Dynamics of Vibration

Reported by:
Buan, Jonathan M.
What is Vibration?

Vibration is defined as the

oscillating, reciprocating, or
other periodic motion of a
rigid or elastic body or
medium forced from a
position or state of
equilibrium.
Dynamics of Vibrations - Buan, Jonathan M.
Types of Vibration

Free Vibration: Occurs Forced Vibration:

when a system Occurs when an
oscillates due to an external force
initial disturbance continuously drives the
without external forces. system.

Dynamics of Vibrations - Buan, Jonathan M.

Free Vibration

Dynamics of Vibrations - Buan, Jonathan M.

Types of Free Vibration

Undamped Free Vibration: Damped Free Vibration:

no energy is lost from the occurs when energy is
system during oscillation, gradually lost due to forces
meaning the system like air resistance or friction,
continues to vibrate leading to a decrease in the
indefinitely with the same amplitude over time.
amplitude
Forced
Vibration

Dynamics of Vibrations - Buan, Jonathan M.

Types of Forced Vibration

Undamped Forced Damped Forced

Vibration: the system Vibration: the system is
vibrates due to the driven by an external
continuous application of force, but energy is
an external force, and no dissipated due to
energy is lost. damping.
Basic Concepts of Vibration Analysis

Multi Degree of
Single Degree of Damping and
Freedom
Freedom Energy
(MDOF)
(SDOF) Systems Dissipation
Systems

Dynamics of Vibrations - Buan, Jonathan M.

Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) Systems

is the simplest representation of a dynamic system, where the

motion or displacement of the system can be described by a
single variable (degree of freedom). The SDOF system
assumes that the structure or mechanical system behaves as
a single mass, moving in one direction (either horizontally or
vertically) in response to external forces.

Dynamics of Vibrations - Buan, Jonathan M.

Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) Systems

equation of motion for an SDOF system:

mx¨(t)+cx˙(t)+kx(t)=F(t)
m is the mass,
c is the damping coefficient,
k is the stiffness,
x(t) is the displacement as a function of time,
x˙(t) and x¨(t) are the velocity and acceleration,
F(t) is the external force acting on the system.

Dynamics of Vibrations - Buan, Jonathan M.

 Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) Systems

Before Vibrating While Vibrating

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Dynamics of Vibrations - Buan, Jonathan M.

MDOF (Multiple Degrees of Freedom)
System
is a more complex and realistic model that represents
structures or mechanical systems that can move in multiple
independent directions or exhibit more complex motion. In an
MDOF system, the structure is modeled with several masses,
each associated with its own degree of freedom, allowing for
the analysis of more realistic behavior under dynamic loads.

Dynamics of Vibrations - Buan, Jonathan M.

MDOF (Multiple Degrees of Freedom)
System
equations of motion for an MDOF system:
MX¨(t)+CX˙(t)+KX(t)=F(t)
M is the mass matrix (representing the mass at different points of
the structure),
C is the damping matrix,
K is the stiffness matrix,
X(t) is the vector of displacements for each degree of freedom,
F(t) is the vector of external forces acting on the system.

Dynamics of Vibrations - Buan, Jonathan M.

 MDOF (Multiple Degrees of Freedom)
System

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Dynamics of Vibrations - Buan, Jonathan M.

MDOF (Multiple Degrees of Freedom)
System
Example mode shapes:

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Dynamics of Vibrations - Buan, Jonathan M.
Damping and
Energy Dissipation
Damping is the process by which a
structure dissipates the energy
imparted to it by external forces such
as seismic events or wind. The primary
purpose of damping is to reduce the
amplitude of vibrations caused by these
dynamic forces.

Dynamics of Vibrations - Buan, Jonathan M.

Damping and Energy Dissipation
The NSCP assumes a typical damping ratio of 5% of critical
damping for buildings. This is a standard value for reinforced
concrete buildings and reflects the energy dissipation
characteristics of most typical construction materials and
systems. For steel buildings or other types of structures,
different damping values may be used depending on the
specific materials and design.

