List of medieval universities

The list of medieval universities comprises universities (more precisely,

studia generalia) which existed in Europe during the Middle Ages.[3] It also
includes short-lived foundations and European educational institutions whose
university status is a matter of debate. The degree-awarding university with
its corporate organization and relative autonomy is a product of medieval
Christian Europe.[3] Before the year 1500, over eighty universities were
established in Western and Central Europe. During the subsequent
Colonization of the Americas the university was introduced to the New
World, marking the beginning of its worldwide spread as the center of higher
learning everywhere (see List of oldest universities).[4]
Mob Quad, late medieval quarters of
Merton College, University of Oxford
Definition
There were many institutions of learning (studia) in the Middle Ages in Latin
Europe—cathedral schools, "schools of rhetoric" (law faculties), etc.
Historians generally restrict the term "medieval university" to refer to an
institution of learning that was referred to as a studium generale in the
Middle Ages.

There is no official strict definition of a studium generale, the term having

emerged from customary usage. The following properties were common
among them, and are often treated as defining criteria:[5] Bologna University in Italy, established in
1088 A.D., is the world's oldest university
1. It received students from everywhere (not merely the local district in continuous operation.
or region);
2. It engaged in higher learning—i.e., that it went beyond teaching
the Arts, and had at least one of the higher faculties (Theology,
Law or Medicine).
3. A significant part of the teaching was done by Masters (teachers
with a higher degree)
4. It enjoyed the privilege of jus ubique docendi—i.e., masters of
that school were entitled to teach in any other school without a
preliminary examination.
5. Its teachers and students were allowed to enjoy any clerical
benefices they might have elsewhere without meeting the
mandatory residency requirements prescribed by Canon Law
6. It enjoyed some degree of autonomy from local civil and Established in 1224 by Frederick II, Holy
diocesan authorities. Roman Emperor, University of Naples
Charters issued by the Pope or Holy Roman Emperor were often needed to Federico II in Italy is the world's oldest
state-funded university in continuous
ensure privileges 4–6. The fourth condition (teaching elsewhere without
operation.[1][2]
examination) was originally considered by scholars of the time to be the most
important criterion, with the result that the appellation studium generale was
customarily reserved to refer only to the oldest and most prestigious schools—specifically Salerno, Bologna, Paris, and
sometimes Oxford—until this oligopoly was broken by papal and imperial charters in the course of the 13th century.[5]
The fifth criterion (continued benefices) was the closest there was to an "official" definition of a studium generale used by
the Church and academics from the 14th century onwards, although there were some notable exceptions (e.g., neither
Oxford nor Padua received this right, but they were nonetheless universally considered "Studia Generalia by custom").[5]
Modern historians have tended to focus on the first three requirements (students from everywhere, at least one higher
faculty, teaching by masters). This has led to contention in making lists of Medieval universities. Some Italian universities,
for instance, were quick to obtain papal charters and thus the privileges and title of a studium generale, but their student
catchment never went much beyond the local district or they had only a couple of masters engaged in teaching. Other
comparable schools (notably the more prestigious cathedral schools of France), may have had wider student catchment
and more masters, but neglected or failed to secure the chartered privileges and thus were never referred to as studia
generalia. It is common to include the former and exclude the latter from lists of "Medieval universities", but some
historians have disputed this convention as arbitrary and unreflective of the state of higher learning in Europe.[6]

Some historians have discarded the studium generale definition, and come up with their own criteria for a definition of a
"university"—narrowing it by requiring, for instance, that a university have all three higher faculties (Theology, Law,
Medicine) in order to be considered a "Medieval university" (very few had all three), whereas others widen it to include
some of the more prestigious cathedral schools, palace schools and universities outside of Latin Europe (notably in the
Greek and Islamic world, for example the Pandidakterion founded by the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II in 425 or
University of al-Qarawiyyin in Morocco founded by Fatima al-Fihri in 859, which may be the "first university in the
world and the oldest existing, and continually operating educational institution in the world"[7]).

There is also contention on the founding dates of many universities. Using the date of acquisition of a papal and
royal/imperial charter is inadequate, as the older universities, believing their status and reputations sufficient and
indisputable, refused or resisted asking for an official charter for a long time. Some historians trace the founding of a
university to the first date when evidence of some kind of teaching was done in that locality, even if only local and
limited. Others wait until there is evidence of higher learning, a wide student catchment, the emergence of its masters
teaching elsewhere or a more definitive mention of it as a studium generale.

