is transferred

only during two isobaric processes and work is
transferred only during two adiabatic processes.

p T
3
3

2
4 4
2

1
1

v s
Fig.Ottocycle-twoisochoricprocessesandtwoadiabaticprocess.

Option (D) is wrong because work transferred

during three processes—one isobaric and two-
adiabatic processes.
p 2 3 T
4

3
4 1

1 2

v s
Fig.Dieselcycle-oneisobaricprocess,twoadiabaticandoneisochoricprocess.
MCQ-Solution 79

207 (A). That is.,

1. Same maximum pressure and constant heat ðQ41 ÞOtto [ ðQ40 1 ÞDiesel
input.

p T
3
2' 3' 3 3'

2' p=C

C 4
4 2 V=
4' 4'
2
1
1

v s

Fig.Constantmaximumpressureandconstantheatinput.

Otto cycle: 1–2–3–4–1

Diesel cycle: 1–2′–3′–4′–1′ Thus, the thermal efficiency of the diesel cycle is
Thermal efficiency: more than the Otto cycle at given conditions of
the constant maximum cycle pressure and con-
Heat rejection stant heat input,
g¼1
Heat input i.e.,

As the heat input is constant. The thermal effi- gDiesel [ gOtto

ciency of the cycle is dependent only on the heat
rejection, lower the heat rejection, higher the
thermal efficiency. It is cleared from T–s dia- 2. Constant maximum pressure and constant
gram, heat rejection is higher in the Otto cycle output.
and lower in the diesel cycle.

p T
3
2' 3' 3 3'

2' p=C

C 4
4 2 V=
4' 4'
2
1
1

v s

Fig.Constantmaximumpressureandconstantoutput
80 8 Gas Turbine

Otto cycle: 1–2–3–4–1 At constant maximum pressure and constant

Diesel cycle: 1–2′–3′–4′–1′ maximum temperature, the heat rejection
Thermal efficiency: becomes the same. It is cleared from T–s diagram,
heat input in the diesel cycle is more than heat
Work done input in the Otto cycle. Thus, the thermal effi-
g¼1
Heat supplied ciency of the diesel cycle is more than Otto cycle.
Work done That is,
g¼1
Work done þ heat rejection
gDiesel [ gOtto
The work done in Otto and diesel cycles (Area
under 1–2–3–4–1 and 1–2′–3–4′–1, respectively) 209. (D) Explanation: Given data:
can be equal only if the point 3 has a greater
Crank radius:
entropy than 3′ at the same pressure and in that
case, the heat rejection by diesel cycle is less than r ¼ 60 mm ¼ 6 cm
that of Otto cycle. Hence, for given conditions,
the diesel cycle is more efficient than the Otto ∴ Stroke:
cycle.
l ¼ 2r ¼ 2  6 ¼ 12 cm
That is,
Diameter of the cylinder:
gDiesel [ gOtto
d ¼ 80 mm ¼ 8 cm
3. Constant maximum pressure and constant
maximum temperature.

p T

3
2' 3

p=C
2'
C
4 2 V=
2 4

1
1

v s

Otto cycle: 1–2–3–4–1 Swept Volume:

Diesel cycle: 1–2′–3–4–1
p 2
Thermal efficiency: Vs ¼ d l ¼ 602:88  603 cm3
4
Heat rejection
g¼1
Heat input
MCQ-Solution 81

210. (A) Explanation: Given data: Compression ratio:

N v1
n¼ for four - stroke engine r¼ ¼ 10
2 v2
Vs ¼ 0:0259 m3 p1 ¼ 100 kPa

P ¼ 950 kW T1 ¼ 27 C ¼ ð273 þ 27ÞK ¼ 300 K
N ¼ 2200 rpm q1 ¼ 1500 kJ=kg
q2 ¼ 700 kJ=kg
We know that power output:
R ¼ 0:287 kJ=kgK
pm AInx
P¼ kW p1 v1 ¼ RT1
2
pm Vs nx 100  v1 ¼ 0:287  300
P¼ kW
60
or
where
v1 ¼ 0:861 m3 =kg
P is in kW
also
V is in m3
N v1 ¼ 10 v2
n¼ rpm
2 ) 0:861 ¼ 10v2
x ¼ 1 ,number of cylinder
or
pm  0:0259 N  1
) 950 ¼ 
60 2 v2 ¼ 0:0861 m3 =kg
pm  0:0259  2200
950 ¼
120 Specific work done per cycle:
or w ¼ q1  q2 ¼ 1500  700 ¼ 800 kJ=kg
pm ¼ 2000 kPa ¼ 2 MPa
We know that mean effective pressure,
211. (D) Explanation: Given data for Otto cycle:

p T
3

3
q1
2

2 4
4

q2
1
1

vs v s
82 8 Gas Turbine

w 800 214 (D) Explanation: Given data

pm ¼ ¼
vs v1  v2
800 4
¼ ¼ 1032:39 kPa T
0:861  0:0861

213. (D) Explanation:

3
T 5
2 2
2s 6

1 s

s T2 ¼ 550 K
T5 ¼ 800 K
T1 ¼ 300 K
2¼ 0:8
T2s ¼ 575 K
T3 ¼ ?
T2 ¼ 600 K
T3  T2
2¼
Efficiency of compressor: T3  T2
T3  550
ðDTÞact 0:8 ¼
gc ¼ 800  550
ðDTÞisen
or
T2s  T1
gc ¼
T2  T1 T3  550 ¼ 200
575  300
gc ¼  or
600  300
275
¼ ¼ 0:9166  91:7% T3 ¼ 750 K
300
MCQ-Solution 83

221. (B), 222 (C) Explanation: Given data 223. (A)Explanation: Given data

T T
3 3

2
2
4
4

1
1
s

s p1 ¼ 1 bar

T1 ¼ 35  C p2 ¼ 6 bar
¼ ð35 þ 273ÞK T1 ¼ 300 K
¼ 308 K T3 ¼ 1500 K

T3 ¼ 900 C
For process 1–2
¼ ð900 þ 273ÞK
¼ 1173 K ( )c1
T2 p2 c
¼
p1 ¼ 100 kPa TI p1
p2 ¼ 500 kPa ( )1:41:41
T2 6
¼
300 1
Maximum work output per unit mass flow rate,
¼ ð6Þ0:285 ¼ 1:666
(pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi)2
wmax ¼ cp T3  T1 T2 ¼ 300  1:666 ¼ 499:8K  500 K
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 1:005ð 1173  308Þ2
For process 3–4
¼ 280:25 kJ=kg
( )c1 ( )c1
T3 p3 c p2 c
For maximum work output condition, ¼ ¼ *p3 ¼ pp ; p4 ¼ p1
T4 p4 p1
rffiffiffiffiffi
T1 1500 1:41
gBrayton ¼1 ¼ ð6Þ 1:4 ¼ ð6Þ0:285 ¼ 1:666
T3 T4
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
308
¼1 ¼ 0:4875 or
1173
1500
T4 ¼ ¼ 900:36K  900 K
1:666
84 8 Gas Turbine

224. (D) Explanation: Maximum temperature:

Calorific value: T3 ¼ 1200 K
CV ¼ 40000 kJ=kg
Minimum temperature:
Air–fuel ratio: T1 ¼ 300 K
ma
¼ 80 Cycle efficiency:
mf
T1
Net work output: g¼1
T2
wnet ¼ 80 kJ=kg
For maximum work capacity,
Heat supplied: pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
T2 ¼ T1 T3
Q ¼ mf CV ¼ 40000 mf kJ
Maximum cycle efficiency,
Net work output
T1
( ) gmax ¼ 1  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Wnet ¼ mf þ ma wnet T1 T3
( ) rffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ mf þ mo 80 kJ T1 300
¼1 ¼1
T3 1200
Thermal efficiency: ¼ 1  0:5 ¼ 0:5 ¼ 50%
( ) ( )
Wnet mf þ ma 80 ma 80 or
g¼ ¼ ¼ 1þ
Q mf  40000 mf 40000 also
80 81  80
¼ ð1 þ 80Þ ¼ ¼ 0:162 ¼ 16:20%
40000 40000 1
g¼1 ðc1Þ=c
rP
237. (C) Explanation:
For maximum work capacity:

T Tmax T3
3 ¼ ¼ ðrP Þ2ðc1Þ=c
Tmin T1
T3 ( )2ðc1Þ=c
¼ rp
T1

2 or
( )c=2ðc1Þ ( )
4 T3 200 1:4=2ð1:41Þ
rP ¼ ¼ ¼ 11:31
T1 200

1 ∴ Optimum pressure ratio

s rp;opt ¼ 11:31
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 85

Maximum efficiency: gz2 = datum energy per unit mass at outlet in J/kg
w1–2 = specific work done in J/kg
1
gmax ¼ 1  ( )ðc1Þ=c (c) Write Maxwell’s equations.
rp;opt
Ans. 1st Maxwell’s equation,
1
gmax ¼ 1  ¼ 1  0:5 ¼ 0:5 ( ) ( )
ð11:31Þð1:41Þ=1:4 @T @p
¼
¼ 50% @v s @s v

2nd Maxwell's equation,

Practice/Exam Questions ( ) ( )
with Solutions @T @V
¼
@p s @s p
Q.l. (a) State the conditions for a process to be
reversible. 3rd Maxwell's equation,
( ) ( )
Ans. The process in which the system and sur- @p @s
¼
roundings can be restored to the initial state from @T v @v T
the final state without changing the thermody-
namics properties of the universe is called a 4th Maxwell's equation,
reversible process. ( ) ( )
There are two important conditions for the @v @s
¼
reversible process to occur. @T p @p T
1. The process should occur in infinitesimally
slow rate. (d) What is the main feature of triple point?
2. All of the initial and final state of the system State the values of pressure and temperature
should be in equilibrium with each other. at the triple point of water.
Ans. Tripe Point: The triple point is a state where
(b) Write the steady flow energy equation and
three phases like solid, liquid and vapor coexist
point out the significance of various terms
in equilibrium.
involved.
Ans. The steady flow energy equation (SFEE) p 1 CP
for unit mass flow rate,

V12 V2 Liquid
h1 þ þ gz1 þ q12 ¼ h2 þ 2 þ gz2 þ w12
2 2
Solid
where Gas
TP (Vapor)
h1 = specific enthalpy at inlet in J/kg
V12
2 = kinetic energy per unit mass at inlet in J/kg
gz1 = datum energy per unit mass at inlet in J/kg
q1-2 = specific heat transfer in J/kg
h2 = specific enthalpy at outlet in J/kg O
T
V22
2 = kinetic energy per unit mass of outlet in J/kg
86 8 Gas Turbine

Feature of Triple Point: (e) Draw a dual cycle on p–v and T–s planes
and list out various processes of the cycle.
1. At high temperatures and low pressures, only
the gas phase exists. At low temperature and Ans. The five processes that form the dual cycle
high pressure, only the solid phase exists. are shown in the p–v and T–s planes of Fig.
Two phases coexist only on one of the lines. The five processes as:
The curve TP–CP describes boiling. Only at 1. Process 1–2: Isentropic (or reversible adia-
the conditions of temperature and pressure batic) compression.
described by that curve, will liquid vapor be 2. Process 2–3: Heat supplied at constant
seen boiling. volume.
2. The most interesting feature of the curve is 3. Process 3–4: Heat supplied at constant
the triple point—the point with a combination pressure.
of pressure and temperature such that all three 4. Process 4–5: Isentropic (or reversible adia-
phases may coexist. batic) expansion.
5. Process 5–1: Heat rejected at constant
volume.

p p=C
3 T
4
4
V=C 3
s=C
2

2 5
5
s=C
V=C
1
1

v s

3. Phase diagrams have many features that can (f) Why is super heating of steam done in a
be studied. When the triple point of a sub- steam power plant? Explain with the help of
stance occurs at pressure above room pres- T–s diagram.
sure, then the liquid phase in never stable at
Ans. Advantages of super heating of steam:
room pressure. In materials with this prop-
erty, evaporation takes place directly from the 1. Superheated steam has higher heat content,
solid to the vapor, a process called sublima- and therefore, more work output can be
tion. The pressure for the triple point of C02 is obtained.
about 5.178 bar. 2. Superheating increases the thermal efficiency
of the cycle.
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 87

3. Superheating decreases the moisture content

of the steam at turbine exit, which reduces the
turbine blade erosion.

Cycle1′–2–3–4–1
′ ′ withoutsuperheating
T Cycle1–2–3–4–1 withoutsuperheating

1′

3 2′ 2

Q.2. Define an Adiabatic Process and Show an from the surroundings. The adiabatic expansion
Adiabatic Expansion Process on P–v Plane. process is shown on p–v plane in Fig.
Prove that a Reversible Adiabatic Process of a
Given Mass of Perfect Gas pvc ¼ C
p
Ans. Adiabatic Process: When there is no heat
1
transfer between the system and the surroundings
during a process, it is known as an adiabatic
process. An adiabatic process can be carried out pv γ = C
by the expansion or compression of gas in a
cylinder whose walls are insulated. A reversible
adiabatic process is called isentropic process. In 2
isentropic process, the entropy of the system will
remain constant without transfer of heat to or
v
88 8 Gas Turbine

Prove that pvc ¼ C for reversible adiabatic or

process.
Tvc1 ¼ C
According to first law of thermodynamics for
process, From equation of state
dQ ¼ dU þ dW pv ¼ RT
For unit mass, or
dQ ¼ dU þ dW ð3Þ pv
T¼
R
where pv c1
) v ¼C
R
dq ¼ 0 for adiabatic process
dw ¼ pdv for reversible process or

du ¼ cv dT pvc ¼ C

Therefore, Eq. (3) becomes Q.3. One kg of air at 1 bar and 300 K is
compressed adiabatically till its pressure
0 ¼ cv dT þ pdv becomes 5 times the original pressure. Sub-
sequently, it is expanded at constant pressure
or
and finally cooled at constant volume to
return to its original state. Calculate the heat
cv dT þ pdv ¼ 0
and work interactions and change in internal
R RT R RT energy for each process and for the cycle.
dT þ dv ¼ 0 *cv ¼ ;p ¼
c1 v c1 v
Ans. Given data:

or m ¼ 1 kg

1 Tdv p1 ¼ 1 bar ¼ 100 kPa

dT þ ¼0
c1 v T1 ¼ 300 K

or p2 ¼ 5p1 ¼ 5  100 kPa ¼ 500 kPa

dT dv At state 1,
þ ðc  1Þ ¼ 0
T v
p1 V1 ¼ mRT1
On integrating, we get
100  V1 ¼ 1  0:287  300
loge T þ ðc  1Þ loge v ¼ C
or
loge T þ loge vc1 ¼ C
V1 ¼ 0:861 m3
or

loge Tvc1 ¼ C
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 89

p=C
2 3

v=C
γ
pV = C

Process 1–2 adiabatic, Work done:

p1 V1c ¼ p2 V2c mRðT1  T2 Þ 1  0:287ð300  474:9Þ

W12 ¼ ¼
c1 1:4  1
100  0:861Þ14 ¼ 500  V21:4
¼ 125:49 kJ
or
1st law of thermodynamic for process,
V21:4 ¼ 0:16219
Q12 ¼ dU þ W12
or
0 ¼ U2  U1 þ W12
V2 ¼ 0:2727 m3 or
( )cc 1
T2 p2
¼ U2  U1 ¼ W12 ¼ ð125:47kJÞ
T1 p1 ¼ 125:49 kJ
( )1:41:41
T2 500
¼ ¼ ð5Þ0:2857 ¼ 1:583 Process 2–3 isobaric,
300 100
T3 V3 V1
or ¼ ¼ *V3 ¼ V1
T2 V2 V2
T2 ¼ 1:583  300 ¼ 474:9 K T3 0:861
¼
474:9 0:2727
Heat transfer:
or
Q12 ¼ 0
T3 ¼ 1499:40 K
90 8 Gas Turbine

Heat transfer: Net work done during cycle:

Q23 ¼ mcp dT ¼ mcp ðT3  T2 Þ Wnet ¼ W12 þ W23 þ W31

¼ 1  1:005  ð1499:40  474:9Þ ¼ 125:49 þ 294:15 þ 0
¼ 1029:62 kJ ¼ 168:66 kJ

Work done: also, for cycle,

W23 ¼ p2 ðV3  V2 Þ ¼ 500ð0:861  0:2727Þ Wnet ¼ Qnet ¼ 168:66 kJ

¼ 294:15 kJ
Net change in internal energy for cycle in zero.
Ist law of thermodynamics for process, Q.4. Agasinitially at 1.5 bar pressure, 0.15 m3
volume and 300 k was compressed polytropi-
Q23 ¼ ðU3  U2 Þ þ W23 cally (pv125 = constant) to 15 bar pressure.
1029:62 ¼ U3  U2 þ 294:15 determine the change in entropy. Also, workout
the approximate entropy change obtained by
or dividing the heat transferred by the mean
absolute temperature during compression.
U3  U2 ¼ 735:47 kJ Take cp = 1.04 kJ/kg K and cv = 0.748 kJ/kg K

Process 3–1 isochoric Ans. Given data;

Heat transfer: p1 ¼ 1:5 bar ¼ 150 kPa

Q31 ¼ mcv ðT1  T3 Þ V1 ¼ 0:15 m3

¼ 1  0:718ð300  1499:40Þ ¼ 861:16 kJ T1 ¼ 300 K

1
Work done:
p 2
W31 ¼ 0 *V1 ¼ V3
1.25
pV =C
Ist law of thermodynamics for process,

Q31 ¼ ðU1  U3 Þ þ W31

861:16 ¼ U1  U3 þ 0 1

or
v
U1  U3 ¼ 861:16 kJ Polytropic law,
Net heat transfer during cycle: pV 1:25 ¼ C
Qnet ¼ Q12 þ Q23 þ Q31
¼ 0 þ 1029:62  861:16
¼ 168:46 kJ
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 91

where Change in entropy:

n ¼ 1:25 T2 V2
S2  S1 ¼ mcv loge þ mR loge
T1 V1
p2 ¼ 15 bar ¼ 1500 kPa
475:44
¼ 0:2568  0:748  loge
cp ¼ 1:04 kJ=kgK 300
0:02376
cv ¼ 0:748 kJ=kgK þ 0:2568  0:292  loge
0:15
R ¼ cp  cv ¼ 1:04  0:748 ¼ 0:292 kJ=kgK ¼ 0:08844  0:13817 ¼ 0:04973 kJ=K

At state 1,
Change in entropy for polytropic process is
p1 V1 ¼ mRT1 also calculated by using following
150  0:15 ¼ m  0:292  300 relations:
( c  n) T2
1. S 2  S 1 ¼ mcv loge
or 1n T1
c 1:07
*c ¼ cpv ¼ 0:748 ¼ 1:39.
m ¼ 0:2568 kg 2. S2  S1 ¼ ðc  nÞmcv loge VV21 .
( )
Process 1–2 polytropic, 3. S2  S1 ¼ nc p2
n mcv loge p1 .
4. S2  S1 ¼ mcp loge VV21 þ mcv loge pp21 .
p1 V1n ¼ p2 V2n
5. S2  S1 ¼ mcp loge TT21  mR loge pp21 .
1:25
150  ð0:15Þ ¼ 1500 V21:25
Work done:
or
mRðT1  T2 Þ 0:2568  0:292ð300  475:44Þ
W12 ¼ ¼
V21:25 ¼ 0:00933 n1 1:25  1
¼ 52:62 kJ
or
Change in internal energy:
V2 ¼ 0:02376 m3
( )n1 dU ¼ mcv ðT2  T1 Þ
T2 p2 n
¼ ¼ 0:2568  0:748ð475:44  300Þ
T1 p1
( )1:251 ¼ 33:67 kJ
T2 1500 1:25
¼ ¼ ð10Þ0:2 ¼ 1:5848
300 150 Ist law of thermodynamic for process,

or Q12 ¼ dU þ W12
¼ 33:67  52:62 ¼ 18:95 kJ
T2 ¼ 1:5848  300 ¼ 475:44 K
Mean temperature:

T1 þ T2 300 þ 475:44
Tm ¼ ¼ ¼ 387:72 K
2 2
92 8 Gas Turbine

Change in entropy: V12 V2

h1 þ þ gz1 þ q ¼ h2 þ 2 þ gz2 þ w
Q12 18:95 2 2
S 2  S1 ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:04887 kJ=K
Tm 387:72 Neglecting the change in kinetic and potential
energies
Q.5. Air expands through a turbine from
500 kPa and 520 °C to 100 kPa and 300 °C. h 1 þ q ¼ h2 þ w
During expansion, 10 kJ/kg of heat is lost to
the surroundings which are at 98 kPa and or
20 °C. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and
potential energies, determine per kg of air- w ¼ ðh1  hÞ þ q
¼ cp ðT1  T2 Þ þ q
(a) The irreversibility,
¼ 1:005ð793  573Þ  10 ¼ 211:1 kJ=kg
(b) The decrease in availability,
(c) The maximum work
Maximum work output per unit mass,
For air take cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK and
wmax ¼ ðh1  h2 Þ  To DSsys
R = 0.287 kJ/kgK. ( )
T1 p1
Ans. Given data: ¼ cp ðT1  T2 Þ  T0 cp loge  R loge
T2 p2
At inlet condition: ¼ 1:005ð793  573Þ  293
( )
793 500
p1 ¼ 500 kPa 1:005 loge  0:287 loge
573 100

T1 ¼ 520 C ¼ ð520 þ 273ÞK ¼ 793 K ¼ 221:1  293ð0:3265  0:4619Þ
¼ 221:1  293ð0:1354Þ ¼ 221:1 þ 39:67
At exit condition: ¼ 260:77 kJ=kg
p2 ¼ 100 kPa
(a) Irreversibility:
T2 ¼ 300  C ¼ ð300 þ 273ÞK ¼ 573 K
i ¼ wmax  w
Heat lost:
¼ 260:77  211:1 ¼ 49:67 kJ=kg
q ¼ 10 kJ=kg
or
Surroundings condition: [ ]
i ¼ To Dsuni ¼ To Dssys þ Dssurr
[ ]
p0 ¼ 98 kPa T2 p2 q
¼ T0 cp loge  R loge þ
 T1 p1 To
T0 ¼ 20 C ¼ ð20 þ 273ÞK ¼ 293 K [ ]
573 100 10
¼ 293 1:005 loge  0:287 loge þ
cp ¼ 1:005 kJ=kgK 793 500 293
¼ 293½0:3268 þ 0:4619 þ 0:0341 ¼ 49:66 kJ=kg
R ¼ 0:287 kJ=kgK

The actual work is calculated by application of (b) Decrease in availability or change in

steady flow energy equation. According to steady availability
flow energy equation per unit mass.
W1  W2 ¼ wmax ¼ 260:77 kJ=kg
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 93

(c) Maximum work: large increase in the volume and slowly the liq-
uid is converted into vapors. At state C, the liq-
wmax ¼ 260:77 kJ=kg uid is completely converted into vapour on
continuous supply of heat. The vapour at state
Q.6. Explain the process of steam generation C is called a saturated vapour. At saturated
(change of phase of water) at constant pres- vapour state C, the vapour is called a dry-
sure. Show the various stages on p–v, T–v, T–s saturated steam. If the dry-saturated steam is
and h–s diagrams. further heated beyond the state C to any state say
Ans. Consider heating of water at constant D, this heating process is called superheating.
atmospheric pressure. Let water is at 20 °C at The steam obtained is called superheated steam.
state A and atmospheric pressure, water exists in Q.7. Air enters the compressor of a gas tur-
the liquid phase, and it is called a subcooled bine plant operating on Brayton cycle at 1 bar
liquid. Heat is now supplied to water, both the pressure and 27 °C temperature. The pres-
temperature and the volume increase. As more sure ratio is 6 and the maximum cycle tem-
heat is supplied, the temperature of water rises perature is limited to 800 °C. If the
and continues to rise until it reaches 100°C compressor and turbine efficiencies are 85%
(boiling point) at state B at constant pressure. and 88%, respectively. Make calculations for

At state B, water is still a liquid, but further the net work output, cycle efficiency and the
small amount of heat addition will cause some of work ratio.
liquid to vaporize. That is, a phase change pro-
Ans. Given data:
cess from liquid to vapor is about to take place.
The state of liquid at which a vapor just begins to p1 ¼ 1 bar
form is called a saturated liquid. Therefore, state

B is called saturated liquid state. T1 ¼ 27 C ¼ ð27 þ 273ÞK ¼ 300 K
At state B, the condition of water is saturated
liquid. As heat is transferred at state B, the Pressure ratio:
temperature stops rising until the liquid is com- p2
pletely vaporized. During the phase- change rp ¼ ¼6
p1
process, the only change we will observe is a
94 8 Gas Turbine