Dynamics of Vibrations - Buan, Jonathan M.

RESPONSE SPECTRUM
ANALYSIS

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
Response Spectrum Analysis is used in structural engineering to
evaluate how a building or structure will respond to seismic
activity. It involves creating a response spectrum—a graphical
representation that shows a structure's maximum expected
response (such as displacement, velocity, or acceleration) at
various natural frequencies when subjected to earthquake forces.

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

NATURAL TIME PERIOD (T)
It is the time needed to finish one
cycle of vibration.
It depends on:
1. Mass of the structure (M)
2. Stiffness of the structure (K)

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

 NATURAL TIME PERIOD (T)
MASS OF THE STRUCTURE
Note:
If M is↑, T is↑
If M is↓, T is↓

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

 NATURAL TIME PERIOD (T)
MASS OF THE STRUCTURE
Note:
If M is↑, T is↑
If M is↓, T is↓

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

 NATURAL TIME PERIOD (T)
STIFFNESS OF THE STRUCTURE
Note:
Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 If K is↑, T is↑
If K is↓, T is↓

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

RESPONSE SPECTRUM CURVE

X-Axis:
Period (T)
Y-axis:
Acceleration

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

RESPONSE SPECTRUM CURVE

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

NSCP 2015
SOIL PROFILE TYPES

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

NSCP 2015
SEISMIC SOURCE TYPES

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

NSCP 2015
Near-Source Factor Seismic Response Coefficients

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

EXAMPLE:
Determine the design response spectrum for a site in Zone 4 with the
following characteristics:

Soil Profile Type: SD

Seismic source type: C
Distance to the nearest seismic source: 23km

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

SOLUTION:
1. Determine Na and Nv (See table 208-5 and 208-6)

Soil Profile Type: SD

Seismic source type: C
Distance to the nearest seismic
source: 23km

Na = 1.0
Nv = 1.0

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

2. Determine Seismic Coefficients Ca and Cv (See table 208-7 and 208-8)

Soil Profile Type: SD

Seismic source type: C
Distance to the nearest seismic
source: 23km

Ca = 0.44 (1.0) = 0.44

Cv = 0.64 (1.0) = 0.64

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

3. Construct the response spectrum
Ca = 0.44 (1.0) = 0.44
Cv = 0.64 (1.0) = 0.64

Ts = Cv/2.5Ca
Ts = 0.64/2.5(0.44)
Ts = 0.58
To = 0.2Ts
To = 0.2(0.58)
To = 0.12
To/Ts = 0.12/0.58
To/Ts = 0.20
Sa = 2.5Ca = 2.5 (0.44)
Sa = 2.5Ca = 1.1

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

Plot the Graph
2.5Ca = 1.1
2.5Ca = 1.1 .
Ca = 0.44 (1.0) = 0.44
1.0
Cv = 0.64 (1.0) = 0.64

Ts = Cv/2.5Ca
0.64/T Ts = 0.64/2.5(0.44)
Acceleration

Ts = 0.58
To = 0.2Ts

Ts = 0.58
To = 0.12

0.5

To = 0.2(0.58)
To = 0.12
To/Ts = 0.12/0.58
Cv = 0.64
To/Ts = 0.20
0
Sa = 2.5Ca = 2.5 (0.44)
0 0.5 1.0 1.4
Sa = 2.5Ca = 1.1
Time (s)

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION | DATU, ANGEL LYKA P.

 dynamics of vibrations:
SEISMIC EFFECTS ON
STRUCTURAL VIBRATION
Presented by: Hannah Arabella D. Olpindo
1995 GREAT HANSHIN EARTHQUAKE

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

1990 LUZON EARTHQUAKE

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

 SEISMIC WAVES
P-Waves S-Waves

Rayleigh Waves Love Waves

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

FACTORS AFFECTING WAVE PROPAGATION
Soil type
Distance from the Epicenter
Geological Conditions

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

SEISMIC LOADS ON STRUCTURES
Inertial Forces

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

SEISMIC LOADS ON STRUCTURES
Elastic forces

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

SEISMIC LOADS ON STRUCTURES
damping Forces

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

NATURAL FREQUENCY AND STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO SEISMIC LOADS
NATURAL FREQUENCY
Natural frequency is the speed or rhythm at which
something tends to vibrate naturally when it’s shaken
or disturbed.

