Download the Full Version of textbook for Fast Typing at textbookfull.

com

Tubular Structures XVI : Proceedings of the 16th

International Symposium for Tubular Structures
(ISTS 2017) December 4-6, 2017, Melbourne,
Australia 1st Edition Amin Heidarpour
https://textbookfull.com/product/tubular-structures-xvi-
proceedings-of-the-16th-international-symposium-for-tubular-
structures-ists-2017-december-4-6-2017-melbourne-
australia-1st-edition-amin-heidarpour/

OR CLICK BUTTON

DOWNLOAD NOW

Download More textbook Instantly Today - Get Yours Now at textbookfull.com

 Recommended digital products (PDF, EPUB, MOBI) that
you can download immediately if you are interested.

Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook Loucas

https://textbookfull.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-loucas/

textboxfull.com

Design guide for concrete-filled double skin steel tubular

structures First Edition Han

https://textbookfull.com/product/design-guide-for-concrete-filled-
double-skin-steel-tubular-structures-first-edition-han/

textboxfull.com

Advances in Intelligent Data Analysis XVI 16th

International Symposium IDA 2017 London UK October 26 28
2017 Proceedings 1st Edition Niall Adams
https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-intelligent-data-
analysis-xvi-16th-international-symposium-ida-2017-london-uk-
october-26-28-2017-proceedings-1st-edition-niall-adams/
textboxfull.com

Shell structures : theory and applications. Volume 4.

Proceedings of the 11th International Conference "Shell
Structures: Theory and Applications" (SSTA 2017), October
11-13, 2017, Gdansk, Poland 1st Edition Wojciech
https://textbookfull.com/product/shell-structures-theory-and-
Pietraszkiewicz
applications-volume-4-proceedings-of-the-11th-international-
conference-shell-structures-theory-and-applications-
ssta-2017-october-11-13-2017-gdansk-poland-1st/
textboxfull.com
Foundations of Intelligent Systems 23rd International
Symposium ISMIS 2017 Warsaw Poland June 26 29 2017
Proceedings 1st Edition Marzena Kryszkiewicz
https://textbookfull.com/product/foundations-of-intelligent-
systems-23rd-international-symposium-ismis-2017-warsaw-poland-
june-26-29-2017-proceedings-1st-edition-marzena-kryszkiewicz/
textboxfull.com

Artificial Intelligence for Knowledge Management 5th IFIP

WG 12 6 International Workshop AI4KM 2017 Held at IJCAI
2017 Melbourne VIC Australia August 20 2017 Revised
Selected Papers Eunika Mercier-Laurent
https://textbookfull.com/product/artificial-intelligence-for-
knowledge-management-5th-ifip-wg-12-6-international-workshop-
ai4km-2017-held-at-ijcai-2017-melbourne-vic-australia-
august-20-2017-revised-selected-papers-eunika-mercier-lau/
textboxfull.com

Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft

Ground: Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on
Geotechnical Aspects of Underground ... 2017), April 4-6,
2017, São Paulo, Brazil 1st Edition Arsenio Negro
https://textbookfull.com/product/geotechnical-aspects-of-underground-
construction-in-soft-ground-proceedings-of-the-9th-international-
symposium-on-geotechnical-aspects-of-
underground-2017-april-4-6-2017-sao-paulo-brazil-1st/
textboxfull.com

AI 2017 Advances in Artificial Intelligence 30th

Australasian Joint Conference Melbourne VIC Australia
August 19 20 2017 Proceedings 1st Edition Wei Peng
https://textbookfull.com/product/ai-2017-advances-in-artificial-
intelligence-30th-australasian-joint-conference-melbourne-vic-
australia-august-19-20-2017-proceedings-1st-edition-wei-peng/
textboxfull.com

MultiMedia Modeling 23rd International Conference MMM 2017

Reykjavik Iceland January 4 6 2017 Proceedings Part II 1st
Edition Laurent Amsaleg
https://textbookfull.com/product/multimedia-modeling-23rd-
international-conference-mmm-2017-reykjavik-iceland-
january-4-6-2017-proceedings-part-ii-1st-edition-laurent-amsaleg/
textboxfull.com
TUBULAR STRUCTURES XVI
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TUBULAR STRUCTURES
(ISTS 2017), MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 4–6 DECEMBER 2017

Tubular Structures XVI

Editors
Amin Heidarpour & Xiao-Ling Zhao
Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
COVER PHOTOGRAPHS:
Front: Melbourne Star Observation Wheel
Photographed by Vahid Emad

Back: Arts Centre Melbourne (left) & Southern Cross Railway Station in Melbourne (right)
Photographed by Vahid Emad

CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK

Typeset by V Publishing Solutions Pvt Ltd., Chennai, India

Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY

All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be repro-
duced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher.

Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information
herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or
persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.

Published by: CRC Press/Balkema

Schipholweg 107C, 2316 XC Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com

ISBN: 978-0-8153-8134-1 (Hbk + CD-ROM)

ISBN: 978-1-351-21084-3 (eBook)
 Tubular Structures XVI – Heidarpour & Zhao (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-8153-8134-1

Table of contents

Preface xi
Publications of previous international symposia on tubular structures xiii
Organization xv
Acknowledgements xvii

ISTS Kurobane lecture

Fatigue of hollow section structures—Current research and developments 3
S. Herion

Architecture, applications and case studies

A walking tour of Melbourne tubular structures 17
R.H. Keays
The grandstand roof of the Olympic stadium in Berlin 27
R. Stroetmann
Preliminary report for the damaged tubular structures after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes 35
T. Yamanaka & K. Ochi

Composite tubular structures

Analytical behavior of square CFST short beam-columns under sustained load and
chloride corrosion 45
Y.-X. Hua, L.-H. Han, C.-C. Hou, J.-L. Chu & Y. Ye
Parametric study on the flexural behaviour of circular rubberized concrete-filled steel tubes 51
J.B. Chen, T.M. Chan & J.M. Castro
Capacity of high strength square hollow section steel tube filled with concrete and
hardwood timber 61
H. Jiao, X.L. Zhao & T. Ghanbari Ghazijahani
Eccentric compressive behavior of concrete-filled double skin steel tubes with
dodecagonal section 67
J. Wang, J. Chen & F. Xu
Rubberised concrete-filled double-skin circular tubes under axial compression 77
M. Elchalakani & A. Hosseini
Rubberised concrete-filled double-skin square tubes under axial compression 83
M. Elchalakani, A. Hosseini & C. Marshall
Effect of using steel corner tubes on the static compressive and cyclic behavior of
concrete-filled double-skin fabricated columns 89
M. Farahi, A. Heidarpour, X.L. Zhao & R. Al-Mahaidi

v
Experimental investigation of concrete-filled lean duplex stainless steel RHS stub columns 95
B. Xing & B. Young
Thermal in-plane buckling of concrete-filled steel tubular arches 101
Y. Bouras, E. Torres-Don & Z. Vrcelj
Experimental investigation of concrete-filled cold-formed steel elliptical stub columns 109
S. Yi & B. Young
Structural performance of concrete-filled double skin tubular beams with eccentric inner tubes 117
F. Wang, B. Young & L. Gardner

