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Application Report
SBAA443 – July 2020

How to Achieve Frequency Hopping With the AFE79xx

Yusuf Agoro

ABSTRACT
This application note describes the NCO-based frequency hopping capability of the RF-sampling AFE79xx
device. The AFE79xx is a family of high-performance, wide-bandwidth multi-channel transceivers,
integrating four RF sampling transmitter chains, four RF sampling receiver chains, and up to two RF
sampling digitizing auxiliary chains (feedback paths). Each receiver chain includes a 25-dB range DSA
(Digital Step Attenuator), followed by a 3-GSPS analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Each transmitter chain
includes a single or dual digital up converters (DUCs) supporting up to 1200-MHz combined signal
bandwidth. The output of the DUCs drives a 12-GSPS digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The feedback
path includes an 25-dB range DSA driving a 3-GSPS RF-sampling ADC, followed by a DDC with up to
1200-MHz bandwidth. The AFE79xx improvement in density and flexibility enables high-channel-count,
multi-mission systems, and makes these devices a very attractive option for wideband, frequency-hopping
applications.

Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2
2 Phase Coherency vs Phase Continuity .................................................................................. 2
3 AFE7920 Architecture ...................................................................................................... 3
4 Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO) ................................................................................. 4
5 Configuring the AFE7920 for NCO Hopping via GPIO ................................................................. 5
6 Measuring Hop Time ....................................................................................................... 8

List of Figures
1 Example of Phase Coherent Frequency Hopping ....................................................................... 2
2 Example of Phase Continuous Frequency Hopping .................................................................... 3
3 AFE7920 Receiver Single DDC Block Diagram ......................................................................... 3
4 AFE7920 Transmitter Single DUC Block Diagram ...................................................................... 4
5 NCO Block Diagram ......................................................................................................... 4
6 Displaying GPIO Pin Control for Channel A and B in the Default Case .............................................. 6
7 TX Hop Time via GPIO Hardware Setup ................................................................................. 8
8 Programming NCO0 and NCO1 for TXA in Latte ....................................................................... 9
9 Mapping pin L14 to TX_NCOSEL_0 Using Latte Function sysParams.gpioMapping .............................. 9
10 J11 pin Header Housing the AUX2 GPIO pin .......................................................................... 10
11 Latte Command for Enabling DAC Constant Output Tone ........................................................... 10
12 Scope Shot: TXA Hopping From 2200 MHz to 2800 MHz With Hop Time of 217.24 ns ......................... 11
13 RX hop Time via GPIO Hardware Setup ................................................................................ 12
14 Baseband Signal Hopping From 120.40 MHz to 20.40 MHz ......................................................... 13

List of Tables
1 GPIO FUNCTION Control the Default Case ............................................................................. 5
2 TX NCO Switching Modes to TX_NCOSEL_X Function Mapping .................................................... 6
3 TX Parameter Default Summary ........................................................................................... 7

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Introduction www.ti.com

4 RX GPIO Hopping Parameters ........................................................................................... 12

Trademarks
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

1 Introduction
Frequency hopping describes a method in which communication systems rapidly change the operating
frequency for a specific application. Applications such as radar, electronic warfare (EW), and
communications use frequency hopping to avoid interference, avoid detection, or find signals that are
attempting to remain undetected. The faster these systems can change frequencies, or frequency hop, the
more agile these systems become, thus increasing the chance to avoid interference and detection. In a
traditional frequency-hopping system, where an analog mixer and PLL or VCO is used as a local
oscillator, changing frequencies can take quite a long time. As RF sampling has become more prevalent,
frequency hopping is moving toward an NCO-based hopping technique.

2 Phase Coherency vs Phase Continuity

Phase coherency, or phase memory, defines the ability for a synthesizer to maintain phase so that when
switching to another source, the original frequency source runs continuously in the background and
maintains phase, even when not selected. Therefore, upon returning to the original frequency, the original
phase is unaltered. Phase coherency is especially useful in systems where multiple frequency sources
use a single reference clock. The overall system may switch sources to reflect the desired frequency
source on the RF output, while all other synthesizers run continuously in the background while maintaining
phases relative to the reference. Phase-coherent radar systems eliminate the need for recalibration when
switching between multiple frequencies because the phase relationship relative to the reference is
maintained. Figure 1 shows an example of phase-coherent frequency hopping between NCO0 and NCO1
(programmed to frequencies f1 and f2, respectively), and run continuously, even when not selected.