List
The list is sorted by the date of recognition. At places where more than one university was established, the name of the
institution is given in brackets.
 Contemporaneous
Ranking Year Name Current location Notes
location

The first university in the

sense of a higher-learning,
degree-awarding institute,
the word universitas having
been coined at its
foundation.[8][9][10][11]
Kingdom of Italy
C. 1088 (1158 charter University of Teaching there started
1 (Holy Roman Bologna, Italy
granted) Bologna much earlier since, for
Empire)
example, Gerard Sagredo,
who was born in AD 980,
learnt liberal arts there; by
that time, the town already
had a corporation of legis
doctores and causidici[7]

2 1045-1150 (1200 charter University of Kingdom of France Paris, France The school predates the
granted) Paris foundation of the university
proper and is attested in
1045[12] which places its
founding before that. The
faculty and nation system
of the University of Paris
(along with that of the
University of Bologna)
became the model for all
later medieval universities.
The University of Paris was
known as a universitas
magistrorum et scholarium
(a guild of teachers and
scholars), by contrast with
the Bolognese universitas
scholarium.
The university had
four faculties: Arts,
Medicine, Law, and
Theology. The Faculty
of Arts was the lowest
in rank, but also the
largest as students
had to graduate there
to be admitted to one
of the higher faculties.
The students were
divided into four
nationes according to
language or regional
origin: France,
Normandy, Picardy,
and England. The last
came to be known as
the Alemannian
(German) nation.
Recruitment to each
nation was wider than
the names might
imply: the English-
German nation
 included students from
Scandinavia and
Eastern Europe.

"Claimed to be the oldest

university in the English
speaking world, there is no
clear date of foundation of
Oxford University, but
teaching existed at Oxford
in some form in 1096 and
developed rapidly from
1167 when Henry II banned
English students from
attending the University of
Paris."[14] Teaching
suspended in 1209 (owing
to the town execution of
two scholars) and 1355
(owing to the St
Scholastica riot), but was
1096–1167 (1248 charter University of Kingdom of Oxford, United continuous during the
3 English Civil War (1642–
granted)[13] Oxford England Kingdom
1651)—the university was
Royalist. All Souls College
and University College
have repeatedly claimed
that they own documents
proving that teaching in
Oxford started in the year
825, but these documents
have never been produced
(allegedly, John Speed
dated his famous 1605
Oxford maps based on
these documents).
However, it was not until
1254 that Pope Innocent IV
granted to Oxford the
university charter by papal
bull ("Querentes in agro").

University of Commune of Laical studium generale, it

4 1204 Vicenza, Italy
Vicenza Vicenza was closed early, in 1209.
Founded by scholars
leaving Oxford after a
dispute caused by the
1209 (1231 charter University of Kingdom of Cambridge, United execution of two scholars
5
granted)[15] Cambridge England Kingdom in 1209, and royal charter
was granted in 1231. The
university takes 1209 as its
official anniversary.

It was the oldest Studium

Generale in the Iberian
University of Peninsula. It disappeared
6 1212 Kingdom of León Palencia, Spain
Palencia c. 1264, and its remains
transferred to University of
Valladolid.

7 1218 (probably older) University of Kingdom of León Salamanca, Spain It is the oldest university in
Salamanca operation in the Hispanic
world. Although there are
records of the university
granting degrees many
years before (James
Trager's People's
Chronology sets its
foundation date in 1134), it
received the royal chart of
foundation as "Estudio
General" only in 1218,
making it possibly the
 fourth or even the third
oldest European university
in continuous operations.
However, it was the first
European university to
receive the title of
"university" as such,
granted by king of Castile
and León, Alfonso X, and
the Pope in 1254. Having
been excluded from the
university in 1852 by the
Spanish government, the
Faculties of Theology and
Canon Law became the
Pontifical University of
Salamanca in 1940.

Founded by scholars and

University of Commune of
8 1222 (probably older) Padua, Italy professors after leaving
Padua Padua
Bologna.
The first public university,
University of
founded by Frederick II,
9 1224 Naples Kingdom of Sicily Naples, Italy
king of the Kingdom of
Federico II
Sicily.