Connections
A three-parameter power model for blind bolted connection with a concrete-filled steel tube 127
M.A. Bradford, A. Ataei & H.R. Valipour
Tests of concrete-filled high strength steel tubular X-joints under compression 137
H.T. Li & B. Young
Behavior of extended endplate connections between RHS column and H beam using
slip-critical blind bolts 145
W. Wang, M.X. Li, Y.Y. Chen & X.G. Jian
An experimental and numerical study of flange plate reinforcements on a square hollow
section T joint in compression 153
L.C.B. Guerrieiro, L.R.O. de Lima, P.C.G. da S. Vellasco, A.T. da Silva & L.F. Costa-Neves
3D component method for welded tubular T joints 165
M. Garifullin, S. Pajunen, K. Mela & M. Heinisuo
RHS X-connections near an open chord end 175
Y. Fan & J.A. Packer
Effect of chord tensile stress on the capacity of RHS K joints with gap in real girders 185
O. Fleischer & J. Wardenier
Experimental evaluation of moment-rotation response of an innovative modular
beam-to-fabricated column connection 193
S.N. Sadeghi, A. Heidarpour, X.L. Zhao & R. Al-Mahaidi
Influence of chord wall interaction on stress concentrations of square bird-beak SHS X-joints 201
C. Li, B. Cheng, Q. Qian, Y. Lou & X.L. Zhao
Punching shear behaviour and design of an innovative connection between steel tubular
column to flat concrete slab 207
J.L. Yu & Y.C. Wang
Laser tube cutting—Comparison of new types of K-joints and their SCF with standard solutions 215
S. Herion, O. Fleischer, J. Hrabowski, S. Raso, A. Valli, A. Mastropasqua & E. Bononi
High strength steel tubular X-joints—an experimental insight under axial compression 223
M. Pandey & B. Young
Contributions of welded web to rotational stiffness and bending moment capacity of
‘I beam-RHS column’ joints 231
M. Lozano, M.A. Serrano-López, C. López-Colina & Y.C. Wang
Application of the component method to bolted endplate composite beam-to-CFST
column joints 239
H.T. Thai
Engineering approaches to estimate effective notch stresses for welded circular hollow
section joints 247
M.R. Pradana, X. Qian & S. Swaddiwudhipong

vi
Numerical analysis of concrete-encased tubular base connections 255
A. Albareda-Valls, J. Maristany Carreras & S.S. Zaribaf
Damage analysis of doubler plate reinforced T-joints under uniaxial tensile load based
on stress triaxiality 263
W.N. Sui, Z.F. Wang, K. An & O.C. Peter
Strength estimation of CHS column to H-beam connections stiffened by exterior diaphragms 271
M. Okamoto, T. Tanaka & H. Asada
Effect of reinforcement on punching shear strength in embedded column base connections 279
K. Hirano, T. Tanaka & H. Asada
Axial compressive strength of CHS T-joints reinforced with external stiffening rings 285
L. Zhu, Y. Wei, K. Yang, Y. Bai & H.L. Sun
Compressive strength of square hollow section T-joints reinforced with novel collar-plate 295
H.F. Chang, J.W. Xia, G.H. Tian, Y.L. Qian & W. Xu

Extreme loading
Post-fire behavior of cold-formed ultra-high strength steel tubular stub columns 305
F. Azhari, A. Heidarpour & X.L. Zhao
Eurocode 4 based method for the fire design of concrete-filled steel tubular columns 311
A. Espinós, V. Albero, M.L. Romero, A. Hospitaler, C. Renaud & Y.C. Wang
Thermal behavior of connections between concrete-filled steel tubular columns and
slim-floors subjected to fire 317
V. Albero, A. Espinós, A. Hospitaler, M.L. Romero & A.M. Pascual
Behaviour and design of a continuous concrete-filled steel tubular column in fire for a
multi-storey building 323
K. Ukanwa, G.C. Clifton, J.B.P. Lim, A. Abu, S.J. Hicks & U.K. Sharma
Behavior of T and X joints of elliptical hollow sections at both ambient and high
temperatures 333
E. Ozyurt & Y.C. Wang
Behaviour of hexagonal concrete-encased CFST columns under cyclic bending 341
D.Y. Ma, L.-H. Han, X.D. Ji & X.L. Zhao
Cyclically strained grade 800 and 1200 steel tube materials 349
F. Javidan, A. Heidarpour, X.L. Zhao & H. Fallahi
Behaviour of double headed anchored blind bolt under cyclic loading 357
T. Pokharel, H.M. Goldsworthy & E.F. Gad
Experimental testing of tube-based seismic collar connections under cyclic loads 365
D. Wei & J. McCormick
Cumulative damage of notched specimens with brittle fracture under cyclic loading 373
T. Iwashita, A. Tateno & K. Azuma
Cyclic loading on cold-formed SHS stub columns 381
Y. Dong & L.J. Jia
Numerical modelling of FRP-concrete-steel double-skin tubular columns under blast loading 387
W. Wang & C. Wu
Rate and temperature dependent relations for CFSTs subject to post-impact fire conditions 395
M. Mirmomeni, A. Heidarpour, X.L. Zhao & J.A. Packer
CFRP-wrapped hollow steel tubes under axial impact loading 401
C. Batuwitage, S. Fawzia, D.P. Thambiratnam, T. Tafsirojjaman, R. Al-Mahaidi
& M. Elchalakani

vii
FE modeling of FRP strengthened CHS members subjected to lateral impact 409
M.I. Alam, S. Fawzia, T. Tafsirojjaman & X.L. Zhao
Experimental study on anti-impact performance of RHST and PCFST columns under
lateral impact 415
A.Z. Zhu, W. Xu, K. Gao, H.P. Zhu & F. Gao

Fatigue
Fatigue crack in an unloaded brace 425
M. Lefranc & R. Gladsø
Multiaxial loading of RHS by wheel loads 431
S. Herion, T. Ummenhofer & A. Lipp
Fatigue behavior of CFDST chord to CHS brace T-joints 439
W. Li, D. Wang, L.-H. Han & X.L. Zhao
Investigation on stress concentration factor in concrete-filled steel tubular T-joints under
out-of-plane bending moment 443
I.A. Musa, F.R. Mashiri & X. Zhu
Fatigue behavior of diamond bird-beak T-joints and design recommendations 449
L.W. Tong, G.W. Xu, Y.Q. Liu, D.Q. Yan & X.L. Zhao

Numerical modelling
Partial interaction analysis of multi-component members with the D-GBT approach 459
A. Ferrarotti, G. Ranzi & G. Piccardo
Direct strength prediction of innovative corrugated columns 467
A.N. Ajamyan, M. Nassirnia, A. Heidarpour, X.L. Zhao & L. Gardner
Numerical investigation on static strength of CHS X-joints using S700 and S900 steel 475
X.Y. Lan, T.M. Chan & B. Young
FE modeling techniques for hot spot stress analysis of diamond bird-beak SHS joints 481
B. Cheng, Y. Lou, C. Li & X.L. Zhao
Numerical investigation into the behaviour of HSS beam-columns strengthened using
CFRP plates 487
W. Attiah, A. Shaat & E. Sayed-Ahmed
Elliptical hollow steel cantilever members under ELCF load along major axis using finite
element analysis 495
P.V.R. Narendra & K.D. Singh

