CH-415

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
Engr. Muhammad Shahid
Lecturer
Chemical Engineering
NED University of Engineering and Technology
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 Prerequisite Courses of Transport Phenomena
• Heat transfer (CH-307)
• Mass transfer (CH-311)
• Fluid Mechanics II (CH-211)
Some of the important courses should be added as well:
• Vector Analysis and Calculus
• Chemical Reaction Engineering (CH-309)
• Thermodynamics I (CH-107)

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 Why Transport Phenomena?
• Chemical engineering is more uniquely focused on process engineering.
• Engineers concerned with either grass-root design or with analyzing data from existing processes.
• In current situations there is incredible increase in the complexity of modern chemical engineering.
• We wish to understand and quantify the rates at which matter and energy are moved from place to
place.
• Here where transport phenomena has its place:

Energy Transport
(to predict heat exchanger
performance)
Mass Transport
(to describe separation processes) Momentum Transport
(to yield prediction of pressure
losses in process piping system)
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 Approaches
• We need to compare Transport Phenomena approach with conventional rate processes
approach.

• Transport phenomena approach is point to point description of the rates.

• Transport phenomena approach is the mathematical description of the phenomena results in

differential equations at a point

• The conventional modelling is based on the macroscopic (or overall) conservation balance and
relies heavily on empirical correlations to estimate the transfer coefficient.

• Conventional approach is macroscopic so this can only predict overall rates and give no
information on point-to-point variation (the profiles) of temperature, concentration and velocity.

• The attractiveness of transport approach is that, not only it yields same result as conventional
approach but it also predict the temperature, concentration and velocity profiles.
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 Than Why we use Conventional Approaches?
• Inability to solve many differential equation which arise from applying transport approach.

• We are still unable to predicting transport rates in system with complex mixing i.e. in turbulent
flow.

• If there is no fluid flow or if the fluid flow is laminar, then we can generally solve the resulting
differential equation.

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 Course Outline
Part 1: Momentum Transport
Chapter 1 Viscosity and The Mechanism of Momentum Transport
Topics  Newton law of viscosity.
 Non Newtonian fluids.
 Pressure and temperature dependency of viscosity.
Chapter 2 Velocity Distribution in Lamina Flow
Topics  Shell and momentum balance & Boundary conditions.
 Flow of a falling film.
 Flow through a circular tube.
 Flow through an annulus.
 Adjacent flow of two immiscible fluids.
Chapter 3 The Equation of Change For an Isothermal System
Topics  The equation of continuity.
 The equation of motion.
 Use of the equation of change:
o Shape of surface of rotating surface
o Flow of a falling film.
o Flow through a circular tube.
o Flow through an annulus. 8
o Tangential annular flow.
 Course Outline
Part 2: Energy Transport
Chapter 4 Thermal Conductivity and The Mechanism of Energy Transport
Topics  Fourier’s law of heat conduction.
 Temperature and pressure dependency.
Chapter 5 Temperature Distribution in Solid and in Laminar Flow
Topics  Shell and energy balance & Boundary conditions.
 Heat conduction with an electrical heat source.
 Heat conduction with a viscous heat source.
 Heat conduction through composite wall.
 Heat conduction through cylindrical wall.
 Heat conduction in a cooling fin.
Chapter 6 The Equation of Change For an Non-Isothermal System
Topics  The equation of energy.
 Use of the equation of energy:
o Heat conduction with an electrical heat source.
o Heat conduction with a viscous heat source.
o Heat conduction through composite wall.
o Heat conduction through cylindrical wall.
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 Course Outline
Part 3: Mass Transport
Chapter 7 Diffusivity and The Mechanism of Mass Transport

Topics  Definition of concentration, velocity and mass flux.

 Fick’s law of diffusion.

Chapter 8 The Equation of Change for Multicomponent System

Topics  The equation of continuity for a binary mixture.

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 Course Learning Outcomes
CLOs Taxonomy level Programme learning outcome Assessment Tool
(PLO)
Describe the basic to C2 Engineering Knowledge • Mid Term
understand the chemical and • Assignment
physical transport processes • Final Exam
and their mechanism
Solve problems of heat, mass C3 Problem Analysis • Mid Term
and momentum transfer • Assignment
• Final Exam
Analyze industrial problems C5 Design/Development of solution • Mid Term
along with appropriate • Assignment
approximations and • Final Exam
boundary conditions

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 Transport Phenomena
WHAT WE TRANSPORT WHAT WE CAN MEASURE

Momentum Velocity

Energy Temperature

Mass Concentration

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 Transport Phenomena
• Consider a closed thermodynamics system.
T1

T1 CLOSED QIN
SYSTEM
T1

• But in real life scenario when you heat up one surface, you know that area around the heated surface has a
higher temperatures than other sides.
• So there is a distribution of temperature inside the system.
• Now we conclude that Transport Phenomena study everything that is distributed within a system.

