ISSN 0100-2945 DOI: http://dx.doi.org /10.

1590/0100-29452018443

Frequency of fungicide application for controlling downy

mildew in seedless grape plant ‘BRS Vitória’
Reginaldo Teodoro de Souza1, Rosemeire de Lellis Naves1,
Marco Antônio Fonseca Conceição2, Sabrina Marcolino da Costa3, Taynara Cruz Savini4

Abstract - Different application frequencies of metalaxyl + mancozeb were evaluated to control

downy mildew in vine plants ‘BRS Vitória’ in two experiments conducted in Jales, São Paulo,
one in the production cycle and another in branches formation cycle. In experimental design of
randomized blocks, five treatments were compared (1- two weekly applications; 2- one weekly
application; 3- one application every 14 days; 4- one application every 21 days; 5- applications
after sporulation) with four replications, each plot with three plants. According to the analysis of
the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), in both experiments, there were statistically
significant differences between the disease control levels provided by the different treatments (P
≤ 0.05), being the control more efficient when there were two weekly sprayings with metalaxyl +
mancozeb, followed by one weekly spraying. Regarding the number of sprayings of the treatment
“spraying after sporulation” there was a reduction of over 90% when compared to standard
treatment, “two weekly sprayings.” This reduction, however, did not result in a significant increase
in the percentage of affected leaf area, which was less than 3%, causing no damage to the plant
and not interfering with the quality and the physicochemical characteristics of clusters.
Index Terms: Plasmopara viticola, chemical control, plant resistance

Frequência de aplicação de fungicida para controle

de míldio na cultivar de uva sem semente
‘BRS Vitória’
Resumo - Avaliaram-se diferentes frequências de aplicação de metalaxil + mancozebe para o
controle de míldio em plantas de videira de ‘BRS Vitória’, em dois experimentos conduzidos
em Jales, São Paulo, sendo um no ciclo de produção e outro no ciclo de formação de ramos. Em
delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, foram comparados cinco tratamentos (1- duas
Corresponding author: aplicações semanais; 2- uma aplicação semanal; 3- uma aplicação a cada 14 dias; 4- uma aplicação a
[email protected] cada 21 dias; 5- aplicações após esporulação), com quatro repetições, sendo cada parcela constituída
Received:May 29, 2017.
Accepted : October 10, 2017. por três plantas. Conforme a análise da área abaixo da curva do progresso da doença (AACPD), nos
dois experimentos, houve diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os níveis de controle do míldio
Copyright: All the contents of this
journal, except where otherwise
proporcionados pelos diferentes tratamentos (P≤ 0,05), sendo que o controle foi mais eficiente
noted, is licensed under a Creative quando foram realizadas duas pulverizações semanais com metalaxil + mancozebe, seguido por
Commons Attribution License. uma pulverização semanal. Em relação ao número de pulverizações, no tratamento “pulverização
após a esporulação”, houve a redução de mais de 90% quando comparado ao tratamento-padrão,
“duas pulverizações semanais”. Esta redução, contudo, não implicou um aumento significativo
da porcentagem de área foliar afetada, que foi inferior a 3%, não causando prejuízo para a planta
e não interferindo na qualidade e nas características físico-químicas dos cachos.
Termos de indexação: Plasmopara vitícola, controle químico, resistência de plantas.

1
Agronomist, PhD., Researcher of Embrapa Grape and Wine, Experimental Station of Tropical Viticulture, Jales-SP. Email: [email protected];
[email protected].
2
Civil Engineer, PhD., Researcher of Embrapa Grape and Wine Experimental Station of Tropical Viticulture E-mail: [email protected];
3
Student of Agronomy, Camilo Castelo Branco University, Estrada Projetada s / n, Fazenda Santa Rita, Fernandópolis-SC. E-mail: [email protected];
4
Student of Technology in Agribusiness, Faculty of Technology of Jales, Rua Vicente Leporace, 2630, Jardim Trianon.. E-mail: [email protected].

1
2 R. T. de Souza et al.