Stainless and high strength steel structures

Design of stainless steel CHS beam-columns 503
C. Buchanan, L. Gardner, O. Zhao & E. Real
Design of ferritic stainless steel tubular sections subjected to concentrated bearing load 513
H.T. Li & B. Young
Structural behaviour of stainless steel tubular columns 523
H.P.C.S.G. Duarte, L.R.O. de Lima, P.C.G. da S. Vellasco & A.T. da Silva
Experimental study for the effect of fabrication process on strength of high strength steel
box column 531
J. Jiang, C.K. Lee & S.P. Chiew
Strength and ductility predictions of stiffened box sectional columns made of high
strength steel 539
L. Kang, R. Long, M. Suzuki & H.B. Ge

viii
Tubular sections and members
Experimental study on cold-formed steel semi-oval hollow section columns 549
M.T. Chen & B. Young
On the post-buckling behaviour and imperfection sensitivity of regular convex polygonal columns 557
R. Gonçalves, D. Camotim & A.D. Martins
Structural behaviour of octagonal tubular steel stub columns under uniaxial compression 567
J.Y. Zhu, T.M. Chan & B. Young
Residual stress distribution in cold-rolled curved steel rectangular hollow sections 575
Y.F. Jin, S.P. Chiew & C.K. Lee
Experimental study on the compressive behavior of circular steel tube confined UHPC columns 583
L.H. An & E. Fehling
Buckling of multiple outside geometry (MOG) hollow sections 595
O. Fleischer, S. Herion, P. Lang & S. Scherf
Identification of parameters for continuum damage mechanics of ductile damage evolution
of cold formed Grade C450 steel rectangular hollow sections 605
M. Mohan & T. Wilkinson
Predicted behaviour of cold formed Grade C450 rectangular hollow sections under tensile
or compression loads 615
M. Mohan & T. Wilkinson
Leak-before-break (LBB) analysis and failure processes for small-diameter cast iron pipes 625
R. Jiang, D. Weerasinghe, C. Zhang, X.L. Zhao, J. Kodikara & C.R. Hutchinson
Circular hollow section joint fabrication using laser cutting technology: Tolerance assessment 631
A. Kanyilmaz, C.A. Castiglioni, S. Raso, A. Valli, M. Brugnolli, A. Galazzi & R. Hojda
Propagation of buckling mechanisms of pipe-in-pipe systems under external pressure 639
M. Alrsai, H. Karampour, B.P. Gilbert, S. Chowdhury & F. Albermani

Welding
Behavior of overlapped CHS K/KK-joints with different welding situations 647
X.Z. Zhao, S. Qiu, Y.Y. Chen, X.B. Xu, X.F. Wu, K.H. Hu, A.H. Wu & Y. Chen
Investigation of weld effective length rules for CHS X-connections 657
K. Tousignant & J.A. Packer
Assessment of welded transverse plate to hollow structural section connections 665
M. Ammons & J. McCormick
Effect of bending moment on capacity of fillet weld 675
N. Tuominen, T. Björk & A. Ahola
Non-uniform stress distribution at weld of CHS-CHS joint and its effect on failure mode 685
Y.Y. Chen, X. Ma & W. Wang
Milling of intersecting contours on tubular structures to avoid structural changes of the
material and meet the requirements for automated welding 693
J. Müglitz, S. Keitel & J. Schuster

Author index 701

ix
 Tubular Structures XVI – Heidarpour & Zhao (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-8153-8134-1

Preface

This book contains the papers presented at the 16th International Symposium on Tubular Structures
(ISTS16) held in Melbourne, Australia from December 4th to 6th, 2017. The Symposium, now regarded
as the key international forum for the presentation and discussion of research, developments and appli-
cations in the field of tubular structures, was organised by Monash University in collaboration with the
International Institute of Welding Subcommission XV-E. The fifteen previous symposia, held between
1984 and 2015, are described in the “Publications of the previous international symposia on tubular struc-
tures” section of this book. Throughout its 33-year history the frequency and location of all the symposia
have been determined by the IIW Subcommission XV-E on Tubular Structures.
The Symposium was sponsored by BLM Group (Italy), Bestech (Australia), and Instron (Australia). It
is their generous support that has enabled the Symposium to take place.
A total of 85 technical papers, each of which has been peer-reviewed at least by two international
experts in the field is included in the proceedings. One of these papers relates to the invited “Kurobane
Lecture”, given at this Symposium by Prof. Stefan Herion from Karlsruhe Institute Technology, Karl-
sruhe, Germany. Prof. Herion was selected to give this address by the IIW Subcommission XV-E. The
Kurobane Lecture in the International Symposium on Tubular Structures is the Keynote Address and
was inaugurated at ISTS8 in 1998.
The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the reviewers of the papers for their hard
work and expert opinions. The editors also wish to thank the International Programme Committee,
the Local Organisation Committee, and Monash Accounting Services. Particular thanks are owed to
Mohammad Nassirnia, Mahsa Mirmomeni, Fatemeh Javidan, Vahid Emad and Sanaz Taleghani for their
effort on this Symposium.
The information provided in this publication is the sole responsibility of the individual authors. It does
not reflect the opinion of the editors, supporting associations, organisations or sponsors, and they are not
responsible for any use that might be made of information appearing in this publication. Anyone making
use of the contents of this book assumes all liability arising from such use.
The editors hope that the contemporary applications, case studies, concepts, insights, overviews,
research summaries, analyses and product developments described in this book provide some inspira-
tion to architects, developers, contractors, engineers and fabricators to build ever more innovative and
competitive tubular structures. This archival volume of the current “state of the art” will also serve as
excellent reference material to academics, researchers, trade associations and manufacturers of tubular
sections in the future.

Amin Heidarpour & Xiao-Ling Zhao

Editors
Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
December 2017

xi
 Tubular Structures XVI – Heidarpour & Zhao (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-8153-8134-1

Publications of previous international symposia on tubular structures

E. Batista, P. Vellasco & L. Lima (Eds.) 2015. Tubular Structures XV, 15th International Symposium on
Tubular Structures, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2017. Boca Raton/London/New York/Leiden: CRC Press/
Balkema.
L. Gardner (Ed.) 2012. Tubular Structures XIV, 14th International Symposium on Tubular Structures,
London, United Kingdom, 2012. Boca Raton/London/New York/Leiden: CRC Press/ Balkema.
B. Young (Ed.) 2010. Tubular Structures XIII, 13th International Symposium on Tubular Structures, Hong
Kong, China, 2010. Boca Raton/London/New York/Leiden: CRC Press/ Balkema.
Z.Y. Shen, Y.Y. Chen & X.Z. Zhao (Eds.) 2009. Tubular Structures XII, 12th International Symposium
on Tubular Structures, Shanghai, China, 2008. Boca Raton/London/New York/Leiden: CRC Press/
Balkema.
J.A. Packer & S. Willibald (Eds.) 2006. Tubular Structures XI, 11th International Symposium and IIW
International Conference on Tubular Structures, Québec, Canada, 2006. London/ Leiden/New York:
Taylor & Francis (including A.A. Balkema Publishers).
M.A. Jaurrieta, A. Alonso & J.A. Chica (Eds.) 2003. Tubular Structures X, 10th International Symposium
on Tubular Structures, Madrid, Spain, 2003. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers.
R. Puthli & S. Herion (Eds.) 2001. Tubular Structures IX, 9th International Symposium on Tubular Struc-
tures, Düsseldorf, Germany, 2001. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers.
Y.S. Choo & G.J. van der Vegte (Eds.) 1998. Tubular Structures VIII, 8th International Symposium on
Tubular Structures, Singapore, 1998. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers.
J. Farkas & K. Jármai (Eds.) 1996. Tubular Structures VII, 7th International Symposium on Tubular Struc-
tures, Miskolc, Hungary, 1996. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers.
P. Grundy, A. Holgate & B. Wong (Eds.) 1994. Tubular Structures VI, 6th International Symposium on
Tubular Structures, Melbourne, Australia, 1994. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers.
M.G. Coutie & G. Davies (Eds.) 1993. Tubular Structures V, 5th International Symposium on Tubular
Structures, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 1993. London/Glasgow/New York/Tokyo/Melbourne/
Madras: E & FN Spon.
J. Wardenier & E.P. Shahi (Eds.) 1991. Tubular Structures, 4th International Symposium on Tubular Struc-
tures, Delft, The Netherlands, 1991. Delft: Delft University Press.
E. Niemi & P. Mäkeläinen (Eds.) 1990. Tubular Structures, 3rd International Symposium on Tubular
Structures, Lappeenranta, Finland, 1989. Essex: Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd.
Y. Kurobane & Y. Makino (Eds.) 1987. Safety Criteria in Design of Tubular Structures, 2nd International
Symposium on Tubular Structures, Tokyo, Japan, 1986. Tokyo: Architectural Institute of Japan, IIW.
International Institute of Welding 1984. Welding of Tubular Structures/Soudage des Structures Tubulaires,
1st International Symposium on Tubular Structures, Boston, USA, 1984. Oxford/ New York/ Toronto/
Sydney/ Paris/ Frankfurt: Pergamon Press.