Founded by Raymond VII,

Count of Toulouse, as a
consequence of the Treaty
of Paris (1229) ending the
Albigensian Crusade
against Catharism. The
treaty marks an unofficial
end to the political
autonomy of the County of
Toulouse, and because he
was suspected of
University of
10 1229 County of Toulouse Toulouse, France sympathizing with the
Toulouse
heretics, Raymond VII was
forced to finance the
teaching of theology as a
means to dissolve the
heretic movement. As a
consequence, the teaching
was done by members of
the Dominican Order, which
was founded by Saint
Dominic in Toulouse in
1216 to oppose heresy.

11 1235 (1306) University of Orléans, Duchy of Orléans, France In 1219, Pope Honorius III
Orléans Orléans, Orléanais, forbade the teaching of
Kingdom of France Roman Law in the
University of Paris. Then, a
number of teachers and
disciples took refuge in
Orléans. In 1235 Pope
Gregory IX, in a bull,
affirmed that teaching
Roman Law was not
forbidden in Orléans. Later,
Pope Boniface VIII, in
1298, promulgated the
sixth book of the Decretals,
he appointed the doctors of
Bologna and the doctors of
Orléans to comment upon
it. Pope Clement V also
studied law and letters in
Orléans and, by a papal
bull published at Lyon, 27
January 1306, he endowed
the Orléans institutes with
 the title and privileges of a
university.[16][17]

Originally called Studium

Senese, was founded by
Commune of Siena in
1240. In 1321, the studium
was able to attract a larger
number or pupils owing to a
mass exodus from the
University of
12 1240 Republic of Siena Siena, Italy prestigious University of
Siena
Bologna. Closed
temporarily in 1808–1815
when Napoleonic forces
occupied Tuscany. On 7
November 1990 the
university celebrated its
750th anniversary.

One hypothesis is that its

foundation is the result of
the transfer of Palencia's
University of studium generale between
13 1241 Kingdom of Castile Valladolid, Spain
Valladolid 1208 and 1241 by Alfonso
VIII, king of Castile, and
Bishop Tello Téllez de
Meneses.
The University of
University of Kingdom of Northampton was founded
14 1261 Northampton in 1261 by King Henry III.
Northampton England
Abolished in 1265.[18]

The College was founded in

College of
Kingdom of 1262 by Giles of Bridport,
15 1262 the Valley Salisbury
England Bishop of Salisbury, and
Scholars
dissolved in 1542.[19]
The University of Murcia
was founded in 1272 by
University of King Alfonso X of Castile.
16 1272 Crown of Castile Murcia, Spain
Murcia It had no continuity after
the 14th century, until it
was refounded in 1915.
A bull issued by Pope
Nicholas IV in 1289,
1220 Lordship of
combined all the long-
University of Montpellier,
17 (1289) Montpellier, France existing schools, since
Montpellier Kingdom of
1160, into a university. The
Majorca
first statutes were given by
Conrad of Urach in 1220.

The University of Macerata

(Italian: Università degli
University of
18 1290 Papal States Macerata, Italy Studi di Macerata) was
Macerata
founded in 1290, organized
into seven faculties.

19 1290 University of Kingdom of Coimbra, Portugal Began its existence in

Coimbra Portugal Lisbon with the name
Studium Generale
(Portuguese: Estudo
Geral). Scientiae thesaurus
mirabilis, the royal charter
announcing the institution
of the university, was dated
1 March of that year,
although efforts had been
made at least since 1288
to create this first
university in Portugal. The
papal confirmation was
also given in 1290 (on 9
August of that year), during
 the papacy of Pope
Nicholas IV.

The University of Alcalá

was founded by King
Sancho IV of Castile as
Studium Generale in 1293
in Alcalá de Henares. It
was granted university
status in a papal bull in
1499, and quickly gained
international fame thanks
to the patronage of Cardinal
Cisneros and the
production of the
University of Alcalá de Henares,
20 1293 Crown of Castile Complutensian Polyglot
Alcalá Spain
Bible in 1517, which is the
basis for most of the
current translations. The
university moved to Madrid
in 1836 by royal decree.
The Moyano Law of 1857
established Complutense
as the sole university in
Spain authorized to confer
the title of doctor on any
scholar. This law remained
in effect until 1969.
Founded in 1300 as Estudi
General, after a 1297
granting papal bull. It was
closed down in 1717 along
University of Principality of with the banning of the rest
21 1300 Lleida, Spain
Lleida Catalonia of Catalan universities and
the original political
institutions of Catalonia.
Refounded on 12
December 1991.

