PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
PARUL UNIVERSITY

B.Tech, Sem -7th

Subject : Machine Learning
Unit 1 : Introduction
Computer Science & Engineering
Pragati Mishra(Assistant Professor, PIET-CSE)
Outline
• Introduction to Machine Learning
• Learning Paradigms
• PAC learning
• Basics of Probability
• Version Spaces.
Introduction to Machine Learning

•Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence

•It enables the machine to automatically learn from data, improve performance
from past experiences, and make predictions.
•Machine learning contains a set of algorithms that work on a huge amount of data.
•Data is fed to these algorithms to train them, and on the basis of training, they
build the model & perform a specific task.
•Machine learning uses various algorithms for building mathematical models and
making predictions using historical data or information.
•It is being used for various tasks such as image recognition, speech recognition,
email filtering, Facebook auto-tagging, recommender system, and many more.
Introduction to Machine Learning

What is Machine Learning?

In the real world, we are surrounded by humans who can learn everything from
their experiences with their learning capability, and we have computers or
machines which work on our instructions. But can a machine also learn from
experiences or past data like a human does? So here comes the role of Machine
Learning.
Introduction to Machine Learning

•“Machine learning enables a machine to automatically learn from data, improve

performance from experiences, and predict things without being explicitly programmed.”
•With the help of sample historical data, which is known as training data, machine learning
algorithms build a mathematical model that helps in making predictions or decisions without
being explicitly programmed. Machine learning brings computer science and statistics together
for creating predictive models. Machine learning constructs or uses the algorithms that learn
from historical data. The more we will provide the information, the higher will be the
performance.
•A machine has the ability to learn if it can improve its performance by gaining more data.
How does Machine Learning work

• A Machine Learning system learns from historical data, builds the

prediction models, and whenever it receives new data, predicts the output
for it. The accuracy of predicted output depends upon the amount of data, as
the huge amount of data helps to build a better model which predicts the output
more accurately.
Machine Learning
How does Machine Learning work

• Suppose we have a complex problem, where we need to perform some

predictions, so instead of writing a code for it, we just need to feed the data to
generic algorithms, and with the help of these algorithms, machine builds the
logic as per the data and predict the output. Machine learning has changed our
way of thinking about the problem. The below block diagram explains the
working of Machine Learning algorithm:
Features of Machine Learning

❑ Machine learning uses data to detect various patterns in a given dataset.

❑ It can learn from past data and improve automatically.
❑ It is a data-driven technology.
❑ Machine learning is much similar to data mining as it also deals with the huge
amount of the data.
Need for Machine Learning

❑ The need for machine learning is increasing day by day. The reason behind the need for
machine learning is that it is capable of doing tasks that are too complex for a person to
implement directly. As a human, we have some limitations as we cannot access the huge
amount of data manually, so for this, we need some computer systems and here comes the
machine learning to make things easy for us.
❑ We can train machine learning algorithms by providing them the huge amount of data and let
them explore the data, construct the models, and predict the required output automatically.
The performance of the machine learning algorithm depends on the amount of data, and it
can be determined by the cost function. With the help of machine learning, we can save both
time and money.
Need for Machine Learning

❑ The importance of machine learning can be easily understood by its

uses cases, currently, machine learning is used in self-driving cars,
cyber fraud detection, face recognition, and friend suggestion by
Facebook, etc. Various top companies such as Netflix and Amazon
have built machine learning models that are using a vast amount of
data to analyze the user interest and recommend product accordingly.
Applications of Machine Learning

Sample applications of machine learning:

❑ Web search: ranking page based on what you are most likely to click on.
❑ Computational biology: rational design drugs in the computer based on past
experiments.
❑ Finance: decide who to send what credit card offers to. Evaluation of risk on credit
offers. How to decide where to invest money.
❑ E-commerce: Predicting customer churn. Whether or not a transaction is fraudulent
❑ Space exploration: space probes and radio astronomy.
Applications of Machine Learning

❑ Robotics: how to handle uncertainty in new environments.

Autonomous. Self-driving car.
❑ Information extraction: Ask questions over databases across the web.
❑ Social networks: Data on relationships and preferences. Machine
learning to extract value from data.
❑ Debugging: Use in computer science problems like debugging. Labor
intensive process. Could suggest where the bug could be.
Applications of Machine Learning
But there are much more examples of ML in use

❑ Prediction — Machine learning can also be used in the prediction systems.