xiii
 Tubular Structures XVI – Heidarpour & Zhao (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-8153-8134-1

Organization

This volume contains the Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Tubular Structures –
ISTS16 held in Melbourne, Australia from 4th to 6th December 2017. ISTS16 has been organised by
Monash University (Melbourne, Australia) and the International Institute of Welding (IIW) Subcom-
mission XV-E.

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME COMMITTEE

J.A. Packer, Chair—University of Toronto, Canada

E. Batista—Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
M.A. Bradford—University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
D. Camotim—Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Y.Y. Chen—Tongji University, Shanghai, China
S.P. Chiew—Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore
Y.S. Choo—National University of Singapore, Singapore
A. Elghazouli—Imperial College London, UK
L. Gardner—Imperial College London, UK
L.H. Han—Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
A. Heidarpour—Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
S. Herion—Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and KoRoH GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany
G. Iglesias—Grupo Condesa, Alava, Spain
J.P. Jaspart—University of Liège, Belgium
P. Key—Australian Steel Institute, Sydney, Australia
U. Kuhlmann—University of Stuttgart, Germany
M. Lefranc—Force Technology Norway, Sandvika, Norway
P.W. Marshall—MHP Systems Engineering, California, USA
A.C. Nussbaumer—Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
K. Ochi—Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
R.S. Puthli—Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
T. Schlafly—American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, USA
M. Serrano—University of Oviedo, Spain
L.S. da Silva—University of Coimbra, Portugal
A. Syam—OneSteel Manufacturing, Woolwich, Australia
T. Ummenhofer—Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
B. Uy—University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
P. Vellasco—State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
J. Wardenier—Delft University of Technology, Netherlands & National University of Singapore, Singapore
K. Weynand—Feldmann+Weynand GmbH, Aachen, Germany
T. Wilkinson—University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
B. Young—University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
X.L. Zhao—Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

A. Heidarpour, Chair—Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

X.L. Zhao, Co-chair—Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

xv
R. Al-Mahaidi—Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
Y. Bai—Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
M.A. Bradford—University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
M. Elchalakani—University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
M. Farahi—Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
F. Javidan—Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
H. Jiao—University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
R.H. Keays—Keays Engineering, Melbourne, Australia
P. Key—Australian Steel Institute, Sydney, Australia
F. Mashiri—University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
M. Mirmomeni—Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
M. Nassirnia—Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
A. Syam—OneSteel Manufacturing, Woolwich, Australia
D. Thambiratnam—Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
B. Uy—University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
T. Wilkinson—University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
C. Wu—University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia

xvi
 Tubular Structures XVI – Heidarpour & Zhao (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-8153-8134-1

Acknowledgements

The Organising Committee wish to express their sincere gratitude for the financial assistance from the
following organisations: BLM Group (Italy), Bestech (Australia), and Instron (Australia).
The technical assistance of the IIW Sub-commission XV-E is gratefully acknowledged. We are thankful
to the International Programme Committee as well as the members of the Local Organising Committee.
Finally, the editors would like to acknowledge the following ISTS16 reviewers:

F. Aslani R.H. Keays

Y. Bai M. Lefranc
M.A. Bradford L. de Lima
D. Camotim F. Mashiri
T.-M. Chan M. Mirmomeni
Y.Y. Chen M. Nassirnia
S.P. Chiew P. Nguyen
M. Elchalakani J.A. Packer
M. Farahi R.S. Puthli
S. Fawzia M. Serrano
O. Fleischer A. Shaat
J. Flor S. Sinaie
L. Gardner R. Stroetmann
L.H. Han P. Vellasco
S. Herion Z. Vrcelj
G. Iglesias Y. Wang
J.P. Jaspart J. Wardenier
F. Javidan T. Wilkinson
H. Jiao C. Wu
H. Karampour B. Young

Amin Heidarpour & Xiao-Ling Zhao

Editors
Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

xvii
ISTS Kurobane lecture
 Tubular Structures XVI – Heidarpour & Zhao (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-8153-8134-1

Fatigue of hollow section structures—Current research

and developments

S. Herion
KIT Stahl- und Leichtbau, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
CCTH Center of Competence for Tubes and Hollow Sections, Karlsruhe, Germany

ABSTRACT: For the fatigue design of steel structures made of hollow sections only limited informa-
tion is available. Especially for joints made of thick-walled sections and for fatigue details in structures
made of high strength steels, recommendations are missing which allow for an easy and efficient fatigue
design. Several research projects were started during the last years to form a basis for extending these
rules having the main focus on onshore applications. But not only the fatigue behavior of isolated joints
needs to be studied in more detail, also end-to-end connections as they are needed e.g. in bridge girders
and attachments welded to sections are of interest. A short summary of the research on fatigue in recent
years carried out at Karlsruhe and at other places is presented here.

1 INTRODUCTION been transferred to ISO Standard 14347 (2008) are

accepted in all parts of the world. The rules given
Within the last few years the need for lightweight in these recommendations are based mainly on
structures made of steels with yield strengths of experimental examinations on joints with small wall
355 MPa and higher has been increasing, not only thickness (RHS with maximum wall thickness of
for statically, but also for fatigue-loaded structures. 12 mm and CHS with maximum wall thickness of
Welded plates made of steel grades S460 and S700 16 mm) made of S235H or S355H which have been
have been widely investigated and are now success- carried out in the scope of two common European
fully used in the fields of machine building, plant research projects in Delft and in Karlsruhe. Based
and crane construction. on this and incorporating the experimental results
In addition to that, also new application fields from various research programs, the CDIECT rec-
become important, such as the use of hollow sec- ommendations are valid for RHS joints with wall
tions in the area of wind energy, bridges and roller thickness 4 mm ≤ t ≤ 16 mm and for CHS joints
coasters to give just some examples. The type of with wall thickness 4 mm ≤ t ≤ 50 mm. This was
joint most frequently used is the K joint with gap, more than 25 years ago.
as generally used in lattice girders. Meanwhile development has been going on
Besides the classification method, which is used and thick-walled CHS and RHS, and also sections
in Eurocode as well as in other codes, the structural made of high strength steels, have been available
stress method is widely used and accepted for all for many years in high quality. Parallel to this
kind of applications of hollow sections. The dis- development the application of hollow sections
advantage of the classification method is the little in lightweight structures as well as in heavy steel
knowledge which is all based on limited experi- constructions is needed by the building industry.
mental investigations carried out in the 1970 s to The possibility to use high strength steel sections
1990 s, mainly in Europe. Therefore, the structural opens new application fields, e.g. hoisting devices,
stress method, also called hot spot stress method, equipment in agricultural/machine engineering
is the more favorable way to design hollow section and similar applications. This also applies to the
structures against fatigue. thick-walled sections, where there is a need for
The first international design recommendations bridges and cranes and also for on- and offshore
for joints made of CHS were developed for offshore wind energy structures.
oil and gas applications in the 1970 s and 1980 s. In For joints made of high strength steels, as well as
the 2006 Kurobane lecture Peter Marshall gives fur- for hollow sections with large wall thickness, only
ther insight in these developments (Marshall, 2006). isolated information about the fatigue behavior of K
For onshore applications the CIDECT design rec- joints is available. Not only does the fatigue behavior
ommendations (Zhao et al. 2001) which also have of K joints needs to be studied in more detail; also