Introduction Material and methods

The downy mildew caused by oomycete Plasmopara The study was conducted at the Tropical Viticulture
viticola (Berk. & Curt) Berl. De Toni is a disease that Experimental Station in Jales, Northwest of São Paulo
occurs in grapevine (Vitis sp.) around the world (DE BEM State (20º 10’ S and 50º 36’ W; 436 m of altitude), Brazil,
et al., 2016), assuming great importance in humid regions in vines of cultivar of seedless grapes BRS Vitória (Vitis
(ATAK et al., 2017), which can cause losses up to 100% spp.) grafted on ‘IAC-572’ and conducted in the Y system.
in the production (ANGELOTTI et al., 2017) for leading Two experiments were conducted, occurring
to the total or partial destruction of the inflorescences and the first in the production cycle, from April 8th to July
fruits and premature drop of leaves, in addition to damage 4th 2014, and the second in branches formation cycle,
to production of the year, it will also affect the production from October 10th 2014 to May 1st 2015, in which five
of the following years ( SÔNEGO et al., 2006). frequencies of metalaxyl + mancozeb (Ridomil Gold MZ®)
A pathogen’s ability to cause major damage in a were evaluated, using the dosage of 1,7kg.ha-1 of active
short time makes the use of fungicides the most important ingredient: 1- two weekly applications; 2 one weekly
control for susceptible cultivars when grown in areas application; 3- one application every 14 days; 4- one
with high inoculum pressure (SÔNEGO et al., 2003), application every 21 days; 5- application after the onset
which traditionally are applied at fixed intervals to keep of leaves sporulation.
the surface of the host’s organs covered with an effective The experimental design was “randomized blocks”
dosage of the products, being necessary, with this, a large with five treatments and four replications, in which each
number of sprayings at each crop cycle. The suitability plot was comprised of three plants. In the central plant
of the moment of fungicide application is determinative of each plot, periodically, in four branches previously
of its efficacy, since early or late sprayings have little or marked, the severity of downy mildew was evaluated
no effect in epidemic disease (TESSMANN et al., 2007). in ten leaves per branch, determined by the percentage
The occurrence of epidemics in crops is dependent of affected leaf area (ALA) by the disease. Oil spot was
on the relationship between hosts and pathogens under considered as symptoms as well as the area necrotized by
the influence of the environment and human interference downy mildew.
(KRANZ, 1974). Changes in these factors may promote With the average values of the percentage of ALA it
or inhibit the development of diseases in plants, increasing was determined the progress curve of the disease for each
or reducing the need for pesticide to control them. These treatment and calculated the area under the disease curve
changes in cultured species can be made by means of progress (AUDPC) using Fürstenbergere and Canteri
transgenic technique, inducing resistance or tolerance program (1999). The data of AUDPC were subjected
to pathogens, or by means of conventional breeding to analysis of variance by F test and the averages were
(BUONASSISI et al., 2017; SÁNCHEZ-MORA et al., grouped by the Scott-Knott test (1974) at 5% probability.
2017). For the statistical analysis it was used the program
The Grape Genetic Breeding Program of Embrapa SISVAR (FERREIRA, 2011).
Grape and Wine has sought to introduce resistance to In the second experiment, at the end of the cycle,
disease in developed cultivars and, in this process, success during the harvest, physical characteristics and physical
has been achieved in the development of table grapes and chemical quality of the clusters were evaluated:
‘BRS Nubia’, ‘BRS Vitória’ and ‘BRS Isis’ that, in field average mass of the clusters, rachis length, average weight
and greenhouse, showed different levels of resistance to of 20 berries, pH, total soluble solids (TSS ), total titratable
downy mildew (RITSCHEL et al., 2015). Studying the acidity (TTA), total soluble solids / total titratable acidity
impact of resistance of these cultivars on the life cycle of (TSS / TTA) and yield per plant. For chemical analysis, it
P. viticola in favorable environments for their development was used a mash of 20 berries each plot. The total soluble
will assist in establishing parameters for the management solids content (°Brix) was obtained by reading on a bench
of the disease, and consequently, the use of rationally refractometer, the total acidity (meqL-1) was determined by
fungicides with a significant reduction in number of titration of the must with NaOH 0.1N and bromothymol
applications compared to susceptible cultivars currently blue as an indicator and the pH was determined with a
grown in Brazil, and the risk of possible emergence of digital pH meter.
pathogen genotypes resistant to those products.
The objective of this study was to evaluate, in the
field, different application frequencies of metalaxyl +
mancozeb for the control of downy mildew in grapevine
plants ‘BRS Vitória’.