Maximum temperature:

or

T3 ¼ 800 C 200:4
¼ ð800 þ 273ÞK T2  300 ¼ ¼ 235:76
0:85
¼ 1073 K
or
Compressor efficiency:
T2 ¼ 235:76 þ 300 ¼ 535:76 K
gC ¼ 85% ¼ 0:85
For isentropic process 3–4s,
Turbine efficiency: ( )c1
T3 p2 c ( )c1
gT ¼ 88% ¼ 0:88 ¼ ¼ rp c
T4s p1
1073 1:41
For isentropic process l–2s, ¼ ð6Þ 1:4 ¼ ð6Þ0:2857 ¼ 1:668
T4s
( )c1
T2s p2 c ( )c1
¼ ¼ rp c or
T1 p1
T2s 1073
1:41
¼ ð6Þ 1:4 ¼ ð6Þ0:2857 ¼ 1:668 T4s ¼ ¼ 643:28 K
300 1:668
T3  T4
or gT ¼
T3  T4s
T2s ¼ 1:668  300 ¼ 500:4 K 1073  T4 1073  T4
0:88 ¼ ¼
1073  643:28 429:72
T2s  T1
gc ¼
T2  T1 or

500:4  300 200:4 0:88  429:72 ¼ 1073  T4

0:85 ¼ ¼
T2  300 T2  300
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 95

or Ans. The steady flow energy equation (SFEE)

for unit mass flow rate,
378:15 ¼ 1073  T4
V12 V2
or h1 þ þ gz1 þ q12 ¼ h2 þ 2 þ gz2 þ w12
2 2
T4 ¼ 1073  378:15 ¼ 694:85 K
where
Specific compressor input work: h1 = specific enthalpy at inlet in J/kg.
V1 = velocity at inlet in m/s
wc ¼ cp ðT2  T1 Þ ¼ 1:005ð535:76  300Þ Z1 = datum head at inlet in m
¼ 236:93 kJ/kg q1–2 = specific heat transfer in J/kg.
and
Specific turbine output work: h2 = specific enthalpy at outlet in J/kg
V2= Velocity at Outlet in M/s
wT ¼ cp ðT3  T4 Þ ¼ 1:005ð1073  694:85Þ
z2 = datum head at outlet in m
¼ 380:04 kJ/kg
w1–2 = specific work in J/kg.
Specific heat supplied: Throttle Process: Throttling process can be
analysed with following assumption:
q23 ¼ cp ðT3  T2 Þ ¼ 1:005ð1073  535:76Þ
¼ 539:92 kJ/kg (i) Work interaction: w1-2 = 0
(ii) Heat interaction: q1-2 = 0
(i) Net work: wnet ¼ wT  wC ¼ 380:04 (iii) Change in kinetic and potential energies
236:93 ¼ 143:11 kJ=kg are neglected.
(ii) Cycle efficiency:
wnot 143:11
g ¼ q23 ¼ 539:92 ¼ 02650 ¼ 26:50% Above SFEE becomes for throttling process,
(iii) Work ratio: WR ¼ wwnetT ¼ 143:11
380:04 ¼ 0:3765 h1 ¼ h2
Q.8. (a) Explain Intensive and Extensive It means that the enthalpy of fluid remains con-
Properties. stant during the throttling process, i.e., enthalpy
Ans. Intensive Property: The properties that are of fluid before throttling is equal to the enthalpy
independent on the mass of the system called of the fluid after throttling.
intensive properties. For examples: Temperature, (c) Explain second law efficiency.
pressure, density, viscosity, specific heat and
thermal conductivity. Ans. Second Law Efficiency: gII . It is defined as
the ratio of the actual work output to the maxi-
Extensive Property: The properties that depend mum work output of the work-producing
on the mass of the system are called extensive devices.
properties. For examples: Energy, enthalpy, Mathematically,
entropy, momentum and volume.
Second law efficiency:
(b) Write steady flow energy equation for a
open system and write the same for throttling Actual work : W
gII ¼
process. Maximum work : Wrev
96 8 Gas Turbine

W and
gII ¼ for work - producing devices
Wrev Wrev
grev ¼ gCarnot ¼ thermal efficiency of a reversible
W Q1 Q1
) gII ¼  heat engine or Carnot efficiency:
Wrev Q1
W
gII ¼ The second law efficiency is also defined as the
Q1  WQrev1
ratio of actual thermal efficiency to the reversible
gth g1 (Carnot) efficiency under the same condition.
gII ¼ ¼
grev gCarnot
(d) What do you understand by saturation
states? Show different saturation states com-
T1
ing across while heating ice at −5 °C to super
heated steam.
Q1 Ans. A saturation state is the point where a phase
change begins or ends. For example, saturation
HE W
liquid state and saturated vapour state.
Formation of superheated steam from −5 °C of
Q2
ice.
T2 Let us consider 1 kg of ice of −5 °C below the
freezing point. The initial state of the substance
where has been denoted by state A.

W Process A–B: When heat is supplied, tempera-

gth ¼ gII ¼ ; actual thermal efficiency ture of ice rises from −5 °C to 0 °C with increase
Q1
in volume. The heat supplied during process A-
B is called reversible heat.

Tsup G

E
Tsat =100°C F

D
4°C
0°C B
C
–5°C
A v
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 97

Process B–C: At state B is ice at 0 °C. On saturated steam is called superheated steam. The
heating further beyond state B, at constant 0 °C heating process of the dry-saturated steam from
temperature, the phase changes from ice to water the state F to any state say G, is called
with decrease in volume. superheating.
Process C–D: At state C is water at 0 °C. On (e) Using p–v and T–s diagram show that
heating further beyond state C, the volume of diesel cycle is more efficiency than that of Otto
water decreases when the temperature rise 0 °C cycle for same maximum cycle pressure and
to 4 °C. The maximum density of water at 4 °C heat input.
is 1000 kg/m3.
Ans.
Process D–E: Further addition of heat at state D,
Same maximum cycle pressure and heat
temperature of water rises from 4 to 100 °C with
input:
increase in volume.

p T
3
2' 3' 3 3'

2' p=C

C 4
4 2 V=
4' 4'
2
1
1

v s

Saturation Liquid Point: The state of liquid at The Otto and diesel cycles are shown in p–
which a vapor just begins to form is called sat- v and T–s diagram of Fig. according to given
uration liquid point. This point is denoted by condition of the same maximum cycle pressure
point E on T–v plane. and heat input. These cycles are shown in Fig. as.
Process E–F: As more heat is added at the sat- Otto Cycle: 1–2–3–4–1
uration liquid state E, boiling of water at constant
Diesel Cycle: 1–2ʹ–3ʹ–4ʹ–1
temperature with increase in volume. At state F,
all the water has vaporized the state of steam at The thermal efficiency:
this point is called dry-saturated steam.
heat rejection
Saturation Vapor State: The state of vapour at g¼1
heat input
which condensation just begins on loss of heat of
the vapor is called saturation vapour state. It is As the heat input is constant. The thermal effi-
denoted by point F on T–v plane. ciency of the cycle is dependent only on the heat
Process F–G: As more heat is added at the sat- rejection, lower the heat rejection, higher the
uration vapour state F, temperature of steam rises thermal efficiency. It is cleared from T–s dia-
at given constant pressure with increase in vol- gram, heat rejection is higher in the Otto cycle
ume. The steam obtained by heating the dry- and lower in the diesel cycle.
98 8 Gas Turbine

i.e., Z 2 Z 2
C
) W12 ¼ n
dV ¼ C V n dV
ðQ41 ÞOtto [ ðQ41 ÞDiesel 1 V 1
[ n þ 1 ]2 [ n þ 1 ]
V V2  V1n þ 1
¼C ¼C
Thus, the thermal efficiency of the diesel cycle is n þ 1 1 1n
more than Otto cycle at given condition of the CV2n þ 1  CV1n þ 1
same maximum cycle pressure and heat input. ¼
1n
n n þ 1
i.e., p 2 V2 V2  p1 V1n V1n þ 1
¼ *p1 V1n
1n
gDiesel [ gOtto ¼ p2 V2n ¼ C
p 2 V2  p1 V1 p1 V1  p 2 V2
Q.9. Derive equation for pdV work for a ¼ ¼
1n n1
polytropic process and for constant pressure RðT1  T2 Þ
process. Show the process on p–v diagram. ¼
n1
Ans. Polytropic process:
Constant Pressure Process:
pV n ¼ C
p¼C
Work done:
Work done:
dW ¼ pdV
dW ¼ pdV
Integrating between states 1 and 2 gives,
Z Z Integrating between state 1 and 2 gives 2
2 2
dW ¼ pdV Z 2 Z 2
1 1
dW ¼ pdV
Z 2 1 1
Z
W12 ¼ pdV 2
1 W12 ¼ p dV ¼ p½V21 ¼ pðV2  V1 Þ
1
¼ R ðT 2  T 1 Þ

1 p=C
p1 = p 2 2

We know that pV n ¼ C for polytropic v1 v

v2
process.
or Q.10. Air flow with steady state of a flow rate
of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor. Inlet
C
p¼ velocity, pressure and specific volume are
Vn
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 99

7 m/s, 1 bar and 0.9 m3/kg, respectively, and Applying the steady flow energy equation, we
these parameters at outlet for the compressor have
are 4 m/s, 7 bar and 0.15 m3/kg, respectively. ( )
The difference in internal energy between V12
m h1 þ þ gz1 þ Q
outlet and inlet is 90 kJ/kg. The cooling ( 2 )
arrangement made in the compressor absorbs V22
¼ m h2 þ þ gz2 þ W
60 W of energy. Calculate power required to 2
drive the compressor and cross sectional areas
at inlet and outlet. Neglecting change in potential energy
( ) ( )
Ans. Given data: V2 V2
Mass flow rate: ) m h 1 þ 1 þ Q ¼ m h2 þ 2 þ W
2 2
m ¼ 0:5kg=s
or
At inlet state 1, m 2
mðh2  h1 Þ þ ðV  V12 Þ þ W ¼ Q
2 2
V1 ¼ 7 m=s
p1 ¼ 1 bar ¼ 100kPa Units balancing,
v1 ¼ 0:9 m3 =kg m
mðh2  h1 Þ þ ðV 2  V12 Þ þ W ¼ Q
2000 2
At outlet state 2,
Here,
V2 ¼ 4 m/s
p2 ¼ 7 bar = 700kPa m is in kg/s
h1 and h2 are in kJ/kg
v2 ¼ 0:15 m3 =kg
V1 and V2 are in m/s
u2  u1 ¼ 90 kJ/kg
W and Q are in kW
Q ¼ 60 W =  0:06 kW
0:5 h 2 i
) 0:5ð105Þ þ ð4Þ þ ð7Þ2 þ W ¼ 0:06
2000
52:5  0:00825 þ W ¼ 0:06
W ¼ 52:55 kW

or
The −ve sign indicated that the work is done
on the system.

A1 V1
m¼
v1
Change in specific enthalpy: A1  7
0:5 ¼
0:9
h 2  h1
¼ ðu2  u1 Þ þ p2 v2  p1 v1 or
¼ 90 þ 700  0:15  100  0:9
A1 ¼ 0:06428 m2 ¼ 642:85 cm2
¼ 105 kJ=kg
100 8 Gas Turbine

also, ZT1
A 2 V2 Q1 ¼ Cv dT
m¼
v2 T2

A2  4 Z200
0:5 ¼
0:15 ¼ AT 2 dT
A2 ¼ 0:01875 m2 ¼ 187:5 cm2 100
[ ]100
T3
Q.11. A system having heat capacity at con- ¼A
3 200
stant volume, Cv = AT1, where a = 0.043 J/K3,
0:043 h i
is originally at 200 K and a thermal reservoir ¼ ð200Þ3  ð100Þ3 ¼ 100333:33 J
3
at 100 K. Determine maximum amount of
work that can be recovered as the system is
cooled down to the reservoir’s temperature. Entropy change of system,

Ans. Given data: ZT2

dT
ðDSÞsystem ¼ Cv
System T
T1
T1 =200K
ZT2
dT
¼ AT 2
T
Q1 T1
ZT2
HE ¼ AT dT
Wmax = Q1 –Q2
T1
ZT2
Q2 ¼A T dT
T1
T2 =100K [ 2 ]T2
T
Reservious ¼A
2 T
[ 2 1 2]
Heat capacity at constant volume, T  T1
¼A 2
2
" #
Cv ¼ AT 2 ð100Þ2  ð200Þ2
¼ 0:043 ¼ 645 J/K
2
where

A ¼ 0:043 J/K3 Entropy change of reservoir (sink),

Q2 Q2
Temperature of system: ðDSÞsink ¼ ¼
T2 100
T1 ¼ 200 K
Entropy change of universe,
Temperature of thermal reservoir:
ðDSÞuni ¼ ðDSÞsystem þ ðDSÞsink
T2 ¼ 100 K Q2
¼ 645 þ
100
Heat transfer from the system:
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 101

According to the increase of entropy principle Clausius statement. It is impossible to construct

for reversible heat engine, a device that operates in a cycle and produce no
effect other than the heat transfer of heat from a
ðDSÞuni ¼ 0 low temperature body to a high temperature body
Q2 without external aid of work. Application:
645 þ ¼0
100 Refrigerator and heat pump.

or (c) Define entropy generation.

Ans. The entropy change of a closed system
Q2
¼ 645 R2
100 during an irreversible process is greater than dQT,
1
or which represents the entropy transfer with heat.
That is, some entropy is generated or created
Q2 ¼ 645  100 ¼ 64500 J during an irreversible process, and this genera-
tion is due to the presence of irreversibility. The
Thus, the maximum amount of work that can be entropy generated during a process is called
recovered, entropy generation and is denoted by Sgen.

Wmax ¼ Q1  Q2 Entropy Change:

¼ 100333:33  64500 ¼ 35833:33 J
Z2
¼ 35:83 kJ dQ
S 2  S1 ¼ þ Sgen
T
1
Q.12. (a) Define Microscope and Macroscopic
Thermodynamics. where Sgen is the entropy generation and its value
Ans. Microscope thermodynamics. When the always a + ve or zero, i.e., + ve value for an
study is performed at molecular level of the irreversible process and zero for a reversible
matter, it is called microscopic thermodynamics. process.
A certain quantity of matter is chosen to study (d) Define availability and show that maxi-
the behaviour of individual molecule. Then by mum work achievable decrease with increase
adopting statistical approach, collecting molecu- in ambient temperature.
lar activity is analyzed.
Ans. Availability: The availability of the system
Macroscopic Thermodynamics. When the is defined as the maximum useful work obtain-
study is performed on the matter or whole sys- able from the system when the system approa-
tem, it is called macroscopic thermodynamics. ches to atmospheric condition. It is denoted by A.
A certain quantity of matter is chosen to study Let
the behaviour of all molecules. Q1 = head supplied to the system from heat
(b) Briefly explain application of Kelvin source at temperature T1.
Planck’s and Clausius statements of 2nd law. Q2 = heat rejected to the sink at atmospheric
or ambient temperature to
Ans. Kelvin Planck's statements. It is impossible Efficiency of reversible heat engine:
to construct a heat engine that work in a cycle
and converts net heat supplied into an equivalent Wmax
grev ¼
amount of work. Q1
Application: Heat engines.
102 8 Gas Turbine

also The parameters depend both on the path fol-

lowed during the process and end states of a
T0 system, which is called path functions. Path
grev ¼ 1 
T1 functions have inexact differentials because they
Wmax T0 depend on the path followed during a process.
) ¼1
Q1 T1 For example, heat and work are path functions.
(f) Draw constant pressure and constant
or
temperature lines in entropy-enthalpy dia-
( ) gram of water and explain sensible, latent and
T0
Wmax ¼ Q1 1  superheating.
T1
Ans. Enthalpy-entropy diagram is also called
or mollier diagram.
( ) The following observation can be made from
T0
A ¼ Wmax ¼ Q1 1  h–s diagram:
T1
1. Constant Pressure Lines and Constant Tem-
Source,T 1 perature Lines Coincide in the Wet Region.
The Pressure Line Diverge from One Another
Due to the Increase in Saturation Temperature
with Increase in Pressure.
Q1
2. In the region of superheated vapor, the iso-
baric lines, have a positive slope and turn
HE Wmax = A upwards and the constant temperature lines
tend towards a horizontal straight line. This
may be attributed to the fact that at high
Q2
temperature, the behaviour of superheated
vapor approaches as on ideal gas, i.e., h = f(T).
Ambient
Temperature,T o
Sensible Heat: The amount of heat required to
Hence, maximum work achievable decrease raise the temperature of the substance at constant
with increase in ambient temperature. pressure when the phase change does not occur is
(e) What do you mean by exact and inexact called sensible heat.
differentials of properties? Latent Heat: The amount of heat required to
Ans. The parameters are depend only on the change the phase from liquid to vapour (or
initial and states of a system, is called point vapour to liquid) at constant temperature and
function. Point functions have exact differentials pressure is called latent heat.
because they depend on the end states only and Super Heating: The heating process of dry-
are independent of the path followed during a saturated steam above the saturated temperature,
process. For example, volume temperature, is called superheating.
pressure, energy, etc. are point functions.
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 103

h
Constantpressurelines

Constanttemperaturelines
CP

Saturated = c
c, T
liquid p= Superheatedregion
line
Saturated
Wet vaporline
region

(g) Explain the limitation of Otto cycle and 1. All the four processes used in Cannot cycle
what is the solution to overcome it? have to be reversible. The reversible pro-
cesses are possible only if the processes have
Ans. The limitation of Otto cycle is upper limit
no internal friction among the fluid particles
of its compression ratio.
and no mechanical friction between the piston
If compression ratio increases above a certain
and cylinder walls.
limit, the efficiency decreases due to detonation
(also called knocking). Detonation is abnormal 2. Heat addition and rejection at constant tem-
combustion due to end charge auto-ignites before perature is impossible.
the flame reaches it.
3. Frequent change of cylinder head (i.e., insu-
This limitation may overcome by;
lating head for adiabatic process and
(i) Using high octane number fuel.
diathermic head for isothermal process) is not
(ii) Increasing engine rpm.
possible.
(iii) Retarding spark.
(iv) Reducing pressure in inlet manifold by
Or
throttling.
The isothermal process can be achieved only
if the piston moves very slowly to allow heat
(h) Why Carnot cycle is not being used in
transfer so that the temperature remains constant.
practice, although it gives maximum effi-
The adiabatic process can be achieved only if the
ciency? Draw the T–s and p–v diagram for
piston moves very fast in order to approach
Carnot cycle.
reversible process, i.e., heat transfer is negligible
Ans. The Carnot engine is a hypothetical device due to very short period of time.
and it cannot be practically possible due to fol- Thus, it is impossible to maintain the varia-
lowing reasons: tions in the speed of the piston during the pro-
cesses of a cycle.
104 8 Gas Turbine

p 3 T

T=C
3 4
γ
4 T1
pv = C
γ
pv = C
2

T=C T2 1
1 2

v s

4. The isothermal and adiabatic lines in p–v di- (i) Explain regenerative feed heating.
agram are largely extended both in the hori-
Ans. A schematic representation of the main
zontal and vertical directions. The cylinder
component of regenerator feed heating is shown
involves high pressure and large displacement
in Fig. The water entering the boiler is called
volume, and thesize of the engine becomes
feed water, and the device used to mix the
heavy and bulky. The Carnot cycle is an
extracted steam and the condenser water is called
impractical device or hypothetical device.
a generator, or a feed water heater. When the
Now the question is why we study Carnot
condenser water is mixed directly with the
cycle? The answer is that the Carnot cycle is
extracting steam, it is done in an open feed water
taken as a standard or reference against which
heater as shown in Fig.
the performance of any practical heat engine
is compared,

1 kg

Turbine

2
Boiler
m kg 3
(1–
m )kg

OFWH
5
1 kg
6
Condenser
4
7
(1–
m )kg
Pump-2 Pump-1
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 105

Let 1 kg of steam supplied to the turbine or Net work output:

leaving from the boiler mlkg is extracted a state 2
for feed water heater. (1 − m1) kg is expanded wnet ¼ w13  wp
completely in the remaining part of the turbine
upto state 3. The thermal efficiency of the generative cycle,

net work output wnet

gth ¼ ¼
heat supplied q71

Q.13. In water cooling tower, air enters at a

height of 1 m above the ground and leaves at
height of 8 m. The inlet and outlet velocities
are 20 m/s and 30 m/s, respectively. Water
enters at a height of 7 m and leaves at a height
of 0.8 m. velocity of water at entry and exit is
3 m/s and 1 m/s, respectively. Water temper-
ature is 40 °C and 30 C at entry and exit,
respectively. Air temperature is 30 °C and
38 °C at the entry and exit, respectively. The
cooling tower is well insulated and a fan of
The heat and work interaction of a regenera- 3 kW drives the air through the tower. Find
tive cycle with one feed water heater can be the amount of air per second required for
expressed per unit mass of steam flowing through 1 kg/s of water flow. The value of cp of air and
the boiler as follows heat supplied in the boiler: water are 1.005 and 4.187 kJ/kg K,
respectively.
q71 ¼ h1  h7
Ans. Given data:
Net pumps input work:
For air For water

wp ¼ w45 þ w67 At inlet At leaving At inlet At leaving

z1 ¼ 1 m z2 ¼ 8 m z3 ¼ 7 m z4 ¼ 0:8 m
¼ ð1  m1 Þðh5  h4 Þ þ ðh7  h6 Þ
V1 ¼ 20 m=s V2 ¼ 30 m=s V3 ¼ 3 m=s V4 ¼ 1 m=s
T1 ¼ 30 C T2 ¼ 38 C T3 ¼ 40 C T4 ¼ 30 C
Turbine output work:
cpa ¼ 1:005 kJ/kgK cpw ¼ 4:187 kJ=kgK
ma ¼ ? mw ¼ 1 kg=s
w13 ¼ ðh1  h2 Þ þ ð1  m1 Þðh2  h3 Þ
106 8 Gas Turbine

2 Airleaving

Waterenter

z2

Airenter 1
z3

1 4
z1 Waterleaving

4 z4

Power required to drive the fan: ma ½8:04  0:25  0:0686 ¼ 41:87  0:004
 0:0608  3
W ¼ 3 kW  8:358ma ¼ 44:934

Assumption: Evaporation of water is neglected.

Applying the steady flow energy equation, or

[ ] [ ] 44:934
V2 V2 ma ¼
ma h1 þ 1 þ gz1 þ mw h3 þ 3 þ gz3 þ Q 8:359
2 2
[ ] [ ]
V22 V2 ma ¼ 5:37kg=s
¼ ma h 2 þ þ gz2 þ mw h4 þ 4 þ gz4 þ W
2 2
Q.14. In a turbojet engine, air at a velocity of
30 m/s and a temperature of 45 °C is fed to
where Q = 0, insulated cooling tower
combustion chamber, where temperature is
[ ] raised to 800 °C. It then enters in a turbine
V 2  V22
ma ðh1 þ h2 Þ þ 1 þ gðz1  z2 Þ
2 with the same velocity of 30 m/s and expands
[ ]
V 2  V32 till temperature falls to 650 °C. On leavings
¼ mw ðh4  h3 Þ þ 4 þ gðz4  z3 Þ
2 the turbine, the air is taken at a velocity of
[ ]
V 2  V22 g 60 m/s to a nozzle, where it expands until
þ W ma cpa ðT1  T2 Þ þ 1 þ ðz1  z2 Þ
2000 1000
[ ] temperature falls to 400 °C. If the air flows at
V12 g
¼ mw cpa ðT4  T3 Þ þ þ ðz4  z3 Þ a rate of 5 kg/s. Calculate:
2000 1000
" #
ð20Þ2  ð30Þ2 9:81 (a) Rate of heat transfer to air in combustion
þ W ma 1:005ð30  38Þ þ þ ð1  8Þ
2000 1000 chamber.
" #
ð1Þ2  ð3Þ2 9:81 (b) Power output from turbine assuming no
¼ 1 4:187ð30  40Þ þ þ ð0:8  7Þ  3
2000 1000 heat loss.
(c) Velocity at exit from nozzle assuming no
heat loss. (Take cp is air as 1.005 kJ/kg K,
h = cp T, where T is temperature)
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 107

Ans. Given data: Applying the steady flow energy equation

Combustion chamber: [ ]
V12
m h1 þ þ gz1 þ Q12
At inlet; Velocity: V1 ¼ 30m=s. [ 2 ]
Temperature: T1 ¼ 45  C. V2
¼ m h2 þ 2 þ gz2 þ W12
At exit; Velocity: V2 ¼ 30m=s. 2
Temperature: T2 ¼ 800  C.

