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News media
The news media or news industry are forms of mass media
that focus on delivering news to the general public. These
include news agencies, newspapers, news magazines, news
channels etc.
History
Some of the first news circulations occurred in Renaissance Electronic news-gathering trucks
Europe. These handwritten newsletters, circulated among and photojournalists gathered
merchants, contained news about wars, economic conditions, outside the Prudential Financial
and social customs. Newsletters were very scarce and no two headquarters in Newark, United
were the same as they were all hand written, until the invention States in August 2004 following the
of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in 1440. With announcement of evidence of a
terrorist threat to it and to buildings
movable type and ink, newspapers were now able to be mass
in New York City.
produced for cheap.[1] The first printed news appeared by the
late 1400s in German pamphlets, which contained content that
was often highly sensationalized. The first newspaper written in English was The Weekly News,
published in London in 1621. Several papers followed in the 1640s and 1650s. In 1690, the first
American newspaper was published by Richard Pierce and Benjamin Harris in Boston. However, it
did not have permission from the government to be published and was immediately suppressed.[2]
In the United States
In 1729, Benjamin Franklin began writing a new form of newspaper that was more satirical and
involved in civic affairs than previously seen. In 1735, John Peter Zenger was accused of seditious
libel by the governor of New York, William Cosby. Zenger was found not guilty, largely in part to
his attorney Andrew Hamilton. Hamilton later wrote a paper in which he argued that newspapers
should be free to criticize the government as long as it was true. Later, with the ratification of the
Bill of Rights in 1791, freedom of the press would be guaranteed by the First Amendment.[2]
In the 1830s, newspapers started seeking commercial success and turned toward reportage,
beginning with the New York Sun in 1833. Advancements in technology made it cheaper to print
newspapers and "penny papers" emerged. These issues sought out more entertaining daily news
like murder and adventure, rather than politics. Penny papers attempted to reach a larger audience
due to the cheap prices.[1]
By the end of the century, modern aspects of newspapers such as banner headlines, extensive use
of illustrations, "funny pages," and expanded coverage of organized sporting events began to
appear. Media consolidation emerged with many independent newspapers becoming part of
"chains".[2]
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The early 1900s saw Progressive Era journalists using a new style of investigative journalism that
revealed the corrupt practices of government officials. These exposing articles became featured in
many newspapers and magazines. Those who wrote them were labeled as "muckrakers." They
became very influential and were a vital force in the Progressive reform movement. However, after
1912, muckraking declined. The public began to think the exposés were sensationalized, but they
did make a great impact on future policies.[2]
In the early 1920s, radios became accessible and allowed large audiences to simultaneously listen
to breaking news. Advertisers jumped on the opportunity to persuade the millions of captive
listeners.[1]
With the introduction of the television came The Communications Act of 1934. It was an
agreement between commercial television and the people of the United States that established that
1. The airways are public property. 2. Commercial broadcasters are licensed to use the airways. 3.
The main condition for use will be whether the broadcaster served "the public interest,
convenience, and necessity."
Television news continued to expand during the 1970s. By 1990, more than half of American
homes had cable systems and nationally oriented newspapers expanded their reach. With
technological advancements in the newsroom, notably the Internet, a new emphasis on computer-
assisted reporting and a new blending of media forms emerged, with one reporter preparing the
same story in print, online, and on camera for a newspaper's cable station.[2]
Etymology
A "medium" (plural "media") is a carrier of something. Common things carried by media include
information, art, or physical objects. A medium may provide transmission or storage of
information, or both. The industries which produce news and entertainment content for the mass
media are often called "the media" (in much the same way the newspaper industry is called "the
press"). In the late 20th century it became commonplace for this usage to be construed as singular
("The media is...") rather than as the traditional plural.
"Press" is the collective designation of media vehicles that carry out journalism and other functions
of informative communication, in contrast to pure propaganda or entertainment communication.
The term press comes from the printing press.
Broadcasting
Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video signals (programs) to a number of recipients
("listeners" or "viewers"). This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience
within the public. Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the mass media. Television and radio
programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often simultaneously. By coding
signals and having decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription-based
channels and pay-per-view services. The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule.