NCO0: F1

NCO1: F2

RF output

Time
NCO0: F1 NCO1: F2 NCO0: F1
Selected Selected Selected

Figure 1. Example of Phase Coherent Frequency Hopping

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Phase continuity; however, refers to a smooth and continuous transition from one frequency to another on
the RF output when the selected source changes frequencies. Noncontinuous or abrupt transitions in the
output frequency may lead to unwanted spurious content during fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis.
Figure 2 shows an example of continuous frequency hopping, where the selected source switches from
NCO0 (programmed to F1) to NCO1 (programmed to F2). As Figure 2 illustrates, when frequency hopping
from frequency 1 to frequency 2, there is a continuous transition between frequency 1 and frequency 2.

NCO0: F1

NCO1: F2

RF output

Time
NCO0: F1 NCO1: F2 NCO0: F1
Selected Selected Selected

Figure 2. Example of Phase Continuous Frequency Hopping

3 AFE7920 Architecture
The digital mixer within the AFE7920 receivers and transmitters includes two NCOs, whose frequency can
be set independently. The mixers can switch between two NCOs, each able to maintain the NCO phase at
all times. The switch between the two NCOs can be controlled through the SPI or dedicated GPIO pin.
The NCOs have two options for setting the frequency. First, they can have a 32-bit resolution with the
frequency specified as the N × sample rate × 1 / 232. Optionally, the NCOs can provide an exact 1-kHz
raster for an input reference clock frequency of N × 61.44 MHz, where N is a integer. The NCOs and
mixer provide a SFDR of 100 dB.

3.1 AFE7920 Receivers: DDC

Figure 3 shows the AFE7921 and AFE7989 receiver block diagram with a single DDC.

Peak/
RMS AGC
Peak
To š[•
Decimation Complex š[•
Serdes Automatic
filters Mixer
block I Level I I
Control and
IQ1 N ADC DSA
Floating
Q Point Q Q
Formatter
NCO1 NCO2

Dual NCOs
Figure 3. AFE7920 Receiver Single DDC Block Diagram

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3.2 AFE7920 Transmitters: DUC

Figure 4 shows the TX chain block diagrams for a single DUC.
16 NCOs
...
NCO1 NCO16

Complex
Digital Input
Signal eiZ t
I I I I Sin(x)
Baseband DAC
IQ functions N M x
Q Q Q Q
Figure 4. AFE7920 Transmitter Single DUC Block Diagram

4 Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO)

The complex digital mixers in the AFE7920 DDC and DUC include digital quadrature modulator (DQM)
blocks with independent Numerically Controlled Oscillator or NCOs. The NCOs convert the complex input
signal to a real output signal with flexible frequency placement between 0 and fDAC / 2, where fDAC is the
DAC sampling clock frequency. The NCOs have a 32-bit frequency accumulator value that generates the
sine and cosine terms for the complex mixing. Figure 5 shows the NCO block diagram.
32

16
Accumulator sin
Frequency 32 32 32 16 16
Look Up
Register Table 16
CLK RESET cos
16

Phase
fDAC_front NCO SYNC Register

Figure 5. NCO Block Diagram

The NCOs in the AFE7920 receivers and transmitters run continuously, whether currently selected or not,
maintaining phase coherency over time.

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www.ti.com Configuring the AFE7920 for NCO Hopping via GPIO

5 Configuring the AFE7920 for NCO Hopping via GPIO

5.1 Overview of Configurability

The AFE7920 transmitters and receivers come equipped with two NCOs per channel. Of the two NCOs,
only one NCO can be selected to actively modulate the RF output at any given time. The GPIO functions
RX/TX_NCOSEL_0/1/2/3 control which NCO is actively selected in each channel. The GPIO functions are
mapped to any of the available AFE7920 device pins during AFE7920 bring up. This allows for flexibility in
the GPIO pin to GPIO function assignment. The state of the GPIO pin assigned to the function
TX_NCOSEL_X is what determines which NCO is selected.
The following Latte parameters must be configured properly to execute GPIO based NCO hopping.

NOTE: The associated parameter syntax between the receivers and transmitters are similar with the
only difference being whether RX or TX is specified in the functions name.