Q1–2

2
Combustion
Chamber W2–3

Turbine

3 4

Nozzle

Combustion chamber exit = Turbine inlet where

At turbine exit,
V1 ¼ V2
T3 ¼ 650 C
z1 ¼ z2
V3 ¼ 60 m/s
W12 ¼ 0
Turbine exit = Nozzle inlet ) mh1 þ Q12 ¼ mh2
At nozzle exit,
or
T4 ¼ 400 C
Q12 ¼ m½h2  h1 
Mass flow rate of air: ¼ mcp ½T2  T1 
m ¼ 5 kg/s ¼ 5  1:005ð800  45Þ ¼ 3793:87 kJ/s

(a) Rate of heat transfer to air in combustion (b) Power output from turbine: W2–3
chamber: Q1-2
108 8 Gas Turbine

Applying the steady flow energy equation or

[ ]
V22 V32 V2
m h2 þ þ gz2 þ Q23 h3 þ ¼ h4 þ 4
2 2
[ 2 ]
V2
¼ m h3 þ 3 þ gz3 þ W23 or
2
V32 V2
where cp T 3 þ ¼ cp T4 þ 4
2000 2000
z2 ¼ z3 ; Q23 ¼ 0 V42 V2
¼ cp ðT3  T4 Þ þ 3
[ ] [ ] 2000 2000
V22 V32
) m h2 þ ¼ m h3 þ þ W23
2 2 or

or V42 ¼ 2000cp ðT3  T4 Þ þ V32

[ ] [ ]
V22 V32 or
m cp T2 þ ¼ m cp T3 þ þ W23
2000 2000 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
V4 ¼ 2000cp ðT3  T4 Þ þ V32
or qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 2000  1:005ð650  400Þ þ ð60Þ2
mðV22  V32 Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
W23 ¼ mcp ðT2  T3 Þ þ ¼ 502500  3600 ¼ 498900 ¼ 706:32 m/s
2000
5 h i
¼ 5  1:005ð800  600Þ þ ð30Þ2  ð60Þ2 Q.15. A heat pump working on the Carnot
2000
¼ 753:75  6:75 ¼ 747 kW cycle takes heat from a reservoir at 5 °C and
delivers heat to a reservoir at 60 °C. The heat
pump is driven by a reversible heat engine
(c) Velocity at exit from nozzle: V4 which takes heat from a reservoir at 840 °C
and rejects heat to a reservoir at 60 °C. The
Applying the steady flow energy equation reversible heat engine also drives a machine
[ ] that absorbs 30 kW. If the heat pump extracts
V32 17 kJ/s from the 5 °C reservoir, determine:
m h3 þ þ gz3 þ Q34
[ 2 ] (a) Rate of heat supply from the 840 °C
V2
¼ m h4 þ 4 þ gz4 þ W34 source.
2 (b) The rate of heat rejection to the 60 °C
sink.
where

z3 ¼ z4 Ans. Given data:

Q34 ¼ 0 T2 ¼ 5 C ¼ 5 þ 273 ¼ 278 K

W34 ¼ 0 T1 ¼ 60 C ¼ 60 þ 273 ¼ 333 K
T3 ¼ 840 C ¼ 840 þ 273 ¼ 1113 K
W ¼ W1 þ 30
V32 V2
) mh3 þ m ¼ mh4 þ m 4 Q2 ¼ 17 kJ/s = 17kW
2 2
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 109

For heat pump: (a) Rate of heat supply from 840 °C source: Q3

T1 333 For reversible heat engine

ðCOPÞHP ¼ ¼ ¼ 6:05
T1  T2 333  278
W ¼ W1 þ 30
also
¼ 3:36 þ 30 ¼ 33:36 kW
Q1 T4
ðCOPÞHP ¼ g ¼ 1
Q1  Q2 T3
Q1 T1 333
) 6:05 ¼ ¼1 ¼1 ¼ 1  0:2991 ¼ 0:7009
Q1  Q2 T3 1113

6:05ðQ1  Q2 Þ ¼ Q1
also
6:05Q1  6:05Q2 ¼ Q1
6:05Q1  Q1 ¼ 5:05Q2 W
g¼
5:05Q1 ¼ 5:05  17 Q3
5:05Q1 ¼ 102:85 W
) 0:7009 ¼
Q3
or 33:36
0:7009 ¼
Q3
102:85
Q1 ¼ ¼ 20:36 kW
5:05 or
W1 ¼ Q1  Q2
33:36
¼ 20:36  17 ¼ 3:36 kW Q3 ¼ ¼ 47:59 kW
0:7009
110 8 Gas Turbine

(b) Rate of heat rejection to the 60 °C sink: 04 .'. Actual efficiency:

Q4 ¼ Q3  W g ¼ 0:41 gmax ¼ 0:40  0:7

¼ 47:59  33:36 ¼ 14:23 kW g ¼ 0:28

Q.16. A heat engine operating between two also

reservoirs at 1000 K and 300 K is used to
drive a heat pump which extracts heat from Q2
g¼1
the reservoir at 300 K at a rate twice that at Q1
which the engine rejects heat to it if the effi-
Q2
ciency of the engine is 40% of the maximum ) 0:28 ¼ 1 
50
possible and COP of the heat pump is 50% of
the maximum possible. What is the tempera- or
ture of reservoir to which the heat pump
rejects the heat? Q2
¼ 1  0:28 ¼ 0:72
50
Ans: Given data:
or
T1 ¼ 1000 K
T2 ¼ 300 K = T3 Q2 ¼ 0:72  50 ¼ 36 kW
Q3 ¼ 2Q2
Heat engine output work:
g ¼ 0:40gmax
ðCOP)HP ¼ 0:50ðCOPmax ÞHP W ¼ Q1  Q2 ¼ 50  36 ¼ 14 kW
Q1 ¼ 50 kW ¼ Heat pump input work

For heat engine,

For heat pump,
Maximum/Carnot efficiency:
W ¼ 14 kW
T2 300
gmax ¼ 1  ¼1 ¼ 0:7 Q3 ¼ 2Q2 ¼ 2  36 ¼ 72 kW
T1 1000
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 111

Heat rejection from the pump: process. The Joule–Kelvin effect is also called
Joule–Thomson effect.
Q4 ¼ W þ Q3 ¼ 14 þ 72 ¼ 86 kW Throttling process is shown in Fig. 1, by a
porous plug on a fluid flowing in an insulated
Actual coefficient of performance: pipe.
Q4 86
ðCOP)HP ¼ ¼ ¼ 6:14
W 14

also

ðCOP)HP ¼ 0:50ðCOPmax ÞHP

) 6:14 ¼ 0:50ðCOPmax ÞHP

or

ðCOPmax ÞHP ¼ 12:28

Applying the steady flow energy equations
also

T4 V12 V2
ðCOPmax ÞHP ¼ h1 þ þ gz1 þ q12 ¼ h2 þ 2 þ gz2 þ w12
T4  T3 2 2
ð4Þ
T4
) 12:28 ¼
T4  300 Throttling process can be analysed with the fol-
lowing assumptions.
or (i) Work done: w1-2 = 0
(ii) Head transfer: q1-2 = 0
12:28T4  3684 ¼ T4
(iii) Change in kinetic and potential energies
or are neglected.

11:28T4 ¼ 3684 Equation (4) become

or h1 ¼ h2

3684 It means that the enthalpy of fluid remains con-

T4 ¼ ¼ 326:59 K
11:28 stant during the throttling process.
For Real Gas: For ideal gases, enthalpy is a
Q.17. Explain in Detail the Joule–Kelvin
function of temperature only. But for real gases,
Effect.
enthalpy is a function of both temperature and
Ans. Joule–Kelvin Effect: Joule–Kelvin effect pressure. The enthalpy of a real gas remains
states that when a real gas or a liquid under high constant during the throttling process but the
pressure passing through a valve or porous plug temperature does not remains constant. Experi-
while kept insulated, so that no heat is transferred ment can be conducted by keeping constant
to or from the fluid, the temperature change of a temperature and pressure on the upstream con-
real gas or a liquid will take place. Joule–Kelvin dition (i.e., before throttling) but varying the
effect is a throttling process, meaning that the pressure on the down stream condition (i.e., after
enthalpy of the fluid is constant during the throttling) and measuring corresponding
112 8 Gas Turbine

temperature. This is achieved by changing dif- where

ferent sizes of porous plugs. Both temperature
and pressure of the real gas is measured after lJ is þ ve; ve or zero
throttling. Since the upstream pressure and tem-
perature conditions are kept constant, the The point on the isenthalpic line where lJ = 0 is
enthalpy of the real gas for all measured condi- called the inversion point. Thus, the inversion
tions on down stream pressure and temperature point denotes the maximum value of temperature
would be constant enthalpy line on T–p dia- on the isenthalpic line in T–p diagram. The line
grams. Repeating the experiment for different that passes through the inversion points is called
sets of inlet temperature and pressure and plot- the inversion line. The temperature at a point
ting the result, we can construct a T–p diagram where an isenthalpic line intersects the inversion
for a real gas with serval constant enthalpy lines, line is called the inversion temperature. The
as shown in Fig. 2. Joule–Thomson coefficient is positive (lJ > 0) to
the left side of the inversion line is zero at the

T
Inversionline

Inversionpoint,μ =
J 0

Isenthalpylines
(i.e., h = c)

μJ > 0 μJ = 0
Coolingregion
μJ < 0

Heatingregion

The temperature behaviour of a real gas dur- inversion point and negative (lJ < 0) to the right
ing a throttling process is described by the Joule– side of the inversion line.
Thomson coefficient, which defined as the slope A throttling process always proceeds along a
of an isenthalpic curve at any point in T–p dia- constant enthalpy line in the direction of
gram. Mathematically, decreasing pressure, i.e., from right to left.
Joule–Thomson coefficient:
Q.18. Explain and draw p–v and T–s diagram
( ) for water and some other fluid. Explain how
@T
lJ ¼ to determine the enthalpy and entropy in the
@p h¼constant
wet region.
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 113

Ans. At any state 1 between saturated liquid

state/and saturated vapour state g, shown in Fig.

Let and

hf ¼ specific enthalpy of the saturated liquid Hg

hg ¼ for vapor
hg ¼ specific enthalpy of the saturated vapor mg
m ¼ total mass of the wet steam
or
mf
mg ¼ mass of the vapor phase H g ¼ m g hg

At state 1, total enthalpy of the wet steam is the Substituting the values of H, Hf and Hg in
sum of the enthalpy occupied by the liquid and Eq. (5), we get
that occupied by the vapour.
That is mh ¼ mf hf þ mg hg

H ¼ Hf þ Hg ð5Þ or
mf mg
By definition of the specific enthalpy, h¼ hf þ hg ð6Þ
m m
H
h¼ for wet  steam The ratio of the mass of saturated vapour to the
m total mass of the wet steam is called the quality
or of the wet steam.
i.e.
H ¼ mh mg
x¼
Hf m
hf ¼ for liquid
mf
and; Total mass:
or
m ¼ mf þ mg
Hf ¼ mf hf
114 8 Gas Turbine

or (b) The cycle efficiency

(c) The m. e.p. of the cycle. Take cV = 0.71
mf ¼ m  mg kJ/kgK, cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK.

Substituting the values of x and mf in Eq. (6) (if),

we get Ans. Given data:

( Compression ratio:
ðm  mg Þ mg )
h¼ hf þ xhg ¼ 1  hf þ xhg
m m v1
r¼ ¼ 16
¼ ð1  xÞhf þ xhs v2
¼ hf  xhf þ xhg p1 ¼ 1 bar ¼ 100 kPa
( )
h ¼ hf þ x hg  hf T1 ¼ 50 C ¼ 50 þ 273 ¼ 323 K
h ¼ hf þ xhfg

p T
3 4
4

3
2

2 5
5

1 1
v s

Similarly, the specific entropy of the wet steam Maximum pressure:

of state 1,
p3 ¼ p4 ¼ 70 bar ¼ 7000 kPa
s ¼ sf þ xðsg  sf Þ
q23 ¼ q34
s ¼ sf þ xsfg
Applying the equation of state at state 1,
Q.19. An air standard dual cycle has a com-
pression ratio of 16 and compression begins at p1 v1 ¼ RT1
1 bar, 50 °C. The maximum pressure is
70 bar. The heat transferred to air at constant 100  v1 ¼ 0:287  323
pressure is equal to that at constant volume
estimate- or

(a) The pressures and temperatures at the v1 ¼ 0:927 m3 =kg

cardinal points of the cycle.
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 115

also or
v1 ¼ 16v2
T5 ¼ 615:41 K
) 0:927 ¼ 16  v2
and
or ( )c
p4 v5
v2 ¼ 0:0579 m3 =kg ¼
p5 v4
( )c
p4 v1
(a) The pressures and temperatures at the car- ¼ *v5 ¼ v1
p5 v4
dinal points of the cycle. For adiabatic ( )
process 1–2, 7000 0:927 1:4
¼
p5 0:0706
( )c1
T2 v1 7000
¼ ¼ 36:77
T1 v2 p5
T2
¼ ð16Þ1:41 or
323
p5 ¼ 190:37 kPa

or
(b) The cycle efficiency: gDual
T2 ¼ 979:15 K
Net heat addition:
also
( )c qA ¼ q23 þ q34
p2 v1 ¼ 2q23 *q23 ¼ q34
¼
p1 v2 ¼ 2  311:59
p2 ¼ 623:18 kJ/kg
¼ ð16Þ1:4
100
Heat rejection:
or
p2 ¼ 4850:29 kPa qR ¼ cv ðT5  T1 Þ
¼ 0:718ð615:41  323Þ ¼ 209:95 kJ/kg
For process 2–3, heat addition at v = C

T 3 p3 Heat supplied:
¼
T 2 p2 q23 ¼ cv ðT3  T2 Þ
T3 7000 ¼ 0:718ð1416:12  979:15Þ ¼ 311:59 kJ/kg
¼
979:15 4850:293 ¼ q34

or For process 3–4, heat addition at p = C

T3 ¼ 1413:12 K
q34 ¼ cp ðT4  T3 Þ
311:54 ¼ 1:005ðT4  1413:12Þ
1723:15
¼ 2:8
T5
116 8 Gas Turbine

or work done per cycle

mep ¼
swept volume
310:03 ¼ T4  1413:12
w 413:23
¼ ¼ ¼ 475:46 kPa
or v1  v2 0:927  0:0579

T4 ¼ 310:03 þ 1413:12 Q.20. Steam at 150 bar, 550 °C enters into HP

¼ 1723:15 K turbine and after expansion to 40 bar it is sent
to boiler for reheating at the same tempera-
and ture of 550 °C. It is then expanded in LP
turbine to the condenser pressure of 0.1 bar.
T4 v4 Calculate cycle efficiency. Also draw T–s dia-
¼
T3 v3 gram, take enthalpy at inlet to HP turbine as
1723:15 v4 3448 kJ/kg, exit to HP turbine 3065 kJ/kg,
¼ *v3 ¼ v2
1413:12 0:0579 inlet to LP turbine 3565 kJ/kg, hf and h at
condenser pressure are 191.8 kJ/kg and
or 2584 kJ/kg, respectively. Dryness fraction at
exit of LP turbine is 0.88 and specific volume
V4 ¼ 0:0706 m3 =kg
of water at condenser outlet = 0.00101 m3/kg.
For process 4–5, adiabatic expansion: Ans. Given data:
( )c1
T4 v5 p1 ¼ 150 bar ¼ 15000 kPa
¼
T5 v4 T1 ¼ 550 C
( )
1723:15 0:927 1:41 p2 ¼ 40 bar ¼ 4000 kPa
¼ *v5 ¼ v1
T5 0:0706 T3 ¼ 550 C
¼ 209:95 kJ/kg P4 ¼ 0:1 bar ¼ 10 kPa
h1 ¼ 3448 kJ=kg
Net work output:
h2 ¼ 3065 kJ=kg
w ¼ q A  qR h3 ¼ 3565 kJ=kg
¼ 623:18  209:95 ¼ 413:23 kJ=kg
At
w 413:23
gDual ¼ ¼
qA 623:18 p4 ¼ 10 kPa
¼ 0:6630 ¼ 66:30% hf ¼ 191:8 kJ=kg
hg ¼ 2584:7 kJ=kg
x4 ¼ 0:88
(c) The mep of the cycle
v5 ¼ 0:00101 m3 =kg
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 117

1 3
T

5 4

Specific enthalpy at state 4, Net work output:

h4 ¼ hf þ x4 ðhg  hf Þ wnet ¼ w12 þ w34  w56

¼ 191:8 þ 0:88ð2584:7  191:8Þ ¼ 2297:55 kJ/kg ¼ ðh1  h2 Þ þ ðh3  h4 Þ  15:139
¼ ð3448  3065Þ þ ð3565  2297:55Þ  15:139
Specific enthalpy at state 5, ¼ 383 þ 1267:45  15:139 ¼ 1635:31 kJ/kg

h5 ¼ hf ¼ 191:8 kJ=kg Cycle efficiency:

Pump input work: Net work output:wnet

g¼
Net heat supplied:qnet
w56 ¼ v5 ðp1  p4 Þ wnet 1635:31
¼ 0:00101ð15000  10Þ ¼ 15:139 kJ=kg ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:4407 ¼ 44:07%
qnet 3710:06

also Q.21. (a) Define property of a system and

explain extensive and intensive properties.
w56 ¼ h6  h5
Ans. The characteristic used to describe the
) 15:139 ¼ h6  191:8 condition of the system is called property of a
system. Temperature, pressure, volume, energy,
or etc., are properties of a system. These properties
of a system can be classified into two types:
h6 ¼ 206:939 kJ=kg
(i) Intensive property and
Net heat supplied: (ii) Extensive property
(i) Intensive property. The properties are
qnet ¼ ðh1  h6 Þ þ ðh3  h2 Þ
independent on the mass of the system,
¼ ð3448  206:935Þ þ ð3565  3065Þ called intensive properties. For examples,
¼ 3210:06 þ 500 ¼ 3710:06 kJ/kg temperature, pressure, density and viscosity.
118 8 Gas Turbine

(ii) Extensive property. The properties that where h1, h2 are the specific enthalpies at inlet
depend on the mass of the system is called and outlet of steady flow system, respectively.
extensive properties. For examples, energy
V1, V2 are velocities at inlet and outlet of the
enthalpy and entropy.
system respectively
(b) Explain 1st law applicable to a closed z1, z2 are datum heads at inlet and outlet and of
system undergoing in a cyclic path. the system, respectively.

Ans: 1st law states that when a system undergoes q1–2 is specific heat transfer.
in a cyclic path, the algebraic sum of the heat w1–2 is specific work.
transfer is equal to the algebraic sum of the work
transfer. (d) Write Carnot theorem and its corollary
Mathematically, 2nd law.
X X Ans. Carnot Theorem. It states that the effi-
dQ ¼ dW ciency of an irreversible heat engine is always
less then the efficiencies of a reversible heat
(c) Write expression for steady state energy engine operating between the same temperature
equation and explain each term. limits.
Ans: Steady state energy equation, Corollary 1. The efficiencies of all reversible
[ ] heat engines operating between the same source
V2 and sink are the same.
m h1 þ 1 þ gz1 þ Q12
[ 2 ] Corollary 2. The efficiency of any reversible
V2
¼ m h2 þ 2 þ gz2 þ W12 engine does not depend on the working fluid in
2
the cycle and depends only on the temperature of
or the source and the sink.
(e) Explain decrease in availability consider-
V2 Q12 V2 W12 ing heat transfer through a finite temperature
h1 þ 1 þ gz1 þ ¼ h1 þ 2 þ gz2 þ
2 m 2 m difference.
Ans. Let us consider a reversible heat engine
or
operating between temperature T] and T0, From
V12 V2 Fig. 1.
h1 þ þ gz1 þ q12 ¼ h2 þ 2 þ gz1 þ w12
2 2
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 119

T Q1

2
T1 3

To 4
1
Q2

s
ds

Heat supplied: The availability of Q1 as received by the

engine at T10 lower than T1.
Q1 ¼ T1 ds Heat supplied:

Heat rejected: Q1 ¼ T1 ds ¼ T10 ds

Q2 ¼ T0 ds Since

Work output: T1 [ T10

) ds0 [ ds
W ¼ AE ¼ Q1  Q2
¼ ðT1  T0 Þds and
Q2 ¼ T0 ds
Let Q1 is heat transferred through finite temper-
ature difference from source at T1 to the engine
and
absorbing heat at T10 lower than T1, as shown in
Fig. 2. Q02 ¼ T0 ds0

T
Q1
2 3
T1 Q1
T1′ 2′
3′

Q′2
T0 4′
1 4 Increase
inU.A.
energy

s
ds
ds′
120 8 Gas Turbine

Since From Eqs. (7) and (8), we get

ds0 [ ds TdS ¼ dH þ Wnonexp

) Q02 [ Q2 or
and dH  TdS ¼ Wnonexp

W 0 ¼ Q1  Q02 ðDGÞT; P ¼ Wnonexp

¼ T10 ds0 0
 T0 ds ¼ ðT10  T0 Þds 0
or
and
ðDGÞT;P ¼ Wnonexp
0
W ¼ Q1  Q2 ¼ T1 ds  T0 ds
−ΔG is a measure of non-expansion or useful
) W 0 \W ) Q02 [ Q2 work obtainable in a reversible reaction at con-
stant temperature and pressure. In other words,
Available energy lost due to irreversible heat decrease in free energy, during a process, is equal
transfer through finite temperature difference to the useful work obtainable from the process.
between the source.
Decrease in available energy Physical significance of Helmholtz function
Helmholtz function:
Decrease in available energy ¼ W  W 0
¼ Q02  Q02 F ¼ U  TS ð9Þ
¼ T0 ðds0  dsÞ
For a system undergoing a change of state from
state 1 to state 2, Eq. (9)
(f) Write physical signification of Gibbs
function and Helmholtz function.
F2  F1 ¼ ðU2  T2 S2 Þ  ðU1  T1 S1 Þ
ð10Þ
Ans. Physical significance of Gibbs function. ¼ ðU2  U1 Þ  ðT2 S2  T1 S1 Þ
From the law of conservation of energy, the total
heat supplied to the system, If the system is closed, the first law gives

Q ¼ dU þ Wexp þ Wnonexp Q12 ¼ ðU2  U1 Þ þ W12

¼ dU þ pdV þ Wnonexp ð7Þ
or
¼ dH þ Wnonexp
U2  U1 ¼ Q12  W12 ð11Þ
Now in a reversible process at T = C,
we have From Eq. (10), we get
dQ F2  F1 ¼ Q12  W12  ðT2 S2  T1 S1 Þ
dS ¼
T
For isothermal process,
or
T1 ¼ T2 ¼ T
Q ¼ Tds ð8Þ
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 121

) F2  F1 ¼ Q12  W12  TðS2  S1 Þ ð12Þ (g) Explain dryness fraction. Draw a line on
T–s diagram representing sensible heating,
We know that for reversible and irreversible vaporization and superheating of water.
process, Ans. Dryness fraction. The dryness fraction of
the wet steam is defined as the ratio of mass of
@Q
dS vapour to the total mass of the wet steam.
T
Mathematically,
or
mass of vapor
Dryness fraction: x ¼
total mass of the wet steam
TdS dQ
mv
x¼
For process 1–2, m

TðS2  S1 Þ Q12 where

or m ¼ mv þ ml
mv
Q12  TðS2  S1 Þ ) x¼
mv þ ml

Hence, Eq. (12) becomes as The value of dryness fraction lies between 0
and 1.
F2  F1   W12
x = 0 for saturation liquid
The equality can be written as x = 1 for saturation vapour

F2  F1 þ TdSirr ¼ W12 ð13Þ

T
4
Thus, during a reversible isothermal process, for
which dSm = 0, the amount of work done by the 2
3
system Wmax is equal to the decrease in the value
of the Helmholtz function. Furthermore, for an
isothermal process conducted at constant vol-
ume, which does not perform p–V work, Eq. (13) 1
gives

F2  F1 þ TdSirr ¼ 0

For an increment of such a process, s

(i) Sensible heating. The amount of heat
dF þ TdSirr ¼ 0 required to raise the temperature of water
at constant pressure when phase change
dF ¼ TdSirr
not occurs is called sensible heating. Pro-
cesses 1–2 and 3–4 show sensible heating
As dSm is always positive during a spontaneous
on T–s diagram.
process, it is thus seen that the Helmholtz func-
(ii) Vaporization. Vaporization is a process
tion F decreases during spontaneous process, and
of phase change from the liquid phase to
as dSm = 0 for a reversible process, equilibrium
vapour phase. Thus, the process is
requires that dF = 0.
repressible by 2–3 on T–s diagram.
122 8 Gas Turbine

(iii) Superheating. The dry saturated steam (i) Explain how reheating of working sub-
the stream is heated above the saturation stance improve efficiency of Rankine cycle?
temperature at constant pressure is called Draw schematic and T–s diagram.
superheating. The superheating is repre-
Ans. In reheat cycle, steam is reheated after
sented by process 3–4 on T–s diagram.
expanding partially in the high pressure turbine.
This is done by the steam partial expansion in
(h) Explain why Otto, Diesel and Brayton
high pressure turbine. The steam is then sent
cycle are called air standard cycle? Explain
back to the boiler where it is reheated to constant
limitations of Otto cycle is achieving higher
pressure, usually to the inlet temperature of the
efficiency.
high pressure turbine. Steam is then supplied to
Ans. The operation of Otto, Diesel and Brayton the low pressure turbine in which it expands
cycle can be analyzed by assuming that the isentropically to the condenser pressure as shown
working fluid is air, the air is assumed to be an in Fig. 2. In reheat cycle, net heat supplied and
ideal gas with constant specific heat through the net work output both increase but net work out-
cycle. Such cycle is called air-standard cycle. put increases more than heat supplied, thus effi-
We know that thermal efficiency of Otto cycle, ciency of the cycle increases.