A broadcasting organization may broadcast several programs at the same time, through several
channels (frequencies), for example BBC One and Two. On the other hand, two or more
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organizations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day. Digital radio and
digital television may also transmit multiplexed programming, with several channels compressed
into one ensemble.
Television
In television or broadcast journalism, news analysts (also called newscasters or news anchors)
examine, interpret, and broadcast news received from various sources of information. Anchors
present this as news, either videotaped or live, through transmissions from on-the-scene reporters
(news correspondents).
News films, or "clips," can vary in length. There are some which may be as long as ten minutes and
others that need to fit in all the relevant information and material in two or three minutes. News
channels have also begun to host special documentary films that are much longer durations and
able to explore a news subject or issue in greater detail.
News stories are categorized with various formats according to the merit of the story. Such formats
include AVO, AVO Byte, Pkg, VO SOT, VOX POP, and Ancho Visual.
The AVO, or Anchor Voice Over, is the short form of news. The story is written in a gist.
According to the script visual is edited. The anchor reads the news while the visual is
broadcast simultaneously. Generally, the duration of an AVO is 30 to 40 seconds. The script is
three to four lines. At first the anchor starts to read the news, and, after reading one or one-
and-a-half lines, the visual is aired, overlapping the face of anchor.
The AVO Byte has two parts: An AVO, and one or more bytes. This is the same as an AVO,
except that as soon as the AVO ends, the Byte is aired.
The Pkg has three parts: Anchor, Voice Over, and Sign Off. At first a Script is written. A voice
over anchor reads the anchor or anchor intro part.
Newspapers
A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable publication (more specifically, a periodical), usually
printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or of special interest, and may be
published daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.
General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current news on a variety of topics. Those can
include political events, crime, business, sports, and opinions (either editorials, columns, or
political cartoons). Many also include weather news and forecasts. Newspapers increasingly use
photographs to illustrate stories; they also often include comic strips and other entertainment,
such as crosswords.
Print journalism
A story is a single article, news item or feature, usually concerning a single event, issue, theme, or
profile of a person. Correspondents report news occurring in the main, locally, from their own
country, or from foreign cities where they are stationed.
Most reporters file information or write their stories electronically from remote locations. In many
cases, breaking stories are written by staff members, through information collected and submitted
by other reporters who are out on the field gathering information for an event that has just
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occurred and needs to be broadcast instantly. Radio and
television reporters often compose stories and report "live"
from the scene. Some journalists also interpret the news or
offer opinions and analysis to readers, viewers, or listeners. In
this role, they are called commentators or columnists.
Reporters take notes and photographs or videos, either on their
own, by citizens, or through a photographer. In the second
phase, they organize the material, determine the focus or
emphasis (identify the peg), and write their stories. The story is Journalists at work in Montreal in
the 1940s
then edited by news or copy-editors (U.S. style) or sub-editors
in Europe, who function from the news desk. The headline of
the story is decided by the news desk. Often, the news desk also
heavily re-writes or changes the style and tone of the first draft
prepared. Finally, a collection of stories that have been picked
for the newspaper or magazine edition, are laid out on dummy
(trial) pages, and after the chief editor has approved the
content, style and language in the material, it is sent for
publishing. The writer is given a byline for the piece that is
published; his or her name appears alongside the article. This The editor's office (Newsroom) of
process takes place according to the frequency of the the Helsingin Sanomat in 1965
publication. News can be published in a variety of formats
(broadsheet, tabloid, magazine and periodical publications) as
well as periods (daily, weekly, semi-weekly, fortnightly or
monthly).
Newsmagazines
A newsmagazine, is a usually weekly magazine featuring
articles on current events. These magazines generally go more
in-depth into stories than newspapers, trying to give the reader Bill German, editor emeritus and
an understanding of the context surrounding important events, Page One editor Jack Breibart in the
newsroom of the San Francisco
rather than just the facts. For example, TIME magazine is an
Chronicle in 1994
NYC based weekly newsmagazine that is known for its in depth
articles on current events, politics, science, and more. TIME,
with an audience of 100 million people, has built a brand on trust and authority.[3]
Newsreels
A newsreel was a documentary film common in the first half of the 20th century, that regularly
released in a public presentation place containing filmed news stories.
Created by Pathé Frères of France in 1908, this form of film was a staple of the typical North
American, British, and Commonwealth countries (especially Canada, Australia and New Zealand).
