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4-Reference Models

reference models

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2 views

4-Reference Models

reference models

Uploaded by

naanunithi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reference Models

• The OSI Reference Model.


• The model is called the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection).
• The OSI model has seven layers
Reference Models
• The OSI Reference Model.
• The principles that were applied to arrive at the seven layers can be briefly
summarized as follows:
1. A layer should be created where a different abstraction is needed.
2. Each layer should perform a well-defined function.
3. The function of each layer should be chosen with an eye toward defining internationally
standardized protocols.
4. The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize the information flow across the
interfaces.
5. The number of layers should be large enough that distinct functions need not be thrown
together in the same layer.
Reference Models
• The OSI Reference Model.
• Note that the OSI model itself is not a network architecture because it does
not specify the exact services and protocols to be used in each layer.
• It just tells what each layer should do.
Reference Models
The Physical Layer :
• The physical layer is concerned with transmitting raw bits over a
communication channel.
• The design issues have to do with making sure that when one side sends a 1
bit it is received by the other side as a 1 bit, not as a 0 bit.
• Typical questions here are what electrical signals should be used to
represent a 1 and a 0, how many nanoseconds a bit lasts,
• whether transmission may proceed simultaneously in both directions,
• how the initial connection is established, how it is torn down when both
sides are finished, how many pins the network connector has, and what
each pin is used for.
• These design issues largely deal with mechanical, electrical, and timing
interfaces, as well as the physical transmission medium, which lies below
the physical layer
Reference Models
The Data Link Layer :
• The main task of the data link layer is to transform a raw transmission
facility into a line that appears free of undetected transmission errors.
• It does so by masking the real errors so the network layer does not see
them.
• It accomplishes this task by having the sender break up the input data into
data frames (typically a few hundred or a few thousand bytes) and transmit
the frames sequentially.
• If the service is reliable, the receiver confirms correct receipt of each frame
by sending back an acknowledgement frame.
Reference Models
The Data Link Layer :
• Another issue that arises in the data link layer (and most of the higher layers
as well) is how to keep a fast transmitter from drowning a slow receiver in
data.
• Some traffic regulation mechanism may be needed to let the transmitter
know when the receiver can accept more data.
• Broadcast networks have an additional issue in the data link layer: how to
control access to the shared channel.
• A special sublayer of the data link layer, the medium access control
sublayer, deals with this problem.
Reference Models
The Network Layer :
• The network layer controls the operation of the subnet.
• A key design issue is determining how packets are routed from source to
destination.
• Routes can be based on static tables that are ‘‘wired into’’ the network
and rarely changed, or more often they can be updated automatically to
avoid failed components.
Reference Models
The Transport Layer :
• The basic function of the transport layer is to accept data from above it,
split it up into smaller units if need be, pass these to the network layer,
and ensure that the pieces all arrive correctly at the other end.
• The transport layer is a true end-to-end layer; it carries data all the way
from the source to the destination
Reference Models
The Session Layer :
• The Session Layer The session layer allows users on different machines to
establish sessions between them.
• Sessions offer various services, including dialog control (keeping track of
whose turn it is to transmit),
• token management (preventing two parties from attempting the same
critical operation simultaneously), and
• synchronization (checkpointing long transmissions to allow them to pick up
from where they left off in the event of a crash and subsequent recovery)
Reference Models
The Presentation Layer :
• The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information transmitted.
• The presentation layer manages these abstract data structures and allows
higher-level data structures (e.g., banking records) to be defined and
exchanged
Reference Models
The Application Layer :
• The application layer contains a variety of protocols that are commonly
needed by users.
• One widely used application protocol is HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol),
which is the basis for the World Wide Web.
• When a browser wants a Web page, it sends the name of the page it wants
to the server hosting the page using HTTP.
• The server then sends the page back. Other application protocols are used
for file transfer, electronic mail, and network news

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