The surge suppressor is an important component in the UPS.

When the output of the device

is not completely isolated from the input line voltage there is a need to protect the output
equipment from current spikes that can occur on the input line. This surge suppression is
usually done by placing large inductors on the input voltage lines. The inductors will resist
any sudden changes in current that occur during spikes. This will in turn help reduce the
chance for any damage to the connected equipment.

Uninterruptible Power Supplies

UPS¶s are nowadays indispensable equipment in supplying power to critical and sensitive
loads. 7hey protect sensitive loads against many e[isting disturbances in utility networN liNe
voltage variations transients and harmonics. Applications of UPS systems include medical
facilities life supporting systems data centers emergency equipment telecommunications and
industrial processing systems. Ideally a UPS should deliver clean and uninterrupted power to
the load and at the same time draw sinusoidal near unity power factor current from input
supply. Additionally static UPS¶s must be able to switch between utility and storage batteries
as alternate energy sources. 7his switching must taNe place in ]ero or minimum time in order
to avoid any malfunctioning of the supplied equipment. 2ther specifications liNe high
reliability high efficiency low (0I and acoustic noise electric isolation low maintenance low
cost weight and si]e must be also considered in a high performance UPS >@. I(& standard
classifies UPS¶s as passivestandby lineinteractive and double conversion
online UPS. (ach topology has its own characteristics and is used based on the load
requirements and the severity and type of networN disturbances >@.

UNINTERRUPTIBLE power supplies (UPSs) are used to supply clean and uninterrupted
high-quality power to critical loads, such as computers, communication systems, medical
support systems, etc. According to the increase of the utilization of such sensitive equipment
in the world, their interruption due to an input-power failure may lead to critical accidents.
The UPS system is indispensable for this reason. Generally, an UPS system requires the
regulated sinusoidal output voltage with low total harmonic distortion (THD) that is
independent from the changes in the input voltage or in the load, low transient response time
from online mode to backup mode and vice versa, low THD sinusoidal input current and
unity power factor, high reliability, high efficiency, low cost, low weight, small size, etc. In
accordance with the topology or configuration, UPS can be classified as online, offline, and
line interactive [1]–[20]. The online UPS is generally preferred due to the wide tolerance of
the input-voltage variation, precise regulation of output voltage, and high reliability of the
system [1]–[3]. The online UPS is usually implemented with power-factor-correction circuit to
reduce the input-current harmonics [4]–[6]. A conventional single-phase online UPS consists
of a full-bridge rectifier, a battery set, a full-bridge inverter, two transformers, and a bypass
circuit, as shown in Fig. 1. The rectifier converts the input voltage into the dc-link voltage with
pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) strategy and acts as a charger for the battery. On the other
hand, the inverter converts the dc-link voltage into the output voltage with PWM strategy.
Therefore, the regulated sinusoidal output voltage can be achieved. The battery which is
connected in parallel with the dc-link capacitor is charged when the input voltage is in the
normal condition and is discharged when loss of the input power or abrupt decrease of the
input voltage occurs. For proper operation of the bypass circuit, an isolated transformer at
the output side is necessary. In addition, an isolated transformer at the input side is
employed to reduce the number of the batteries, which is placed in parallel with the dc-link
capacitor. However, since the transformers are operated at line frequency, several
drawbacks such as large size and heavy weight exist. Recently, a three-leg-type converter
has been proposed to improve the performance of the UPS in the literature [7]–[13]. The
most outstanding feature is that the power losses can be reduced by using a common leg for
both the PWM rectifier and the PWM inverter. However, the drawbacks caused by the
transformer still remained. An approach, which is to add one more phase leg in parallel with
the dc-link capacitor, is introduced in the literature [14]–[16]. By using bidirectional dc–dc
converter, the UPS can be implemented without transformer. Hence, the UPS has the
advantages such as the improvement of the conversion efficiency and the reduction of
volumetric size and weight. However, the unbalance problem between the upper and lower
dc-link voltage can be occurred.