3
end-to-end connections between CHS (which are Mang et al. (1989a, 1989b). Based on this joint
used in bridge girders for example) as well as attach- research, van Wingerde published new formulas
ments to hollow sections and other details. for T and X joints (van Wingerde 1992). Mang
A brief overview of the research work in recent reported in 1993 the results of a new European
years, carried out in Karlsruhe and related to these research project concerning the fatigue behavior
topics, is presented here. Also, a short summary of of multiplanar RHS joints (Mang et al. 1993). The
the research on fatigue carried out at other places is first parametric formulas for the fatigue resistance
given. of multiplanar K joints made of RHS were pre-
sented in the PhD-thesis of Herion 1994 (Herion
1994).
2 STATE OF THE ART The results of the above mentioned work were
summarized in 2000 in the CIDECT Design Guide
Based on investigations on riveted joints in the 8 (Zhao et al. 2001), which is the basis for all recog-
1940s, Thum devised the “Lehre von der Gestalt- nized design recommendations worldwide concern-
festigkeit” (model of design strength) (Thum 1944), ing the fatigue behavior of hollow section joints. In
which was the starting point of Neubers “Kerb- 2008 also the ISO 14347 (2008) emanated from the
spannungslehre” (notch stress model) (Neuber CIDECT Design Guide 8.
1973). Together with other research, the existence At about the same time, in the development of
of local hot spot stresses due to notches, geometric the Eurocode 3 Part 1.9 (EN 1993-1-9. 2005), the
changes or other imperfections was expressed and most recent international research results were
further investigated in oil and gas industry. considered. Up to then very few systematic inves-
As here the main focus is on onshore applica- tigations on hollow section joints had been pub-
tions with lower d0/t0 ratios than usually needed in lished, so that only a few details are included in
oil and gas offshore industry no further informa- the tables of detail categories in Eurocode 3. Fur-
tion about this field of application is given in the ther is already known since the 1980 s, that due to
following. Furthermore, a good and comprehen- the complex behavior of such joints the nominal
sive overview is given by Marshall, 2006. stress concept is not suitable for an economic and
The development of modern test and measur- safe fatigue design hollow section joints (Marshall,
ing techniques, as well as computer-assisted calcu- 2006).
lations, enable a systematic investigation of such Since the release of the CIDECT Design Guide 8
stress concentrations and their influence on the (Zhao et al. 2001) only a few research projects on the
fatigue resistance of structures. fatigue behavior of K joints with gap have been initi-
Up to the 1990 s, formulae for the calculation ated. Schumacher investigated, at EPFL Lausanne
of stress concentration factors (SCF) have been four CHS K joints with chords of 273 × 20 mm and
developed, so that design within a defined param- braces 139.7 × 12.5 mm in lattice girders within her
eter range is possible. From 2000 on, no further doctoral thesis (Schumacher. 2003). In the recent
efforts have been made to develop new formulae report of FOSTA project P815 (FOSTA P815,
or to extend the validity range. Only single SCFs 2014) Kuhlmann et al. published test results of
for certain load combinations or dimensions were CHS K joints with axially loaded braces. For the
determined. General conclusions of the inclusion chords CHS 177.8 × 20 mm and for the braces CHS
of other geometries have not been systematically 88.9 × 5.0 mm and 88.9 × 12.5 mm were used. Also
tackled. test with loads introduced into the chord and with
The first systematic investigations on the fatigue larger hollow sections were carried out.
resistance and behavior of uniplanar T, X and K About the fatigue behavior of K joints with
joints made of circular (CHS) and rectangular hol- normal or higher strength steel grades, only a few
low sections (RHS) started in 1987. Within a joint publications are available, mostly based on finite-
European research project (ECSC) of the Univer- element (FE) analysis. An ECSC research project
sity of Karlsruhe (today Karlsruhe Institute of about RHS joints made of higher strength steels
Technology—KIT), the Technical University Delft performed in Karlsruhe gave first initial results.
and IBBC TNO Delft, parametric formulas based However, the materials used in this program are no
on the hot-spot stress method were published by longer used and not covered by recent standards
various members of this research team. The work (Mang et al. 1993).
on connections of CHS was mainly done in Delft Beyond that, several publications by research-
with main focus on uniplanar and multiplanar ers from Singapore, Australia and China exist
K-joints (Romeijn et al. 1992, Romeijn et al. 1993, with experimental fatigue tests on CHS K joints as
Romeijn 1994, Romeijn et al. 1997). well as FE based investigations. Good overviews
For RHS connections the main findings were of these activities were given at the last Tubular
published by Puthli et al. (1988), Puthli (1989) and Structures Symposia. One of the focuses of the

4
 University of Western Sydney by Mashiri & Zhao
(2006) and Mashiri et al. (2007).
In the scope of the planned update of EN
1993-1-9 (2005), and as an additional background
document for the planned revisions of CIDECT
Design Guide 8 and ISO 14347 (2008), all available
experimental fatigue data are collected in a data-
base which will allow a re-evaluation of the exist-
ing design rules (see Figure 1).
Hereafter, some aspects of the recent research
carried out at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
KIT and the Center of Competence for Tubes and
Hollow Sections (CCTH) are presented.