• ncoTxMode/ncoRxMode
• broadcastTxNcoSel/broadcastRxNcoSel
• numTxNCO/numRxNCO
• TxNco0/RxNco0
• TxNco1/RxNco1
• TX_NCOSEL_[0-3] /RX_NCOSEL_[0-3]
The next section defines the function of each function for the transmitter.

NOTE: The Latte functions specific to the receivers perform the same functions specific to the
AFE7920 receivers.

5.2 GPIO Hopping Related Latte Functions and Parameters

5.2.1 TX_NCOSEL_0/1/2/3
There are in total of 4 GPIO functions (TX_NCOSEL_0/1/2/3) for the AFE7920 receivers and transmitters.
Each function controls whether NCO0 or NCO1 is selected for the associated TX channel. The NCO that
is not selected will still run actively in the background therefore phase coherency is maintained when
switching between NCOs. Each GPIO function is then assigned to a one of many available AFE7920
device pins as determined by the user. The device pin selected should be physically connected to a GPIO
pin. The state of the GPIO pin connected to the AFE7920 device pin will ultimately determine which NCO
is selected within the corresponding channel. During the default bring-up procedure, the AFE7920 is
configured such the NCOs within band0 (single band mode) for all four transmitters are the only NCOs
enabled for NCO hopping and they are controlled by the GPIO functions TX_NCOSEL_0 and
TX_NCOSEL_1. Table 1 shows which channels are controlled by TX_NCOSEL_0 and TX_NCOSEL_1 in
the default case.

Table 1. GPIO FUNCTION Control the Default Case

GPIO Function Default Control
TX_NCOSEL_0 The state of this function determines the active NCO (NCO0 or NCO1) for
Band0 in TXA and TXB
TX_NCOSEL_1 The state of this function determines the active NCO (NCO0 or NCO1) for
Band0 in TXC and TXD

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Figure 6 illustrates how the GPIO pin assigned to the GPIO function TX_NCOSEL_0 will select which
NCO is active for channels A and B.

Figure 6. Displaying GPIO Pin Control for Channel A and B in the Default Case

The default case configuration is not mandatory as the mapping of GPIO functions to corresponding
NCOs and TX channels is highly configurable with the AFE7920 device. For example, it is possible to
configure the AFE7920 to control multiple channels with a single GPIO function. The GPIO function to
channel mapping is variably configured depending on how the TX parameters ncoTxMode and
broadcastTxNcoSel are set. The next sections provide details about ncoTxMode and
broadcastTxNcoSel and how they dictate the possible NCO control configurations.

5.2.2 ncoTxMode and broadcastTxNcoSel

The NCOs within AFE7920 transmitters can be configured in various modes based on use case.
NcoTxMode and broadcastTxNcoSel are the two parameters that together provide multiple options for
how the NCO switching will function within the transmitters. NcoTxMode determines whether the
corresponding channels are assigned their own unique GPIO function which determines whether NCO0 or
NCO1 is selected. NCO is selected or whether the GPIO functions are shared between channels.
When broadcastTxNcoSel is set equal to 1, the same GPIO function assigned to Channels A and B is
also assigned Channels C and D. Therefore, a single GPIO pin controls the selected NCO for all four
channels. By default, broadcastTxNcoSel is set equal to 0.
Table 2 shows how NcoTxMode and broadcastTxNcoSel dictate how the GPIO functions are assigned to
control the NCO switching within the associated TX channels.

Table 2. TX NCO Switching Modes to TX_NCOSEL_X Function Mapping

ncoTxMode broadcastTxNcoSel TXA GPIO TXB GPIO TXC GPIO TXD GPIO
Function Function Function Function
0 x - - - -
1 0 TX_NCOSEL_0 TX_NCOSEL_0 TX_NCOSEL_1 TX_NCOSEL_1
1 1 TX_NCOSEL_0 TX_NCOSEL_0 TX_NCOSEL_0 TX_NCOSEL_0
2 0 TX_NCOSEL_1: TX_NCOSEL_1: TX_NCOSEL_2: TX_NCOSEL_2:
TX_NCOSEL_0 TX_NCOSEL_0 TX_NCOSEL_3 TX_NCOSEL_3
2 1 TX_NCOSEL_1: TX_NCOSEL_1: TX_NCOSEL_1: TX_NCOSEL_1:
TX_NCOSEL_0 TX_NCOSEL_0 TX_NCOSEL_0 TX_NCOSEL_0