Power distortions such as power interruptions, voltage sags and swells, voltage spikes, and
voltage harmonics can cause severe impacts on sensitive loads in the electrical systems.
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems are used to provide uninterrupted, reliable, and
high quality power for these sensitive loads. Applications of UPS systems include medical
facilities, life supporting systems, data storage and computer systems, emergency
equipment, telecommunications, industrial processing, and on-line management systems [1–
3]. The UPS systems are especially required in places where power outages and
fluctuations occur frequently. A UPS provides a backup power circuitry to supply vital
systems when a power outage occurs. In situations where short time power fluctuations or
disturbed voltage occur, a UPS provides constant power to keep the important loads
running. During extended power failures, a UPS provides backup power to keep the systems
running long enough so that they can be gracefully powered down. Most of the UPS systems
also suppress line transients and harmonic disturbances. Generally, an ideal UPS should be
able to simultaneously deliver uninterrupted power and provide the necessary power
conditioning for the particular power application. Therefore, an ideal UPS should have the
following features: regulated sinusoidal output voltage with low total harmonic distortion
(THD) independent from the changes in the input voltage or in the load, on-line operation
that means zero transition time from normal to back-up mode and vice versa, low THD
sinusoidal input current and unity power factor, high reliability, high efficiency, low EMI and
acoustic noise, electric isolation, low maintenance, low cost, weight, and size. Obviously,
there is not a single configuration that can provide all of these features. Different
configurations of UPS systems emphasize on some of the features mentioned above.
Classifications of UPS systems are described in Section 24.2.

24.2 Classifications
24.2.1 Standby UPS

This configuration of UPS system is also known as “off-line UPS” or “line-preferred UPS” [4,
5]. Figure 24.1 shows the configuration of a typical standby UPS system. It consists of an
AC/DC converter, a battery bank, a DC/AC inverter, and a static switch. A passive low pass
filter may also be used at the output of the UPS or inverter to remove the switching
frequency from the output voltage. The static switch is on during the normal mode of
operation. Therefore, load is supplied from the AC line directly without any power
conditioning. At the same time, the AC/DC rectifier charges the battery set. This converter is
rated at a much lower power rating than the power demand of the load. When a power
outage occurs or the primary power is out of a given preset tolerance, the static switch is
opened and the DC/AC inverter provides power tothe load from the battery set for the
duration of the preset backup time or till the AC line is back again. This inverter is rated at
100% of the load power demand. It is connected in parallel to the load and stays standby
during the normal mode of operation. The transition time from the AC line to DC/AC inverter
is usually about one quarter of the line cycle, which is enough for most of the applications
such as personal computers. The main advantages of this topology are simple design, low
cost, and small size. On the other hand, lack of real isolation of the load from the AC line, no
output voltage regulation, long switching time, poor performance with non-linear loads, and
no line conditioning are the main disadvantages of this configuration. Different configurations
of AC/DC rectifiers such as linear or switching may be used in this system. To reduce the
cost, a simple diode-bridge rectifier with a capacitor at the front end is used. A full-bridge or
half-bridge full controlled converter is also used to charge the battery bank. Two typical
topologies for a single-phase UPS system are shown in Fig. 24.2. The full controlled
topologies can provide power factor correction (PFC) to meet the corresponding standards.
To optimize the charging process, the charging cycle is divided into “constant current” and
“constant voltage” modes. In the constant current mode, the converter injects a constant
current into the battery till the battery is charged up to about 95% of its capacity. After this
mode, the constant voltage mode starts that applies a constant voltage on the battery. In this
mode, the input current of the battery declines exponentially until it is fully charged. The
purpose of the DC/AC inverter is to provide high quality AC power to the load when the static
switch is opened. A full- or half-bridge topology is used for this inverter. Figure 24.3 shows
two simple single-phase topologies for the DC/AC inverter.