Newsreels were popular throughout European cinema programming schedule from the silent era
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until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely
supplanted its role. Due to television news, the popularity of newsreels
began to decline, and they were eventually phased out all together.
Online Journalism
Online journalism, otherwise
known as digital journalism, is the
reporting of news produced or
distributed via the Internet. The
Internet has allowed the formal Cover of 2512, a monthly
Newspaper "gone to the Web" in and informal publication of news newsmagazine published in
California
stories. Online journalism can be Réunion.
published by professional writers
and journalists, through mainstream media websites and outlets.[4]
Or, news can be published by citizens, through blogs, vlogs, and social media.[4]
News Coverage
By covering news, politics, weather, sports, entertainment, and vital events, the daily media shape
the dominant cultural, social and political picture of society. Due to the rise of social media
involvement in news, the most common news value has become entertainment in recent years.[5]
Apropos of this was Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s 11,000-word Rolling Stone article (http://www.comm
ondreams.org/views06/0601-34.htm) apropos of the 2004 United States presidential election,
published June 1, 2006. By June 8, there had been no mainstream coverage of the documented
allegations by President John F. Kennedy's nephew. On June 9, this sub-story was covered by a
Seattle Post-Intelligencer article.[6]
Media coverage during the 2008 Mumbai attacks highlighted the use of new media and Internet
social networking tools, including Twitter and Flickr, in spreading information about the attacks,
observing that Internet coverage was often ahead of more traditional media sources. In response,
traditional media outlets included such coverage in their reports.[7] However, several outlets were
criticized as they did not check for the reliability and verifiability of the information.[8] Some
public opinion research companies have found that a majority or plurality of people in various
countries distrust the news media.[9][10]
Social media
People have a lot of options when it comes to choosing their consumption of news, and many are
increasingly turning to social media. Over half of U.S. adults, 54%, get some of their news from
social media, according to a Pew Research Center survey from September 2024.[11] The two most
popular sources are Facebook and Youtube, as 33% and 32% of users learn information from these
sources, with Instagram and TikTok following close at 20% and 17%. The director of news and
information research at Pew Research Center, Katerina Eva Matsa, says people aren't just looking
for facts when they seek out news, but also a sense of community.[11] Social media groups and
pages gives them a sense of community, and are easily accessible, right at their fingertips. Also
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according to Pew Research Center, Americans value the speed, novelty, format, and variety that the
news on social media offers.[12] Social media algorithms allow for users to see catered news and
information to suit their likings and beliefs.
These algorithms have introduced users to social media news influencers that may resonate with
them. "News influencers" have gained huge popularity in recent months, as almost 4 in 10 U.S.
adults under 30, or 37%, regularly turn to them, according to another Pew Research Center study
from November 2024.[13] News influencers are defined as "individuals who have a large following
on social media and often post about news or political or social issues."[13] Users say they get basic
facts, opinions, funny posts, and breaking news from their respective news influencers. Americans
like to connect and resonate with those who agree with their opinions and beliefs, and getting news
updates from your own corner of the internet is comforting and assuring to them. Some U.S. adults
have also noted that news influencers have helped them better comprehend events and issues.[13]
Fake news
Fake news articles are untruthful-on-purpose stories that purposely mislead the reader to think
one way.[14] With the rise of new media through social media (Facebook, Youtube, etc) there has
been an increase in fake news due to the ability of anyone able to share and rapidly spread
information. It can be tough to decipher who to trust, and who not to.[13] On the Internet, fake
news articles can appear in the same search as truthful ones. This makes it hard for others to
determine between what is fact and what is opinion. Specifically, the media coverage during the
2016 United States presidential election saw numerous misleading articles for both candidates.[15]
Media Integrity
Media integrity refers to the ability of a news media outlet to serve the public interest and
democratic process, making it resilient to institutional corruption within the media system,[16]
economy of influence, conflicting dependence and political clientelism. Media integrity
encompasses following qualities of a media outlet:
independence from private or political interests
transparency about own financial interests
commitment to journalism ethics and standards
responsiveness to citizens
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The concept was devised particularly for the media systems in the region of South East Europe,[17]
within the project South East European Media Observatory, gathering organizations which are part
of the South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (http://www.see
npm.org/about-us/).