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As Table 2 shows, when ncoTxMode is set equal to 0, NCO switching via GPIO is disabled for both
bands. When ncoTxMode is set equal to 1, the state of the GPIO pin assigned to GPIO function
TXNCOSEL_0, selects which NCO is active for TxA&B in Band0 and TXNCOSEL_1 selects which NCO is
active for TxC&D in Band0. The Same Pins Controls which NCO is active in Band1 if Dual DUC mode is
enabled. When ncoTxMode is set equal to 2, the active NCO within each TX channel is determined by
state of its own respective GPIO function and GPIO pin. TXNCOSEL_0 for TXA, TXNCOSEL_1 for TXB,
TXNCOSEL_2 for TXC, and so on.
Notice that whenever broadcastTxNcoSel is set equal to 1, the same GPIO function assigned to Channels
A and B is also assigned Channels C and D, respectively.
The next sections describes the remaining parameters related to configuring the AFE7920 device for NCO
hopping.

5.2.3 numTxNCO
numTxNco determines the number of active TX NCOs that are to be used. NumTxNco can be set to either
1 or 2. If no NCO switching is needed, set this to 1.
Default: numTxNCO = 1

5.2.4 TxNco0
TxNco0 effectively programs TX NCO0s operating frequency in MHz for all transmitter channels. NCO0 in
both available TX bands are programmed through this function. The NCOs in band1 are only accessible
when the AFE7920 transmitter is configured in Dual DUC mode.
Default: txNco0 = [[1800,2600],[1800,2600],[1800,2600],[1800,2600]]
[Band0, Band1] for TxA for NCO0; [Band0, Band1] for TxB for NCO0 [Band0, Band1] for TxC for NCO0
[Band0, Band1] for TxD for NCO0

5.2.5 TxNco1
TxNco1 effectively programs TX NCO1s operating frequency in MHz for all transmitter channels. NCO1 in
both available TX bands are programmed through this function. The NCOs in band1 are only accessible
when the AFE7920 transmitter is configured in Dual DUC mode.
Default: txNco1 =[[1900,2700],[1900,2700],[1900,2700],[190 0,2700]]
[Band0, Band1] for TxA for NCO1; [Band0, Band1] for TxB for NCO1 [Band0, Band1] for TxC for NCO1
[Band0, Band1] for TxD for NCO1.

5.2.6 TX Parameter Default Summary

Table 3 lists the TX parameter default summary.

Table 3. TX Parameter Default Summary

Parameter Default Value and Format
ncoTxMode [0,0]
numTxNCO 1
txNco0 [[1800,2600],[1800,2600],[1800,2600],[1800,2600]]
txNco1 [[1800,2600],[1800,2600],[1800,2600],[1800,2600]]
broadcastTxNcoSel 0

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6 Measuring Hop Time

6.1 TX Hop Time via GPIO

6.1.1 Hardware Setup

• Test Equipment
– Pulse/function generator
– Oscilloscope
– AFE7920 EVM
The function generator is configured to produce a low-frequency square wave. The square wave signal is
fed into a signal splitter. One end of the splitter is fed to one channel of the oscilloscope while the other
output of the splitter is connected to the appropriate GPIO pin on the AFE7920 EVM. The two SMA cables
on the split end of the splitter should be length-matched. Channel A of the AFE7920 transmitter is then
connected to a separate channel on the oscilloscope. Figure 7 displays the TX hop time via GPIO
hardware setup.

Figure 7. TX Hop Time via GPIO Hardware Setup

6.1.2 Software Configuration

Familiarity with the AFE7920 bring-up procedure is required to program the AFE7920 for frequency
hopping. See the AFE79xx Evaluation Module User's Guide, if not previously accessed.

6.1.2.1 Setting up Latte for TX GPIO Hopping

To configure the AFE920 for GPIO hopping it is necessary first to set the appropriate parameters within
Latte before initiating the bring-up scripts.

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6.1.2.2 Programming the TX NCO Frequencies

Program NCO0 and NCO1 in Latte setting sysParams.txNco0. Figure 8 illustrates the following:
• FNCO0 is programmed to 2200 MHz.
• FNCO01 is programmed to 2800 MHz.

