AMARAVATHIONLONE@SANTHOSH SIR

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 2015-2030 2021-2030

Emissions intensity 33- 35 per cent by 2030 45 per cent by 2030

of India’s GDP But achieved in 2019

Non-fossil fuel- 40 per cent by 2030 but 50 per cent by 2030

based energy Achieved 2021

Carbon sink 2.5 to 3.0 billion tonnes

1.97 billion tonnes by 2019

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AMARAVATHIONLONE@SANTHOSH SIR
Third National Communication
• India’s first Adaptation Communication (AC), to the UNFCCC in December 2023.

• India’s net national emissions in 2019 were 26,46,556 GgCO2e

• India’s TNC mentions that the contributed the most to the overall

• energy sector anthropogenic emissions at 75.81 per cent,

• the agriculture sector at 13.44 per cent,

• Industrial Process & Product Use (IPPU) at 8.41 per cent,

• waste at 2.34 per cent

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GDP GROWTH VS EMISSIONS
• Interestingly, India’s GDP between 2005 and 2019 has grown with a

• Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of about seven per cent,

• whereas the emissions grew at a CAGR of about four per cent. i.e.,
the rate of emissions growth is lower than the rate of growth of our
GDP.

• A recent report by the International Finance Corporation recognises

India’s efforts to achieve committed climate actions, highlighting that it is
the only G20 nation in line with 2-degree centigrade warming

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• Given the financing needs, estimated at USD 2.5 trillion (at 2014-15
prices) for meeting the NDC targets till 2030,

• access to finance and technology at a reasonable cost,

• including from the developed countries, as mandated by the
UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, is essential to ease the constraint
on the required resources.

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• As per the National Electricity Plan of the Central Electricity Authority,
non-fossil fuel
• (hydro, nuclear, solar, wind, biomass, small hydro, pump storage
pumps)

• based capacity which is around 203.4 GW (46 per cent of the total)
out of 441.9 GW of total installed capacity in 2023-24

• 203.4 GW (46 per cent)in 2023-24

• 349 GW (57.3 per cent) in 2026-27
• 500.6 GW (64.4 per cent) in 2029-30

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• Renewable energy faces intermittency and discontinuous supply,
impacting grid stability in the absence of battery storage.

• estimates suggest that the Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of

renewables

There is a need to enhance international cooperation in R&D,

especially in the domains of distributed RE, offshore wind,
geothermal, tidal energy, biofuels, compressed biogas, green
hydrogen, energy storage, electrolysers , and nuclear power

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• Expanding renewable energy and clean fuels will increase demand for land
and water. about 1 MW of solar photovoltaic (PV) may require around 1–1.5
hectares (ha) of land, so 60 GW of solar power would need about 600–900
sq. km of land area at an all-India level

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• Renewable waste recycling is another challenge.
• Globally, solar photovoltaic (PV) waste is estimated to be as
massive as 78 million tonnes57 by 2050.58 Solar PV panels have a
lifetime of 25-30 years, after which the discarded material can either
make its way to a landfill or be recycled
• Other than risks related to access to technology and raw
materials, availability and access to affordable finance
are arguably the most significant challenges to India’s
development of a low-carbon path

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• Critical minerals are required for renewable energy and battery storage technologies.
• The source of such minerals is geographically concentrated,
• Graphite (China, 79 percent),
• Cobalt (DRC, 70 per cent),
• rare earth (China, 60 per cent)
• Lithium (Australia, 55 per cent)

• MSP includes 14 countries, with India being the only developing country.
The Government has also released a list of 30 critical minerals for India.

• At the domestic level, there is a greater focus on exploration.

• The total number of projects on critical minerals rose from 59 in 2020 to 123 in 2023

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• Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL)
• undertakes the identification, acquisition, exploration, development,
mining, and processing of strategic minerals overseas by building
mutually beneficial G2G partnerships with mineral-rich countries such
as Australia, Africa, and Argentina,

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Carbon markets concept

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Carbon markets
• compliance markets run and regulated by governments or
international bodies, with specific industries required to participate

• voluntary carbon markets- which are not regulated by governments

and are entirely voluntary

• The global voluntary carbon market is worth over USD 1.2 billion,
and India is the second-largest supplier of carbon offsets.

AMARAVATHIONLONE@SANTHOSH SIR
Carbon markets
• compliance markets- Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS)
were notified by the Ministry of Power on 28 June 2023 .
•
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency (Administration )
•

• voluntary carbon markets- Green Credit Rules, 2023, notified

in October 2023,

• Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE)

(Administration )

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Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT)
• Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) is a regulatory instrument to
reduce Specific Energy Consumption in energy intensive industries,
with an associated market based mechanism to enhance the cost
effectiveness through certification of excess energy saving which can
be traded.

• The National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) .

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Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS

• Energy Conservation Act, 2001

• The regulations on the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS), also

called the Indian Carbon Market, were notified by the Ministry of Power on
28 June 2023.

• The objective of CCTS is to allow the determination of a price for one

tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions,

• encouraging an obligated entity to factor in the cost of a resource that

was not priced earlier,

• thereby incentivising investment in alternative low-emission technologies.