1
gth ¼ 1  ð14Þ
r c1

where 1 3
T
r = compression ratio.
Equation (14) indicates the thermal efficiency
increases with increase in compression ratio. The
2
upper limit of the compression ratio is 12. Fur-
ther, as the compression ratio increases, the
efficiency decreases due to detonation or knock-
ing. Detonation is abnormal combustion due to 6
end charge auto-ignites before the flame
reaches it. 5 4

s
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 123

(j) Write expression of Clausius inequality and room at a specific enthalpy of 60 kJ/kg. If
explain its physical significance. each person puts out heat at a rate 600 kJ/h,
determine the rate at which heat is to be
Ans. Clausius inequality. According to Clausius
removed by a room Cooler to maintain the
inequality, cycle integral of dQ/T is always less
steady state in the room.
than and equal to zero.
Mathematically, Ans:
I Given data
dQ
0
T
Number of students ¼ 60
Physical significance Number of fans ¼ 6
This inequality is valid for all cycle, reversible or
Power consumed each fans:
irreversible, including the refrigerator and heat
pump cycles. It provides the criterion to check PF ¼ 0:20 kW
the types of the cycle, i.e., the cycle is reversible,
irreversible or impossible. Power consumed 6 fans

PF ¼ 6  0:20 ¼ 1:2 kW

I
dQ
¼ 0 for reversible cycle Heat gain from fans:
T
I
dQ QF ¼ PF ¼ 1:2 kW
\0 for irreversible cycle
T
I Heat gain from: 8 tubes light:
dQ
[ 0 for impossible cycle
T QT ¼ 8  40 ¼ 320 W ¼ 0:32 kW

Q.22. A classroom of 60 students contains 6 Mass flow rate of air:

fans each consuming 0.20 kW power and 8
tubes lights of 40 W each. Ventilation air is 500
m ¼ 500 kg/hr = kg/s = 0.13889kg/s
supplied at a rate of 500 kg/h with specific 3600
enthalpy of 90 kJ/kg and air leaves the class
124 8 Gas Turbine

Specific enthalpy of supplied air: At final state,

h1 ¼ 90 kJ=kg V2 ¼ 1 m 2
cp ¼ 1:005 kJ=kgK
Specific enthalpy of air leaves:
cv ¼ 0:7178 kJ=kgK
h2 ¼ 60 kJ=kg ) R ¼ cp  cv ¼ 1:005  0:7178
¼ 0:2872 kJ=kgK ¼ 0:2872 kJ=kgK
Each person puts out heat:
Applying the equation of state at initial state,
600
Qp ¼ 600 kJ=hr ¼ kW ¼ 0:1667 kW
3600 p1 V1 ¼ mRT1
Heat put out from 60 students: 100  5 ¼ m  0:2872  313

Qp ¼ 60  0:1667 ¼ 10 kW Or

Let Qc is the rate of heat removed by the room m ¼ 5:562 kg

cooler.
Applying the energy balance equation, sum of Case I: When the index of compression: n = 1.
heat gained by the room = sum of heat leaving Polytropic law:
from the room.
pV n ¼ C
m1 h1 þ QF þ QT þ QP ¼ m2 h2 þ Qc
pV ¼ C *n ¼ 1
0:13889  90 þ 1:2 þ 0:32 þ 0:1667
¼ 0:13889  60 þ QC The air is compressed isothermally,
14:1868 ¼ 8:3334 þ QC
) T2 ¼ T1 ¼ 313 K
or p1 V 1 ¼ p 2 V 2
QC ¼ 5:853 kW 100  5 ¼ p2  1

5.853 kW heat is to be removed by a room or

cooler.
p2 ¼ 500 kPa ¼ 5 bar
Q.23. Air at 40 °C and 1 bar is compressed
reversible and polytropically from 5 m3 to Work done:
1 m\calculate the final temperature, pressure,
work done and heat transfer, if the index of V2
W12 ¼ mRT1 loge
compression is 1, 1.6 and 0.8, respectively. V1
Assume cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K and cv = 1
¼ 5:56  0:2872  313 loge ¼ 804:699 kJ
0.7178 kJ/kg K 5

Ans: Given data: Heat transfer:

At initial state,
Q12 ¼ W12 ¼ 804:699 kJ
T1 ¼ 40 C ¼ 313 K
p1 ¼ 1 bar ¼ 100 kPa Case II: When the index of compression:
V1 ¼ 5 m 3 n = 1.4
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 125

Polytropic law: Polytropic law:

pvn ¼ C pV n ¼ C

For process 1–2, For process 1–2;

( )n ( )n
p2 v1 p2 V1
¼ ¼
p1 v2 p1 V2
( )1=4 ( )0:8
p2 5 p2 5
¼ ¼
100 1 100 1
or or

P2 ¼ 100ð5Þ1=4 p2 ¼ 362:389 kPa ¼ 3:6239 bar

¼ 951:82 kPa ¼ 9:518 bar ( )n1
T2 V1
( )n1 ¼
T2 V1 T1 V2
¼ ( )0:81
T1 V2 T2 5
( )1:41 ¼
T2 5 313 1
¼
313 1 T2 ¼ 313  ð5Þ0:2
313
or ¼ 226:85 K
50:2
T2 ¼ 595:84 K Work done:
Work done: p2 V2  p1 V1 362:389  1  100  5
W12 ¼ ¼
1n 1  0:8
p2 V2  p1 V1
W12 ¼ ¼ 688:055 kJ
1n
951:82  1  100  5
¼ ¼ 1129:55 kJ
1  1:4 According to first law of thermodynamics for
process 1–2,
According to first law of thermodynamics for
Q12 ¼ ðU2  U1 Þ þ W12
process 1–2,
¼ mcv ðT2  T1 Þ þ W12
Q12 ¼ ðU2  U1 Þ þ W12 ¼ 5:562  0:7178ð226:85  313Þ  688:055
¼ mcðT2  T1 Þ þ W12 ¼ 1032 kJ
¼ 5:562  0:7178ð595:84  313Þ  1129:55
¼ 1129:21  1129:55 Q.24. Explain Carnot heat engine, refrigera-
0 tor and heat pump. Derive the expression for
efficiency of heat engine and COP of a
Case III: When the index of compression: refrigerator and pump.
n = 0.8
126 8 Gas Turbine

Ans. Carnot heat engine. It is used to convert a Refrigerator:

part of heat into work, while remaining waste Coefficient of performance of refrigerator:
heat is rejected to a sink.
Refrigerator. It is a device which is used to Source,T 1
attain and maintain a temperature below that of
the surroundings, the aim being a cool space to
some required temperature. Q1

Heat pump. It is a device which is used to attain

W R
and maintain a temperature higher than that of
the surroundings, the aim being the heat up some
space to higher temperature.
Q2
Carnot heat engine:
Let Sink,T 2

Q1 ¼ heat supplied
Q2 ¼ heat rejected
Coolingeffect : Q2 Q2
W ¼ net work output ðCOPÞR ¼ ¼
Workinput : W W
Q2
Efficiency: ¼ *W ¼ Q1  Q2
Q1  Q2

Source,T 1 Heat Pump:

Source,T 1
Q1

HE W Q1

W HP
Q2

Sink,T 2 Q2

Sink,T 2
Net work output w Q1  Q2
gcurrent ¼ ¼ ¼
Heat supplied Q1 Q1 Coefficient of performance of a heat pump
T2 Q 2 T2
¼1 * ¼ ; temperature scale
T1 Q1 T1 Heatingeffect : Q1
ðCOPÞHP ¼
Workinput : W
Q1 Q1  Q2 þ Q2
¼
W Q1  Q2
Q2
¼ 1þ
Q1  Q2
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 127

ðCOPÞHP ¼ 1 þ ðCOPÞR ð15Þ and

W
Equation (15) shows that the coefficient of per- gth ¼
Q1
formance of a heat pump is equal to one more
than the coefficient of performance of a
refrigerator. T1

Q.25. What do understand by availability?

Also, explain second law efficiency. Derive
Q1
expression for 2nd efficiency.
Ans. Availability of the system is defined as the HE W
maximum useful work obtainable from the sys-
tem when the system approaches to dead state
(i.e., atmospheric temperature and pressure) from Q2
its initial state. It the denoted by A.
The following observation can be made about T2
availability
(i) Availability of a system is zero at its dead
The second law efficiency is also defined as
state since both T ¼ T0 and p ¼ p0 .
the ratio of actual thermal efficiency to the Carnot
(ii) Availability is near negative.
efficiency.
(iii) Availability is not conserved like mass and
energy, it is destroyed continuously the Q.26. Explain different types of calorimeter
actual system. used for measurements of dryness fraction.
Ans. The dryness fraction of wet steam is
Second law efficiency gII .
determined by the following types of
It is defined as the ratio of the actual work output calorimeters:
to the maximum work output of the work pro-
1. Separating calorimeter
ducing devices.
2. Throttling calorimeter
Mathematically,
3. Combined separating and throttling
Second law efficiency:
calorimeter
Actual work : W
gII ¼
Maximum work:Wmax 1. Separating Calorimeter
W
gII ¼ This calorimeter is used to find the dryness
Wmax
fraction of the wet steam when the steam, which
W Q1
¼  is very wet is passed through the sampling tube
Wmax Q1
and is passed further through control value which
W
¼ is completely kept open. The wet steam coming
Q1  Wmax =Q1 out of the sampling tube in the inner chamber
nth nth
gII ¼ ¼ strike the baffle plates and follows the zigzag
nrev ncarnot
path inside the baffle plates. When the wet steam,
where containing the water particles, strikes the baffle
plates, the particles of water that have greater
Wmax density and hence greater inertia, clings to the
grev ¼ gcarnot ¼
Q1 baffle plates, gets separated from the steam and
128 8 Gas Turbine

gets collected in the inner chamber. The quantity In practice, it is not possible to separate all the
of separated water particles is measured by the water particles completely by this type of
calibrated gauge glass tube. The dry steam after it mechanical separation, the dryness fraction
is being separated from the water particles moves obtained by this calorimeter will not be accurate
up from the inner chamber to outer chamber. and it will always be higher than the actual value.

The dry steam then passes into the condenser The advantage of this calorimeter is only the
in which it is condensed. The liquid thus sepa- quick determination of the dryness fraction of
rated out is collected in a collecting tank and is very wet steam.
measured. Thus, by knowing the values of m1 ¼
2. Throttling Calorimeter
mf and m2 ¼ mf , the dryness fraction can be
calculated as follows: This calorimeter works on the principle of
Dryness fraction: throttling process. The throttling of steam is an
expansion process in which the steam is passed
mass of vapor:mg through a orifice or restricted passage and the
x¼
total mass of the west steam : m steam will expand from high pressure to low
mg pressure adiabatically and without doing any
¼
m work. Thus, the enthalpy (i.e., total heat) of the
mg mg
¼ ¼ steam will remain same before and after throt-
mf þ mg m1 þ m2
tling. After throttling, the steam will become
superheated due to fall in pressure at constant
enthalpy.
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 129

Sample steam is taken from the main pipe diagram in Fig. The dryness fraction of the wet
through the sampling tube. The sample steam steam is calculated as follows:
passes through the throttle valve, which it will be Let
subjected to the throttling expansion. The gauge
pressure of the steam before and after throttling is pg1 ¼ gauage pressure of the stream before
recorded by the pressure gauges. The tempera- throttling read by pressure gauge  1
ture after the throttled steam is measured by the pg2 ¼ gauage pressure of the stream after
mercury thermometer placed in pocket filled with
throttling read by pressure gauge  2
oil. If the temperature of the steam after throttling
is greater than the saturated temperature corre- patm ¼ atmospheric pressure
sponding to the pressure of the steam after x1 ¼ dryness fraction of the sample steam
throttling, then the steam after throttling will be T2 ¼ temperature of the stream after throttling
superheated. The process is shown on the h–s read by the the mercury thermometer in C

h
p1

x1

1 2

s
130 8 Gas Turbine

The properties of the steam are given on based happen only if the dryness fraction of the wet
upon absolute pressure. steam before throttling is quite high, i.e., x > 0.9.
Let pl = absolute pressure of the steam before Therefore, this calorimeter cannot be used to
throttling = pg1 þ patm . determine when the dryness fraction of the steam
and p2 = absolute pressure of the steam after is low, because the steam remains wet after the
throttling = pg2 þ patm . throttling.
From pressure based saturated steam table,
3. Combined Separating and Throttling
corresponding to the absolute pressure pv, we can
Calorimeter
find properties hf hg and hfg.
∴ The specific enthalpy before throttling at In a separating calorimeter, it is not possible to
state I, h1 ¼ hf þ xhfg . separate all the water particles with mechanical
From the superheated steam table, corre- separation and hence the dryness fraction of the
sponding to the absolute pressure p2 and tem- wet steam determined by the separating
perature T2 at state 2, the specific enthalpy h2 at calorimeter is always higher than the actual
state 2 is determined. value.
Note that the specific enthalpy at superheated In a throttling calorimeter, it is not possible to
steam at state 2 is also calculated by the. determine the dryness fraction of the steam is
following equation. low, if the steam remains wet after throttling. The
throttling calorimeter can be only if the steam has
h2 ¼ hgp2 þ cps ðT2  Tsat Þ high dryness fraction (i.e., x > 0.9) before
throttling so that it must be superheated after
throttling.
where As discussed above, the separating and
throttling calorimeters cannot be used individu-
hgp2 = specific enthalpy at saturated vapour ally to accurately determine the dryness fraction
state corresponding to the pressure p2. of the wet steam at any quality. However, by
cps = specific heat of superheated steam. combining both the separating and throttling
Tatm = saturated temperature of the dry satu- calorimeters as shown in Fig. 4, the dryness
rated steam corresponding to the pressure p2. fraction, of a very steam can be very determined
T2 = temperature of the steam after throttling accurately.
read by the mercury thermometer. In this arrangement, both the separating and
Since the enthalpy or specific enthalpy of the throttling calorimeters are connected in series.
steam remains constant before and after throttling The steam from the main supply pipe is passed
process, through the sampling tube to the separating
i.e., calorimeter, where the maximum amount of
water particles are separated and the dryness
h1 ¼ h2 fraction of the steam increases. From the sepa-
rating calorimeter, high dryness fraction of wet
hf þ x1 hfg ¼ h2
steam enters the throttle valve, where the steam
after throttling becomes superheated. The super-
or
heated steam coming out from the throttling
h2  hf calorimeter is condensed in the condenser. The
x1 ¼ mass of the condensate is the mass of the high
hfg
dryness fraction wet steam separated in the sep-
The dryness fraction found out from the above aration calorimeter. The processes are shown in
equation will be accurate provided the wet steam h–s diagram in Fig. 5. The dryness fraction of the
becomes superheated after throttling. This can wet steam is calculated as follows:
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 131

i.e.,
h
p1 ¼ p2 ¼ pg2 þ patm
2
p

p3
=
1
p

ml = mass of water particles separation in the

1 2 3 separating calorimeter
m2 = mass of the wet steam enters the throttling
valve from the separating calorimeter
x1 x2
x2 = dryness fraction of the wet steam before
throttling valve
s p2 ¼ pg2 þ patm absolute pressure of the super-
heated steam after to throttling
T3 = Temperature of the Superheated Steam
Let m = mass of the sample steam Measured by the Mercury Thermometer
or The specific enthalpy (h3) of the superheated
steam at state 3, found out from superheated
mass of the wet steam at sections 1–1. steam table, corresponds to the absolute pressure
x1 = dryness fraction of the sample steam p3 and temperature T3 .
From pressure based saturated steam table,
or corresponding to the absolute pressure p2, the
dryness fraction of the wet steam at sections 1–1. properties hf, hg and hfg are found out.
Absolute pressure at section (1)–(1) = abso- The specific enthalpy before throttling at
lute pressure at section (2)–(2). state 2,
132 8 Gas Turbine

h2 ¼ hf þ x2 hfg and

m ¼ m1 þ m2
Since the specific enthalpy of the steam remains
constant before and after throttling process, i.e. x2 m 2
) x1 ¼
m1 þ m2
i.e.,
Q.27. Derive Maxwell's relation and write the
h2 ¼ h 3 physical significance of each equation.
hf þ x2 hfg ¼ h3
Ans. The equations which relate the partial
or derivatives of properties p,v, T and S to each
other for a compressible fluid are called the
h3  hf maxwell relations. Four maxwell relations are
x2 ¼
hfg derived as following:
1. First Maxwell Relation:
We know that valves of hf, hfg and h3, Thus, by
using above equation, x2 can be found out. According to the first law of thermodynamics for
a process.
also
mg dQ ¼ dU þ dW
x2 ¼ Tds ¼ dU þ pdV ) dQ ¼ TdS; dW ¼ pdV
m2

or For a unit mass

Mass of the vapour:
Tds ¼ dU þ pdV
mg ¼ x2 m2
or
The values of x2 and m2 are known. The mass of
vapor mg can be found out. Note that the mass of du ¼ Tds  pdv ð16Þ
vapour mg at Sects. (1)–(1), (2)–(2) and (3)–(3)
remains constant. The above Eq. (16) is in the form
Now we can be enable to calculate the dryness
dz ¼ Mdx þ Ndy
fraction of the wet steam at state 1 (i.e., sample
steam), where
Dryness fraction at state 1,
M¼T
mass of the vapor
x1 ¼ x¼s
mass of the wet stream
mg N ¼ p
x1 ¼
m
and
where
y¼v
mg ¼ x2 m2
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 133

( ) ( ) 3. Third Maxwell Relation:

@T @p
) ¼ ð17Þ
@v s @s v By definition of Helmholtz function

Equation (17) is known as the first Maxwell A ¼ U  TS

relation.
For a unit mass
2. Second Maxwell Relation.
By definition of enthalpy a ¼ u  Ts ð21Þ

H ¼ U þ pV On differentiating Eq. (21), we get

For a unit mass. da ¼ du  Tds  sdT

h ¼ u þ pv ð18Þ Calling Eq. (16)

On differenting Eq. (18), we get du ¼ Tds  pdv

dh ¼ du þ pdv þ vdp or

Calling Eq. (16) du  Tds ¼ pdv

da ¼ pdv  sdT ð22Þ
du ¼ Tds  pdv
du  pdv ¼ Tds The above Eq. (22) is in the form

) dh ¼ Tds þ vdp ð19Þ dz ¼ Mdx þ Ndy

The above Eq. (19) is in the form where

dz ¼ Mdx þ Ndy M ¼ p
x¼v
where
N ¼ s
M¼T
and
x¼s
N¼v y¼T
)( ( )
and @p @s
)  ¼
@T v @v T
y¼p
( ) ( ) or
@T @v
) ¼ ð20Þ ( ) ( )
@p s @s p @p @s
¼ ð23Þ
@T v @v T
Equation (20) is known as the second Maxwell
relation. Equation (23) is known as the third Maxwell
relation.
134 8 Gas Turbine

4. Fourth Maxwell Relation: Q.28. Steam at 550 °C and 150 bar enters into
steam turbine and condenser is maintained at
By definition of Gibbs function
0.1 bar. Assuming ideal process, find the gain
G ¼ H  TS in efficiency if condenser pressure is reduced
to 0.07 bar.
For a unit mass Also, draw schematic T–s diagram.
g ¼ h  Ts ð24Þ Ans. Given data:
At inlet of the turbine
On differentiating Eq. (24), we get
T1 ¼ 550 C
dg ¼ dh  Tds  sdT pl ¼ 150 bar
Calling Eq. (19)
From saturated steam table (pressure based),
dh ¼ Tds þ vdp at

or pl ¼ 150 bar
Tsat ¼ 342:2  C
dh  Tds ¼ vdp
So, Tx > Tm, it means the steam is superheated at
) dg ¼ vdp  sdT ð25Þ
the turbine inlet. From superheated steam table,
The above Eq. (25) is in the form at

dz ¼ Mdx þ Ndy P1 ¼ 150 bar; T1 ¼ 550  C

where we get

M¼v h1 ¼ 3448:6 kJ=kg

x¼p s1 ¼ 6:5199 kJ=kgK
N ¼ s
Condenser pressure:
and
p2 ¼ 0:1 bar
y¼T
( ) ( ) From saturated steam table (pressure based)
@v @s
) ¼ ð26Þ at
@T p @p T
p2 ¼ 0:1 bar
Equation (26) is known as the fourth Maxwell
relation. we get
Equations (17), (20), (23) and (26) are the
four Maxwell relations. They are very useful sf ¼ 0:649 kJ=kgK; sfg ¼ 7:501 kJ=kgK;
relations only for simple compressible fluids. sg ¼ 8:15 kJ
They are used to determine the entropy change, hf ¼ 191:8 kJ=kg; hfg ¼ 2392:8 kJ=kg
which cannot be measured directly, by simply
vf ¼ 0:00101 m3 =kg
measuring the change in properties p, v and T.
s2 ¼ s1 ¼ 6:5199 kJ=kgK
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 135

As s2. < sg,. It means the condition of steam is or

wet at turbine exit
h4 ¼ 15:139 þ 191:8 ¼ 206:939 kJ=kg
s2 ¼ sf þ x2 sfg
6:5199 ¼ 0:649 þ x2 x 7:501 Turbine work:
x2 ¼ 0:7826 w12 ¼ wT ¼ hl  h2
h2 ¼ hf þ x 2 hM ¼ 3448:6  2064:40
¼ 191:8 þ 0:7826 x2392:8 ¼ 1384:2 kJ=kg
¼ 2064:40 kJ=kg
Net work output:

wnet ¼ wT  wp
T
¼ 1384:2  15:139 ¼ 1369:6 kJ=kg
1
Heat supplied:

4 q41 ¼ h1  h4
3 2 ¼ 3448:6  206:939
¼ 3241:66 kJ=kg

s Thermal efficiency:

wnet 1369:06
gth ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:4223
h3 ¼ 191:8 kJ=kg q41 3241:66
v3 ¼ 0:00101 m3 =kg Case II: Condenser pressure is reduced to
0.07 bar.
Pump work:
i.e.,
w34 ¼ wp ¼ v1 ðp1  p2 ÞkJ=kg
p2 ¼ 0:07 bar
where
v, is in m3/kg. From saturated steam table (pressure based).
pl and p2 are in kPa At

wp ¼ 0:00101 ð15000  10Þ ¼ 15:139 kJ=kg p2 ¼ 0:07 bar

also we get

wp ¼ h4  h3 sf ¼ 0:559 kJ=kgK; sfg ¼ 7:717 kJ=kgK

) 15:139 ¼ h4  191:8
136 8 Gas Turbine

4
4′
3 2
3′ 2′

or
hf 0 ¼ 163:4 kJ=kg; hfg0 ¼ 2409:1 kJ=kg
vf 0 ¼ 0:001007 m3 =kg h40 ¼ 178:49 kJ=kg
sg0 ¼ gf 0 þ xg0 sfg0 Turbine work:
6:5199 ¼ 0:559 þ x20  7:717
w12 ¼ w0T ¼ h1  h20
or ¼ 3448:6  2024:18 ¼ 1424:42 kJ=kg
x20 ¼ 0:7724 Net work output:
h20 ¼ hf 0 þ x20 hfg0
wnet ¼ w0T  w0p
¼ 163:4 þ 0:7724 x 2409:1
¼ 2024:18 kJ=kg ¼ 1424:42  15:098 ¼ 1409:32kJ=kg
h3 ¼ hf 0 ¼ 163:4 kJ=kg
0
Heat supplied:
v30 ¼ vf 0 ¼ 0:001007 m3 =kg
q41 ¼ h1  h4 ¼ 3448:6  178:49
Pump work: ¼ 3270:11kJ=kg

w34 ¼ w0p ¼ v30 ðp1  p2 Þ kJ=kg Thermal efficiency

where v30 is in m3/kg w0net 1409:32

pl and p2 are in kPa g0th ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:4309
q41 3270:11

w0p ¼ 0:001007ð15000  7Þ ¼ 15:098 kJ=kg g0th  gth

Gain in thermal efficiency ¼
g0th
also 0:4309  0:4223
¼
0:4309
wp0 ¼ h40  h30 ¼ 0:0199 ¼ 1:99%
15:098 ¼ h40  163:4
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 137

Q.29. In a gas turbine working on Brayton Compressor efficiency:

cycle air enter into compressor at 1 bar and
27 °C. The pressure ratio is 8 and maximum gc ¼ 80% ¼ 0:8
temperature is 900 °C. The turbine and com- c ¼ 1:4
pressor efficiencies are taken as 90% and
cp ¼ 1:005 kJ=kgK
80%, respectively. Calculate cycle efficiency.
Assume Y = 1.4 and cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K.
For process 1–2 s
Ans: Given data
( )c1
At inlet of compressor: T2s p2 c
¼
T1 p1
p ¼ bar T2s 1:41
¼ ð8Þ 1:4
Tx ¼ 27 C ¼ ð27 þ 273ÞK ¼ 300 K 300

or
Pressure ratio:
p2 T2s ¼ 300 x ð8Þ0:285 ¼ 542:62 K
rp ¼ ¼8
p1

T
3

2
2s

4
4s

isentropic increase in temperature

Maximum temperature: gc ¼
actual increase in temperature
T3 ¼ 900 C ¼ ð900 þ 273ÞK ¼ 1173 K T2s  T1
¼
T2  T1
Turbine efficiency: 542:62  300 242:62
0:8 ¼ ¼
T2  300 T2  300
gr ¼ 90% ¼ 0:9
138 8 Gas Turbine

or Net work output:

242:62 wnet ¼ wT  wC
T2  300 ¼ ¼ 303:27
0:8 ¼ 474:40  304:78 ¼ 164:62kJ=kg
T2 ¼ 603:27 K
Heat supplied:
For process 3–4s,
q23 ¼ h3  h2
( )c1
T3 p2 c ¼ cp ðT3  T2 Þ
¼
T4s p1 ¼ 1:005 ð1173  60327Þ ¼ 569:73 kJ=kg
1173 1:41
¼ ð8Þ 1:4
T4s
Cycle efficiency:
1173
¼ ð8Þ0:285
T4s net work output
g¼
heat supplied
or
wnet 169:62
¼ ¼ ¼ 0:2977 ¼ 29:77%
1173 q23 569:73
T4s ¼ ¼ 648:51K
ð8Þ0:285
Q.30. (a) Explain Isolated System with an
actual decrease in temperature
gT ¼ Example.
isentropic decrease in temperature
T3  T4 Ans. The isolated system in which both mass and
¼ energy cannot cross the boundary of the system.
T3  T4s
1173  T4 1173  T4 For example: Hot coffee in a thermos flask.
0:9 ¼ ¼
1173  648:51 524:49

or

1173  T4 ¼ 0:9  524:94 ¼ 472:04

(b) Explain mechanical, chemical and thermal
or equilibrium.