3 FATIGUE OF STEEL TUBES WITH

LONGITUDINAL ATTACHMENTS

The development of fine grained structural steels

with high and very high strengths is aimed at an
in-crease in load capacity together with constant
weight. Currently, the standardized steel grade
with the highest yield strength for hollow sections
has become S460 NLH in the technical delivery
conditions for hot-finished hollow sections EN
10210–1 (2006), and EN 10219-1 (2006) for cold
formed hollow sections. Steel grades with higher
yield strength fy > 460 N/mm2 are already produced
since many years for all kind of applications. For
hot rolled plates and beams these steel grades are
standardized in EN 10025-6 (2009). For hollow
sections the preliminary standard prEN 10210-2
(2016) enlarges the specifications up to steel grades
S960QLH and S960QL1H with yield strength
fy = 960 N/mm2. The material specifications for
cold formed hollow sections are nearly identical
and listed in prEN 10219-2 (2016).
Most of the very high strength steel CHS are
produced and already used for crane structures.
High-strength fine grained steels can be welded
with usual methods, such as MAG and submerged
arc welding. Corresponding filler material is avail-
able up to yield strength of fy = 960 N/mm2. The
fine-grained structure of high- and ultra-high-
Figure 1. Example excerpt of ECCS TC6 database for strength steels is sensitive to high temperatures,
re-evaluation of detail categories for EN 1993-1-9. however, so special attention has to be paid con-
cerning working temperature and energy input
during welding.
Singaporean researchers is on fracture mechanics In the following, the longitudinal attachment
models for tubular joints (Lie et al. 2006, Qian & detail will be discussed. This detail is mainly used
Zhang. 2015). by the crane industry to fix hydraulic pipes and
At Lappeenranta University special investiga- gangways. The fatigue behavior of longitudinal
tions have been made in the corner area of cold- attachments is dominated by the stiffener length,
formed high strength rectangular hollow sections the shape of the stiffener and the weld execution
within the CIDECT Project 7X (Kokkonen & (FOSTA P512. 2006). Rectangular stiffeners with
Björk, 2006). The fatigue behavior of thin-walled 80 mm length are classified as FAT 71 according
RHS connections (t < 4 mm) has been investigated to Hobbacher (2008) and EN 13001-3-1 (2010).
widely in Australia at Monash University and the In EN 1993-1-9 (2005) the 80 mm-long stiffener

5
represents a border case between Detail Categories Fatigue design is usually independent of the
63 and 71. Former investigations of Ummenhofer material strength. But as it is shown in Figure 2
et al. on rectangular attachments to planar plates higher strength steels still can be advantageous for
indicate a fatigue resistance of 63 MPa at two mil- fatigue resistance.
lion load cycles (FOSTA P778. 2013). Figure 3 shows the S-N-diagram for CHS with
All these investigations are mainly done in the longitudinal attachments in the as-welded condi-
area above 50,000 load cycles up to 5 million load tion. Series MB2 (tube dimension 101.6 × 8.8 mm,
cycles. Standards and recommendations, such as steel grade S960QH) and MB3 (CHS
EN 1993-1-9 (2005) and Hobbacher (2008) provide 139.7 × 8.8 mm, steel grade S960QH) are plotted
linear fatigue design S-N-curves starting at 40,000 together in one diagram. The larger total number
load cycles. Low-cycle fatigue means usually a of tests provides statistically ensured results. But
number of load cycles to failure below 10,000 to the rather small spectrum of failure load cycles
40,000; the transition to high-cycle fatigue is fluid between 5,000 and 75,000 cycles requires a too
and not clearly defined. So the question is where large extrapolation to obtain the characteristic
the line to low-cycle fatigue has to be drawn and value for fatigue resistance at two million load
the so-called Woehler-curves loose validity. cycles. This fact, together with the resulting steep
In practice, often the yield strength Re is con- slope of the curve with m = 2.5, leads to a low value
sidered to be the lower limit to low cycle fatigue of 43.5 N/mm2 for the fatigue resistance.
(Herion et al. 2011, Hrabowski et al. 2014). For Further tests with failures around 1 million load
more detailed analyses, low-cycle fatigue of ductile cycles will help to adjust the S-N curve for the
materials can be separated from high-cycle fatigue whole range up to 5 million load cycles.
by means of the deformation criterion (Gudehus
& Zenner. 2000). Herein, also the influence of the
stress range ratio, R, is considered with-in the fol-
lowing equations:

R*e Re ( − R ) (1)

with : σ miin / σ max const. (2)

where Re is the yield strength in N/mm2; R is the

stress range ratio; σmin and σmax are the lower and
upper nominal stresses.
For axial loading the maximum stress range to
be reached is

Rm* Rm ( − R ) (3)
Figure 2. Fatigue resistance S-N curves according to
Hobbacher (2008) with yield strength limit R*e and maxi-
where Rm is the tensile strength in MPa and R is mum stress range Rm* (R = +0.1) for S355H and S960H.
the stress range ratio according to Equation (2).
In Table 1, the limiting yield strength R*e and
the maximum stress range R*m are calculated
for steel grades S355 J2H and S960QH. On the
basis of the fatigue tests presented in the follow-
ing, the values are given for a stress range ratio
R = +0.1.

Table 1. Yield strength limit R*e and maximum stress

range Rm* for stress range ratio R = +0.1 and wall thick-
ness t ≤ 16 mm.

Steel Re Rm Re* Rm* Material proper-

grade N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 ties acc. to

S355 355 500 320 450 EN 10210 (2006)

S960 960 980–1150 860 882 prEN 10210
(2016) Figure 3. S-N-curve for fatigue test on specimens in as-
welded condition.

6
 at previous ISTS conferences, at ISTS12 in Shang-
hai (Veselcic et al. 2008), at ISTS13 in Hong Kong
(Nussbaumer et al. 2010) and at ISTS15 (Herion
et al. 2014a).
Here the main findings are summarized and a
new proposal for updating the detail tables in EN
1993-1-9 will be given. As the production costs for
the butt welds investigated have been reported dur-
ing the project, also some specific recommenda-
tions with regard to the production costs and the
fatigue resistance are given.
Butt welds are used in bridge constructions in
diverse varieties as a connection of two chords
or between a casted steel joint and a steel CHS.
These connections are butt welds with or with-
out weld backings. All welds can be carried out as
single-side welds only. Within the scope of these
projects different variants for butt weld designs are
Figure 4. Test specimen with eccentric welded longi-
investigated.
tudinal attachments made of S355 and S690 and butt Since the chemical as well as the mechanical-
welded fork ends. technological properties of the cast steel parts used
are nearly the same as for the hot-rolled hollow
sections, all of the following assumptions are not
only valid for butt welds between hollow sections
All the tests have been carried out on CHS ten- and cast steel parts but furthermore for butt welds
sion members (see Figure 4). This element has, connecting hollow sections also.
besides the attachments, also the connections of Both projects were carried out in close coopera-
the fork ends to the CHS as a notch detail which tion between the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
needs to be evaluated. This is actually being done (KIT), the Center of Competence for Tubes and
in a running industrial research project. First Hollow Sections (CCTH) and EPFL Lausanne.
results of this project show that fatigue details for Detailed information on the manufacturing
the fork ends and connections of the fork ends processes is available in the former publications
to the testing machine lead to SR-Nf- lines with a mentioned above. Information on quality levels
steeper slope than were found for the longitudinal and welding parameters mentioned in this section
attachments. So, for smaller stress ranges the fork are described in detail in Veselcic et al. (2006, 2007,
ends and their connections are cracking before the 2008).
connections of the longitudinal attachments. Thus For the research projects, steels according to
these results are invalid test results for the attach- Table 2 were used for the tests. With the use of high
ments. In areas of higher loads the attachments are strength steel, a reduction of the member thick-
the decisive fatigue detail. ness can be realized in practice, keeping in mind
The longitudinal attachments have been made that the wall thickness reduction factor for fatigue
from two different steel grades, S355MC and will decrease also. To ensure good weldability, the
S960QL, and two different shapes to distinguish casting quality was chosen according to previous
easily between both materials. During the experi- projects. For the welding, pre-heating was only
mental tests both the S355 attachments as well as used for the steel grade S690. For all other steel
theS960 attachments showed a more or less equal
crack distribution.
Table 2. Steel grades for the hollow sections and cor-
responding cast steels.
4 FATIGUE OF BUTT WELDED CHS IN
BRIDGE APPLICATIONS Hollow
sections Standard Cast steel Standard
Very similar connections, but for other purposes,
S355J2H EN 10210 G20Mn5(V) EN 10293
were investigated in two large research projects
S460NH EN 10210 G10MnMoV6-3 EN 10293
with regard to using hollow sections in bridge S460NH EN 10210 G10Mn7V EN 10293
applications. The outcome of these projects funded S550QH prEN 10210 G10Mn7V EN 10293
by CIDECT and FOSTA (a national steel research S690QH EN 10210 G10MnMoV6-3 EN 10293
funding organization in Germany), were presented