Founded by Pope Boniface

VIII, but became a state
university in 1935.
La Sapienza
According to the Catholic
22 1303 University of Papal States Rome, Italy
Encyclopaedia, the
Rome
university "remained closed
during the entire pontificate
of Clement VII".

Attested by the Bull of

Pope Clement V. On 19
May 1355, the Emperor
Charles IV, Holy Roman
University of
23 1308 Papal States Perugia, Italy Emperor issued a bull
Perugia
confirming the papal
erection and raising it to
the rank of an imperial
university.
24 1320 University of Lordship of Ireland Dublin, Ireland Papal brief granted by
Dublin Pope Clement V in 1311 to
John de Leche, Archbishop
of Dublin, but it was not
acted on until his
successor, Alexander de
Bicknor, issued an
instrument establishing the
university in 1320. The
university had power to
confer degrees, and three
doctors of theology were
appointed. It was based at
St Patrick's Cathedral. The
university struggled to
attract benefactors and
disappeared at the time of
 the Reformation (1530s). It
has no relation to the
current University of
Dublin, which was founded
in 1592.

The University of Florence

evolved from the Studium
Generale established by
University of Republic of
25 1321 Florence, Italy the Florentine Republic in
Florence Florence
1321. The studium was
recognized by Pope
Clement VI in 1349.
The great poet and jurist
Cino da Pistoia, living in
Marche in the years 1319–
1321, and in Camerino in
the spring of 1321,
remembers the territory
blooming with juridical
schools. Camerino had
been a center of learning
since no later than 1200,
offering degrees in civil law,
canonical law, medicine,
University of
26 1336 Papal States Camerino, Italy and literary studies.
Camerino
Gregory XI took the
decision upon the request
of Gentile III da Varano
with the papal edict of 29
January 1377, directed to
the commune and to the
people, authorizing
Camerino to confer (after
appropriate examination)
bachelor and doctoral
degrees with apostolic
authority.

The university was founded

in 1339 by Dauphin
Humbert II of Viennois and
University of
27 1339 Dauphiné Grenoble, France Pope Benedict XII to teach
Grenoble
civil and canon law,
medicine, and the liberal
arts.

It was formally founded on

3 September 1343, by an
edict of Pope Clement VI,
although there had been
University of
28 1343 Republic of Pisa Pisa, Italy lectures on law in Pisa
Pisa
since the 11th century.
Today it is one of the most
important universities in
Italy.
Three of four faculties
closed in 1419, joined with
Jesuit university and
renamed Charles-Ferdinand
University in 1652, split
Charles
Kingdom of Prague, Czech into German and Czech
29 1348 University of
Bohemia Republic parts in 1882. The Czech
Prague
branch temporarily closed
during the Nazi occupation
(1939–1945), and the
German branch definitively
closed in 1945.

30 1349 University of Principality of Perpignan, France Founded in 1349 by Peter

Perpignan Catalonia IV of Aragon, it was closed
in 1794. Refounded in
1971, and in 1979 as
independent university with
 the name Université de
Perpignan Via Domicia.

Founded in 1356, closed

down in 1793, and re-
established in 1971. By
1080, the Studium or the
School of Angers was
University of Charles V of already a renowned
31 1356 Angers, France
Angers France scholarly institution. It
received the title
"university" in 1356, and in
1364, Charles V granted
the university its autonomy
and privileges.
Closed for short periods
University of during the Italian Wars,
32 1361 House of Visconti Pavia, Italy
Pavia Napoleonic wars, and
Revolutions of 1848.

Founded by Casimir the

Great under the name
Studium Generale, it was
commonly referred to as
the Kraków Academy. The
institution's development
stalled upon the king's
death in 1370, owing
primarily to a lack of
funding. The academy
lacked a permanent
location, so lectures were
held across the city at
various churches and in the
Kraków Cathedral School.
Further development again
resumed in the 1390s, by
the initiative of King
Władysław Jagiełło and his
Jagiellonian
33 1364 Kingdom of Poland Kraków, Poland wife Jadwiga of Poland; at
University
which point the school
became a fully functioning
university with a permanent
location. The university
was forcibly shut down
during the German
Occupation of Poland
(1939–1945). The staff was
deported to Nazi
concentration camps, and
many of its collections
were deliberately destroyed
by the occupying German
authorities. Within a month
after the city's liberation,
the university again
reopened with some of the
original pre-war staff who
survived the occupation.