T4 ¼ 700:96 K Ans. Mechanical equilibrium:

Turbine output work: A system is in mechanical equilibrium if there is no

unbalanced force in the system and also between
w34 ¼ wT ¼ h3  h4 the system and its surrounding. In other words, the
¼ cp ðT3  T4 Þ pressure in the system is same at all points and does
¼ 1:005 ð1173  700:96Þ ¼ 474:40 kJ=kg not change with respect to time, such type of
equilibrium is called mechanical equilibrium.
Compressor input work: Chemical equilibrium:

w12 ¼ wc ¼ h2  h1 If there is no chemical reactions occur in the

¼ cp ðT2  T1 Þ system and chemical composition is same
¼ 1:005 ð603:27  300Þ ¼ 304:78 kJ=kg throughout the system, does not vary with
respect to time. Such type of equilibrium is called
chemical equilibrium.
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 139

Thermal equilibrium: (e) Why does entropy remains constant in

reversible adiabatic process?
If the temperature of the system does not change
with respect to time and has same value at all Ans. The entropy remains constant in reversible
points in the system, such type of equilibrium is adiabatic process because (i) this process is ideal
called thermal equilibrium. or frictionless process, and (ii) no heat transfer
between the system and surroundings takes
(c) Under what condition is the work done
R2 place.
equal to 1 pdv?
(f) What do you understand by steam rate and
Ans. Work done: heat rate? What are their units?
Z 2 Ans. Steam rate: The capacity of a steam power
W12 ¼ pdv ð27Þ plant is expressed in terms of steam rate, which is
1
defined as the mass flow rate of steam (kg/h)
where W1–2 is called displacement work. required to produce unit power output (I kW). M
Equation (27) is used for reversible non-flow Mathematically,
process.
m kg=h m kg
(d) What is a PMM I? Why it is impossible? Steamrate ¼ ¼
WNet kW WNet kWh
Ans. A perpetual motion machine of the first
kind (PMM I) is an imaginary machine that Units of steam rate is kg/kWh.
produces work continuously without any input, Heat rate: Heat rate means heat flow rate. It is
i.e., PMM I is energy creating machine as shown defined as the heat flow per unit time across the
in Fig. 1. section. SI units of heat rate is kJ/s or kW.
PMM I is energy creating machine. It means
(g) Sketch regenerative Rankine cycle on T–s
that PMM I violates the first law of thermody-
and p–v planes.
namics. Hence, it is impossible machine.
Ans. A schematic representation of the main
Q=0 components of regenerative Rankine cycle is
shown in Fig. (i). The water entering the boiler is
called feed water and the device used to mix the
PMMI W extracted steam and the condenser water is called
a regenerator or a feedwater heater. The T–s and
p–v diagrams of this cycle are shown in Fig. (ii).
140 8 Gas Turbine

1 kg

Turbine

Boiler

m kg 2
3 (1–
m )kg

Open
feedwater
heater
1 kg 5
Condenser
7
4
6
Pump-II Pump-I

(h) What do you understand by energy and (ii) Transit energy:

anergy?
(a) Heat energy.
Ans. Energy: It is defined as the ability to do (a) Work.
work. Energy can be classified into two
categories:
Anergy: Anergy is called irreversibility. It is
(i) Stored energy: defined as the difference between the reversible
useful work and the actual useful work.
(a) Kinetic energy
Mathematically,
(b) Potential energy
(c) Internal energy Anergy ¼ Wu:rev  Wu
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 141

For reversible process, Wu:rev ¼ Wu . Hence, heat supplied, higher the heat supplied, higher
energy is zero. the thermal efficiency.
It is clear from T–s diagram of Fig. 1 that the
(i) Give the Clausius statement of second law
heat supplied is lower in the Otto cycle and
of thermodynamics.
higher in the diesel cycle. The amount of heat
Ans. Clausius statement: It is impossible to supplied in diesel cycle is more than heat sup-
construct a device that operates in a cycle and plied in Otto cycle and is equal to area under 2″–
produces no effect other than the transfer of heat 3–2–2″. The heat supplied to the dual cycle lies
from a low temperature body to a high temper- between the Otto and the diesel cycle.
ature body without external aid of work.
i.e.,
(j) With the help of p–v and T–s diagrams,
show that for the same maximum pressure ðQ200 3 ÞDiesel [ ðQ20 30 3 ÞDual [ ðQ23 ÞOtto
and temperature of the cycle and the same
heat rejection. Thus, the thermal efficiency of the diesel cycle is
maximum, the thermal efficiency of the Otto
gDiesel [ gDual [ gotto cycle is minimum and the dual cycle's thermal
efficiency lies between the Otto and the diesel
Ans. The Otto, dual and diesel cycles are shown cycles, at given condition of the same maximum
in p–v and T–s diagrams of Fig. 1 according to pressure, maximum temperature and heat
given condition of the same maximum pressure, rejection.
maximum temperature and heat rejection. These
cycles are shown in Fig. 11.7 as gDiesel [ gDual [ gOtto
Otto cycle: 1–2–3–4–1 Q.31. In a steady flow apparatus, 135 kJ of
Dual cycle: l–2′–3′–3–4–1 work is done by each kg of fluid. The specific
Diesel cycle: 1–2″–3–4–1 volume of fluid, pressure and velocity at the

Ottocycle:1–2–3–4–1
p T
Dualcycle:1–2–3
′ ′–3–4–1
Dieselcycle:1–2 ′′–3–4–1 3
T3 = Tmax =Constant
2′′ 3′ 3
p2′′=p3′=p3 3′

2′′
4
2′ 2′
2
4
2

1
1
s
v

The thermal efficiency: inlet are 0.37 m3/kg, 600 kPa and 16 m/s. The
inlet is 32 m above the floor and the discharge
heat rejection pipe is at floor level. The discharge conditions
g¼1
heat supplied are 0.62 m3/kg, 100 kPa and 270 m/s. The
total heat loss between the inlet and discharge
As the heat rejection is constant. The thermal is 9 kJ/kg of fluid. In flowing through this
efficiency of the cycle is dependent only on the
142 8 Gas Turbine

apparatus, does the specific internal energy Let the units of hl and h2 in kJ/kg, units of
increase or decrease and by how much? q12 and w12 is kJ/kg (given).
V2 V2
Ans. Given data: The units of 21 , gzl and 22 are made in kJ/kg
by dividing 1000.
Work done by the system:
The above equation is written as:
w12 ¼ 135kJ=kg
V12 gz1 V2
h1 þ þ þ q12 ¼ h2 þ 2 þ w12
At inlet: 2000 1000 2000

Specific volume : v1 ¼ 0:37m3 =kg or

Pressure : p1 ¼ 600 kPa ( )
V12  V22 gz1
Velocity : V1 ¼ 16m=s h2  h1 ¼ þ þ q12  w12
2000 1000
Datum head : z1 ¼ 32m 2
ð16Þ  ð270Þ 2
9:81  32
¼ þ  9  13
2000 1000
At discharge: ¼ 36:32 þ 0:31  9  135
h2  h1 ¼ 180:01 kJ=kg
Specific volume : v2 ¼ 0:62m3 =kg
Pressure : p2 ¼ 100 kPa By definition of specific enthalpy:
Velocity : V2 ¼ 270m=s
h ¼ u þ pv
Datum head : z2 ¼ 0
At inlet:
Total heat loss between the inlet and discharge:
h 1 ¼ u1 þ p 1 v 1
q12 ¼ 9 kJ=kg
At outlet:
h 2 ¼ u2 þ p 2 v 2
w1–2=135kJ/kg
3 1
v1 =0.37m /kg
p1 =600kPa
V1 =16m/s
z1 = 16 m
1
2
3
v2 =0.62m /kg
p2 =100kPa
V2 =270m/s
q1–2= – 9 kJ/kg 2 z2 = 0

Now applying the steady flow energy equa-

tion, we have ) u2 þ p2 v2  ðu1 þ p1 v1 Þ ¼ 180:01
where z2 = 0 u1  u1 ¼ 180:01  p2 v2 þ p1 v1
V2 V2 ¼ 180:01  100x0:62 þ 600x0:37
h1 þ 1 þ gz1 þ q12 ¼ h2 þ 2 þ w12
2 2 . 180:01  62 þ 222 ¼ 20:01 kJ=kg
V12 V22
) h1 þ þ gz1 þ q12 ¼ h2 þ þ w12
2 2
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 143

The −ve sign indicates that the specific internal Q12 ¼ Q56
energy decreases by 20.01 kJ/kg.
Area under process 1  2
Q.32. In a certain process, a vapor, while ¼ Area under process 5  6
condensing at 420 °C, transfers heat to water
evaporating at 250 °C. The resulting steam is Tc DS ¼ Te DS0
used in a power cycle which rejects heat at
35 °C. What is the function of the available or
energy in the heat transferred from the pro-
DS0 Tc 693
cess vapour at 420 °C that is lost due to the ¼ ¼ ¼ 1:325
irreversible heat transfer at 250 °C? DS Te 523
Heat rejected during process 3  4 :Q34 ¼ area
Ans. Give data:
under process 3  4
 ¼ T2 DS
Condensing temperature : Tc ¼ 420 C
¼ ð420 þ 273ÞK
Heat rejected during process 7  4 :Q74 ¼ area
¼ 693K
under process 7  4
Evaporating temperature : Tc ¼ 250  C ¼ T2 DS0
¼ ð250 þ 273ÞK ¼ 523K
Work done during cycle 1–2–3–4:
Temperature of heat rejected : T2 ¼ 35  C
¼ ð35 þ 273ÞK ¼ 308K
W1 ¼ Q12  Q34
¼ Tc DS ¼ T2 Ds
¼ ðTc  T2 ÞDS
T
Q1–2 Work done during cycle 5–6–7–4:
1
Tc 2

Te
5
6
w2 ¼ Q56  Q74
¼ Te Ds0  T2 Ds0 ¼ ðT  T2 ÞDs0
Q5–6
The fraction of energy becomes unavailable due
Q′2 3 to irreversible heat transfer
4 7
T2
W1  W2
UA ¼
W1
ðTc  T2 ÞDS  ðTe  T2 ÞDS
s ¼
Δs
ðTc  T2 ÞDS
Tc DS  T2 DS  Te DS0 þ T2 DS0
Δs′ ¼
ðTc  T2 ÞDS
T2 DS0  T2 DS
¼ *Te DS ¼ Te DS 
By energy balance equation: ðTc  T2 ÞDS
ðDS0 =DS  1ÞT2 DS ðDS0 =DS  1ÞT2
Heat loss during condensation ¼ ¼
ðTc  T2 ÞDS ðTc  T2 Þ
¼ Heat gain during evaporation
ð1:325  1Þ  308 DS0
¼ * ¼ 1:325
693  308 DS
¼ 0:26
144 8 Gas Turbine

Q.33. A domestic food freezer maintains a or

temperature of −15 °C. The ambient air
temperature is 30 °C. If heat leaks into the Wmin ¼ 0:3052 kW
freezer at the continuous rate of 1.75 kJ/s.
What is the least power necessary to pump Q.34. What is the deficiency of the first law
this heat out continuously? efficiency? How does the second law efficiency
make up this deficiency?
Ans. Given data for refrigerator.
Ans. To measure the performance of any pro-
Temperature of freezer: cess, device, or system, we make use of the
concept of efficiency. The first law efficiency
T ¼ 15  C ¼ ð15 þ 273Þ K ¼ 258 K
(also called thermal efficiency) widely used in
thermodynamics is usually based on the concept
of energy, in which no attempt is made to dis-
tinguish law grade energy from high grade
energy. A simple example is the first law effi-
ciency of a heat engine, which is defined as the
ratio of net work output to the amount of heat
supplied. In this definition, heat and work are
given the same wattage. So, the first law effi-
ciency does not give an accurate measure of
thermodynamic performance. To overcome this
efficiency, we defined a second-law efficiency as
the ratio of the actual work output to the maxi-
mum (reversible) work output of the work-
producing devices mathematically,
Second-law efficiency:

actual work : W
gII ¼
maximum work : Wrev
Ambient temperature: W
gII ¼ for work - production device
Wrev
T1 ¼ 30  C ¼ ð30 þ 273ÞK ¼ 303K W Q1
gII ¼ 
Wrev Q1
Heat leak into freezer: W
¼
Q1  Wrev =Q1
Q2 ¼ 1:75kJ=s ¼ 1:75kW
g g1
gII ¼ th ¼
Condition for the least power required: Wmin grev gCarnot

Carnot COP ¼ Actual COP where

T2 Q2 Wrev
¼ grev ¼ gCarnot ¼
T1  T2 Wmin Q1
258 1:75
¼
303  258 Wmin
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 145

and or
( )
W dT @V
gth ¼ g1 ¼ ds ¼ Cp  dp ð29Þ
Q1 T @T p

T1 Equating Eqs. (28) and (29), we get

( ) ( )
@T @v @T @p
Cp  dp ¼ Cv þ dV
T @T T @T v
Q1 ( ) ( )
@T @p @V
ðCp  Cv Þ ¼ dV þ dp
HE
T @T @T p
W

or
Q2 ( )
Tð@p=@rÞ T @V
@T p dp
dT ¼ dV þ ð30Þ
T2 Cp  Cv Cp  Cv

The temperature T is function of V and p,

The second law efficiency is also defined as i.e.,
the ratio of actual thermal efficiency to the
reversible (Carnot) efficiency under the same T ¼ f ðV; pÞ
condition.
It is important to note that the upper limit of In different form, we can write
the second law efficiency is 100%, which corre- ( ) ( )
sponds to the ideal case with no energy @T @T
dT ¼ dv þ dp ð31Þ
destruction. @V p @p v

Q.35. Write down the first and second TdS Comparing Eqs. (30) and (31), we get
equation, and derive the expression for the
( ) ( )
difference in heat capacities, Cp and Cy. What @T T @p
does the expression signify? dv ¼
@V p ðCp  Cv Þ @T v
Ans. 1st Tds equation, Tð@p=@TÞv
or Cp  Cv ¼
( ) ð@T=@VÞp
@p ( )( )
Tds ¼ Cv dT þ T dv @p @V
@T v Cp  Cv ¼ T
@T v @T p
or ( ) ( )
@T T @V
( ) ¼
@p v ðCp  Cv Þ @T p
dT @p
ds ¼ Cv þ dv ð28Þ Tð@V=@TÞp
T @T v or Cp  Cv ¼
ð@T=@pÞV
( )( )
2nd Tds equation, @p @V
Cp  Cv ¼ T
( ) @T v @T p
@V
Tds ¼ Cp dT  T dp
@T p
146 8 Gas Turbine

( )( ) i.e.,
@p @V
Cp  Cv ¼ T ð32Þ
@T @T
v p CP  Cv ¼ 0 at T ¼ 0 K

We know that the cyclic relation:

( ) ( ) ( ) 2. The difference between CP and Cv is always
( )
@p @V @T ( )2 @p
¼ 1 +ve because @V@T P is always +ve and @V
@T T @T p @p V T
( ) ( ) ( ) is −ve for all compressible fluids.
@p @v 1 @p ( )
¼ ( ) ¼ @p
@V T @T p @T @T V 3. For a liquid and solid, @V is small and
P
@p V
difference between CP and Cv is small.
( )
or when @V @T p ¼ 0, Cp ¼ Cv as true at the point

( ) ( )( ) of maximum density of water at 4 °C.

@p @p @v
¼ ð33Þ
@T v @V r @T p Q.36. The following data were obtained with a
( ) separating and throttling calorimeter:
@p
Substituting the value of @Tv from Eq. (33) in
Pressure in pipe line = 1.5 MPa
Eq. (32), we get
Condition after throttling = 0.1 MPa, 110°C
) ( )( )
(
@p @V @V
Cp  Cv ¼ T During 5 min, moisture collected in the sepa-
@V T @T p @T p rator = 0.150 L at 70 °C.
( ) ( )2
@p @V Steam condensed after throttling during
Cp  Cv ¼ T ð34Þ
@V T @T p 5 min = 3.24 kg.
h ( ) i Find the quality of steam in the pipeline.
2
TV 2 V12 @V
@T P
Cp  Cv ¼ h ( ) i Ans. Given data
V  V1 @V@p Pressure in pipe line:
T

TVb2 p1 ¼ 1:5 MPa ¼ 15 bar

Cp  Cv ¼ ð35Þ
kT
Pressure after throttling:
where
( ) p3 ¼ 0:1 MPa ¼ 1 bar
1 @V
b¼ ; volume expansively
V @T P Temperature after throttling:

and T3 ¼ 100  C
( )
1 @V Volume of moisture collected in the separator:
kT ¼ ; isothermal compressibility
V @T T
0:150 3
V ¼ 0:150 litre at 70  C ¼ m
Equation (35) gives the following information: 1000

1. The difference between CP and Cv is zero at Mass of steam condensed after throttling:
absolute zero temperature for all material
(liquid, gas or solid).,
Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 147

m2 ¼ 3:24 kg or

1947:3 x2 ¼ 1831:3
From superheated steam table,
At
or

p3 ¼ 1 bar; T3 ¼ 100 C
1947:3x2 ¼ 1831:3
h3 ¼ 2676:2 kJ=kg
or
From saturated steam table on pressure based,
At 1831:3
x2 ¼ ¼ 0:94
1947:3
p1 ¼ p2 ¼ 15 bar
From saturated steam table on temperature
hf ¼ 844:9 kJ=kg
based,
hg ¼ 2792:2 kJ=kg
hfg ¼ 1947:3 kJ=kg

Specific enthalpy at point 2, At

h2 ¼ hf þ x2 hfg T ¼ 70  C
vf ¼ 0:001023 m3 =kg
also
also
h2 ¼ h3
) h3 ¼ hf þ x3 hfg V
vf ¼
m1

0:150 1
2676:2 ¼ 844:9 þ x2  1947:3 ) 0:001023 ¼ 
1000 m1
148 8 Gas Turbine

or Now applying the equation of state at state 1,

We have
m1 ¼ 0:1466 kg
p1 v1 ¼ RT1
We know that the dryness fraction or quality of
100  v1 ¼ 0:287  308
the steam in the pipeline at state 1,

x2 m 2 0:94  3:24 or
x1 ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:8993
m1 þ m2 0:1466 þ 3:24
v1 ¼ 0:8839 m3 =kg
¼ 89:93%
We know, compression ratio:
Q.37. An engine working on the Otto cycle is
supplied with air to 0.1 MPa, 35 °C. The v1 0:8839
r¼ ¼
compression ratio is 8. Heat supplied is v2 8
2100 kJ/kg. Calculate the maximum pressure
and temperature of the cycle, the cycle effi- or
ciency and the mean effective pressure. (For
air cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK and v2 ¼ 0:1104 m3 =kg
R = 0.287 kJ/kgK).
Displacement Volume:
Ans. Given data for Otto cycle:
vs ¼ v1  v2
p1 ¼ 0:1 MPa ¼ 0:10  103 kPa ¼ 100 kPa
¼ 0:8839  0:1104
T1 ¼ 35  C ¼ ð35 þ 273Þ K ¼ 308 K
¼ 0:7735 m3 =kg
Compression ratio:
Process 1–2, adiabatic compression:
r¼8 ( )c1
T2 v1
¼
Heat supplied: T1 v2
T2
¼ ð8Þ1:41
q2 3 ¼ 2100 kJ=kg 308
cp ¼ 1:005 kJ=kgK
or
cv ¼ 0:718 kJ=kgK
R ¼ 0:287 kJ=kgK T2 ¼ 707:59 K

and
( )c1
p2 v1
¼
p1 v2
p2
¼ ð8Þ1:4
100

or

p2 ¼ 1837:91 kPa

Process 2–3, heat addition at V = C:

Practice/Exam Questions with Solutions 149

Heat supplied: or

q23 ¼ cv ðTs  T2 Þ T4 ¼ 1581:35 K

) 2100 ¼ 0:718ðT3  707:59Þ
Process 4–1, heat rejection at V = C;
2924:79 ¼ T3  707:59
Heat rejection:
or q41 ¼ cv ðT4  T1 Þ
T3 ¼ 3632:38 K ¼ 0:718ð1581:35  308Þ
¼ 914:26 kJ=kg
Maximum temperature of the cycle:
Net specific work output:
T3 ¼ 3632:38 K
p 2 v 2 p3 v 3 wnet ¼ q23  q41
¼
T2 T3 ¼ 2100  914:26
p 2 p3
¼ *v2 ¼ v3 ¼ 1185:74 kJ=kg
T2 T3
1837:91 p3
¼ Mean effective pressure:
707:59 3632:63
Net specific work output
or mep ¼
Specific displacement volume
wnet
p3 ¼ 8434:82 kPa ¼
vs
¼ 8:434 MPa
1185:74
¼ ¼ 1532:95 kPa ¼ 1:533 MPa
0:7735
Maximum pressure of the cycle:

p3 ¼ 8:434 MPa

Process 3–4, adiabatic expansion:

( )c1
T3 v4
¼
T4 v5
( )c1
T3 v1
¼ v1 ¼ v4 and v2 ¼ v3
T4 v2
3632:38
¼ ð8Þ1:41
T4
3632:38
¼ 2:297
T4
 Appendix

and

See Tables A.1, A.2, A.3, A.4, A.5, A.6, A.7, A.8, A.9, A.10, A.11, A.12, A.13, and A.14.