7
grades pre-heating could be omitted, which entails The outcome of both projects led to a proposal
a significant cost reduction. for an extension of the detail category tables of EN
The whole project included ultrasonic test pro- 1993-1-9 which are limited to same wall thickness
cedures and their evaluation as well as repair con- t of both partners without backing and maximum
cepts for cracked connections. All this was done on t = 12.5 mm under pure tension load. In Table 3
single connections as well as on large-scale trusses the proposed Detail Categories for butt welded
at EPFL where attention was paid to strain gauge CHS under pure tension are given. Table 4 gives
measurements.
However, the formulas from the CIDECT rec-
ommendations were not used since the geometric Table 4. Detail categories for typical butt joints used in
parameters of the tested trusses were outside the bridge constructions—bending load.
application range for SCF tables given by Zhao
et al. (2001). Consequently, as will be shown in the
next section, research on the revision of these for-
mulas has been started in 2015.
For the K joints, no difference was observed in
the behavior and the fatigue strength between S690
trusses and S355 trusses previously tested. Thus,
the same fatigue category can be used for both steel
grades. The trusses systematically failed at the K
joints; i.e. for the load combination applied, the K
joints had a lower fatigue strength compared to the
casting-to-tube butt welded joints. Thus only “run-
outs”, but no failures, resulted from the fatigue
tests on the casting-to-tube butt welded joints.
Subsequent NDE by KIT on some of the joints
using the phased-array method confirmed that
no fatigue crack initiated in these joints. A couple
of the run-outs were below, but near to, the curve
ΔσC, tension = 71 with a slope of m = 5, which is a logical
confirmation that, for these load levels and number
of cycles, no fatigue cracks should be found.

Table 3. Detail categories for typical butt joints used in

bridge constructions—tension load.

Figure 5. Efficiency of the connections (V2 – reference

value 100%).

8
the proposal for pure bending where the stresses For the joint configurations studied in this
of the Detail Categories are calculated at the outer phase it was found that fatigue design accord-
surface of the CHS, as these stresses normally are ing to the methods of van Wingerde et al. (1996,
given by structural analysis programs. In contrast 1997), CIDECT (Zhao et al. 2001) and to Herion
to this, it has to be mentioned that the crack always & Mang (1996) for axially loaded welded RHS K
started at the root from the inside of the CHS. joints made of thick-walled hollow sections, led to
In both projects the industrial partners involved conservative estimations for the SCFs compared
counted their production costs when fabricating the to FE predictions. This leads to safe results, but
butt joints, so a relationship between relative fatigue it might also lead to an uneconomic joint design
resistance and relative production costs can be given. (Herion et al. 2013).
The reference value for both is a butt weld with a Regarding the situation for thick-walled CHS K
backing ring (V2), with this type of connection des- joints, a comparison of FE results and CIDECT
ignated as having 100% fatigue resistance and 100% predictions produced nearly the same SCF for
production costs. All other data in Figure 5 are plot- the braces. However, for the chord the FE solu-
ted in relation to this connection variant (V2). tion gave a SCF which was nearly twice the SCF
determined by CIDECT formulas (Herion et al.
2014b). It is assumed that the missing influence
5 FATIGUE OF K-JOINTS—EXTENSION of eccentricity in the design formulas is the reason
OF THE EXISTING SCF FORMULAE for this discrepancy. The influence of the resulting
moments due to this eccentricity will be part of the
As already mentioned there is a need for many further investigations. Furthermore, the experi-
modern applications to use rectangular and cir- ments in this new research are also designed to
cular hollow sections made of high strength steels get more information and evidence about the size
and/or thick-walled sections. The question though effect, which was under discussion at the first and
was whether the existing design formulas could be second ISTS in Boston and Tokyo already and fur-
used for thick-walled joints also. ther discussed by van Wingerde et al. (1997).
So, in a first initial step, K joints made of RHS All this was reason enough to initiate a new
with gap with chord dimensions b0 × h0 × t0 = 300 × research project. In this project, which is jointly
300 × 20 mm and braces b1 × h1 × t1 = 200 × 200 × supported by the German research organization
20 mm and a gap of g = 100 mm (e/h0 = 0.14) have FOSTA and by CIDECT, fatigue tests will be car-
been investigated by FE analysis and presented in ried out on RHS and CHS K joints made of S355
Herion et al. (2013) and Herion et al. (2014b). The and S700 cold-formed and hot-rolled sections.
boundary conditions for the comparisons involved Small-scale specimens will be examined at TNO,
braces with balanced axial loads. Delft in a test frame with single-acting actuators
One of the questions to be solved is whether (Figure 6). Tests on large-scale specimens will be
the extrapolation points for thick-walled sections carried out at KIT in Karlsruhe within a rigid test
are the same as for thin-walled sections. In the lit- rig (Figure 7).
erature different distances can be found, for which With both test set-ups, fatigue loads up to 2.5
it can be assumed that local discontinuities at the MN on the chords can be realized. The maximum
weld do not influence the hot spot stresses. The
distances according to CIDECT (Zhao et al. 2001)
and ISO 14347 (2008) are clearly defined. For
plated structures or for connections with a pro-
nounced non-linear stress increase, at sharp diver-
sions of force or for thick-walled structures similar
distances are given in the IIW recommendations
(Hobbacher. 2008). All three recommendations
use the same quadratic extrapolation and use the
same distances for the extrapolation.
The effects of primary bending moments and
bending moments due to unequal stiffness distri-
butions at the intersections (secondary bending
moments) are covered by the numerical investigations
as well as by experiments. They are also included in
the formulae given in ISO 14347 (2008) and CID-
ECT (Zhao et al. 2001). So, the determination of
SCFs has been done following the recommendation
as given in CIDECT Design Guide 8. Figure 6. Test set-up at TNO for small K-joints.

9
 6 APPLICATION EXAMPLES

6.1 Bridges made of CHS

In Germany, one of the first CHS truss bridges
under the government administration was the
motorway overpass at Lichtenfels, with direct
welded joints and with an in-situ concrete deck
slab. The bridge was completed in 2008 with a
span of 53.4 m. It is a frame construction with two
separate planar frameworks without moving bear-
ings (integral bridge). This bridge was planned and
realized by SSF Ingenieure in Munich, Germany
(Figure 9).
The main technical aspects, with special regard
to fatigue of the CHS joints, could be solved using
the research works mentioned previously. On first
sight it seems to be very surprising that this was
the first bridge over a highway in Germany real-
ized with a supporting CHS framework. However,
knowing the very complicated and conservative
regulations in Germany, it is not a real surprise.
While the research was going on and more
knowledge and trust in this technology was
achieved, another similar bridge, Nussweg Bridge,
was planned over the highway A8 between Karl-
sruhe and Stuttgart by Ingenieurgruppe Bauen
IGB, Karlsruhe together with CCTH, which
Figure 7. Planned test set-up for large K-joints for 6.3 was responsible for the technical expertise (see
MN testing machine at KIT. Figure 10). Nevertheless, it needed another 6 years
from the realization of the bridge in Lichtenfels to
the accepted planning of the Nussweg Bridge.
As the political orientation in this part of Ger-
many changed more in the direction of the Green

Figure 8. Maximum joint sizes for the fatigue tests in

Karlsruhe. Figure 9. Bridge over highway A73 near Lichtenfels
(animation by SSF Ingenieure).

sizes of the K joints will be 323.9 × 20 mm for

chords of CHS K joints and 300 × 300 × 20 for
chords of RHS K joints. The planned specimens
for the fatigue tests are shown in Figure. 8. The
production of the joints is scheduled for mid-2017.
Parallel to the fatigue tests numerical parameter
studies using FE analysis are being done at CCTH
using the FE package ABAQUS. The FE models
will be verified by strain gauge measurements at
TNO and KIT. The results of this project will be Figure 10. Nussweg bridge over highway A8 near Karl-
reported at the next ISTS. sruhe (animation by IGB, Karlsruhe).