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 Frequency of fungicide application for controlling downy mildew in seedless grape plant ‘BRS Vitória’ 3

Results and discussion Although the environmental conditions had

been favorable (Figure 2), in both experiments, it was
not observed pathogen sporulation on the plants leaves,
Symptoms of downy mildew observed in leaves
subjected to different treatments, and no symptoms of
of ‘BRS Vitória’ differed from symptomatological pattern
downy mildew in clusters. Pereira (2015), evaluating
of the disease in most susceptible cultivars, where the
different spraying programs with fungicide for downy
symptom known as oil spot expands fastly, and in high
mildew control in the ‘BRS Vitória’, in the municipality
humidity conditions, the underside of the leaf it is possible
of Marialva, northwestern region of Paraná State, Brazil,
to observe the sporulation of the pathogen, consisting of
also observed no downy mildew symptom on the clusters,
a white, dense and cottonous efflorescence aspect, which
but the leaves showed a small sporulation, formed by a
may compromise the whole leaf lamina (ALMANÇA
thin fruiting mass of the pathogen (Figure 1).
et al., 2015). In ‘BRS Vitória’, small brown spots were
In both experiments, differences were observed in
observed on leaves, which expanded slowly, and rapidly
downy mildew progress curves, determined by the average
became a necrotic leaf tissue (Figure 1). This may be
values ​​of the percentage of affected leaf area by the disease
linked to the hypersensitivity reaction, i.e., a plant defense
in plants subjected to different treatments (Figure 3) and
mechanism which has as one of the features the quick and
the mean percentage of leaf area affected were lower in
located collapse of the tissue around the infection site,
the leaves of vines which received two weekly sprayings
caused by the release of toxic compounds, which also act
of metalaxyl + mancozeb.
in some cases, directly on the pathogen, causing its death
(AGRIOS, 2004).

Figure 1. Necrotic spots caused by Plasmopara viticola in vine leaves cv. BRS Vitória. (Photo: Carolina Bertuzzi Pereira)

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4 R. T. de Souza et al.

Figure 2. Average temperature and relative humidity recorded by the meteorological station of INMET in
the Experimental Station for Tropical Viticulture in Jales, São Paulo, in the period from April 25th to July 4th
2014 (A) and from October 28th 2014 to January 5th 2015 (B).

Figure 3. Downy mildew on vines progress curves ‘BRS Vitória’ subjected to different spraying frequencies
of metalaxyl + mancozeb, from April 25th to July 4th 2014 (A) and from October 28th 2014 to January 5th
2015 (B), in Jales, SP.

The first symptoms of downy mildew were According to the analysis of the area under the
observed approximately 20 days after the first spraying on disease progress curve, in both experiments, there were
the leaves of the plants submitted for a “one spraying every significant and statistical differences between the downy
21 days” and “spraying after sporulation” treatments, mildew control levels provided by the different treatments
but the average values ​​for the severity of the disease, (p ≤ 0.05), once the control was more efficient when twice
expressed by the affected leaf area, were lower than 2% weekly sprayings metalaxyl + mancozeb, followed by a
and 3% in the first and second experiments, respectively. weekly spraying (Table 1).
Naves et al. (2008) studying, in a greenhouse, the In the first experiment, there was no significant
development of downy mildew in genotypes with different difference among the downy mildew control levels,
levels of susceptibility to the disease, observed the onset of provided by the treatments “a biweekly spraying”, “one
symptoms in cv. Thompson Seedless, highly susceptible, spraying every 21 days” and “spraying after sporulation”
four days after the suspension of spraying with fungicides. although there had been a reduction of 80% in the number
In a greenhouse, the evaluation of cultivars and advanced of sprayings received by the plants subjected to the last
selections of the Vine breeding program of Embrapa Grape treatment in comparison with the former (Table 2).
and Wine for susceptibility to downy mildew, the ‘BRS Regarding the number of sprayings of the
Vitória’ behaved similarly to the cultivar Seyve Villard treatment “spraying after sporulation” there was a
12375, which was used as a highly resistant standard reduction of 94.45% and 93.75% when compared to the
to disease, being noticed the first symptoms of downy standard treatment “two weekly sprayings” in the first
mildew about 30 days after being observed in ‘Thompson and second experiments, respectively. That reduction,
Seedless’ (NAVES et al., 2014). however, did not result in a significant increase in the