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

NATURAL FREQUENCY AND STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO SEISMIC LOADS
resonance
Resonance occurs when the frequency of an external
force (such as seismic waves during an earthquake)
matches the natural frequency of a structure.
 SEISMIC CODES IN THE PHILIPPINES
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

 SEISMIC CODES IN THE PHILIPPINES
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

 SEISMIC CODES IN THE PHILIPPINES
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

 SEISMIC CODES IN THE PHILIPPINES
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

 SEISMIC CODES IN THE PHILIPPINES
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

 SEISMIC CODES IN THE PHILIPPINES
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

 SEISMIC CODES IN THE PHILIPPINES
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

 SEISMIC CODES IN THE PHILIPPINES
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

 SEISMIC CODES IN THE PHILIPPINES
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

 SEISMIC CODES IN THE PHILIPPINES
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)
DUCTILITY AND DETAILING
Adequate Confinement
Proper Anchorage
Ductile Connections

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

 SEISMIC CODES IN THE PHILIPPINES
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)
FOUNDATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION - OLPINDO, HANNAH ARABELLA D.

Mitigation Strategies
for Seismic Vibration

Prepared by: Justin Carlo Diego

Base Isolation Technique

Can be defined as Separating or Decoupling the structure from its

Foundation.
It is developed to prevent or minimize damage to building during an
earthquake.
One of the most widely implemented seismic protection system.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Base Isolation Techniques

The fundamental principle of Base

Isolation is to modify the response
of the building so that the ground
can move below the building
without transmitting these motion
into the building and other structure
The isolator absorbs the shocks
caused by an earthquake which
prevent the building from being
deformed and damage.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Base Isolation Techniques
Base Isolation Techniques are
Suitable If:

The soil is not soft and does not produce long ground motion.
Light weight Building
Low or medium rise building

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Damping Devices

Essential components of structural engineering that reduce the

vibrations and oscillations of buildings, bridges, towers, and other
structures under dynamic loads such as wind, earthquakes, traffic, and
machinery.
Damping devices can enhance the performance, safety, and comfort of
structures by dissipating the kinetic energy of the vibrations and
transferring it to other forms of energy, such as heat or sound.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Location of Damping Devices

The location of damping devices can have a significant impact on their effectiveness
and efficiency.
Should be placed where they can have the most influence on the vibration, modes
and shapes of the structure, such as at the nodes, antinodes, or mid-span of the
beams, columns, or floors.
Should be distributed evenly and symmetrically throughout the structure to avoid
creating imbalances or torsional effects.
Should be located where they can be easily accessed, inspected, and repaired, as
well as where they can minimize the interference with other structural elements or
functions.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Common Types of Damping Devices

Tuned Mass Dampers

Viscous Fluid Dampers
Tuned Liquid Dampers

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Tuned Mass Dampers

A mass, typically suspended inside

a structure, that moves in
opposition to building motion,
reducing oscillation.
The damper shifts out of phase with
the seismic vibrations, generating a
counteracting force to minimize
vibration.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Viscous Fluid Dampers

Uses hydraulic fluid to absorb

energy through resistance to
motion.
These are often installed in high-
rise buildings or bridges to reduce
vibration and sway caused by
earthquakes or wind.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Tuned Liquid Dampers

Uses the sloshing of liquid (often

water) in large tanks to counteract
building vibrations.
The liquid moves in response to
seismic or wind-induced vibrations
and creates a counteracting force
that reduces motion.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Seismic Retrofitting