10
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 — « Quelle perte pour moi — pour nous, se reprit-elle avec une
magnanime générosité, et elle ajouta dans un murmure : « pour le
monde entier »… Aux dernières lueurs du crépuscule je pouvais
distinguer la lumière de ses yeux pleins de larmes, de larmes qui ne
voulaient pas couler.
— « J’ai été très heureuse, très fortunée, très fière, continua-t-
elle. Trop fortunée, trop heureuse pendant quelque temps. Et
maintenant je suis malheureuse pour toujours… »
« Elle se leva. Ses cheveux blonds semblaient recueillir, dans un
scintillement doré, tout ce qui restait de clarté dans l’air. Je me levai
à mon tour.
— « Et de tout cela, fit-elle encore, avec désolation, de tout ce
qu’il promettait, de toute sa grandeur, de cette âme généreuses de
ce cœur si noble, il ne reste plus rien — rien qu’un souvenir… Vous
et moi…
— « Nous nous souviendrons toujours de lui !… » fis-je
hâtivement.
— « Non, s’écria-t-elle. Il est impossible que tout soit perdu,
qu’une vie comme la sienne soit sacrifiée sans rien laisser derrière
elle — sinon de la douleur… Vous savez quels étaient ses vastes
projets. Je les connaissais aussi. Peut-être ne comprenais-je pas.
Mais d’autres étaient au courant. Il doit demeurer quelque chose.
Ses paroles au moins ne sont pas mortes !…
— « Ses paroles resteront, dis-je…
— « Et son exemple, murmura-t-elle, comme pour elle-même. On
avait les yeux fixés sur lui. Sa bonté brillait dans toutes ses actions.
Son exemple…
— « C’est vrai, fis-je. Son exemple demeure aussi. Oui, son
exemple, je l’oubliais…
— « Mais non, je n’oublie pas. Je ne puis, je ne puis croire
encore, je ne puis croire que je ne le reverrai plus, que personne ne
le verra plus jamais… »
 « Comme vers une image qui s’éloigne, elle joignit ses mains
pâles et tendit ses bras qui, à contre-jour de l’étroite et pâlissante
lueur de la fenêtre, apparurent tout noirs. Ne plus jamais le revoir !
— Je le revoyais à ce moment bien assez distinctement !… Toute ma
vie, je reverrai ce loquace fantôme, et je la verrai elle-même, ombre
tragique et familière, pareille dans son attitude, à une autre,
également tragique, et ornée de charmes impuissants, qui étendait
ses bras nus, au-dessus du scintillement du fleuve infernal, du fleuve
de ténèbre. Soudain, elle dit, très bas : « Il est mort comme il a
vécu… »
— « Sa mort, fis-je, cependant qu’une sourde irritation montait en
moi, a été de tous points digne de sa vie.
— « Et je n’étais pas auprès de lui, » murmura-t-elle.
« Mon irritation céda à un sentiment de pitié sans bornes.
— « Tout ce qui pouvait être fait… », bredouillai-je.
— « Ah ! J’avais foi en lui plus que quiconque au monde !… Plus
que sa propre mère… Plus que lui-même. Il avait besoin de moi…
Ah ! J’aurais jalousement recueilli le moindre de ses soupirs, ses
moindres paroles, chacun de ses mouvements, chacun de ses
regards. »
« Je sentis une main glacée sur ma poitrine. « Ne l’ai-je pas
fait ?… » dis-je d’une voix étouffée.
— « Pardonnez-moi !… J’ai si longtemps pleuré en silence, en
silence. Vous êtes demeuré avec lui, jusqu’au bout… Je songe à son
isolement… Personne auprès de lui pour le comprendre, comme je
l’aurais compris… Personne pour entendre…
— « Jusqu’au bout, fis-je d’un ton saccadé… J’ai entendu ses
derniers mots… » Je m’arrêtai, saisi.
— « Répétez-les, murmura-t-elle d’un ton accablé. Je veux, je
veux avoir quelque chose avec quoi je puisse vivre… »
« Je fus sur le point de lui crier : « Mais ne les entendez-vous
pas ? » L’obscurité autour de nous ne cessait de les répéter dans un
chuchotement persistant, dans un chuchotement qui semblait
s’enfler de façon menaçante, comme le premier bruissement du vent
qui se lève : « L’horreur ! L’horreur !… »
— « Son dernier mot : que j’en puisse vivre !… » reprit-elle. « Ne
comprenez-vous donc pas que je l’aimais, je l’aimais, je l’aimais ! »
« Je me ressaisis et parlant lentement :
— « Le dernier mot qu’il ait prononcé : ce fut votre nom… »
« Je perçus un léger soupir et mon cœur ensuite cessa de battre,
comme arrêté net par un cri exultant et terrible, un cri d’inconcevable
triomphe et de douleur inexprimable : « Je le savais, j’en étais
sûre !… » Elle savait. Elle était sûre. Je l’entendis sangloter : elle
avait caché son visage dans ses mains. J’eus l’impression que la
maison allait s’écrouler avant que je n’eusse le temps de m’esquiver,
que le ciel allait choir sur ma tête. Mais rien de pareil. Les cieux ne
tombent pas pour si peu. Seraient-ils tombés, je me le demande, si
j’avais rendu à Kurtz la justice qui lui était due ?… N’avait-il pas dit
qu’il ne demandait que justice ? Mais je ne pouvais pas. Je ne
pouvais lui dire. C’eût été trop affreux, décidément trop affreux… »
Marlow s’arrêta et demeura assis à l’écart, indistinct et silencieux,
dans la pose de Bouddha qui médite. Personne, pendant un
moment, ne fit un mouvement. — « Nous avons manqué le premier
flot de la marée », fit l’administrateur tout à coup. Je relevai la tête.
L’horizon était barré par un banc de nuages noirs et cette eau, qui
comme un chemin tranquille mène aux confins de la terre, coulait
sombre sous un ciel chargé, semblait mener vers le cœur même
d’infinies ténèbres.
ACHEVÉ D’IMPRIMER
LE 30 JUILLET 1925
PAR F. PAILLART A
ABBEVILLE (SOMME).
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JEUNESSE,
SUIVI DU CŒUR DES TÉNÈBRES ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of
this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept
and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and
may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the
terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of
the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from
the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using
the method you already use to calculate your applicable
taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate
royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or
are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns.
Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at
the address specified in Section 4, “Information about
donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
 Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return
or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical
medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other
copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full

refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy,
if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported
to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or
indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur:
(a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.
 Section 3. Information about the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

textbookfull.com