In some topologies of standby UPS systems, an isolating transformer is used at the output
stage of the UPS. This topology is called ferroresonant standby UPS system. The
transformer also acts as a low pass filter that cancels out switching frequency from the
output voltage of the DC/AC inverter. On the other hand, the transformer stores
electromagnetic energy in the core and acts as a buffer when a power outage occurs. For a
short time, the transformer provides power to the load and protects sensitive equipment from
being affected during the transfer time from the input AC to the UPS. Figure 24.4 shows the
configuration of a ferroresonant standby UPS system. Since the transformer is bulky and
expensive, this configuration is more appropriate for high power applications.
Beda buku

With the introduction of mainframe computers in the 1950s, power system engineers had to
take a hard look at energy needs from a quality angle. As systems grew in complexity, it
became more apparent to the engineers that the power that kept the systems running was
raising havoc, causing equipment failures and corrupting data. As a result, the
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)ua back-up to stand between the commercial power
supply and the computerRwas born. The first uninten'uptible power supply equipment, then
known as no break power supplies, were of rotary design as shown in Figure 7-1. The
market at that time for these systems were in mainframe computers, communications, and
radar, etc. During the last two decades there has been a shift from mainframe computer
system sales to minis, micros, and portable computers and more recently towards network
systems. With this shift, several changes have occurred in the UPS industry. The three
decades from 1960 gave birth and evolution to different kinds of static type UPS systems
where no rotating electrical machinery was used as major system components. The physical
size of UPS systems has decreased dramatically. Also, the cost has been reduced from over
$2 to $1 per watt. As the world has migrated from the mainframe to the client/server
distributed networking environment, the UPS market has shifted from the large multi-module
UPS systems to the small single phase UPS systems. As per U.S. industry estimates (PQ
Assurance Journal), in 1992 there was a total of US$1.225 billion worth of sales which had a
breakdown of US$ 964 million commercial, US$ 245 million industrial and US$16 million
residential components. In 1997 these figures were US$ 2.6, 2.1, 0.5 and .027 billion
respectively for total, commercial, industrial and residential components. In the year 2002
total sales are expected to rise up to 3.94 billion US$ with 3.17 billion commercial and 732
million of industrial components. Industry estimates further indicate that over 71 percent of
the UPS sales are for units less than 30 kVA ratings while 24 percent account for units of the
capacity between 31 to 500 kVA ratings. Very large systems with ratings over 500kVA
account for the rest. In 1992, out of total UPS market, only 37 percent was made up of large
three phase systems. The 63 percent balance was made up of small single phase UPS
units. It was anticipated that by 1997, the UPS market to have large three phase modules
will only represent 25 percent of that total with the balance of approximately 75 percent
being comprised of small single phase units (Katzaro,1993). This chapter provides an
overview of UPS systems with particular attention to single phase low power UPS systems
used in modern information environments.

Present day UPS systems can be divided in to three basic topologies, namely: off-line,
hybrid, and on-line types. Each topology, in turn, can feature one or more technical
variations, although the basic operation is about the same within each group. All UPS use an
internal battery that produces AC power via an inverter. How and when this inverter comes
into play largely determines the effectiveness of the UPS.