The process of strengthening existing structures to make them more

resistant to seismic forces.
Why Retrofitting is Important:
Many older buildings were not designed with modern seismic
codes.
Retrofitting improves their ability to withstand earthquakes,
preventing structural failure and ensure safety.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Seismic
Retrofitting
Techniques

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Seismic Instrumentation

The use of specialized devices and systems used to monitor, record, and analyze ground
motions and the dynamic responses of structures during earthquakes or other seismic
events.
These instruments help engineers and scientists understand how earthquakes affect
buildings, bridges, dams, and the Earth's crust.
They provide critical data for designing earthquake-resistant structures and for studying
seismic activity.
Why Seismic Instrumentation is Important:
Provides real-time data about how structures behave during earthquakes.
Helps engineers understand the impact of seismic forces and refine retrofitting
techniques.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Accelerometers

Use: Measure the acceleration of the

ground or a structure during an
earthquake.
Applications: They are widely used in
buildings, bridges, and dams to record
their dynamic response during an
earthquake.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Seismographs

Use: Measure ground motion

caused by seismic waves.
Applications: Installed in seismic
networks globally to detect
earthquakes and monitor fault lines.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Displacement Sensors

Use: Measure the relative

movement between different
structural elements or between a
structure and the ground.
Application: Help assess the
extent of deformation in buildings
during seismic events.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Tiltmeters

Use: Measure the tilt or inclination

of structures to detect changes in
orientation due to seismic activity.
Application: Used in buildings,
dams, and landslide-prone areas to
detect changes in slope caused by
seismic activity or ground
movement.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Strain Gauges

Use: Measure deformation or strain

in structural components caused by
applied forces.
Application: Provide insights into
the stresses experienced by
different parts of a structure during
seismic events.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Load Cells

Use: Placed at critical points within

the structure, such as connections
or load-bearing members, to
measure forces acting on them
during seismic events.
Application: The data helps
engineers determine which parts of
the building are experiencing
excessive loads and may need
reinforcement or upgrading.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
Systems

SHM systems collect and analyze

data from different sensors (e.g.,
accelerometers, strain gauges, and
displacement sensors) to give a
comprehensive view of a structure's
condition.
These systems provide real-time
feedback on the effectiveness of
seismic retrofitting and help detect
potential failures before they occur.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
 Summary of Seismic Instrumentations
Types Measures Importance
Accelerometers Acceleration of ground motion assess the response of structures to ground shaking.

detect and record earthquakes to analyze their magnitude, depth, and

Seismographs Seismic waves
patterns.

Displacement Sensors Displacement or movement of a structure or ground. assess stability during seismic events.

Tilt or angular displacement of a structure or

Tiltmeters assess stability during seismic events.
ground.

Strain Gauges Strain (deformation) identify damage and inform retrofitting efforts.

Piezometers Pore water pressure evaluate soil stability during earthquakes.

Crack Monitor Movement or widening of cracks in structures. assess structural damage and safety post-earthquake.

Load Cells Force or load applied to a structure. evaluate performance and safety during seismic activity.

Structural Health Strain, displacecment, temperature, and identify damage and inform maintenance decisions after seismic
Monitoring System environmental conditions. events.
Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
Summary

Seismic mitigation strategies such as Base Isolation, Mass Damping,

and Seismic Retrofitting are essential for strengthening buildings and
ensuring public safety.
Earthquakes cannot be prevented, but can be mitigated with the help
of base isolation techniques, damping devices, and seismic retrofitting.
Base Isolation is more effective for low and mid rise buildings.
Damping Devices can be used at any type of structure.

Dynamics of Vibration
Diego, Justin Carlo C.
DOCUMENTATION (REPORTER: JONATHAN BUAN): 1
DOCUMENTATION (REPORTER: ANGEL DATU): 2
DOCUMENTATION (REPORTER: HANNAH OLPINDO): 3
DOCUMENTATION (REPORTER: JUSTIN DIEGO): 4