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 Transport Phenomena
• There are three variables i.e.
Temperature, concentration A
and velocity that are function
of position and time.
CLOSED SYSTEM QIN

Temperature, K

• If we plot temperature,
concentration and
velocity as a function of
position then it is called
Profile.

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Distance, m
Transport Phenomena
• Transport phenomena in Fluid mechanics

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 Transport Phenomena

• CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING

R RP P
`

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 Conduction
• CONDUCTION:
TH Tc
• Consider two blocks of different temperature.
• Transfer of energy from TH to Tc.
• Transfer of energy is due to the vibration of molecules.
• 1st molecule which receive energy is vibrating at higher interface
frequency than others.
• Energy transfer from one molecule to another without
movement of molecules itself is called Conduction.
• In transport we call it Molecular transport.

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 Convection

This motion of
fluid which takes
energy is called
convection

Zoom-in In transport we called it Convective transport or Bulk transport

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 Transport Phenomena
• The amount of energy transfer
from one side of the system to
another side per unit time is
called “Transfer rate”

Q Block 1 Block 2
• The greater transfer rate
means large amount of energy
transfer w.r.t time

• Transfer rate is not only depend

on temperature difference but
also depend on Area.
𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑱
= 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 . 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒔. 𝒎𝟐
The total energy flux is:
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Combine flux = molecular transport flux + bulk transport flux
 Mass Transport
• Molecular transport in Mass transport:

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Mass Transport

Conduction

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 Shell and Balance
∆Z1 ∆Z2 ∆Z3 ∆Z

L
L=0 L=L
• Balance from L = 0 to L = L is called Macroscopic balance i.e. IN minus What happened inside then we get
What coming OUT
• Small balance around ∆Z is called Microscopic Balance
• The result is same for both i.e. for macroscopic and for microscopic balance.
• But microscopic balance give us the most important thing which is essential for this course a Profile.

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Co-ordinate System

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 Unit Vector Generic Symbols

UNIT VECTORS FOR ALL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM

Cartesian Coordinate Cylindrical Coordinate Spherical Coordinate General symbols

𝑖 𝑟 𝑟 𝛿1
𝑗 θ θ 𝛿2
𝑘 𝑧 ϕ 𝛿3

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 Vector Analysis
• Scalar:
• There are quantities in physics and science characterized by magnitude only,
such as mass, length, and temperature. Such quantities are called scalars.
• Vector:
• There are quantities in physics and science characterized by both magnitude
and direction, such as displacement, velocity, force, and acceleration. 𝑽
• Tensor:
• Quantity which has a magnitude and two directions. 𝝉

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 Vector Analysis

If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are vectors;

𝐴 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑎2 𝑗 + 𝑎3 𝑘
𝐵 = 𝑏1 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑏3 𝑘
Dot Product;
𝐴. 𝐵 = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3
𝐴. 𝐵 become scalar
• is not a quantity but it can alter quantity from other vectors

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 Vector Analysis

𝑑(𝐴 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑎2 𝑗 + 𝑎3 𝑘
𝑑 𝐴 = 𝑑𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑎2 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑎3 𝑘
if we take a scalar quantity i.e. 𝜃(x,y,z)
𝑑𝜃
, d is scalar operator which operate scalar quantity w.r.t time
𝑑𝑡
Chain rule,
𝑑𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝜃 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝜃 𝑑𝑧
= + +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡

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 Vector Analysis

𝑑𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝜃 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝜃 𝑑𝑧
= + +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
Compare this equation with;
𝐴. 𝐵 = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 + 𝑎3 𝑏3
if we go reverse then;
𝐴. 𝐵 = (𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑎2 𝑗 + 𝑎3 𝑘) · (𝑏1 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑏3 𝑘
so we can write our 1st equation as;
𝑑𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘 · 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
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 Vector Analysis

𝑑𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘 · 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘 𝜃 · 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝛻𝜃 · 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑
Also, is common in 2nd part,
𝑑𝑡
Let 𝑆=𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑆
= 𝛻𝜃 ·
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 29
 Vector Analysis
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
𝛻𝜃 = 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛻 is a vector operator which operate a scalar quantity
w.r.t each position in all directions.
𝜵 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝑽𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒔 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕.
If 𝐴 is a vector; 𝐴 = 𝑎1 𝑖 +𝑎2 𝑗 + 𝑎3 𝑘
so,
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻·𝐴 = 𝑖+ 𝑗 + 𝑘 · 𝑎1 𝑖 +𝑎2 𝑗 + 𝑎3 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑎1 𝜕𝑎2 𝜕𝑎3 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝛻·𝐴 = + + scalar
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
When 𝛻 del operate with a vector and result is scalar, then it is called as Divergence.
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 Vector Analysis

Now what happend when we operate like this;

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐴 · 𝛻 = 𝑎1 𝑖 +𝑎2 𝑗 + 𝑎3 𝑘 · 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝐴 · 𝛻 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 scalar operator
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

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Vector Analysis

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Vector Analysis

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Vector Analysis

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