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• CCTS will subsume the existing PAT scheme, where the Designated
Consumers (DCs) under the PAT scheme will gradually transition to
CCTS by 2028-30
• Under the CCTS, the Government shall set entity-wise GHG
emission intensity targets to enable a per-output emissions limit (i.e.,
GHG emissions intensity target) in place of specific energy
consumption targets under the existing PAT scheme

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• The entity obligated to achieve greater than the target notified can get
the
Carbon Credit Certificates (CCC) issued by the difference between the
actual and target

• These CCCs can be sold in the carbon market or banked by the

obligated entity on completion of the compliance year

• The banked CCCs can be sold or used to achieve compliance in the

following years.

• An obligated entity failing to meet the targets would be required to buy

the CCCs in the Indian carbon market or use their banked CCCs for
compliance.

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Registry and its Functions
• The Grid Controller of India Limited shall be the registry for the Indian carbon
market.

• The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission shall be the regulator for the
trading activities under the Indian Carbon Market.

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INDIA’S INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES TO ADDRESS
CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES
• The International Solar Alliance (ISA)

• One World, One Sun, One Grid (OSOWOG )

• The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)

• The Infrastructure for Resilient Island States’ (IRIS),

• the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT)

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• The International Solar Alliance (ISA) was established by a joint
initiative of India and France in 2015 to deploy solar energy solutions.
It is a treaty-based inter-governmental organisation with 119 Member
and Signatory countries

• The organisation aims to unlock USD one trillion of investments in

solar by 2030 by crowding in private sector investment through
guarantees, buildings capacities and through measures to reduce the
cost of technology adoption

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• ISA has successfully established the Solar Technology and Application Resources
Centres (STAR-C) in Ethiopia and Somalia.

• IT programmatic support has identified a pipeline of 9.5 GW of solar energy capacity in

its member countries

• ISA assists in setting up solar energy demonstration projects with a grant of USD
50,000 for its Members categorised as Least Developed Countries (LDCs) or Small
Island Developing States (SIDS)

• ISA also works on capacity building, and as part of this effort, around 4,000
professionals from around the globe have been trained on various aspects of the solar
energy industry.

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One World, One Sun, One Grid (OSOWOG)

• an ambitious project led by India and the UK to interconnect solar

energy systems on a massive scale.

• The vision behind the OSOWOG is the mantra that 'the sun never
sets',
•
• look at achieving true global interconnection with the aim of 2,600
GW of interconnection by 2050

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• In the first phase, the Indian grid would be connected to the Middle
East, South Asia, and South-East Asia grids to develop a common
grid.

• The second phase would connect the functional first phase to the
pool of renewable resources in Africa,

• finally, the third phase would look at achieving true global

interconnection with the aim of 2,600 GW of interconnection by 2050.

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The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure
(CDRI)
• was launched by India during the United Nations Climate Action
Summit on 23 September 2019.

• It is a global partnership of National Governments, UN agencies and

programmes , multilateral development banks and financing
mechanisms, the private sector, and academic and knowledge
institutions

• that aims to promote the resilience of new and existing infrastructure

systems to climate and disaster risks in support of sustainable
development
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• CDRI aims to enhance infrastructure resilience through capacity
building, informed policy, planning, and management, leading to
improved quality of the environment, livelihoods, and lives of over
three billion people by 2050.

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• The Infrastructure Resilience Academic Exchange (IRAX)
Programme has been conceived as a structured engagement
initiative with global academic institutions to offer value-added
education, research opportunities, and professional development on
DRI.
• As part of this, in 2023, USD 5 million was provided by USAID to
support a partnership between US universities and Indian higher
education institutions to offer education, research, training, and
professional development opportunities on DRI.

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The Infrastructure for resIlIent Island states’ (IrIs),

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Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT

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CLIMATE FINANCE

• The Standing Committee on Finance (a body under the UNFCCC)

has estimated that resources from USD 5.8trillion to USD 11.5 trillion
are required till 2030 to meet the targets set by developing countries
in their NDCs and other communications.
• The 2023 UN Adaptation Gap Report estimated adaptation costs in
developing countries to be 10 to 18 times greater than current
international adaptation finance flows of USD 21.3 billion.

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• The preliminary estimates of the overall resource requirement, as
stated in the country’s NDC, is USD 2.5 trillion for 2015-2030.

• The Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS)

submitted by the country highlighted that financial resources of the
order USD 10
of trillions of dollars would be required by 2050 for India’s transition
towards a low-carbon development pathway.

• India’s 1st Adaptation Communication (AC) submitted to UNFCCC

mentioned the cumulative need for expenditure for adaptation to be
₹56.68 trillion by 2030.

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New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)

• the developing countries from 2025 onward.

• The mandate is to set a new quantified goal from the floor of USD 100
billion per year
• Developing countries seek

a) an ambitious mobilisation goal that adequately addresses their

needs,
• b) grant-based or highly concessional and accessible financial
resources,
• c) a balance between the financing of mitigation and adaptation
actions

AMARAVATHIONLONE@SANTHOSH SIR