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Chenyang Li · Liqiong Jia · Xuan Wu Editors

The Beauty of
Geology: Art of
Geology Mapping in
China Over a Century
The Beauty of Geology: Art of Geology Mapping
in China Over a Century
Chenyang Li • Liqiong Jia • Xuan Wu
Editors

The Beauty of Geology: Art

of Geology Mapping in China
Over a Century
Editors
Chenyang Li Liqiong Jia
Development and Research Center of China Development and Research Center of China
Geological Survey (National Geological Geological Survey (National Geological
Archives of China) Archives of China)
Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China

Xuan Wu
Development and Research Center of China
Geological Survey (National Geological
Archives of China)
Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China

ISBN 978-981-13-3785-7    ISBN 978-981-13-3786-4 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3786-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018966875

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019. This book is an open access publication.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction
in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link
to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons licence, unless
indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons licence
and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain
permission directly from the copyright holder.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed
to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,
express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
Acknowledgment

Thanks go to the “National Geological Data Convergence and Collection” project of China
Geological Survey (grant no. DD20160348) that supported funding to make this atlas a reality.
We would like to thank Mr. Yang Guangsheng, Mr. Shi Junfa, Mrs. Xing Lixia, Mr. Chen Hui,
and Mrs. Liu Yayan, who all come from China Geological Survey, for giving guidance for the
preparation of the atlas. We also would like to express our appreciation to all those who helped
us during the preparation and publication of this atlas. To Mr. Xu Yong, Mr. Zhang Haiqi, and
Mr. Tan Yongjie, Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey, for their
technical support; to Mr. Qiang Xin, Mr. Huang Bing, and Mrs. Zhang Qian, Development and
Research Center of China Geological Survey, for choosing geological maps; and to Mrs. Wang
Xueping and Mrs. Wang Chunning, National Geological Library of China, for selecting hand-­
drawn drawings. We would like to extend our thanks to the calligrapher Kou Kerang and
Chinese Painting & Calligraphy editor Liu Guang, for their art direction.

v
Contents

1 Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
Chenyang Li, Liqiong Jia, and Xuan Wu
2 Initiation Period (1914–1934): Geologists’ Artistic Accomplishment
Reflected by Hand-Drawn Maps��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
Chenyang Li, Guo Liu, Ruiyang Yu, Hui Guo, and Fanyu Qi
3 Exploration Period (1935–1953): The First Step Toward
Standardization����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 23
Liqiong Jia, Xiaolei Li, Yuntao Shang, Xuezheng Gao, and Jie Meng
4 Growth Period (1954–1994): Maps Displaying More Information
and Printed in More Standard Way ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 51
Liqiong Jia, Zhaoyu Kong, Xuezheng Gao, Hui Guo, Xiaolei Li,
and Chunzhen He
5 Leaping Forward Period (1995 to Present): Moving into Digital
Mapping and Digital Cartography Era ����������������������������������������������������������������� 103
Xuan Wu, Fanyu Qi, Guo Liu, Yuntao Shang, and Jie Meng

vii
Contributors

Xuezheng Gao Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey (National
Geological Archives of China), Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China
Hui Guo Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey (National Geological
Archives of China), Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China
Chunzhen He Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey (National
Geological Archives of China), Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China
Liqiong Jia Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey (National
Geological Archives of China), Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China
Zhaoyu Kong Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey (National
Geological Archives of China), Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China
Chenyang Li Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey (National
Geological Archives of China), Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China
Xiaolei Li Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey (National
Geological Archives of China), Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China
Guo Liu National Geological Library of China/Geoscience Documentation Center, China
Geological Survey, Haidian District, P.R. China
Jie Meng Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey (National Geological
Archives of China), Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China
Fanyu Qi Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey (National
Geological Archives of China), Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China
Yuntao Shang Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey (National
Geological Archives of China), Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China
Xuan Wu Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey (National
Geological Archives of China), Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China
Ruiyang Yu Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey (National
Geological Archives of China), Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China