2.1 Off-Line UPS

Off-line UPS systems are the simplest forms of back up power systems. A block diagram of
an off-line system is shown in Figure 7-2(a). The off-line type UPS systems normally operate
off-line and the load is normally powered by the utility line. When the utility power excursions
are of such magnitude that they are beyond acceptable limits, or fail altogether, the load is
transferred from the utility line to the UPS. The actual transfer time is usually very fast, in the
sub-cycle range, however, the detection time may be longer and therefore, off-line UPS may
not be as reliable as an on-line system. The major advantage of the off-line UPS systems is
lower cost, smaller size and weight and higher efficiency, since most of the time the UPS
system is off-line and the load is powered by the utility. However, the disadvantages of the
off-line UPS is that switching to the inverter is required when the load is most vulnerable, i.e.,
upon failure of the normal power source. Here, the term UPS is really a misnomer because
the inverter is normally off. For this reason off-line UPS are also known as standby power
sources, or SPS. Figure 7-2(b) indicates the general arrangement of an off-line UPS system.
When the line voltage is within acceptable limits, the load is powered from the input utility
supply. During this operation a rectifier block keeps the battery bank charged. When the
input voltage sensor block detects an out-of range input voltage, a relay disconnects the
incoming supply and load gets connected to the inverter block. The only significant
advantage of off-line the UPS is low cost. This is possible because the inverter in these
systems is normally off so the charging and sense circuits are simple and inexpensive.
These units provide no line conditioning or voltage regulation and provide only limited surge
and spike protection. During sustained low voltage periods (brownouts) an SPS can
inaccurately detect a blackout and prematurely switch onto battery. If a site experiences
sustained brownouts or takes successive low voltage hits, an SPS can completely discharge
its battery and "crash" the system. In addition, an SPS switching time increases as the utility
voltage decreases. It is not uncommon for a unit with a 5msec transfer time at 120VAC to
exceed 15msec at 100 VAC. Because a brief period of low voltage precedes most blackouts,
this may place the system at even great risk. Figure 7-2(c) shows the typical oscillograph of
a off-line UPS at the transfer.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems are typically designed to provide power to
computers for five to thirty minutes after all utility company power has failed. In addition to
providing blackout and brownout protection, many UPS systems also protect against spikes,
surges, sags, and noise, and some also offer many of the features found in power
distribution units (PDUs). The major components or subsystems of a typical UPS system are
detailed, and a sample bid specification is appended. Three sidebars discuss UPSs and air
conditioning, the maintenance bypass switch (MBS), and literature for further reading.

The power conditioning devices discussed in the previous issue (spike suppressors, noise
filters, and voltage regulators of various sorts) are literally powerless to help when electricity
fails completely. Under such conditions an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is the answer.
This article discusses UPS systems, their rationale, how they work and what they do, the
different kinds available, and some alternatives to batteryoperated electronic machines.
Power conditioners using ferroresonant transformers are capable of supplying power for
milliseconds during a total outage or blackout. Rotary power conditioners (motor-generator
or M-G sets) with large flywheels can span outages of a few seconds. During brownouts,
when voltages are very low, perhaps wildly fluctuating but at least partially present, the
protection period of such devices is extended somewhat. UPS systems, in contrast, are
typically designed to provide power to computers for five to thirty minutes after all utility
company power has failed. In addition to providing blackout and brownout protection, many
UPS systems also protect against spikes, surges, sags, and noise, and some also offer
many of the features found in the Power Distribution Units (PDUs) discussed in the previous
issue--metering, alarms, main and branch circuit breakers, and so on. Why do protection
periods range from five to thirty minutes? In many parts of the country utility outages
generally last either just a fraction of a second or many hours, while outages of five to thirty
minutes may be quite atypical. Nonetheless, such a protection period makes sense for
several reasons. Most important is that UPSs employ rechargeable batteries to supply
energy during utility failure. Batteries cost money; the longer the protection period, the more
batteries will be needed and the higher their cost. (The battery charger, too, must become
larger if recharge times are not to become intolerably long.) Second, in many locations there
is little practical reason to keep a computer running during a blackout. The terminals
connected to a multiuser machine will have gone dead, patrons will be stumbling out of the
stacks by the feeble light of emergency lanterns, and, with all the lights off, users of personal
computers are likely to have trouble seeing their keyboards. Third, with the loss of utility
power comes the loss of ventilation and air conditioning. A computer room with mini- or
main-frame computer, disk and tape drives, consoles, printers, and other equipment will
soon overheat without air conditioning--a ten- to fifteen-minute grace period is typical. (There
are compelling reasons, discussed in the sidebar above, to not put air conditioners on the
UPS.)1 Thus, a UPS with about fifteen minutes of backup power protection affords three
distinct benefits. First, when utility power is present but dirty, most UPS systems will clean it
up and regulate it. Outages lasting several milliseconds to one or two minutes will become
relatively trivial to the computer system. Second, when an outage extends beyond a few
minutes, a UPS permits a computer operator to bring a system down gracefully: to close and
save files, to complete transactions and store checkpoint data, and to manually turn off disk
drives and park magnetic heads. All these measures will make restarting the system simpler
and faster once power is restored. The third advantage, often overlooked, is that even if no
operator is present a UPS can help obtain a clean system shutdown. Typically there are
broad fluctuations in voltage and frequency just before a total outage. Such fluctuations
cause head crashes and stress electronic components. Most UPS systems "filter" out such
aberrations until their batteries are exhausted; then they cleanly and abruptly shut off power
to the data processing equipment--one moment it is there, the next it is not. Such a
shutdown is not as neat and clean as one preceded by operator intervention, but it is a
considerable improvement over the "dirty" outage caused by utility company failure.