Figure 8. Programming NCO0 and NCO1 for TXA in Latte

6.1.3 Mapping GPIO Functions to AFE7920 Pins

The GPIO functions, TX_NCOSEL_0 and TX_NCOSEL_2 were assigned to the 'L14' AFE7920 device
pin. Figure 9 shows how this was done in Latte by writing the code 'L14':
['TX_NCOSEL_0','TX_NCOSEL_2'] within the Latte function sysParams.gpioMapping. On the AFE7920
device EVM, the "L14" device pin is routed to the "AUX2" GPIO pin located at the J11 pin header. As a
result, the selected NCO within TX channel A(TX_NCOSEL_0) and TX channel C (TX_NCOSEL_2) are
controlled by the state of the auxiliary 2 GPIO pin. As mentioned previously, the following experiments
were performed using TX Channel A only.

Figure 9. Mapping pin L14 to TX_NCOSEL_0 Using Latte Function sysParams.gpioMapping

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Figure 10 shows the schematic symbol of the pin header housing the AUX2 GPIO pin. The AUX2 GPIO
pin routed to the "L14" AFE7920 device pin.

Figure 10. J11 pin Header Housing the AUX2 GPIO pin

6.1.4 Test Procedure and Results

The procedure to capture TX hop time is pretty straightforward. After setting the proper configuration
settings for the AFE7920 EVM in Latte, run the bring-up procedure. Once the AFE7920 EVM is up and
running, proceed with the following steps.
1. Enable constant TX output tone by issuing the following command in Latte.
AFE.JESD.DACJESD[0].dacJesdConstantTestPatternValue(1,0,0,1500,1500)

Figure 11. Latte Command for Enabling DAC Constant Output Tone

2. Set the function generator to output square pulses at a relatively slow output frequency. 1 Hz should
work. Connect one output of the function generator to the NCO hopping GPIO pin, and connect the
second output of the function generator the oscilloscope.
3. Connect the TXA output from the AFE7920 to the oscilloscope and program the oscilloscope to trigger
on the square wave input. At this point a single pulse should change select the NCO while also
triggering the oscilloscope. The change in frequency should reflect on the TXA output and the hop time
should now be visible.

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Figure 12 shows the oscilloscope shot displaying the captured hop time.

Figure 12. Scope Shot: TXA Hopping From 2200 MHz to 2800 MHz With Hop Time of 217.24 ns

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6.2 RX Hop Time via GPIO

6.2.1 Hardware Setup

RX GPIO hop time is calculated using a TSW14J56EVM connected to an AFE7920EVM. The
TSW14J56EVM is a data capture card with an input-trigger feature, where data capture begins as soon as
the designated SMA input receives a 1.8-V logic high signal. A function generator connects to both the
GPIO pin and the SMA trigger input of the TSW14J56EVM. The function generator outputs a single-pulse
square wave at 1 Hz with an amplitude of 1.8 V. The signal from the function generator activates the
TSW14J56 trigger and switches the selected NCO from NCO0 to RXNCO1. The TSW14J56EVM captures
the change in frequency. Figure 13 shows the test setup for this example. A signal generator is used to
provide a CW tone input signal to the channel A receiver of the AFE7920 device. The CW tone centered
at 2720.40 MHz.

Figure 13. RX hop Time via GPIO Hardware Setup

6.2.2 Software Configuration

The RX GPIO hopping parameters programmed in Latte for RX GPIO hopping are found in Table 4.

Table 4. RX GPIO Hopping Parameters

Parameter VALUE
ncoRxMode [1,1]
numRxNCO 2
rxNco0 2600
rxNco1 2700
broadcastxNcoSel 0

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6.3 Test Procedure and Results

Upon Latte bring up, RXNCO0 is initially programmed to 2600 MHz. Therefore, when RXNCO0 is active,
the 2720.40-MHz input signal will be down converted to a baseband frequency of 120.40 MHz. RXNCO0
is programmed to 2700 MHz so that when the GPIO pin is triggered RXNCO1 becomes the active NCO,
the down-converted signal frequency will hop from 120.40 MHz to 20.40 MHz. At the moment the GPIO
pin is triggered, the time it takes for the baseband signal to change from 120.40 MHz to 20.40 MHz is
considered the RX hop time.
The resultant waveform displays the captured baseband signal hopping from 120.40 MHz to 20.40 MHz.

Figure 14. Baseband Signal Hopping From 120.40 MHz to 20.40 MHz

Use Equation 1 to calculate the frequency hop time.

(1)
The change in frequency occurs at sample 207. The rate at which the TSW14J56 captures data is 491.52
MSPS. Therefore, the RX frequency hop time using GPIO is approximately 421 ns.

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