ix
 Introduction
1
Chenyang Li, Liqiong Jia, and Xuan Wu

In 1916, the first generation of geological graduates entered and hand-drawn sketches from the perspective of art
the China Geological Survey and opened a new era of geo- appreciation.
logical survey in China. Over the past 100 years, generations Based on the development of geological mapping, the
of geologists have made outstanding contributions to the atlas can be divided into four stages: initiation (from 1914 to
geological survey and prospecting for China’s prosperity. 1934), exploration (from 1935 to 1953), growth (from 1954
They measure the ground, search for treasures, explore the to 1994), and leap (from 1995 to present). The atlas system-
earth, and engrave the beautiful mountains and rivers. As atically shows the development and evolution of geological
geologists, they completed many beautiful geological maps mapping in China, and thus explores the development and
with the skill of the painter. These maps carry geological changes of geological survey in the past 100 years. These
information in a scientific way and display a profound artis- maps carry geological information in a scientific way and
tic aesthetics, reflecting the geologists’ good artistic accom- display a profound artistic aesthetics, reflecting the geolo-
plishment, romantic work feelings,and the inheritance and gists’ good artistic accomplishment and romantic work feel-
development of geological spirit from generation to ings, showing the inheritance and development of geological
generation. spirit from generation to generation.
The National Geological Archives of China have col-
lected millions of geological maps, among which the out-
standing works can be called artworks. Hand-drawn drawings
have distinct lines, reasonable composition, elegant colors,
and meticulous painters; computer drawings are rich in con-
tent, bright colors, standard drawing, and exquisite decora-
tion. This atlas has selected more than 100 geological maps.
It integrates artistic, ornamental, and scientific features. With
the development of geological mapping of China in the past
century as the main line, this atlas displays geological maps

C. Li (*) · L. Jia · X. Wu
Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey
(National Geological Archives of China),
Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s) 2019 1

C. Li et al. (eds.), The Beauty of Geology: Art of Geology Mapping in China Over a Century,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3786-4_1
2 C. Li et al.

Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropri-
ate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in
a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statu-
tory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
 Initiation Period (1914–1934):
Geologists’ Artistic Accomplishment 2
Reflected by Hand-Drawn Maps

Chenyang Li, Guo Liu, Ruiyang Yu, Hui Guo, and Fanyu Qi

In 1903, Zhou Shuren (pseudonym is Lu Xun) said in his and English. Most of the maps are regional and mineral geo-
Geological Theory of China: “Observe the national condi- logical maps. Hand-drawn geological map reflects the per-
tions is not a difficult task. There is no home-made precise sonal artistic accomplishment of the geological predecessors.
geological map in its territory and its city of a non-civilized Representing one of the earliest regional geological maps
country.” In 1906, the Complete Map of China’s Mineral collected by the National Geological Archives of China
Resources compiled by Gu Lang and Zhou Shuren is the ear- (NGAC), this sketch depicts geological conditions in the
liest geological map in China. vicinity of Mt. Dongting. The sketch’s lines are distinct, and
From 1913 to 1919, Zhang Hongzhao, Ding Wenjiang, its gouache colors elegant. The paper is thin. The content of
and Weng Wenhao, the founders of China’s geological cause, the sketch is simple, with legends and scale but no compass
led the teachers and students of China Geological Survey to rose. The text that accompanies the map was written by
carry out geological and mineral survey and mapping work Chinese writing brush (Fig. 2.1).
in Beijing Xishan, Hebei Province, Shangdong Province and In 1914, Ding et al. traveled to Yunnan, Guizhou, and
other places. They successively compiled geological maps of Sichuan provinces and other destinations to conduct geologi-
various scales, such as the Geological Map of Xishan, cal surveys. During the expedition, they compiled several
Beijing. In the 1920s, three 1:1 million geological maps were geological maps and profiles as well as geological maps of
compiled and published: 1:1 million China Geological Map mining areas in Guangxi and Shandong provinces, pioneer-
and Instructions (Beijing-Jinan Sheet), 1:1 million China ing the development of geological mapping through field
Geological Map and Instructions (Taiyuan-Yulin Sheet), and surveys in China (Figs. 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5).
1:1 million China Geological Map and Instructions This geological map of an iron ore deposit was drawn by
(Nanjing-Kaifeng Sheet). In the initial stage, geological pre- prominent Chinese geologist Hongzhao Zhang on thin, light
decessors compiled many representative geological maps of paper with colors in gouache. The content of the map is sim-
great significance, which laid the first foundation for future ple, the lines are distinct, and its colors are vivid. A legend,
geological mapping in China. scale, and compass rose are included (Fig. 2.6).
At this stage, geological maps are almost hand-painted, These sketches depict ancient creatures in natural light
with relatively simple lines, and mostly monochrome; poly- using dark lines and rich textures (Fig. 2.7).
chromatic maps were painted mainly with watercolor pig- The histograms were drawn by Weng Wenhao, one of the
ments, and the used paper was light and rough. There is no earliest modern Chinese geologists. The drawings are ele-
standard for geological mapping, and the scale is mostly a gant, precise, and detail-oriented. The yellowed paper pos-
written description, many of which are bilingual, in Chinese sesses old-fashioned charm (Fig. 2.8).
Details are properly portrayed with smooth lines. Large
areas of blank space and rolling hills highlight the map’s
C. Li (*) · R. Yu · H. Guo · F. Qi theme. The steadily rising gentle terrain on the left of the
Development and Research Center of China Geological
map recalls the mystical atmosphere of a scroll painting of
Survey (National Geological Archives of China),
Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China rivers and mountains. The sophisticated narrative technique
e-mail: [email protected] makes the viewer feel as though a complex story has sud-
G. Liu denly broken off, filling the plain picture with rhythmic ten-
National Geological Library of China/Geoscience Documentation sion. Rather than a geological profile, the map is more like a
Center, China Geological Survey, painting of a long expanse of rivers and mountains (Fig. 2.9).
Haidian District, P.R. China