Power distortions such as power interruptions, voltage sags and swells, voltage spikes, and
voltage harmonics can cause severe impacts on sensitive loads in the electrical systems.
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems are used to provide uninterrupted, reliable, and
high quality power for these sensitive loads. Applications of UPS systems include medical
facilities, life supporting systems, data storage and computer systems, emergency
equipment, telecommunications, industrial processing, and on-line management systems [1–
3]. The UPS systems are especially required in places where power outages and
fluctuations occur frequently. A UPS provides a backup power circuitry to supply vital
systems when a power outage occurs. In situations where short time power fluctuations or
disturbed voltage occur, a UPS provides constant power to keep the important loads
running. During extended power failures, a UPS provides backup power to keep the systems
running long enough so that they can be gracefully powered down. Most of the UPS systems
also suppress line transients and harmonic disturbances. Generally, an ideal UPS should be
able to simultaneously deliver uninterrupted power and provide the necessary power
conditioning for the particular power application. Therefore, an ideal UPS should have the
following features: regulated sinusoidal output voltage with low total harmonic distortion
(THD) independent from the changes in the input voltage or in the load, on-line operation
that means zero transition time from normal to back-up mode and vice versa, low THD
sinusoidal input current and unity power factor, high reliability, high efficiency, low EMI and
acoustic noise, electric isolation, low maintenance, low cost, weight, and size. Obviously,
there is not a single configuration that can provide all of these features. Different
configurations of UPS systems emphasize on some of the features mentioned above.
Classifications of UPS systems are described in Section 24.2.

abstract: A simplified control strategy is proposed for single-phase uninterruptible power

supplies in continuous time. In this strategy the controller has command feedforward and
feedback components. Only proportional controllers are employed in the inductor current
and output voltage control loops. This controller yields zero output impedance of the UPS,
provided that estimated filter parameters match their actual values. Robustness of the
control system is investigated. Simulation and experimental results are presented for linear
and non-linear loads

A UPS inverter system with output LC filter generally requires a multiloop control strategy for
voltage regulation. The outer loop is dedicated to achieve satisfactory steady-state
performance, while the inner loop usually improves the transient response as well as the
system stability. Either inductor current or capacitor current feedback is valid for forming the
inner loop [5]. But they both require high-resolution current sensors, resulting in an increased
total cost. Another approach is to utilize the capacitor voltage differential feedback [34]. It is
easy to understand that the capacitor voltage differential is equivalent to the capacitor
current. This approach eliminates high-resolution current sensors and effectively reduces
cost. Hence, this method will be incorporated in the proposed control scheme as a
precompensator to stabilize the inverter plant. In practice, in order to avoid the high-
frequency noises caused by the differential calculation, either an analog low-pass filter in the
sensing circuitry or a digital filter will be helpful. Kd denotes the gain along the capacitor
voltage differential feedback path as shown in Fig. 3. The capacitor voltage differential
feedback equivalently modifies the LC filter transfer function by inserting a damping term Kd
s into the denominator. Then, the compensated inverter plant and corresponding damping
ratio can be derived