University of Holy Roman Modeled on the University

34 1365 Vienna, Austria
Vienna Empire of Paris.
The first Hungarian
university was founded by
University of Kingdom of the Hungarian king Louis
35 1367 Pécs, Hungary
Pécs Hungary the Great (Nagy Lajos), in
1367 in Pécs.[20]
36 1379 University of Holy Roman Erfurt, Germany Disestablished 1816 and
Erfurt Empire reopened 1994. The first
universities founded in the
German-speaking world
were Prague (1348), Vienna
(1365), and Erfurt (1379).
 The University of Erfurt
claims to be the oldest
university in what is
present day Germany,
although it was closed for
178 years.[21] Heidelberg
University (founded 1386,
before actual teaching
started in Erfurt) also
claims to be Germany's
oldest university.[22]

Established in 1380 it was

a theological university
(Studium generale) in
Durrës (Dyrrhachium),
Albania, then Medieval
University of Medieval Kingdom Kingdom of Albania.[23] The
37 1380 Durrës, Albania
Dyrrachium of Albania university was established
around 1380, and then
transferred to Zadar in
1396, amid the mounting
Turkish threats in south-
eastern Europe.[24][25][26]
Ruprecht
Karl Holy Roman Heidelberg, Founded by Rupert I,
38 1386
University of Empire Germany Elector Palatine.
Heidelberg

Founded by the city council

of the Free City of Cologne.
University of Holy Roman Pope Urban VI granted a
39 1388 Cologne, Germany
Cologne Empire university charter in the
year of foundation. Closed
in 1798, refounded in 1919.
University of Founded by Marquis
40 1391 House of Este Ferrara, Italy
Ferrara Alberto d'Este.

Founded by the Hungarian

king Sigismund of
Luxembourg. On 6 October
1395 Pope Boniface IX
signed Óbuda University’s
University of Kingdom of first deed of foundation on
41 1395 Óbuda, Hungary the Hungarian king’s,
Óbuda Hungary
Sigismund of Luxemburg’s
request, thus this
university became the
country’s second and the
capital’s first university.[20]
University of Kingdom of Croatia Founded by Raimund de
42 1396 Zadar, Croatia
Zadar and Dalmatia Vineis.

Founded by the Prince

University of
43 1404 Duchy of Savoy Turin, Italy Louis of Piedmont during
Turin
the reign of Amadeus VIII.
Founded when German-
University of Holy Roman
44 1409 Leipzig, Germany speaking staff left Prague
Leipzig Empire
due to the Jan Hus crisis.

Founded as a studium
generale by Louis II of
Aix-en-
University of County of Anjou, Count of Provence,
45 1409 Provence/Marseille,
Provence Provence and recognized by a papal
France
bull issued by the Pisan
Antipope Alexander V.

University of Kingdom of St Andrews, United

46 1413 Founded by a papal bull
St Andrews Scotland Kingdom
47 1419 University of Holy Roman Rostock, Germany During the Reformation,
Rostock Empire "the Catholic university of
Rostock closed altogether
 and the closure was long
enough to make the re-
founded body feel a new
institution".

Université
Dole/Besançon, Founded by Philippe le
48 1423 de Duchy of Burgundy
France Bon, Duke of Burgundy.
Besançon
University of
49 1425 Duchy of Brabant Leuven, Belgium Founded by a papal bull.
Leuven

Founded by John of
Lancaster, 1st Duke of
Bedford, during the period
of English control of
University of Kingdom of Normandy during the
50 1432 Caen, France
Caen England Hundred Years' War. When
the French regained control
of Normandy the university
was recognized by French
King Charles VII.

University of The oldest in Sicily.

51 1434 Kingdom of Sicily Catania, Italy
Catania Founded by Alfonso V.
University of Kingdom of
52 1441 Bordeaux, France Founded by a papal bull.
Bordeaux England

Founded by Alfonso V of
Aragon (known as King
Alfonso the Magnanimous)
in 1446, when he granted
the privilege of teaching
University of Principality of degrees in grammar,
53 1446 Girona, Spain
Girona Catalonia rhetoric, philosophy,
theology, law and medicine
in the city of Girona, which
led to the creation of the
General Studies ("Estudis
Generals").