See also
Court of public opinion
Hostile media effect
Media regulation
News presenter
Yellow press
References
1. Publisher, Author removed at request of original (2016-03-22). "1.3 The Evolution of Media" (htt
ps://open.lib.umn.edu/mediaandculture/chapter/1-3-the-evolution-of-media/). {{cite
journal}}: |first= has generic name (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
2. "NOW with Bill Moyers. Politics & Economy. Milestones in Media and Politics" (http://www.pbs.
org/now/politics/mediahistory.html). PBS. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
3. "About Us" (https://time.com/longform/about-time/). Time. 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2024-11-29.
4. admin (2021-08-09). "Journalism in the Digital Age: What Is Digital Journalism?" (https://online.
sbu.edu/news/journalism-in-the-digital-age). online.sbu.edu. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
5. Harcup, Tony; O’Neill, Deirdre (2 December 2017). "What is News?: News values revisited
(again)" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1461670X.2016.1150193). Journalism Studies. 18 (12):
1470–1488. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2016.1150193 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1461670X.201
6.1150193).
6. Public Interest in News Topics Beyond Control of Mainstream Media (http://www.commondrea
ms.org/views06/0609-29.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20060615112013/http://w
ww.commondreams.org/views06/0609-29.htm) 2006-06-15 at the Wayback Machine, June 9,
2006.
7. As it happened: Mumbai attacks 27 Nov (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7752003.
stm), BBC News, November 27, 2008.
8. Twitter In Controversial Spotlight Amid Mumbai Attacks (http://www.informationweek.com/blog/
main/archives/2008/11/twitter_in_cont.html), Information Week, November 29, 2008.
9. Karen Dawisha, Bruce Parrott - 1997, Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in
South-East Europe p 164
10. Frank Newport - 2012, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 2011 - Page 335
11. "Social Media and News Fact Sheet" (https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/social
-media-and-news-fact-sheet/). Pew Research Center. 2024-09-17. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
12. Forman-Katz, Luxuan Wang and Naomi (2024-02-07). "Many Americans find value in getting
news on social media, but concerns about inaccuracy have risen" (https://www.pewresearch.or
g/short-reads/2024/02/07/many-americans-find-value-in-getting-news-on-social-media-but-con
cerns-about-inaccuracy-have-risen/). Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
13. Liedke, Galen Stocking, Luxuan Wang, Michael Lipka, Katerina Eva Matsa, Regina Widjaya,
Emily Tomasik and Jacob (2024-11-18). "1. Americans' experiences with social media news
influencers" (https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2024/11/18/americans-experiences-with-
social-media-news-influencers/). Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
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14. Hill, Taylor (1 February 2017). "Hook, Line, and Sinker: Media Disruptors That Will Influence
the Industry in 2017" (https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/hook-line-and-sinker-media-d
isruptors-that-will-influence-the-industry-in-2017,11073?). Editor and Publisher.
15. "Should the tech giants be liable for content?" (https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/08/
should-the-tech-giants-be-liable-for-content). The Economist. Vol. 428, no. 9108. 8 September
2018. pp. 14, 16. ProQuest 2100785283 (https://search.proquest.com/docview/2100785283).
16. Lessig, Lawrence. "Institutional Corruption – LessigWiki" (http://wiki.lessig.org/Institutional_Cor
ruption). wiki.lessig.org. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
17. Petković, Brankica, ed. (2014). Media Integrity Matters: Reclaiming Public Service Values in
Media and Journalism: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia (http://m
ediaobservatory.net/sites/default/files/Media%20Integrity%20Matters_broshure_eng.pdf)
(PDF). Ljubljana: Peace Institute.
External links
Chart – Real and Fake News (2016)/Vanessa Otero (https://www.facebook.com/vanessa.otero.
9619/posts/10155006385626062) (basis (https://web.archive.org/web/20170708003907/http://
www.allgeneralizationsarefalse.com/?p=65)) (Mark Frauenfelder (https://boingboing.net/2016/1
2/14/an-attempt-to-chart-new-source.html))
Chart – Real and Fake News (2014) (https://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarizatio
n-media-habits/pj_14-10-21_mediapolarization-08/) (2016 (https://www.pewresearch.org/pj_14-
10-21_mediapolarization-08-2/))/Pew Research Center
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