© The Author(s) 2019 3

C. Li et al. (eds.), The Beauty of Geology: Art of Geology Mapping in China Over a Century,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3786-4_2
4 C. Li et al.

Fig. 2.1 Geological sketch map of Mt. Dongting, Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province [1]

This is the first geological map on a 1:100,000 scale that This map depicts the distribution of lead, copper, gold,
was independently surveyed and mapped by Chinese asbestos, sulfur, and pyrite in Xikang District (now the
­geologists. It was published in 1920 as the first supplemen- Yajiang area of Sichuan Province). The map is mainly drawn
tary issue of “Geological Special Report,” the first regional with delicate and smooth lines, which are mainly green con-
geological monograph written by Chinese geological scien- tour lines, partially supplemented by red lines and blocks in
tists (Fig. 2.12). blue, yellow, red, etc., with a neat and forceful calligraphy of
This is the first geological map of a large region with stan- regular script in small characters. These characteristics com-
dard sheet division (1:1,000,000) compiled by Chinese geol- bine to lend the map an antique allure (Fig. 2.15).
ogists. One of the three small-scale geological maps with The lines on the maps are elegant, smooth, precise, and
standard sheet division, it was completed under the supervi- clean, and the colors are bright and distinct. The frames of
sion of Wenhao Weng, the acting director of the China the maps are uncluttered (Fig. 2.16).
Geological Survey during 1921–1924, and of substantial This schematic diagram of the production method of a
strategic significance (collection of the National Geological potter’s wheel is rendered concisely with adequate detail.
Library of China) (Fig. 2.13). The simple light effects and indicators on the drawing make
In this map, the contours, strata, and rock properties of a the production process easily understood (Fig. 2.17).
terrain in Anhui Province are depicted using single red lines. This map is based on geological surveys by Li Siguang
The lines are dense in the right part of the map but sparse in and exquisitely drawn in harmonious colors (Fig. 2.18).
the left part and show the effect of relative concentration and This sketch depicts the distribution of outcrops of copper
partial sparseness, which generate an appealing contrast and the formation of rock strata in Daye, Hubei Province
(Fig. 2.14). (Fig. 2.19).
2 Initiation Period (1914–1934): Geologists’ Artistic Accomplishment Reflected by Hand-Drawn Maps 5

Fig. 2.2 Geological map of eastern Yunnan [2]. (Source: China’s first field geological map)
6 C. Li et al.