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 Frequency of fungicide application for controlling downy mildew in seedless grape plant ‘BRS Vitória’ 5

percentage of the affected leaf area, which has not reached the use of plastic sheeting, reduced in 70% the number
2% in the first experiment and even in environmental of sprayings for downy mildew control on plants ‘BRS
conditions extremely favorable to the occurrence of Morena’ (HOLCMAN, 2014). However, although it is a
disease in the crop production cycle, when the second promising technology, the protected cultivation involves
experiment was performed, it did not reach 3%. These higher costs due to the implementation of the covering
severity levels were not enough to cause any damage system and of the less durability of the plastic canvas,
to the plant and did not affect the final production, the which is three years, on average, in relation to anti-hail net.
quality and the physicochemical characteristics of the As the pathogen sporulation on the leaves was not
clusters (Table 3). observed, the only spraying carried out in plants subjected
The significant reduction in the number to treatment “spraying after sporulation” was not due to
of applications in relation to susceptible cultivars the observation of those signals, but to an initial spraying
currently grown in Brazil represents a major advance carried out in all plants before the start of the sprayings
in order to establish economically viable programs and differentiated by the treatments. Therefore, probably it is
environmentally sustainable for the control of fungal possible to produce table grapes of ‘BRS Vitória’ in the
diseases of the vine, whereas in the tropics, about 70 Northwest region of São Paulo State, without spraying for
annual sprayings in crops of fine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), downy mildew control. However, the cultivar has proven
and 35 sprayings in rough grape cultivars, like ‘Niágara susceptible to powdery mildew and rip rot Glomerella
Rosada’ (Vitis labrusca L.), are held, which represents or rot ripe grape (MAIA et al., 2016), which requires
around 20% of the total operational costs of the culture researches to seek alternatives to conventional fungicides
(MELLO, MAIA, 2003). A significant reduction in the to control those diseases. Thus, it is believed that an
number of sprayings in susceptible cultivars grown in these organic crop cultivar can be established in this region,
regions has been achieved only with the use of a plastic contributing for the economical viability of the activity
cover, that, in the North region of Paraná State, Brazil, and ecological sustainability so that it can offer a better
reduced up to 75% the fungicide applications for downy quality product for the consumer.
mildew control in ‘BRS Clara’ in comparison with the
anti-hail net (GENTA et al., 2010). In the Northwest region
of São Paulo State, Brazil, the management of sprayings
based on phytosanitary warning systems, coupled with

Table 1.Area under the downy mildew progress curve on grape ‘BRS Vitória’ under different spraying frequencies
metalaxyl + mancozeb.
AUDPC*
Treatment
1o Exp. 2o Exp.
2 Weekly sprayings 2.72 A 3.66 A
1 Weekly spraying 24.31 B 16.08 B
1 Biweekly spraying 35.14 C 41.08 C
1 Spraying 21 days 40.71 C 45.41 C
Spraying after sporulation 41.24 C 69.03 D
1Average followed by the same letter in the columns do not differ by the Scott-Knott test (p ≤ 0.05).
*AUDPC: Area under the disease progress curve

Table 2. Number of sprayings to control downy mildew on plants ‘BRS Vitória’ under different spraying frequencies
of metalaxyl + mancozeb in Jales, SP.
Number of sprayngs
Treatment
1o Exp. 2o Exp.
2 Weekly sprayings 18 16
1 Weekly spraying 09 08
1 Biweekly spraying 05 05
1 Spraying 21 days 03 03
Spraying after sporulation 01 01

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6 R. T. de Souza et al.

Table 3. Average mass of clusters, rachis length, twenty berries mass, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), total
titratable acidity (TTA) and production of vines ‘BRS Vitória’ under different application frequencies of
metalaxyl + mancozeb .
Rachis Mass 20 Production
Mass Cluster TSS TTA
length Berries pH TSS/TTA Plant
TREATMENT (g) (oBrix) (meqL-1)
(cm) (g) (kg)
2 Weekly sprayings 155.9 ns
10.73 ns
62.50 ns
3.97 ns
19.3 ns
1.45 ns
10.68 ns
3.12 ns
1 Weekly spraying 155.9 10.59 58.75 4.04 19.0 1.58 11.08 3.12
1 Biweekly spraying 186.6 11.01 60.75 4.13 18.4 1.62 11.39 3.73
1 Sprayng 21 days 176.1 11.35 58.25 4.18 17.5 1.65 12.06 3.52
Spraying after sporulation 164.9 10.50 56.75 4.22 18.1 1.65 13.35 3.23
ns: not significant F test at 5% of probability; TSS: Total Soluble Solids; TTA: Total Titratable Acidity

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