Table A.1 Properties of saturated steam (temperature based)

Sat. Sat. Specific volume m3/kg Specific internal Specific enthalpy kJ/kg Specific entropy kJ/kgK
temp. °C pressure energy kJ/kg
kPa
Tsat psat Sat. liquid Sat. Sat. liquid Sat. Sat. Evap. hfg Sat. Sat. Evap. sfg Sat.
vf vapor vg uf vapor liquid hf vapor liquid vapor
ug hg sf sg
0.01 0.6113 0.0010002 206.2 0.00 3237.3 0.01 2501.3 2501.4 0.000 9.156 9.156
1 0.6567 0.0010002 192.6 4.12 2376.7 4.2 2499.0 2503.2 0.015 9.115 9.130
2 0.6556 0.0010001 179.9 8.4 2378.1 8.4 2496.7 2505.0 0.031 9.073 9.104
3 0.7577 0.0010001 168.1 12.6 2379.5 12.6 2494.3 2506.9 0.046 9.032 9.077
4 0.8131 0.0010001 157.2 16.8 2380.9 16.8 2491.9 2508.7 0.061 8.990 9.051
5 0.8721 0.0010001 147.1 21.0 2382.3 21.0 2489.6 2510.6 0.076 8.950 9.026
6 0.9349 0.0010001 137.7 25.2 2383.6 25.2 2487.2 2512.4 0.091 8.909 9.000
7 1.002 0.0010002 129.0 29.4 2385.0 29.4 2484.8 2514.2 0.106 8.869 8.975
8 1.072 0.0010002 120.9 33.6 2386.4 33.6 2482.5 2516.1 0.121 8.829 8.950
9 1.148 0.0010003 113.4 37.8 2387.8 37.8 2480.1 2517.9 0.136 8.789 8.925
10 1.228 0.0010004 106.4 42.0 2389.2 42.0 2477.7 2519.7 0.151 8.750 8.901
11 1.312 0.0010004 99.86 46.2 2390.5 46.2 2475.4 2521.6 0.166 8.711 8.877
12 1.402 0.0010005 93.78 50.4 2391.9 50.4 2473.0 2523.4 0.181 8.672 8.852
13 1.497 0.001007 88.12 54.6 2393.3 54.6 2470.7 2525.3 0.195 8.632 8.828
14 1.598 0.0010008 82.85 58.8 2394.7 58.8 2468.3 2527.1 0.210 8.595 8.805
15 1.705 0.0010009 77.93 63.0 2396.1 63.0 2465.9 2528.9 0.224 8.5,57 8.781
16 1.818 0.001001 73.33 67.2 2397.4 67.2 2463.6 2530.8 0.239 8.519 8.758
17 1.938 0.001001 69.04 71.4 2398.8 71.4 2461.2 2532.6 0.253 8.482 8.735
18 2.064 0.001001 65.04 75.6 2400.2 75.6 2458.8 2534.4 0.268 8.444 8.712
19 2.198 0.001002 61.29 79.8 2401.6 79.8 2456.5 2536.3 0.282 8.407 8.690
20 2.339 0.001002 57.79 84.0 2402.9 84.0 2454.1 2538.1 0.297 8.371 8.667
21 2.487 0.001002 54.51 88.1 2404.3 88.1 2451.8 2539.9 0.311 8.334 8.645
22 2.645 0.001002 61.45 92.3 2405.7 92.3 2449.4 2541.7 0.325 8.298 8.623
23 2.810 0.001002 48.57 96.5 2407.0 96.5 2447.0 2543.5 0.339 8.262 8.601
24 2.085 0.001003 45.88 100.7 2408.4 100.7 2444.7 2545.4 0.353 8.226 8.579
25 3.169 0.001003 43.36 104.9 2409.8 104.9 2442.3 2547.2 0.367 8.191 8.558
26 3.363 0.001003 40.99 109.1 2411.1 109.1 2439.9 2549.0 0.382 8.155 8.537
27 3.567 0.001004 38.77 113.2 2412.5 113.2 2437.6 2550.8 0.396 8.120 8.516
28 3.782 0.001004 36.69 117.4 2413.9 117.4 2435.2 2552.6 0.409 8.086 8.495
(continued)

© The Author(s) 2023 151

S. Kumar, Problems and Solutions in Thermal Engineering,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10584-5
152 Appendix

Table A.1 (continued)

Sat. Sat. Specific volume m3/kg Specific internal Specific enthalpy kJ/kg Specific entropy kJ/kgK
temp. °C pressure energy kJ/kg
kPa
Tsat psat Sat. liquid Sat. Sat. liquid Sat. Sat. Evap. hfg Sat. Sat. Evap. sfg Sat.
vf vapor vg uf vapor liquid hf vapor liquid vapor
ug hg sf sg
29 4.008 0.001004 34.73 121.6 2415.2 121.6 2432.8 2554.5 0.423 8.051 8.474
30 4.246 0.001004 32 89 125.8 2416.6 125.8 2430.5 2556.3 0.437 8.016 8.453
31 4.496 0.001005 31.17 130.0 2418.0 130.0 2428.1 2558.1 0.451 7.982 8.433
32 4.759 0.001005 29.54 134.2 2419.3 134.2 2425.7 2559.9 0.464 7.948 8.413
33 5.034 0.001005 28.01 138.3 2420.7 138.3 2423.4 2561.7 0.478 7.915 8.393
34 5.324 0.001006 26.57 142.5 2422.0 142.5 2421.0 2563.5 0.492 7.881 8.373
35 5.628 0.001006 25.22 146.7 2423.4 146.7 2418.6 2565.3 0.505 7.848 8.353
36 5.947 0.001006 23.94 150.9 2424.7 150.9 2416.2 2567.1 0.519 7.815 8.334
37 6.281 0.001007 22.74 155.0 2426.1 155.0 2413.9 2568.9 0.532 7.782 8.314
38 6.632 0.001007 21.60 159.2 2427.4 159.2 2411.5 2570.7 0.546 7.749 8.295
39 6.999 0.001007 20.53 163.4 2428.8 163.4 2409.1 2572.5 0.559 7.717 8.276
40 7.384 0.001008 19.52 167.6 2430.1 167.6 2406.7 2574.3 0.573 7.685 8.257
41 7.786 0.001008 18.57 171.7 2431.5 171.7 2404.3 2576.0 0.586 7.652 8.238
42 8.208 0.001009 17.67 175.9 2432.8 175.9 2401.9 2577.8 0.599 7.621 8.220
43 8.649 0.001009 16.82 180.1 2434.2 180.1 2399.5 2579.6 0.612 7.589 8.201
44 9.111 0.001010 16.02 184.3 2435.5 184.3 2397.2 2581.5 0.626 7.557 8.183
45 9.593 0.001010 15.26 188.4 2436.8 188.4 2394.8 2583.2 0.639 7.526 8.165
46 10.10 0.001010 14.54 192.6 2438.2 192.6 2392.4 2585.0 6.652 7.495 8.147
47 10.62 0.001011 13.86 196.8 2439.5 196.8 2390.0 2586.8 0.665 7.464 8.129
48 11.48 0.001011 13.22 201.0 2440.8 201.0 2387.6 2588.6 0.678 7.433 8.111
49 11.75 0.001012 12.61 205.1 2442.2 205.1 2385.2 2590.3 0.691 7.403 8.094
50 12.65 0.001012 12.03 209.3 2443.5 209.3 2382.7 2592.1 0.704 7.373 8.076
52 13.63 0.001013 10.97 217.7 2446.1 217.7 2377.9 2595.6 0.730 7.312 8.042
54 15.02 0.001014 10.01 226.0 2448.8 226.0 2373.1 2599.1 0.755 7.253 8.008
55 15.76 0.001015 9.568 230.2 2450.1 230.2 2370.7 2600.9 0.768 7.223 7.991
56 16.53 0.001015 9.149 234.4 2451.4 234.4 2368.2 2602.6 0.781 7.194 7.975
58 18.17 0.001016 8.372 242.8 2454.0 242.8 2363.4 2606.2 0.806 7.136 7.942
60 19.94 0.001017 7.671 . 251.1 2456.6 251.1 2358.5 2609.6 0.831 7.078 7.909
62 21.86 0.001018 7.037 259.5 2459.3 259.5 2353.6 2613.1 0.856 7.022 7.878
64 23.03 0.001019 6.463 267.9 2461.8 267.9 2348.7 2616.5 0.881 6.965 7.846
65 25.03 0.001020 6.197 272.0 2463.1 272.1 2346.2 2618.3 0.894 6.937 7.831
66 26.17 0.001020 5.943 276.2 2464.4 276.2 2343.7 2619.9 0.906 6.910 7.816
68 28.59 0.001022 5.471 284.6 2467.0 284.6 2338.8 2623.4 0.930 6.855 7.785
70 31.49 0.001023 5.042 293.0 2469.6 293.0 2333.8 2626.8 0.955 6.800 7.755
72 34.00 0.001024 4.650 301.4 2472.1 301.4 2329.8 2630.2 0.979 6.746 7.725
75 38.58 0.001026 4.131 313.9 2475.9 313.9 2321.4 2635.3 1.015 J.667 7.682
80 47.39 0.001029 3.407 334.9 2482.2 334.9 2308.8 2643.7 1.075 6.537 7.612
85 57.83 0.001033 2.828 355.9 2488.4 355.9 2296.0 2651.9 1.134 6.410 7.544
90 70.14 0.001036 2.361 376.9 2494.5 376.9 2283.2 2660.1 5.192 6.287 7.479
95 84.65 0.001040 1.982 397.9 2500.6 397.9 2270.2 2668.1 1.250 6.166 7.416
100 101.35 0.001044 1.673 418.9 2506.5 419.0 2257.0 2676.0 1.307 6.048 7.355
105 120.82 0.001048 1.4194 440.02 2512.4 440.15 2243.7 2683.8 1.3630 5.9328 7.2958
110 143.27 0.001052 1.2102 461.14 2518.1 461.30 2230.2 2691.5 1.4185 5.8202 7.2387
115 169.06 0.001056 1.0366 482.30 2523.7 482.48 2216.5 2699.0 1.4734 5.7100 7.1833
120 198.53 0.001060 0.8919 503.50 2529.3 503.71 2202.6 2706.3 1.5276 5.6020 7.1296
125 232.1 0.001065 0.7706 524.74 2534.6 524.99 2188.5 2713.5 1.5813 5.4962 7.0775
130 270.1 0.001070 0.6685 546.02 2539.9 546.31 2174.2 2720.5 1.6344 5.3925 7.0269
(continued)
Appendix 153

Table A.1 (continued)

Sat. Sat. Specific volume m3/kg Specific internal Specific enthalpy kJ/kg Specific entropy kJ/kgK
temp. °C pressure energy kJ/kg
kPa
Tsat psat Sat. liquid Sat. Sat. liquid Sat. Sat. Evap. hfg Sat. Sat. Evap. sfg Sat.
vf vapor vg uf vapor liquid hf vapor liquid vapor
ug hg sf sg
135 313.0 0.001075 0.5822 567.35 2545.0 567.69 2159.6 2727.3 1.6870 5.2907 6.9777
140 361.3 0.001080 0.5089 588.74 2550.0 589.13 2144.7 2733.9 1.7391 5.1908 6.9299
145 415.4 0.001085 0.4463 610.18 2554.9 610.63 2129.6 2740.3 1.7907 5.0926 6.8833
150 475.8 0.001091 0.3928 631.68 2559.5 632.20 2114.3 2746.5 1.8418 4.9960 6.8379
155 543.1 0.001096 0.3468 653.24 2564.1 653.84 2098.6 2752.4 1.8925 4.9010 6.7935
160 617.8 0.001102 0.3071 674.87 2568.4 675.55 2082.6 2758.1 1.9427 4.8075 6.7502
165 700.5 0.001108 0.2727 696.56 2572.5 697.34 2066.2 2763.5 1.9925 4.7153 6.7078
170 791.7 0.001114 0.2428 718.33 2576.5 719.21 2049.5 2768.7 2.0419 4.6244 6.6663
175 892.0 0.001121 0.2168 740.17 2580.2 741.17 2032.4 2773.6 2.0909 4.5347 6.6256
180 1002.1 0.001127 0.19405 762.09 2583.7 763.22 2015.0 2778.2 2.1396 4.4461 6.5857
185 1122.7 0.001134 0.17409 784.10 2587.0 785.37 1997.1 2782.4 2.1879 4.3586 6.5465
190 1254.4 0.001141 0.15654 806.19 2590.0 807.62 1978.8 2786.4 2.2359 4.2720 6.5079
195 1307.8 0.001149 0.14105 828.37 2592.8 829.98 1960.0 2790.0 2.2835 4.1863 6.4698
200 1553.8 0.001157 0.12736 850.65 2595.3 852.45 1940.7 2793.2 2.3309 4.1014 6.4323
205 1723.0 0.001164 0.11521 873.04 2597.5 875.04 1921.0 2796.0 2.3780 4.0172 6.3952
210 1906.2 0.001173 0.10441 895.53 2599.5 897.76 1900.7 2798.5 2.4248 3.9337 6.3585
215 2104 0.001181 0.09479 918.14 2601.1 920.62 1879.9 2800.5 2.4714 3.8507 6.3221
220 2318 0.001190 0.08619 940.87 2602.4 943.62 1858.5 2802.1 2.5178 3.7683 6.2861
225 2548 0.001199 0.07849 963.73 2603.3 966.78 1836.5 2803.3 2.5639 3.6863 6.2503
230 2995 0.001209 0.07158 986.74 2603.9 990.12 1813.8 2804.0 2.6099 3.6047 6.2146
235 3060 0.001219 0.06537 1009.89 2604.1 1013.62 1790.5 2804.2 2.6558 3.5233 6.1791
240 3344 0.001229 0.05976 1033.21 2604.0 1037.32 1766.5 2803.8 2.7015 3.4422 6.1437
245 3648 0.001240 0.05471 1056.71 2603.4 1061.23 1741.7 2803.0 2.7472 3.3612 6.1083
250 3973 0.001251 0.05013 1080.39 2602.4 1085.36 1716.2 2801.5 2.7927 3.2802 6.0730
255 4319 0.001263 0.04598 1104.28 2600.9 1109.73 1689.8 2799.5 2.8383 3.1992 6.0375
260 4688 0.001276 0.04221 1128.39 2599.0 1134.37 1662.5 2796.9 2.8838 3.1181 6.0019
265 5081 0.001289 0.03877 1152.74 2596.6 1159.28 1634.4 2793.6 2.9294 3.0368 5.9662
270 5499 0.001302 0.03564 1177.36 2593.7 1184.51 1605.2 2789.7 2.9751 2.9551 5.9301
275 5942 0.001317 0.03279 1202.25 2590.2 1210.07 1574.9 2785.0 3.0208 2.8730 5.8938
280 6412 0.001332 0.03017 1227.46 2586.1 1235.99 1543.6 2779.6 3.0668 2.7903 5.8571
285 6909 0.001348 0.02777 1253.00 2581.4 1262.31 1511.0 2773.3 3.1130 2.7070 5.8199
290 7436 0.001366 0.02557 1278.92 2576.0 1289.07 1477.1 2766.2 3.1594 2.6227 5.7821
295 7993 0.001384 0.02354 1305.2 2569.9 1316.3 1441.8 2758.1 3.2062 2.5375 5.7437
300 8581 0.001404 0.02167 1332.0 2563.0 1344.0 1404.9 2749.0 3.2534 2.4511 5.7045
305 9202 0.001425 0.019948 1359.3 2555.2 1372.4 1366.4 2738.7 3.3010 2.3633 5.6643
310 9856 0.001447 0.018350 1387.1 2546.4 1401.3 1326.0 2727.3 3.3493 2.2737 5.6230
Table A.2 Properties of saturated steam (pressure based)
154

Sat. pressure Sat. Specific volume m3/kg Specific internal energy Specific enthalpy kJ/kg Specific entropy kJ/kgK
bar temp. °C kJ/kg
psat Tsat Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Evap. hfg Sat. vapor Sat. Evap. sfg Sat. vapor
vf vg uf ug hf hg liquid sf sg
0.006113 0.01 0.0010002 206.140 0.00 2375.3 0.01 2501.3 2501.4 0.000 9.156 9.156
0.010 7.0 0.0010000 129.21 29.3 2385.0 29.3 2484.9 2514.2 0.106 8.870 8.976
0.105 13.0 0.0010007 87.98 54.7 2393.3 54.7 2470.6 2525.3 0.196 8.632 8.828
0.020 17.0 0.001001 67.00 73.5 2399.5 73.5 2460.0 2533.5- 0.261 8.463 8.724
0.025 21.1 0.001002 54.25 88.5 2404.4 88.5 2451.6 2540.1 0.312 8.331 8.643
0.030 24.1 0.001003 45.67 101.0 2408.5 101.0 2444.5 2545.5 0.355 8.223 8.578
0.035 26.7 0.001003 39.50 111.9 2412.1 111.9 2438.4 2550.3 0.391 8.132 8.523
0.040 29.0 0.001004 34.80 121.5 2415.2 121.5 2432.9 2554.4 0.423 8.052 8.475
0.045 31.0 0.001005 31.13 130.0 2417.9 130.0 2428.2 2558.2 0.451 7.982 8.433
0.050 32.9 0.001005 28.19 137.8 2420.5 137.8 2423.7 2561.5 0.476 7.919 8.395
0.055 34.6 0.001006 25.77 144.9 2422.8 144.9 2419.6 2565.5 0.500 7.861 8.361
0.060 36.2 0.001006 23.74 151.5 2425.0 151.5 2415.9 2567.4 0.521 7.809 8.330
0.065 37.6 0.001007 22.01 157.7 2426.9 157.7 2412.4 2570.1 0.541 7.761 8.302
0.070 39.0 0.001007 20.53 163.4 2428.8 163.4 2409.1 2572.5 0.559 7.717 8.276
0.075 40.3 0.001008 19.24 168.8 2430.5 168.8 2406.0 2574.8 0.576 7.675 8.251
0.080 41.5 0.001008 18.10 173.9 2432.2 173.9 2403.1 2577.0 0.593 7.636 8.229
0.085 42.7 0.001009 17.10 178.7 2433.7 178.7 2400.3 2579.0 0.608 7.599 8.207
0.090 43.8 0.001009 16.20 183.3 2435.2 183.3 2397.7 2581.0 0.622 7.565 8.187
0.095 44.8 0.001010 15.40 187.7 2436.6 187.7 2395.2 2582.9 0.636 7.532 8.168
0.10 45.8 0.001010 14.67 191.8 2437.9 191.8 2392.8 2584.7 0.649 7.501 8.150
0.11 47.7 0.001011 13.42 199.7 2440.4 199.7 2388.3 2588.0 0.674 7.453 8.117
0.12 49.4 0.001012 12.36 206.9 2442.7 206.9 2384.2 2591.1 0.696 7.390 8.086
0.13 51.0 0.001013 11.47 213.7 2.444.9 213.7 2380.2 2593.9 0.717 7.341 8.058
0.14 52.6 0.001013 10.69 220.0 2446.9 220.0 2376.6 2596.6 0.737 7.296 8.033
0.15 54.0 0.001014 10.02 225.9 2448.7 225.9 2373.2 2559.1 0.755 7.254 8.009
0.16 55.3 0.001015 9.43 231.6 2450.5 231.6 2369.9 2601.5 0.772 7.214 7.986
0.17 56.6 0.001015 8.91 236.9 2452.2 236.9 2366.8 2603.7 0.788 7.177 7.%5
(continued)
Appendix
Table A.2 (continued)
Sat. pressure Sat. Specific volume m3/kg Specific internal energy Specific enthalpy kJ/kg Specific entropy kJ/kgK
bar temp. °C kJ/kg
Appendix

psat Tsat Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Evap. hfg Sat. vapor Sat. Evap. sfg Sat. vapor
vf vg uf ug hf hg liquid sf sg
0.18 57.8 0.001016 8.45 242.0 2453.8 242.0 2363.8 2505.8 0.804 7.14.1 7.945
0.19 59.0 0.001017 8.03 246.8 2455.3 246.8 2361.0 2607.8 0.818 7.108 7.926
0.20 60.1 0.001017 7.65 251.4 2456.7 251.4 2358.3 2609.7 0.832 7.077 7.909
0.22 62.1 0.001018 7.45 260.1 2459.4 260.1 2353.2 2613.3 0.858 7.018 7.876
0.24 64.1 0.001019 6.45 268.1 2461.9 268.1 2348.5 2616.6 0.882 6.964 7.846
0.25 65.0 0.001020 6.20 271.9 2463.1 271.9 2346.3 2618.2 0.893 6.938 7.831
0.26 65.9 0.001020 5.98 275.6 2464.2 275.6 2344.1 2619.7 0.904 6.914 7.818
0.28 67.5 0.001021 5.58 282.6 2466.4 282.6 2340.0 2622.6 0.925 6.868 7.793
0.30 69.1 0.001022 5.23 289.2 2468.4 289.2 2336.1 2625.3 0.944 6.825 7.768
0.32 70.6 0.001023 4.92 295.5 2470.3 295.5 2332.4 2627.9 0.962 6.784 7.746
0.34 72.0 0.001024 4.65 301.4 2472.1 301.4 2328.8 2630.2 0.979 6.746 7.725
0.35 72.7 0.001024 4.53 304.2 2473.0 304.2 2327.2 2631.4 0.987 6.728 7.715
0.36 73.4 0.001025 4.41 307.0 2473.8 307.0 2325.5 2632.5 0.996 6.710 7.706
0.38 74.6 0.001026 4.19 312.4 2475.5 312.4 2322.3 2634.7 1.011 6.676 7.687
0.40 75.9 0.001027 3.99 317.6 2477.0 317.6 2319.2 2636.8 1.026 6.644 7.670
0.45 78.7 0.001028 3.58 329.6 2480.7 329.6 2312.0 2641.6 1.060 6.571 7.631
0.50 81.3 0.001030 3.24 340.5 2483.9 340.6 2305.4 2646.0 1.091 6.503 7.594
0.55 83.7 0.001032 2.96 350.5 2486.8 350.5 2299.3 2649.8 1.119 6.442 7.561
0.60 85.9 0.001033 2.73 359.8 2489.6 359.9 2293.6 2653.5 1.145 6.387 7.532
0.65 88.0 0.001035 2.53 368.5 2492.1 368.5 2288.3 2656.8 1.169 6.335 7.504
0.70 90.0 0.001036 2.37 376.7 2494.5 376.7 2283.3 2660.0 1.192 6.288 7.480
0.75 91.8 0.001037 2.22 384.3 2496.7 384.4 2278.6 2663.0 1.213 6.243 7.456
0.80 93.5 0.001039 2.087 391.6 2498.8 391.7 2274.1 2665.8 1.233 6.202 7.435
0.85 95.1 0.001040 1.972 398.5 2500.7 398.6 2269.8 2668.4 1.252 6.163 7.415
0.90 96.7 0.001041 1.869 405.1 2502.6 405.2 2265.7 2670.9 1.270 6.125 7.395
0.95 98.2 0.001042 1.777 411.3 25,044 411.4 2261.8 2673.2 1.287 6.090 7.377
1.00 99.6 0.001043 1.694 417.4 2506.1 417.5 2258.0 2675.5 1.303 6.057 7.360
(continued)
155
Table A.2 (continued)
156