Fig. 2.3 Generalized section through eastern Yunnan by V.K. Ting [3]. (Source: China’s first field geological map)
2 Initiation Period (1914–1934): Geologists’ Artistic Accomplishment Reflected by Hand-Drawn Maps 7

Fig. 2.4 Geological map of Dachang, Guangxi Province [4]. (Source: China’s first field geological map)
8 C. Li et al.

Fig. 2.5 Geological map of coalfield of Yixian, Shandong Province [5]. (Source: China’s first field geological map)
2 Initiation Period (1914–1934): Geologists’ Artistic Accomplishment Reflected by Hand-Drawn Maps 9

Fig. 2.6 Geological map of iron ore deposit in Xibei Township, Fanchang County [6]
10 C. Li et al.

Fig. 2.7 Sketches of ancient creature’s fossils [7]

2 Initiation Period (1914–1934): Geologists’ Artistic Accomplishment Reflected by Hand-Drawn Maps 11

Fig. 2.8 Histograms attached

to report on Boyangjian mine,
Leping County, Jiangxi
Province [8]
12 C. Li et al.

Fig. 2.9 Geology and mineral deposits map of Mt. Huitou (Part II) [9]
2 Initiation Period (1914–1934): Geologists’ Artistic Accomplishment Reflected by Hand-Drawn Maps 13

Fig. 2.10 Geological map of Fengjiang coal mine in Yugan County, Jiangxi Province [10]
14 C. Li et al.

Fig. 2.11 Geological map of Boshan coalfield in Zichuan County, Shandong Province [11]
2 Initiation Period (1914–1934): Geologists’ Artistic Accomplishment Reflected by Hand-Drawn Maps 15

Fig. 2.12 Geological map of Mt. Xishan, Beijing [12]

16 C. Li et al.

Fig. 2.13 Chinese geological map (1:1,000,000): Beijing-Jinan areas and brochure [13]
2 Initiation Period (1914–1934): Geologists’ Artistic Accomplishment Reflected by Hand-Drawn Maps 17

Fig. 2.14 Coalfield geological map of Shuidong Township, Xuancheng County, Anhui Province [14]
18 C. Li et al.

Fig. 2.15 Geological mineral map of eastern part of Xikang District [15]
2 Initiation Period (1914–1934): Geologists’ Artistic Accomplishment Reflected by Hand-Drawn Maps 19

Fig. 2.16 Two geological maps of Danba, Taining, and Zhanhua Counties, Xikang District [16]

Fig. 2.17 Production method of potter’s wheel [17]

20 C. Li et al.

Fig. 2.18 Geological map of Longtan [18]

Fig. 2.19 Geological sketch of Yangxin copper mine, Daye, Hubei Province [19]
2 Initiation Period (1914–1934): Geologists’ Artistic Accomplishment Reflected by Hand-Drawn Maps 21

Fig. 2.20 Geological profile of the area from the northwest of Mt. Wuyin to Yansi, Longquan County [20]

11. Tan Xichou. Geological map of Boshan Coalfield in Zichuan

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County, Jiangsu Province. 1914. doi:https://doi.org/10.12063/ Tan Xichou, Zhu Tinghu, Lu Zuyin, Ma Bingduo, Li Jie, Tong
data.A.2018.NGA0368.T1.1.1. Buying, Chen Shuping, Zhao Rujun. Geological map of Mt.
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by V.K. Ting. 1914. doi: https://doi.org/10.12063/data.A.2018. J.G. Chinese geological map (1:1,000,000): Beijing-Jinan areas and
NGA7540.T1.9.1. Brochure. Beijing, China Geological Survey, 1924.
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province. 1916. doi: https://doi.org/10.12063/data.B.2018. Xikang District. 1930. doi: https://doi.org/10.12063/data.C.2018.
NGA7540.T1.46.1. NGA2729.T1.1.1.
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org/10.12063/data.A.2018.NGA0388.T1.1.1. 19. Zhu Xiren, Ji Rongsen. Geological sketch of Yangxin Copper
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ate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made.
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a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statu-
tory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
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