Considering the loan example, to compute the probability of a fault, the system will
need to classify the available data in groups.
❑ Image recognition — Machine learning can be used for face detection in an image as
well. There is a separate category for each person in a database of several people.
❑ Speech Recognition — It is the translation of spoken words into the text. It is used in
voice searches and more. Voice user interfaces include voice dialing, call routing, and
appliance control. It can also be used a simple data entry and the preparation of
structured documents.
❑ Medical diagnoses — ML is trained to recognize cancerous tissues.
❑ Financial industry and trading — companies use ML in fraud investigations and
credit checks.
Applications of Machine Learning
But there are much more examples of ML in use
Applications of Machine Learning
5. Self-driving cars:

One of the most exciting applications of machine learning is self-driving cars.

Machine learning plays a significant role in self-driving cars. Tesla, the most
popular car manufacturing company is working on self-driving car. It is using
unsupervised learning method to train the car models to detect people and objects
while driving.
Machine learning Life cycle
Machine learning Life cycle
1. Gathering Data:
Data Gathering is the first step of the machine learning life cycle. The goal of this step is
to identify and obtain all data-related problems.
In this step, we need to identify the different data sources, as data can be collected from
various sources such as files, database, internet, or mobile devices. It is one of the most
important steps of the life cycle. The quantity and quality of the collected data will
determine the efficiency of the output. The more will be the data, the more accurate will
be the prediction.
This step includes the below tasks:
• Identify various data sources
• Collect data
• Integrate the data obtained from different sources
By performing the above task, we get a coherent set of data, also called as a dataset. It
will be used in further steps.
Machine learning Life cycle
2. Data preparation
After collecting the data, we need to prepare it for further steps. Data preparation
is a step where we put our data into a suitable place and prepare it to use in our
machine learning training.
In this step, first, we put all data together, and then randomize the ordering of
data.
This step can be further divided into two processes:
Data exploration:
It is used to understand the nature of data that we have to work with. We need to
understand the characteristics, format, and quality of data.
A better understanding of data leads to an effective outcome. In this, we find
Correlations, general trends, and outliers.
Data pre-processing:
Now the next step is preprocessing of data for its analysis.
Machine learning Life cycle
3. Data Wrangling
Data wrangling is the process of cleaning and converting raw data into a useable format. It is
the process of cleaning the data, selecting the variable to use, and transforming the data in a
proper format to make it more suitable for analysis in the next step. It is one of the most
important steps of the complete process. Cleaning of data is required to address the quality
issues.
It is not necessary that data we have collected is always of our use as some of the data may not
be useful. In real-world applications, collected data may have various issues, including:
Missing Values
Duplicate data
Invalid data
Noise
So, we use various filtering techniques to clean the data.
It is mandatory to detect and remove the above issues because it can negatively affect the
quality of the outcome.
Machine learning Life cycle
4. Data Analysis
Now the cleaned and prepared data is passed on to the analysis step. This step involves:
Selection of analytical techniques
Building models
Review the result
The aim of this step is to build a machine learning model to analyze the data using various
analytical techniques and review the outcome. It starts with the determination of the type
of the problems, where we select the machine learning techniques such
as Classification, Regression, Cluster analysis, Association, etc. then build the model
using prepared data, and evaluate the model.
Hence, in this step, we take the data and use machine learning algorithms to build the
model.
Machine learning Life cycle
7. Deployment
The last step of machine learning life cycle is deployment, where we deploy the model in
the real-world system.
If the above-prepared model is producing an accurate result as per our requirement with
acceptable speed, then we deploy the model in the real system. But before deploying the
project, we will check whether it is improving its performance using available data or not.
The deployment phase is similar to making the final report for a project.
Learning Paradigms in Machine Learning
Learning Paradigms basically states a particular pattern on which something or someone
learns.
Learning Paradigms related to machine learning, i.e how a machine learns when some data
is given to it, its pattern of approach for some particular data.
Machine learning is commonly separated into three main learning paradigms:
1. Supervised Learning
2. Unsupervised Learning
3. Reinforcement Learning
Learning Paradigms in Machine Learning
Learning Paradigms in Machine Learning
1) Supervised Learning
• Supervised learning is a type of machine learning method in which we provide sample
labeled data to the machine learning system in order to train it, and on that basis, it predicts
the output.
• The system creates a model using labeled data to understand the datasets and learn about
each data, once the training and processing are done then we test the model by providing a
sample data to check whether it is predicting the exact output or not.
• The goal of supervised learning is to map input data with the output data. The supervised
learning is based on supervision, and it is the same as when a student learns things in the
supervision of the teacher. The example of supervised learning is spam filtering.
Learning Paradigms in Machine Learning