Sat. pressure Sat. Specific volume m3/kg Specific internal energy Specific enthalpy kJ/kg Specific entropy kJ/kgK
bar temp. °C kJ/kg
psat Tsat Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Evap. hfg Sat. vapor Sat. Evap. sfg Sat. vapor
vf vg uf ug hf hg liquid sf sg
1.0135 100 0.001044 1.673 418.9 2506.5 419.0 2256.9 2676.0 1.307 6.048 7.355
1.1 102.3 0.001045 1.549 428.7 2509.2 428.8 2250.9 2679.7 1.333 5.994 7.327
1.2 104.8 0.001047 1.428 439.2 2512.1 439.3 2244.2 2683.5 1.361 5.937 7.298
1.3 107.1 0.001049 1.325 449.0 2514.8 449.1 2238.0 2687.1 1.387 5.884 7.271
1.4 109.3 0.001051 1.237 458.2 2517.3 458.4 2232.0 2690.4 1.411 5.835 7.246
1.5 111.4 0.001053 1.159 466.9 2519.7 467.1 2226.5 2693.6 1.434 5.789 7.223
1.6 113.3 0.001054 1.091 475.2 2521.9 475.4 2221.1 2696.5 1.455 5.747 7.202
1.7 115.2 0.001056 1.031 483.0 2523.9 483.2 2211.2 2699.2 1.475 5.706 7.181
1.8 116.9 0.001058 0.977 490.5 2525.9 490.7 2211.2 2701.8 1.494 5.668 7.162
1.9 118.6 0.001059 0.929 497.6 2527.7 497.8 2206.5 2704.3 1.513 5.631 7.144
2.0 120.2 0.001061 0.886 504.5 2529.5 504.7 2201.9 2706.7 1.530 5.597 7.127
2.1 121.8 0.001062 0.846 511.1 2531.2 511.3 2197.6 2708.9 1347 5.564 7.111
2.2 123.3 0.001063 0.810 517.4 2532.8 517.6 2193.4 2711.0 1.563 5.532 7.095
2.3 124.7 0.001065 0.777 523.5 2534.3 523.7 2189.3 2713.1 1378 5302 7.080
2.4 126.1 0.001066 0.747 529.4 2535.8 529.6 2185.4 2715.0 1.593 5.473 7.066
2.5 127.4 0.001067 0.719 535.1 2537.2 535.4 2118.5 2716.9 1.607 5.446 7.053
2.6 128.7 0.001069 0.693 540.6 2538.6 540.9 2177.8 2718.7 1.621 5.419 7.040
2.7 130.0 0.001070 0.669 546.0 2539.9 546.3 2174.2 2720.5 1.634 5.393 7.027
2.8 131.2 0.001071 0.646 551.2 2541.2 551.4 2170.7 2722.1 1.647 5.368 7.015
2.9 132.4 0.001072 0.625 556.2 2542.4 556.5 2167.3 2723.8 1.660 5.343 7.003
3.0 133.5 0.001073 0.606 561.1 2543.6 561.6 2163.8 2725.3 1.672 5.320 6.992
3.1 134.7 0.001074 0.588 565.9 2544.7 566.3 2160.6 2726.8 1.684 5.297 6.981
3.2 135.8 0.001075 0.570 570.6 2545.8 571.0 2157.3 2728.3 1.695 5.275 6.970
3.3 136.8 0.001076 0.554 575.2 2546.9 575.5 2154.2 2729.7 1.706 5.254 6.960
3.4 137.9 0.001078 0.539 579.6 2547.9 580.0 2151.1 2731.1 1.717 5.233 6.950
3.5 138.9 0.001079 0.524 583.9 2548.9 584.3 2148.1 2732.4 1.728 5.213 6.941
3.6 140.0 0.001080 0.511 588.2 2549.9 588.6 2145.1 2733.7 1.738 5.193 6.931
(continued)
Appendix
Table A.2 (continued)
Sat. pressure Sat. Specific volume m3/kg Specific internal energy Specific enthalpy kJ/kg Specific entropy kJ/kgK
bar temp. °C kJ/kg
Appendix

psat Tsat Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Evap. hfg Sat. vapor Sat. Evap. sfg Sat. vapor
vf vg uf ug hf hg liquid sf sg
3.7 140.8 0.001081 0.498 592.4 2550.9 592.8 2142.2 2735.0 1.748 5.174 6.922
3.8 141.8 0.001082 0.485 596.4 2551.8 596.8 2139.4 2736.2 1.758 5.155 6.913
3.9 142.7 0.001083 0.474 600.4 2552.7 600.8 2136.6 2737.4 1.767 5.137 6.904
4.0 143.6 0.001084 0.463 604.3 2553.6 604.7 2133.8 2738.5 1.777 5.119 6.896
4.1 144.5 0.001085 0.452 608.1 2554.4 608.6 2131.1 2739.7 1.786 5.102 6.888
4.2 145.4 0.001286 0.442 611.9 2555.3 612.4 2128.4 2740.8 1.795 5.085 6.880
4.3 146.3 0.001086 0.432 615.6 2556.1 616.1 2125.8 2741.9 1.804 5.068 6.872
4.4 147.1 0.001087 0.423 619.2 2456.9 619.7 2123.2 2742.9 1.812 5.052 6.684
4.5 147.9 0.001088 0.414 622.8 2557.6 623.3 2120.6 2743.9 1.821 5.036 6.857
4.6 148.7 0.001089 0.406 626.3 2558.4 626.8 2118.2 2744.9 1.829 5.020 6.849
4.7 149.5 0.001090 0.397 629.7 2559.1 63,012 2115.7 2745.9 1.837 5.005 6.842
4.8 150.3 0.001091 0.390 633.1 2559.8 633.6 2113.2 2746.8 1.845 4.990 6.835
4.9 151.1 0.001092 0.382 636.4 2560.6 636.9 2110.8 2747.8 1.853 4.975 6.828
5.0 151.9 0.001093 0.375 639.7 2561.2 640.2 2108.5 2748.7 1.861 4.961 6.821
5.2 153.3 0.001094 0.361 646.1 2562.6 646.7 2103.8 2750.5 1.876 4.932 6.808
5.4 154.8 0.001096 0.349 652.3 2563.9 652.9 2099.3 2752.1 1.890 4.905 6.795
5.5 155.5 0.001096 0.343 655.3 2564.5 655.9 2097.0 2752.9 1.897 4.892 6.789
5.6 156.2 0.001097 0.337 658.3 2565.1 658.9 2094.8 2753.8 1.904 4.879 6.783
5.8 157.5 0.001099 0.326 664.2 2566.3 664.8 2090.5 2755.3 1.918 4.853 6.771
6.0 158.9 0.001101 0.316 669.9 2567.4 670.6 2086.3 2756.8 1.931 4.829 6.760
6.2 160.1 0.001002 0.306 675.5 2568.5 676.2 2082.1 2758.3 1.944 4.805 6.749
6.4 161.4 0.001104 0.297 680.9 2569.6 681.6 2078.0 2759.6 1.956 4.782 6.738
6.5 162.0 0.001104 0.293 683.6 2570.1 684.3 2076.0 2760.3 1.963 4.770 6.733
6.6 162.6 0.001105 0.288 686.2 2570.6 686.9 2074.0 2761.0 1.969 4.759 6.728
6.8 163.8 0.001107 0.281 691.4 2571.6 692.1 2070.1 2762.2 1.981 4.737 6.718
7.0 165.0 0.001108 0.273 696.4 2572.5 697.2 2066.3 2763.5 1.992 4.716 6.708
7.2 166.1 0.001109 0.266 701.4 2573.4 702.2 2062.5 2764.7 2.004 4.695 6.699
(continued)
157
Table A.2 (continued)
158

Sat. pressure Sat. Specific volume m3/kg Specific internal energy Specific enthalpy kJ/kg Specific entropy kJ/kgK
bar temp. °C kJ/kg
psat Tsat Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Evap. hfg Sat. vapor Sat. Evap. sfg Sat. vapor
vf vg uf ug hf hg liquid sf sg
7.4 167.2 0.001111 0.259 706.2 2574.3 707.1 2058.8 2765.9 2.014 4.675 6.689
7.5 167.8 0.001112 0.256 708.6 2574.7 709.5 2057.0 2766.5 2.020 4.665 6.685
7.6 168.3 0.001112 0.252 711.0 2575.2 711.8 2055.2 2767.0 2.025 4.655 6-.680
7.8 169.4 0.001113 0.246 715.7 2576.0 716.5 2051.6 2768.1 2.036 4.635 6.671
8.0 170.4 0.001115 0.240 720.2 2576.8 721.1 2048.0 2769.1 2.046 4.617 6.663
8.2 171.5 0.001116 0.235 724.7 2577.6 725.6 2044.6 2770.2 2.056 4.598 6.654
8.4 172.5 0.001117 0.230 729.1 2578.3 730.1 2041.1 2771.2 2.066 4.580 6.646
8.5 173.0 0.001118 0.227 731.3 2578.7 732.2 2039.4 2771.6 2.071 4.571 6.642
8.6 173.5 0.001119 0.225 733.4 2579.1 734.4 2037.7 2772.1 2.076 4.562 6.638
8.8 174.4 0.001120 0.220 737.7 2579.8 738.6 2034.4 2773.0 2.085 4.545 6.630
9.0 175.4 0.001121 0.215 741.8 2580.5 742.8 2031.1 2773.9 2.095 4.528 6.623
9.2 176.3 0.001122 0.211 745.9 2581.1 747.0 2027.8 2774.8 2.104 4.511 6.615
9.4 177.2 0.001124 0.206 750.0 2581.8 751.0 2024.7 2775.7 2.113 4.495 6.608
9.5 177.7 0.001124 0.204 751.9 2582.1 753.0 2023.1 2776.1 2.117 4.487 6.604
9.6 178.1 0.001125 0.202 753.9 2582.4 755.0 2021.5 2776.5 2.122 4.479 6.601
9.8 179.0 0.001126 0.198 757.8 2583.1 758.9 2018.4 2777.3 2.130 4.463 6.593
10.0 179.9 0.001127 0.194 761.7 2583.6 762.8 2015.3 2778.1 2.139 4.448 6.587
10.5 182.0 0.001130 0.186 771.1 2585.1 772.2 2007.7 2779.9 2.159 4.411 6.570
11.0 184.1 0.001133 0.178 780.1 2586.4 781.3 2000.4 2781.7 2.179 4.374 6.553
11.5 186.1 0.001136 0.170 778.8 2587.6 790.1 1993.2 2783.3 2.198 4.340 6.538
12.0 188.0 0.001139 0163 797.3 2588.8 798.6 1986.2 2784.8 2.217 4.306 6.533
12.5 189.8 0.001141 0.157 805.4 2589.9 806.8 1979.4 2786.2 2.243 4.275 6.509
13.0 191.6 0.001144 0.151 813.4 2591.0 314.9 1972.7 2787.6 2.251 4.244 6.495
13.5 193.4 0.001146 0.146 821.2 2591.9 822.6 1966.2 2788.8 2.268 4.214 6.482
14.0 195.0 0.001149 0.141 828.7 2592.8 830.3 1959.7 2790.0 2.284 4,185 6.469
14.5 196.7 0.001151 0.136 836.0 2593.7 837.6 1953.5 27,911 2.300 4.157 6.457
15.0 198.3 0.001154 0.132 843.2 2594.5 844.9 1947.3 2792.2 2.315 4.130 6.445
(continued)
Appendix
Table A.2 (continued)
Sat. pressure Sat. Specific volume m3/kg Specific internal energy Specific enthalpy kJ/kg Specific entropy kJ/kgK
bar temp. °C kJ/kg
Appendix

psat Tsat Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Evap. hfg Sat. vapor Sat. Evap. sfg Sat. vapor
vf vg uf ug hf hg liquid sf sg
15.5 199.9 0.001156 0.128 850.1 2595.3 851.9 1941.2 2793.1 2.330 4.103 6.433
16.0 201.4 0.001169 0.124 856.9 2596.0 858.8 1935.2 2794.0 2.344 4.078 6.422
16.5 202.9 0.001161 0.120 863.6 2596.6 865.5 1929.4 2794.9 2.358 4.053 6.411
17.0 204.3 0.001163 0.117 870.1 2597.3 872.1 1923.6 2795.7 2.372 4.028 6.400
17.5 205.8 0.001166 0.133 876.5 2597.8 878.5 1917.9 2796.4 2.385 4.005 6.390
18.0 207.2 0.001168 0.110 882.7 2598.4 884.8 1912.4 2797.2 2.398 3.981 6.379
18.5 208.5 0.001170 0.108 888.8 2598.9 891.0 1906.8 2797.8 2.411 3.958 6.369
19.0 209.8 0.001172 0.105 894.8 2599.4 897.0 1901.4 2798.4 2.423 3.936 3.359
19.5 211.1 0.001175 0.102 900.7 2599.9 903.0 1896.0 2799.0 2.435 3.915 6.350
20.0 212.4 0.001177 0.0996 906.4 2600.3 908.8 1890.7 2799.5 2.447 3.894 6.341
21.0 214.9 0.001181 0.0950 917.7 2601.0 920.2 1880.3 2800.5 2.470 3.852 6.323
22.0 217.3 0.001185 0.0907 928.5 2601.7 931.1 1870.2 2801.3 2.493 3.813 6.306
23.6 219.6 0.001189 0.0869 939.0 2602.3 941.8 1860.2 2802.0 2.514 3.775 6.289
24.0 221.8 0.001193 0.0833 949.2 2602.8 952.1 1850.5 2802.6 2.535 3.738 6.273
25.0 224.0 0.001197 0.0801 959.1 2603.1 962.1 1841.0 2803.1 2.555 3.703 6.258
26.0 226.1 0.001201 0.0769 968.7 2603.5 971.9 1831.6 2803.5 2.574 3.669 6.243
27.0 228.1 0.001205 0.0741 978.1 2603.7 981.3 1822.4 2803.8 2.593 3.635 6.228
28.0 230.1 0.001209 0.0715 987.2 2603.9 990.6 1813.4 2804.0 2.611 3.603 6.214
29.0 232.0 0.001213 0.0690 996.1 2604.0 999.6 1804.5 2804.1 2.628 3.572 6.200
30.0 233.9 0.001217 0.0667 1004.8 2604.1 1008.4 1795.7 2804.2 2.646 3.541 6.187
31.0 235.7 0.001220 00,645 1013.3 2604.1 1017.0 1787.1 2804.1 2.662 3.512 6.174
32.0 237.5 0.001224 0.0625 1021.6 2604.1 1025.5 1778.6 2804.1 2.679 3.483 6161
33.0 239.2 0.001227 0.0606 1029.7 2604.0 1033.7 1770.2 2803.9 2.695 3.454 6.149
34.0 240.9 0.001231 0.0588 1037.6 2603.9 1041.8 1761.9 2803.7 2.710 3.427 6.137
35.0 242.6 0.001235 0.0571 1045.4 2603.7 1049.7 1753.7 2803.4 2.725 3.400 6.125
36.0 244.2 0.001238 0.0555 1053.1 2603.5 1057.5 1745.6 2803.1 2.740 3.374 6.114
37.0 245.8 0.001242 0.0539 1060.6 2603.3 1065.2 1737.6 2802.8 2.755 3.348 6.103
(continued)
159
Table A.2 (continued)
160

Sat. pressure Sat. Specific volume m3/kg Specific internal energy Specific enthalpy kJ/kg Specific entropy kJ/kgK
bar temp. °C kJ/kg
psat Tsat Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Evap. hfg Sat. vapor Sat. Evap. sfg Sat. vapor
vf vg uf ug hf hg liquid sf sg
38.0 247.4 0.001245 0.0523 1068.0 2603.0 1072.7 1729.7 2802.4 2.769 3.323 6.092
39.0 248.9 0.001249 0.0511 1075.2 2602.6 1080.1 1721.8 2801.9 2.783 3.298 6.081
40.0 250.4 0.001252 0.0498 1082.3 2602.3 1087.3 1714.1 2801.4 2.796 3.274 6.070
42.0 253.3 0.001259 0.0473 1096.2 2601.5 1101.5 1698.8 2800.3 2.823 3.227 6.050
44.0 256.1 0.001266 0.0451 1109.7 2600.6 1115.2 1638.8 2799.0 2.849 3.181 6.030
45.0 257.5 0.001269 0.0441 1116.2 2600.1 1121.9 1676.4 2798.3 2.861 3.159 6.020
46.0 258.8 0.001273 0.0431 1122.7 2599.5 1128.6 1669.0 2797.6 2.873 3.137 6.010
48.0 261.4 0.001279 0.0412 1135.4 2598.4 1141.5 1654.5 2796.0 2.897 3.095 5.992
50.0 264.0 0.001286 0.0394 1147.8 2597.1 1154.2 1640.1 2794.3 2.920 3.053 5.973
52.0 266.5 0.001293 0.0378 1159.9 2595.8 1166.6 1626.0 2792.6 2.943 3.013 5.956
54.0 268.8 0.001299 0.0363 1171.7 2594.4 1178.7 1612.0 2790.7 2.965 2.974 5.939
55.0 270.0 0.001302 0.0357 1177.4 2593.7 1184.5 1605.1 2789.6 2.975 2.955 5.930
56.0 271.2 0.001306 0.0350 1183.2 2592.9 1190.5 1598.2 2788.6 2.986 2.936 5.922
58.0 273.4 0.001312 0.0377 1194.4 2591.3 1202.0 1584.5 2786.5 3.006 2.899 5.905
60.0 275.6 0.001319 0.0324 1205.4 2589.7 1213.3 1571.0 2784.3 3.027 2.862 5.889
62.0 277.8 0.001325 0.0313 1216.3 2588.0 1224.5 1557.6 2782.1 3.046 2.827 5.873
64.0 279.9 0.001332 0.0302 1226.9 2586.2 1235.4 1544.3 2779.7 3.066 2.792 5.858
65.0 280.8 0.001335 0.0297 1232.0 2585.3 1240.7 1537.9 2778.6 3.075 2.775 5.850
66.0 281.9 0.001338 0.0292 1237.3 2584.4 1246.1 1531.1 2777.2 3.085 2.758 5.843
68.0 283.9 0.001345 0.0283 1247.5 2582.5 1256.6 1518.1 2774.7 3.103 2.725 5.828
70.0 285.9 0.001351 0.0274 1257.5 2580.5 1267.0 1505.1 2772.1 3.121 2.692 5.813
72.0 287.8 0.001358 0.0265 1267.4 2578.5 1277.2 1492.2 2769.4 3.139 2.660 5.799
74.0 289.7 0.001364 0.0257 1277.2 2576.4 1287.3 1479.4 2766.7 3.156 2.629 5.785
75.0 290.6 0.001368 0.0253 1282.0 2575.3 1292.2 1473.1 2765.3 3.165 2.613 5.778
76.0 291.5 0.001371 0.0249 1286.8 2574.3 1297.2 1466.6 2763.8 3.174 2.597 5.771
78.0 293.3 0.001378 0.0242 1296.2 2572.1 1307.0 1453.9 2760.9 3.190 2.567 5.757
80.0 295.1 0.001384 0.0235 1305.6 2569.8 1316.6 1441.3 2758.0 3.207 2.536 5.743
(continued)
Appendix
Table A.2 (continued)
Sat. pressure Sat. Specific volume m3/kg Specific internal energy Specific enthalpy kJ/kg Specific entropy kJ/kgK
bar temp. °C kJ/kg
Appendix

psat Tsat Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Evap. hfg Sat. vapor Sat. Evap. sfg Sat. vapor
vf vg uf ug hf hg liquid sf sg
85.0 299.3 0.001401 0.0219 1328.4 2564.0 1340.3 1410.0 2750.3 3.247 2.463 5.710
90.0 303.4 0.001418 0.0205 1350.5 2557.8 1363.2 1378.9 2742.1 3.286 2.391 5.677
95.0 307.3 0.001435 0.0192 1372.0 2551.2 1385.6 1348.0 2733.6 3.323 2.322 5.645
100.00 311.1 0.001452 0.0180 1393.0 2544.4 1407.6 1317.1 2724.7 3.360 2.254 5.614
105.0 314.7 0.001470 0.0170 1413.6 2537.7 1429.0 1286.4 2715.4 3.395 2.188 5.583
110.0 318.2 0.001489 0.0160 1433.7 2529.8 1450.1 1255.5 2705.6 3.430 2.123 5.553
115.0 321.5 0.001507 0.0151 1453.5 2522.2 1470.8 1224.6 2695.4 3.463 2.059 5.522
120.0 324.8 0.001527 0.0143 1473.0 2513.7 1491.3 1193.6 2684.9 3.496 1.996 5.492
125.0 327.9 0.001547 0.0135 1492.1 2505.1 1511.5 1162.2 2673.7 3.528 1.934 5.462
130.0 330.9 0.001567 0.0128 1511.1 2496.1 1531.5 1130.7 2662.2 3.561 1.871 5.432
135.0 333.9 0.001588 0.0121 1529.9 2486.6 1551.4 1098.8 2650.2 3.592 1.810 5.402
140.0 336.8 0.001611 0.0115 1548.6 2476.8 1571.1 1066.5 2637.6 3.623 1.749 5.372
145.0 339.5 0.001634 0.0109 1567.1 2466.4 1590.9 1033.5 2624.4 3.654 1.687 5.341
150.0 342.2 0.001658 0.0103 1585.6 2455.5 1610.5 1000.0 2610.5 3.685 1.625 5.310
155.0 344.9 0.001684 0.00981 1604.1 2443.9 1630.3 965.7 2596.0 3.715 1.563 5.278
160.0 347.4 0.001711 0.00931 1622.7 2431.7 1650.1 930.6 7.580.6 3.746 1.499 5.245
165.0 349.9 0.001740 0.00883 1641.4 2418.8 1670.1 894.3 2564.4 3.777 1.435 5.212
170.0 352.4 0.001770 0.00836 1660.2 2405.0 1690.3 856.9 2547.2 3.808 1.370 5.178
175.0 354.7 0.001804 0.00793 1679.4 2390.2 1711.0 817.8 2528.8 3.839 1.302 5.141
180.0 357.1 0.001840 0.00749 1698.9 2374.3 1732.0 777.1 2509.1 3.871 1.233 5.104
185.0 359.3 0.001880 0.00708 1719.1 2357.0 1753.9 733.9 2487.8 3.905 1.160 5.065
190.0 361.5 0.001924 0.00666 1739.9 2338.1 1776.5 688.0 2464.5 3.939 1.084 5.023
195.0 363.7 0.001976 0.00625 1762.0 2316.9 1800.6 638.2 2438.8 3.975 1.002 4.977
200.0 365.8 0.002036 0.00583 1785.6 2293.0 1826.3 583.4 2409.7 4.014 0.913 4.927
205.0 367.9 0.002110 0.00541 1811.8 2265.0 1855.0 520.8 2375.8 4.057 0.812 4.869
210.0 369.9 0.002207 0.00495 1842.1 2230.6 1888.4 446.2 2334.6 4.107 0.694 4.801
215.0 371.9 0.002358 0.00442 1882.3 2183.0 1933.0 344.9 2277.9 4.175 0.535 4,710
(continued)
161
Table A.2 (continued)
162

Sat. pressure Sat. Specific volume m3/kg Specific internal energy Specific enthalpy kJ/kg Specific entropy kJ/kgK
bar temp. °C kJ/kg
psat Tsat Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Evap. hfg Sat. vapor Sat. Evap. sfg Sat. vapor
vf vg uf ug hf hg liquid sf sg
220.0 373.8 0.002742 0.00357 1961.9 2087.1 2022.2 143.4 2165.6 4.311 0.222 4.533
221.2 374.15 0.003155 0.003155 2029.6 2029.6 2099.3 0 2099.3 4.4298 0 4.4298
Appendix
 Appendix

Table A.3 Superheated steam table

T °C v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK
p = 0.1 bar (45.8 °C) p = 0.5 bar (81.3 °C) p = 1 bar (99.6 °C)
Sat 14.674 2437.9 2584.7 8.1502 3.240 2483.9 2645.9 7.5939 1.6940 2506.1 2675.5 7.3594
50 14.869 2483.9 2592.6 8.1749
100 17.196 2515.5 2687.5 8.4479 3.418 2511.6 2682.5 7.6947 1.6958 2506.7 2676.2 7.3614
150 19.512 2587.9 2783.0 8.6882 3.889 2585.6 2780.1 7.9401 1.9364 2582.8 2776.4 7.6134
200 21.825 2661.3 2879.5 8.9038 4.356 2659.9 2877.7 8.1580 2.172 2658.1 2875.3 7.8343
250 24.136 2736.0 2977.3 9.1002 4.820 2735.0 2976.0 8.3556 2.406 2733.7 2974.3 8.0333
300 26.445 2812.1 3075.5 9.2813 5.284 2811.3 3075.5 8.5373 2.639 2810.4 3074.3 8.2158
400 31.063 2968.9 3279.6 9.6077 6.209 2968.5 3278.9 8.8642 3.103 2967.9 3278.2 8.5435
500 35.679 3132.3 3489.1 9.8978 7.134 3132.0 3488.7 9.1546 3.565 3131.6 3488.1 8.8342
600 40.295 3302.5 3705.4 10.1608 8.057 3302.2 3705.1 9.4178 4.028 3301.9 3704.4 9.0976
700 44.911 3479.6 3928.7 10.4028 8.981 3479.4 3928.5 9.6599 4.490 3479.2 3928.2 9.3398
800 49.526 3663.8 4159.0 10.6281 9.904 3663.6 4158.0 9.8852 4.952 3663.5 4158.6 9.5652
900 54.141 3855.0 4396.4 10.8396 10.828 3854.9 4396.3 10.0967 5.414 3854.8 4396.1 9.7767
1000 58.757 4053.0 4640.6 11.0393 11.751 4052.9 4640.5 10.2964 5.875 4052.8 4640.3 9.9764
1100 63.372 4257.5 4891.2 11.2287 12.674 4257.4 4891.1 10.4859 6.337 4257.3 4891.0 10.1659
1200 67.987 4467.9 5147.8 11.4091 13.597 4467.8 5147.7 10.6662 6.799 4467.7 5147.6 10.3463
1300 72.602 4683.7 5409.7 11.5811 14.521 4683.6 5409.6 10.8382 7.260 4683.5 5409.5 10.5183
163
 164

Table A.4 Superheated steam table

T °C v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg S kJ/kgK
p = 2 bar (120.2 °C) p = 3 bar (133.5 °C) p = 4 bar (143.6 °C)
Sat 0.8857 2529.5 2706.7 7.1272 0.6058 2543.6 2725.3 6.9919 0.4625 2553.6 2738.6 6.8959
150 0.9596 2576.9 2768.8 7.2795 0.6339 2570.8 2761.0 7.0778 0.4708 2564.5 2752.8 6.9299
200 1.0803 2654.4 2870.5 7.5066 0.7163 2650.7 2865.6 7.3115 0.5342 2646.8 2860.5 7.1706
250 1.1988 2731.2 2971.0 7.7086 0.7964 2728.7 2967.6 7.5166 0.5951 2726.1 2964.2 7.3789
300 1.3162 2808.6 3071.8 7.8926 0.8753 2806.7 3069.3 7.7022 0.6548 2804.8 3066.8 7.5662
400 1.5493 2966.7 3276.6 8.2218 1.0315 2965.6 3275.0 8.0330 0.7726 2964.4 3273.4 7.8985
500 1.7814 3130.8 3487.1 8.5133 1.1867 3130.0 3486.0 8.3251 0.8893 3129.2 3484.9 8.1913
600 2.013 3301.4 3704.0 8.7770 1.3414 3300.8 3703.2 8.5892 1.0055 3300.2 3702.4 8.4558
700 2.244 3478.8 3927.6 9.0194 1.4957 3478.4 3927.1 8.8319 1.1215 3477.9 3926.5 8.6987
800 2.475 3663.1 4158.2 9.2449 1.6499 3662.9 4157.8 9.0576 1.2312 3662.4 4157.3 8.9244
900 2.705 3854.5 4395.8 9.4566 1.8041 3854.2 4395.4 9.2692 1.3529 3853.9 4395.1 9.1362
1000 2.937 4052.5 4640.0 9.5663 1.9581 4052.3 4639.7 9.4690 1.4685 4052.0 4639.4 9.3360
1100 3.168 4257.0 4890.7 9.8458 2.1121 4256.8 4890.4 9.6585 1.5840 4256.5 4890.2 9.5256
1200 3.399 4467.5 5147.5 10.0262 2.2661 4467.2 5147.1 9.8389 1.6996 4467.0 5146.8 9.7060
1300 3.630 4683.2 5409.3 10.1982 2.4201 4683.0 5409.0 10.0110 1.8151 4682.8 5408.8 9.8780
Appendix
 Appendix