Founded by Alfonso V of
Aragon as Estudi general
de Barcelona after the
unification of all university
education. For forty-nine
years before that
University of Principality of foundation, however, the
54 1450 Barcelona, Spain
Barcelona Catalonia city had had a fledgling
medical school founded by
King Martin of Aragon, and
in the 13th century
Barcelona already
possessed several civil
and ecclesiastical schools.
University of Kingdom of Glasgow, United
55 1451 Founded by a papal bull.
Glasgow Scotland Kingdom

Teaching had started by

1436. Founded by initiative
of Heinrich Rubenow, Lord
Mayor of Greifswald (and
first rector), with approval
of Pope Callixtus III and
University of Holy Roman Greifswald, Frederick III, Holy Roman
56 1456
Greifswald Empire Germany Emperor, under the
protection of Wartislaw IX,
Duke of Pomerania.
Teaching paused
temporarily during the
Protestant Reformation
(1527–39).

57 1457 Freiburg (im Germany Teaching started in 1460

Breisgau) (three weeks after the
 opening of the nearby
University of Basel with
which it was competing at
the time.

Established by papal bull in

1459, the university started
teaching in 1460 and has
City of Basel, never interrupted its
located in the Holy activities since. The
Roman Empire, Protestant Reformation
58 1459 Basel Switzerland
part of the Swiss triggered a crisis during
Confederation after which the university lost
1501 part of the students and
faculty to its neighbouring
rival in Freiburg-im-
Breisgau.
Moved to Landshut
in 1800 and to Place where Illuminati were
59 1459 Ingolstadt Munich as Ludwig Germany founded by professor Adam
Maximilian Weishaupt in 1776
University in 1826

60 1460 Nantes France

61 1464 Bourges France

Pressburg,
Universitas Bratislava, Founded by king Matthias
62 1465 Kingdom of
Istropolitana Slovakia Corvinus
Hungary

63 1470 Venice Italy

64 1471 Genoa Italy

65 1474 Zaragoza Kingdom of Aragon Spain

66 1476 Mainz Germany

67 1476 Tübingen Germany

68 1477 Uppsala Sweden

69 1479 Copenhagen Denmark

Palma, Kingdom of
70 1483 Spain
Majorca Majorca
On 3 May 1485 Pope
Innocencio III established
by papal bull. The
71 1485 Toledo Crown of Castile Spain university started teaching
in 1485 and interrupted its
activities since 1845.
Refounded in 1969.

72 1489 Sigüenza Crown of Castile Spain

The university traces

its roots back to 1495,
when a school was
opened in
University of [27]
73 1495 Santiago de Kingdom of Galicia Crown of Castile Santiago. In 1504,
Compostela Pope Julius II
approved the
foundation of the
university. [28]

University of Kingdom of Aberdeen, United

74 1495 Founded by a papal bull.
Aberdeen Scotland Kingdom
 Viadrina
Frankfurt on the
75 1498 European Germany
Oder
University
Kingdom of
76 1499 Valencia Spain
Valencia

See also
History of European research universities
List of universities and colleges in Europe
List of oldest universities in continuous operation

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pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-8880828419.
3. Rüegg 1992, pp. XIX–XX
4. Roberts, Rodriguez & Herbst 1996, pp. 256–284
5. Rashdall, H. (1895) The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, Vol. 1, pp. 8–12
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Sources
Roberts, John; Rodriguez Cruz, Agueda M.; Herbst, Jürgen: "Exporting Models", in: Ridder-Symoens,
Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. II: Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–
1800), Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-521-36106-0, pp. 256–284
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A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press,
1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX

Further reading
Jílek, Jubor (ed.): "Historical Compendium of European Universities/Répertoire Historique des
Universités Européennes", Standing Conference of Rectors, Presidents and Vice-Chancellors of the
European Universities (CRE), Geneva 1984
Rüegg, Walter (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. III: Universities in the Nineteenth and Early
Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945), Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-36107-1
Rüegg, Walter (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. IV: Universities Since 1945, Cambridge
University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-36108-8

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