• The main goal of the supervised learning technique is to map the input variable(x) with
the output variable(y). Some real-world applications of supervised learning are Risk
Assessment, Fraud Detection, Spam filtering, etc.
Learning Paradigms in Machine Learning
2) Unsupervised Learning
• Unsupervised learning is a learning method in which a machine learns without
any supervision.
• The training is provided to the machine with the set of data that has not been
labeled, classified, or categorized, and the algorithm needs to act on that data
without any supervision. The goal of unsupervised learning is to restructure
the input data into new features or a group of objects with similar patterns.
• In unsupervised learning, we don't have a predetermined result. The machine
tries to find useful insights from the huge amount of data.
Learning Paradigms in Machine Learning
Advantages of Unsupervised Learning
• Unsupervised learning is used for more complex tasks as compared to supervised
learning because, in unsupervised learning, we don't have labeled input data.
• Unsupervised learning is preferable as it is easy to get unlabeled data in comparison to
labeled data.
Disadvantages of Unsupervised Learning
• Unsupervised learning is intrinsically more difficult than supervised learning as it does
not have corresponding output.
• The result of the unsupervised learning algorithm might be less accurate as input data
is not labeled, and algorithms do not know the exact output in advance.
Learning Paradigms in Machine Learning
3) Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method, in which a learning
agent gets a reward for each right action and gets a penalty for each wrong
action. The agent learns automatically with these feedbacks and improves its
performance. In reinforcement learning, the agent interacts with the environment
and explores it. The goal of an agent is to get the most reward points, and hence,
it improves its performance.
The robotic dog, which automatically learns the movement of his arms, is an
example of Reinforcement learning.
Learning Paradigms in Machine Learning
Advantages and Disadvantages of Reinforcement Learning

Advantages
• It helps in solving complex real-world problems which are difficult to be
solved by general techniques.
• The learning model of RL is similar to the learning of human beings; hence
most accurate results can be found.
• Helps in achieving long term results.
Disadvantage
• RL algorithms are not preferred for simple problems.
• RL algorithms require huge data and computations.
• Too much reinforcement learning can lead to an overload of states which can
weaken the results.
PAC - Learning
• PAC stand for Probably approximately correct
• Probably approximately correct (PAC) learning is a framework for
mathematical analysis of machine learning algorithm.
• In the other words PAC learning is a theoretical framework for analyzing the
generalization performance of machine learning algorithms.
Goal: With High Probability ("Probably"),the select hypothesis will have lower
error ("Approximately Correct"")
In the PAC model ,we specify two small parameter ,ε (epsilon) and δ (delta) and
require that with probability at least (1-δ ) a system learn a concept with error at
most ε.
PAC - Learning
ε and δ parameters:
❑ ε gives an upper bound on the error in the accuracy with which h
approximated(Accuracy : 1-ε )
❑ δ gives the probability of failure in the achieving this accuracy
(Confidence : 1-δ)
PAC - Learning
❑ A good learner will learn with high probability and close approximation
to the target concept
❑ With high probability, the selected hypothesis will have lower the error
("Approximately Correct") with the parameter ε and δ
PAC - Learning
PAC – Learning Example
PAC – Learning Example
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PAC – Learning Example
PAC – Learning Example
PAC – Learning Example
PAC – Learning Example
PAC – Learning Example
PAC – Learning Example
PAC – Learning Example
PAC – Learning Example
PAC – Learning Example
PAC – Learning Example
PAC – Learning Example
Version Space
• Subset of hypothesis H consistent with training example ( D ) .

VSH,D = {HE H | Consistent(h,D)}

H= hypothesis Consistent

D= training Example h(x)=c(x)

Algorithm to obtain Version Space
List-Then-Eliminate algorithm

1. Version Space ← a list containing every hypothesis is in H

2.For each training example, <x,c(x)> remove from Version Space any
hypothesis h for which h(x) != c(x)
3.Output the list of hypotheses in Version Space
ThankYou
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