Table A.5 Superheated steam table

T °C v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK
p = 5 bar (151.9 °C) p = 6 bar (158.9 °C) p = 8 bar (170.4 °C)
Sat 0.3749 2561.2 2748.7 6.8213 0.3157 2567.4 2756.8 6.7600 0.2404 2576.8 2769.1 6.6628
200 0.4249 2642.9 2855.4 7.0592 0.3520 2638.9 2850.1 6.9665 0.2608 2630.6 2839.3 6.8158
250 0.4744 2723.5 2960.7 7.2709 0.3938 2720.9 2957.2 7.1816 0.2931 2715.5 2950.0 7.0384
300 0.5226 2802.9 3064.2 7.4599 0.4344 2801.0 3061.6 7.3724 0.3241 2797.2 3056.5 7.2328
350 0.5701 2882.6 3167.7 7.6329 0.4742 2881.2 3165.7 7.5464 0.3544 2878.2 3161.7 7.4089
400 0.6173 2963.2 3271.9 7.7938 0.5137 2962.1 3270.3 7.7079 0.3843 2959.7 3267.1 7.5716
500 0.7109 3128.4 3483.9 8.0873 0.5920 3127.6 3482.8 8.0021 0.4433 3126.0 3480.6 7.8673
600 0.8041 3299.6 3701.7 8.3522 0.6697 3299.1 3700.9 8.2674 0.5018 3297.9 3699.4 8.1333
700 0.8969 3477.5 3925.9 8.5952 0.7472 3477.0 3925.3 8.5107 0.5601 3476.2 3924.2 8.3770
800 0.9896 3662.1 4156.9 8.8211 0.8215 3661.8 4156.5 8.7367 0.6181 3661.1 4155.6 8.6033
900 1.0822 3853.6 4394.7 9.0329 0.9017 3853.4 4394.4 8.9486 0.6761 3852.8 4393.7 8.8153
1000 1.1747 4051.8 4639.1 9.2328 0.9788 4051.5 4638.8 9.1485 0.7340 4051.0 4638.2 9.0153
1100 1.2672 4256.3 4889.9 9.4224 1.0559 4256.1 4889.6 9.3381 0.7919 4255.6 4889.1 9.2050
1200 1.3596 4466.8 5146.6 9.6029 1.1330 4466.5 5146.3 9.5185 0.8497 4466.1 5145.9 9.3855
1300 1.4521 4682.5 5408.6 9.7749 1.2101 4682.3 5408.3 9.6906 0.9076 4681.8 5407.9 9.5575
165
 166

Table A.6 Superheated steam table

T °C v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK
p = 10 bar (179.9 °C) p = 12 bar (188 °C) p = 14 bar (195 °C)
Sat 0.19444 2583.6 2778.1 6.5865 0.16333 2588.8 2784.8 6.5233 0.14084 2592.8 2790.0 6.4693
200 0.2060 2621.9 2827.9 6.6940 0.16930 2612.8 2815.9 6.5898 0.14302 2603.1 2803.3 6.4975
250 0.2327 2709.9 2942.6 6.9247 0.19234 2704.2 2935.0 6.8294 0.16350 2698.3 2927.2 6.7467
300 0.2579 2793.2 3051.2 7.1229 0.2138 2789.2 3045.8 7.0317 0.18228 2785.2 3040.4 6.9534
350 0.2825 2875.2 3157.7 7.3011 0.2345 2872.2 3153.6 7.2121 0.2003 2869.2 3149.5 7.13^0
400 0.3066 2957.3 3263.9 7.4651 0.2548 2954.9 3260.7 7.3774 0.2178 2952.5 3257.5 7.3026
500 0.3541 3124.4 3478.5 7.7622 0.2946 3122.8 3476.3 7.6759 0.2521 3121.1 3474.1 7.6027
600 0.4011 3296.8 3697.9 8.0290 0.3339 3295.6 3696.3 7.9435 0.2860 3294.4 3694.8 7.8710
700 0.4478 3475.3 3923.1 8.2731 0.3729 3474.4 3922.0 8.1881 0.3195 3473.6 3920.8 8.1160
800 0.4943 3660.4 4154.7 8.4996 0.4118 3659.7 4153.8 8.4148 0.3528 3659.0 4153.0 8.3431
900 0.5407 3852.2 4392.9 8.7118 0.4505 3851.6 4392.2 8.6272 0.3861 3851.1 4391.5 8.5556
1000 0.5871 4050.5 4637.6 8.9119 0.4892 4050.0 4637.0 8.8274 0.4192 4049.5 4636.4 8.7559
1100 0.6335 4255.1 4888.6 9.1017 0.5278 4254.6 4888.0 9.0172 0.4524 4254.1 4887.5 8.9457
1200 0.6798 4465.6 5145.4 9.2822 0.5665 4465.1 5144.9 9.1977 0.4855 4464.7 5144.4 9.1262
1300 0.7261 4681.3 5407.4 9.4543 0.6051 4680.9 5407.0 9.3698 0.5186 4680.4 5406.5 9.2984
Appendix
 Appendix

Table A.7 Superheated steam table

T °C v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK
p = 16 bar (201.4 °C) p = 18 bar (207.2 °C) p = 20 bar (212.4 °C)
Sat 0.12380 2596.0 2794.0 6.4218 0.11042 2598.4 2797.1 6.3794 0.09963 2600.3 2799.5 6.3409
225 0.13287 2644.7 2857.3 6.5518 0.11673 2636.6 2846.7 6.4808 0.10377 2628.3 2835.8 6.4147
250 0.14184 2692.3 2919.2 6.6732 0.12497 2686.0 2911.0 6.6066 0.11144 2679.6 2902.5 6.5453
300 0.15862 2781.1 3034.8 6.8844 0.14021 2776.9 3029.2 6.8226 0.12547 2772.6 3023.5 6.7664
350 0.17456 2866.1 3145.4 7.0694 0.15457 2863.0 3141.2 7.0100 0.13857 2859.8 3137.0 6.9563
400 0.19005 2950.1 3254.2 7.2374 0.16847 2947.7 3250.9 7.1794 0.15120 2945.2 3247.6 7.1271
500 0.2203 3119.5 3472.0 7.5390 0.19550 3117.9 3469.8 7.4825 0.17568 3116.2 3467.6 7.4317
600 0.2500 3293.3 3693.2 7.8080 0.2220 3292.1 3691.7 7.7523 0.19960 3290.9 3690.1 7.7024
700 0.2794 3472.7 3919.7 8.0535 0.2482 3471.8 3971.8 7.9983 0.2232 3470.9 3917.4 7.9487
800 0.3086 3658.3 4152.1 8.2808 0.2742 3657.6 4151.2 8.2258 0.2467 3657.0 4150.3 8.1765
900 0.3377 3850.5 4390.8 8.4935 0.3001 3849.9 4390.1 8.4386 0.2700 3849.3 4389.4 8.3895
1000 0.3668 4049.0 4635.8 8.6938 0.3260 4048.5 4635.2 8.6391 0.2933 4048.0 4634.6 8.5901
1100 0.3958 4253.7 4887.0 8.8837 0.3518 4253.2 4886.4 8.8290 0.3166 4252.7 4885.9 8.7800
1200 0.4248 4464.2 5143.9 9.0643 0.3776 4463.7 5143.4 9.0096 0.3398 4463.3 5142.9 8.9607
1300 0.4538 4679.9 5406.0 9.2364 0.4034 4679.5 5405.6 9.1818 0.3631 4679.0 5405.1 9.1329
167
 168

Table A.8 Superheated steam table

T °C v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK
p = 25 bar (224 °C) p = 30 bar (233.9 °C) p = 35 bar (242.6 °C)
Sat 0.07998 2603.1 2803.1 6.2575 0.06668 2604.1 2804.2 6.1869 0.05707 2603.7 2803.4 6.1253
225 0.08027 2605.6 2806.3 6.2639
250 0.08700 2662.6 2880.1 6.4085 0.07058 2644.0 2855.8 6.2872 0.05872 2623.7 2829.2 6.1749
300 0.09890 2761.6 3008.8 6.6438 0.08114 2750.1 2993.5 6.5390 0.06842 2738.0 2977.5 6.4461
350 0.10976 2851.9 3126.3 6.8403 0.09053 2843.7 3115.3 6.7428 0.07678 2835.3 3104.0 6.6579
400 0.12010 2939.1 3239.3 7.0148 0.09936 2932.8 3230.9 6.9212 0.08453 2926.4 3222.3 6.8405
450 0.13014 3025.5 3350.8 7.1746 0.10787 3020.4 3344.0 7.0834 0.09196 3015.3 3337.2 7.0052
500 0.13993 3112.1 3462.1 7.3234 0.11619 3108.0 3456.5 7.2338 0.09918 3103.0 3450.9 7.1572
600 0.15930 3288.0 3686.3 7.5960 0.13243 3285.0 3682.3 7.5085 0.11324 3282.1 3678.4 7.4339
700 0.17832 3468.7 3914.5 7.8435 0.14838 3466.5 3911.7 7.7571 0.12699 3464.3 3908.8 7.6837
800 0.19716 3655.3 4148.2 8.0720 0.16414 3653.5 4145.9 7.9862 0.14056 3651.8 4143.7 7.9134
900 0.21590 3847.9 4387.6 8.2853 0.17980 3846.5 4385.9 8.1999 0.15402 3845.0 4384.1 8.1276
1000 0.2346 4046.7 4633.1 8.4861 0.19541 4045.4 4631.6 8.4009 0.16743 4044.1 4630.1 8.3288
1100 0.2532 4251.5 4884.6 8.6762 0.21098 4250.3 4883.3 8.5912 0.18080 4249.2 4881.9 8.5192
1200 0.2718 4462.1 5141.7 8.8569 0.22652 4460.9 5140.5 8.7720 0.19415 4459.8 5139.3 8.7000
1300 0.2905 4677.8 5404.0 9.0291 0.24206 4676.6 5402.8 8.9442 0.20749 4675.5 5401.7 8.8723
Appendix
 Appendix

Table A.9 Superheated steam table

T °C v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK
p = 40 bar (250.4 °C) p = 45 bar (257.5 °C) p = 50 bar (264 °C)
Sat 0.04978 2602.3 2801.4 6.0701 0.04406 2600.1 2798.3 6.0198 0.03944 2597.1 2794.3 5.9734
275 0.05457 2667.9 2886.2 6.2285 0.04730 2650.3 2863.2 6.1401 0.04141 2631.3 2838.3 6.0544
300 0.05884 2725.3 2960.7 6.3615 0.05135 2712.0 2943.1 6.2828 0.04532 2698.0 2924.5 6.2084
350 0.06645 2826.7 3092.5 6.5821 0.05840 2817.8 3080.6 6.5131 0.05194 2808.7 3068.4 6.4493
400 0.07341 2919.9 3213.6 6.7690 0.06475 2913.3 3204.7 6.7047 0.05781 2906.6 3195.7 6.6459
450 0.08002 3010.2 3330.3 6.9363 0.07074 3005.0 3323.3 6.8746 0.06330 2999.7 3316.2 6.8186
500 0.08643 3099.5 3445.3 7.0901 0.07651 3095.3 3439.6 7.0301 0.06857 3091.0 3433.8 6.9759
600 0.09885 3279.1 3674.4 7.3688 0.08765 3276.0 3670.5 7.3110 0.07869 3273.0 3666.5 7.2589
700 0.11095 3462.1 3905.9 7.6198 0.09847 3459.9 3903.0 7.5631 0.08849 3457.6 3900.1 7.5122
800 0.12287 3650.0 4141.5 7.8502 0.10911 3648.3 4139.3 7.7942 0.09811 3646.6 4137.1 7.7440
900 0.13469 3843.6 4382.3 8.0647 0.11965 3842.2 4380.6 8.0091 0.10762 3840.7 4378.8 7.9593
1000 0.14645 4042.9 4628.7 8.2662 0.13013 4041.6 4627.2 8.2108 0.11707 4040.4 4625.7 8.1612
1100 0.15817 4248.0 4880.6 8.4567 0.14056 4246.8 4879.3 8.4015 0.12648 4245.6 4878.0 8.3520
1200 0.16987 4458.6 5138.1 8.6376 0.15098 4457.5 5136.9 8.5825 0.13587 4456.3 5135.7 8.5331
1300 0.18156 4674.3 5400.5 8.8100 0.16139 4673.1 5399.4 8.7549 0.14526 4672.0 5398.2 8.7055
169
 170

Table A.10 Superheated steam table

T °C v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK
p = 60 bar (275.6 °C) p = 70 bar (285.9 °C) p = 80 bar (295.1 °C)
Sat 0.03244 2589.7 2784.3 5.8892 0.02737 2580.5 2772.1 5.8133 0.02352 2569.0 2758.0 5.7432
300 0.03616 2667.2 2884.2 6.0674 0.02947 2632.2 2838.4 5.9305 0.02426 2590.9 2785.0 5.7906
350 0.04223 2789.6 3043.0 6.3335 0.03524 2769.4 3016.0 6.2283 0.02995 2747.7 2987.3 6.1301
400 0.04739 2892.0 3177.2’ 6.5408’ 0.03993 2878.6 3158.1 6.4478 0.03432 2863.8 3138.3 6.3634
450 0.05214 2988.9 3301.8 6.7193 0.04416 2978.0 3287.1 6.6327 0.03817 2966.7 3272.0 6.5551
500 0.05665 3082.2 3422.2 6.8803 0.04814 3073.4 3410.3 6.7980 0.04175 3064.3 3398.3 6.7240
550 0.06101 3174.6 3540.6 7.0288 0.05195 3167.2 3530.9 6.9486 0.04516 3159.8 3521.0 6.8778
600 0.06525 3266.9 3658.4 7.1677 0.05565 3260.7 3650.3 7.0894 0.04845 3254.4 3642.0 7.0206
700 0.07352 3453.1 3894.2 7.4234 0.06283 3448.5 3888.3 7.3476 0.05481 3443.9 3882.4 7.2812
800 0.08160 3643.1 4132.7 7.6566 0.06981 3639.5 4128.2 7.5822 0.06097 3636.0 4123.8 7.5173
900 0.08958 3837.8 4375.3 7.8727 0.07669 3835.0 4371.8 7.7991 0.06702 3832.1 4368.3 7.7351
1000 0.09749 4037.8 4622.7 8.0751 0.08350 4035.3 4619.8 8.0020 0.07301 4032.8 4616.9 7.9384
1100 0.10536 4243.3 4875.4 8.2661 0.09027 4240.9 4872.8 8.1933 0.07896 4238.6 4870.3 8.1300
1200 0.11321 4454.0 5133.3 8.4474 0.09703 4451.7 5130.9 8.3747 0.08489 4449.5 5128.5 8.3115
1300 0.12106 4669.6 5396.0 8.6199 0.10377 4667.3 5393.7 8.5475 0.09080 4665.0 5391.5 8.4842
Appendix
 Appendix

Table A.11 Superheated steam table

T °C v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kg K v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kg K
p = 90 bar (303.4 °C) p = 100 bar (311.1 °C) p = 125 bar (327.9 °C)
Sat 0.02048 2557.8 2742.1 5.6112 0.018026 2544.4 2724.7 5.6141 0.013495 2505.1 2673.8 5.4624
325 0.02327 2646.6 2856.0 5.8712 0.019861 2610.4 2809.1 5.7568
350 0.02580 2724.4 2956.6 6.0361 0.02242 2699.2 2923.4 5.9443 0.016126 2624.6 2826.2 5.7118
400 0.02993 2848.4 3117.8 6.2854 0.02641 2832.4 3096.5 6.2120 0.02000 2789.3 3039.3 6.0417
450 0.03350 2955.2 3256.6 6.4844 0.02975 2943.4 3240.9 6.4190 0.02299 2912.5 3199.8 6.2719
500 0.03677 3055.2 3386.1 6.6576 0.03279 3045.8 3373.7 6.5966 0.02560 3021.7 3341.8 6.4618
550 0.03987 3152.2 3511.0 6.8142 0.03564 3144.1 3500.9 6.7561 0.02801 3125.0 3475.2 6.6290
600 0.04285 3248.1 3633.7 6.9589 0.03837 3241.7 3625.3 6.9029 0.03029 3225.4 3604.0 6.7810
650 0.04574 3343.6 3755.3 7.0943 0.04101 3338.2 3748.2 7.0398 0.03248 3324.4 3730.4 6.9218
700 0.04857 3439.3 3876.5 7.2221 0.04358 3434.7 3870.5 7.1687 0.03460 3422.9 3855.3 7.0536
800 0.05409 3632.5 4119.3 7.4596 0.04859 3628.9 4114.8 7.4077 0.03869 3620.0 4103.6 7.2965
900 0.05950 3829.2 4364.8 7.6783 0.05349 3826.3 4361.2 7.6272 0.04267 3819.1 4352.5 7.5182
1000 0.06485 4030.3 4614.0 7.8821 0.05832 4027.8 4611.0 7.8315 0.04658 4021.6 4603.8 7.7237
1100 0.07016 4236.3 4867.7 8.0740 0.06312 4234.0 4865.1 8.0237 0.05045 4228.2 4858.8 7.9165
1200 0.07544 4447.2 5126.2 8.2556 0.06789 4444.9 5123.8 8.2055 0.05430 4439.3 5118.0 8.0937
1300 0.08072 4662.7 5389.2 8.4284 0.07265 4460.5 5387.0 8.3783 0.05813 4654.8 5381.4 8.2717
171
 172

Table A.12 Superheated steam table

T °C v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kg K v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kg K v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kg K
p = 150 bar (342.2 °C) p = 175 bar (354.7 °C) p = 200 bar (365.8 °C)
Sat 0.010337 2455.5 2610.5 5.3098 0.007920 2390.2 2528.8 5.1419 0.005834 2293.0 2409.7 4.9269
350 0.011470 2520.4 2692.4 5.4421
400 0.015649 2740.7 2975.5 5.8811 0.012447 2685.0 2902.9 5.7213 0.009942 2619.3 2818.1 5.5540
450 0.018445 2879.5 3156.2 6.1404 0.015174 2844.2 3109.7 6.0184 0.012695 2806.2 3060.1 5.9017
500 0.02080 2996.6 3308.6 6.3443 0.017358 2970.3 3274.1 6.2383 0.014768 2942.9 3238.2 6.1401
550 0.02293 3104.7 3448.6 6.5199 0.019288 3083.9 3421.4 6.4230 0.016555 3062.4 3393.5 6.3348
600 0.02491 3208.6 3582.3 6.6776 0.02106 3191.5 3560.1 6.5866 0.018178 3174.0 3537.6 6.5048
650 0.02680 3310.3 3712.3 6.8224 0.02274 3296.0 3693.9 6.7357 0.019693 3281.4 3675.3 6.6582
700 0.02861 3410.9 3840.1 6.9572 0.02434 3324.6 3824.6 6.8736 0.02113 3386.4 3809.0 6.7993
800 0.03210 3610.9 4092.4 7.2040 0.02738 3601.8 4081.1 7.1244 0.02385 3592.7 4069.7 7.0544
900 0.03546 3811.9 4343.8 7.4279 0.03031 3804.7 4335.1 7.3507 0.02645 3797.5 4326.4 7.2830
1000 0.03875 4015.4 4596.6 7.6348 0.03316 4009.3 4589.5 7.5589 0.02897 4003.1 4582.5 7.4925
1100 0.04200 4222.6 4852.6 7.8283 0.03597 4216.9 4846.4 7.7531 0.03145 4211.3 4840.2 7.6874
1200 0.04523 4433.8 5112.3 8.0108 0.03876 4428.3 5106.6 7.9360 0.03391 4422.8 5101.0 7.8707
1300 0.04845 4649.1 5376.0 8.1840 0.04154 4643.5 5370.5 8.1093 0.03636 4638.0 5365.1 8.0442
Appendix
 Appendix

Table A.13 Superheated steam table

T °C v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kg K v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kg K
p = 250 bar p = 300 bar p = 350 bar
375 0.001973 1798.7 1848.0 4.0320 0.0017892 1737.8 1791.5 3.9305 0.0017003 1702.9 1762.4 3.8722
400 0.006004 2430.1 2580.2 5.1418 0.002790 2067.4 2151.1 4.4728 0.002100 1914.1 1987.6 4.2126
425 0.007881 2609.2 2806.3 5.4723 0.005303 2455.1 2614.2 5.1504 0.003428 2253.4 2373.4 4.7747
450 0.009162 2720.7 2949.7 5.6744 0.006735 2619.3 2821.4 5.4424 0.004961 2498.7 2672.4 5.1962
500 0.011123 2884.3 3162.4 5.9592 0.008678 2820.7 3081.1 5.7905 0.006927 2751.9 2994.4 5.6282
550 0.012724 3017.5 3335.6 6.1765 0.010168 2970.3 3275.4 6.0342 0.008345 2921.0 3213.0 5.9026
600 0.014137 3137.9 3491.4 6.3602 0.011446 3100.5 3443.9 6.2331 0.009527 3062.0 3395.5 6.1179
650 0.015433 3251.6 3637.4 6.5229 0.012596 3221.0 3598.9 6.4058 0.010575 3189.8 3559.9 6.3010
700 0.016646 3361.3 3777.5 6.6707 0.013661 3335.8 3745.6 6.5606 0.011533 3309.8 3713.5 6.4631
800 0.018912 3574.3 4047.1 6.9345 0.015623 3555.5 4024.2 6.8332 0.013278 3536.7 4001.5 6.7450
900 0.021045 3783.0 4309.1 7.1680 0.017448 3768.5 4291.9 7.0718 0.014883 3754.0 4274.9 6.9386
1000 0.02310 3990.9 4568.5 7.3802 0.019196 3978.8 4554.7 7.2867 0.016410 3966.7 4541.1 7.2064
1100 0.02512 4200.2 4828.2 7.5765 0.020903 4189.2 4816.3 7.4845 0.017895 4178.3 4804.6 7.4037
1200 0.02711 4412.0 5089.9 7.7605 0.022589 4401.3 5079.0 7.6692 0.019360 4390.7 5068.3 7.5910
1300 0.02910 4626.9 5354.4 7.9342 0.024266 4616.0 5344.0 7.8432 0.020815 4605.1 5333.6 7.7653
173
 174

Table A.14 Superheated steam table

T °C v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kgK v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kg K v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/kg K
p = 400 bar p = 500 bar p = 600 bar
375 0.0016407 1677.1 1742.8 3.8290 0.0015594 1638.6 1716.6 3.7639 0.0015028 1609.4 1699.5 3.7141
400 0.0019077 1854.6 1930.9 4.1135 0.0017309 1788.1 1874.6 4.0031 0.0016335 1745.4 1843.4 3.9318
425 0.002532 2096.9 2198.1 4.5029 0.002007 1959.7 2060.0 4.2734 0.0018165 1892.7 2001.7 4.1626
450 0.003693 2365.1 2512.8 4.9459 0.002486 2159.6 2284.0 4.5884 0.002085 2053.9 2179.0 4.4121
500 0.005622 2678.4 2903.3 5.4700 0.003892 2525.5 2720.1 5.1726 0.002956 2390.6 2567.9 4.9321
550 0.006984 2869.7 3149.1 5.7785 0.005118 2763.6 3019.5 5.5485 0.003956 2658.8 2896.2 5.3441
600 0.008094 3022.6 3346.4 6.0144 0.006112 2942.0 3247.6 5.8178 0.004834 2861.1 3151.2 5.6452
650 0.009063 3158.0 3520.6 6.2054 0.006966 3093.5 3441.8 6.0342 0.005595 3028.8 3364.5 5.8829
700 0.009941 3283.6 3681.2 6.3750 0.007727 3230.5 3616.8 6.2189 0.006272 3177.2 3553.5 6.0824
800 0.011523 3517.8 3978.7 6.6662 0.009076 3479.8 3933.6 6.5290 0.007459 3441.5 3889.1 6.4109
900 0.012962 3739.4 4257.9 6.9150 0.010283 3710.3 4224.4 6.7882 0.008508 3681.0 4191.5 6.6805
1000 0.014324 3954.6 4527.6 7.1356 0.011411 3930.5 4501.1 7.0146 0.009480 3906.4 4475.2 6.9121
1100 0.015642 4167.4 4793.1 7.3364 0.012496 4145.7 4770.5 7.2184 0.010409 4124.1 4748.6 7.1195
1200 0.016940 4380.1 5057.7 7.5224 0.013561 4359.1 5037.2 7.4058 0.011317 4338.2 5017.2 7.3083
1300 0.018229 4594.3 5323.5 7.6969 0.014616 4572.8 5303.6 7.5808 0.012215 4551.4 5284.3 7.4837
Appendix