UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA

FACULTY OF BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT AND

ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIOAL
ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

Methodological Guidelines
for writing term papers

Riga 2016
 1. GENERAL GUIDELINES

1.1. The term paper is an independently developed and written up research. It

aims at developing practical skills in research based on systematization and synthesis of
theoretical knowledge. The term paper writing shall assist students in developing
expertise and achieving critical engagement with the subject matter of their research as
well as help students to become educated and efficient professionals able to creatively
and critically approach diverse empirical data and make theoretical generalizations,
substantiate conclusions and recommendations. Writing up research offers a good
exercise in developing a good writing style and mastering the technicalities in paper and
references/bibliography formatting.
1.2. Students shall independently demonstrate knowledge gained while studying
grey literature, official documents, textbooks, professional and scholarly literature,
statistical data, etc. The research should be done by applying modern research methods
and tools. The term paper should hold an accurate and coherent presentation of the
research procedure and findings as well as respective conclusions and
recommendations.
The paper shall not contain any unacknowledged, copied material from the selected
sources. Students should ensure logical arrangement of insights and their interpretation.
The terminology used in the paper should be consistent. The paper should be an
example of coherent and self-contained reasoning and transitions from one issue to
another should be correlated.
1.3. The term paper may be developed individually or as a team research (2-3
people). A research team is recommended if a theme is very complex and the workload
is so high that quality cannot be ensured by one person.

2. KEY STAGES IN TERM PAPER DEVELOPMENT

2.1. The term paper development includes the following key stages: choice and
approval of the theme, preliminary planning, literature survey and necessary information
accumulation, research and systematization of obtained information, writing up and
formatting.
Students can choose one of the themes advised on by the Professional Bachelor’s
Study Programme in International Economics or Commercial Diplomacy or else to
independently choose a theme or proceed with the earlier drafted report. The scientific
advisor may be assigned by the Department or chosen by the student. The theme should be
topical, related to the issues in the field of international economics and international
business, and appropriate for student's abilities and interests.
2.2. In the course of term paper planning, it is necessary to identify the most
important literature on the chosen theme, textbooks, encyclopaedias, relevant
government decisions, collections of statistics and periodicals. The research should
refer to the most recent publications in periodicals. The preliminary plan might be
rather general.
2.3. The studies of selected literature and information is one of the key stages for
term paper development. Students' task is to comprehensively and critically explore
literature and numerical data at their disposal. Should the opinion of the author differ
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 from those expressed in text books or specialized literature, it should be introduced and
substantiated. Any critical remark expressed by the author should be substantiated.
When using the data found in statistical publications or collected by the author,
particular attention should be paid to data comparability for the analysis of object in
terms of time, territory, data structures, etc.
2.4. Systematization of obtained information and material, presentation of the
results of data analysis, development of main conclusions and recommendations are of
key significance.

3. STRUCTURE and CONTENT

3.1. Conventionally, term papers comprise:

 Title page (see Appendix 1);
 Table of contents (see Appendix 2);
 Introduction;
 Body text represented by chapters and subchapters;
 Conclusions and recommendations;
 List of abbreviations and acronyms (optional);
 References/ Bibliography;
 Appendix or Appendices (optional).

3.2. The recommended structure (as a percentage of the total paper volume) is
as follows:

introduction 5 - 7%;
chapters and subchapters 80-85%;
conclusions and recommendations 5 – 8%

INTRODUCTION
A good introduction ensures success with the whole paper. The introduction comprises the
following information: the goal, which should be specific and clearly formulated, key
sources, research methods, research period, research limitations and topicality.
THE BODY OF THE PAPER
The body of the paper is organised in three chapters with respective subchapters. The first
chapter establishes theoretical considerations of the research. Chapter and subchapter
headings should accurately reflect the theme of the research. The coherence of the
discussion and data analysis should be ensured by logical transitions from one issue to
another.
CONCLUSION
The final part of the term paper should contain conclusions on the findings as provided
by each chapter, theoretical generalizations, assessment of analysed processes, as well as
recommendations. The latter, in particular, are necessary if the author has to offer
problem solving opportunities.

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4. FORMATTING

4.1. The presentation of material used for the purposes of the research should be
coherent, clear, substantiated, accurate and concentrated. The term paper should be
written in academic register. There shall be no pronoun "I" or verbs in the first person.
For example, it is advised to avoid such phrases as "I believe", "in my opinion", etc.. and
rather use such form as "the research shows".

Formatting
A4 size white paper, text on one side;
Word processed using Times New Roman;
12 pt. for the main text;
14 pt. for chapter headings;
Spacing between lines 1.5 pt.;
Margins: 3.0 cm for top, 2.0 cm for bottom, and right margins; 3.5 cm for left margins;
The volume of the term paper may range from 20 to 25 pages. Pages are numbered
consecutively in Arabic numerals in the upper right-hand corner of each page. Title page
is counted towards the total number of pages and is the first page of the term paper but does
not bear a page number. Table of contents is the second page followed by chapters and
subchapters. The last page of the appendices is the last numbered page of the term paper.
Chapters should be numbered uniformly in Arabic numerals. Subchapters number
is formed by a chapter number and a serial number of the respective subchapter, separated
by a dot, for instance: 2.1 (The first sub-chapter of the second chapter). Chapters and
subchapters should be named and numbered in the table of contents as well as in the body
of the paper. Each chapter starts on a new page but subchapters should not start on a new
page.
4.2. The quotation, paraphrase and summary of other authors' words or ideas
should be acknowledged. A reference to the source may be given in two ways but only
one of those should be chosen to use consistently throughout the paper:
a) reference may be inserted in the text in square brackets [6, 25], wherein
the first number is the number of the source in the reference list, and the other - a page. If
a reference is made to several sources, the references are separated by a semicolon [7, 23;
18, 3];
b) reference may be given as a footnote and placed at the bottom of the page,
below the line indicating the author(s)' surname and initials, place of publication,
publishing house, year of publication, page. The references are numbered separately for
each page starting with 1. If a single page contains several references to the same source,
the first citation gives full bibliographic description, but if the text continuously refers to
the same source on the same page use ibid. (Latin for ‘in the same place’), indicating the
source page number.
4.3. Quotations should be written in quotation marks. Paraphrase of other authors'
thoughts and conclusions do not require inverted comas but shall be impartial and
undistorted. Failure to produce references adequately qualifies as a rude violation of
academic integrity.
4.4. Equations and formulas should be entered as a new line and numbered by
chapter in Arabic numerals, for instance (2.5). Equation numbers must appear right aligned
with open and closed parentheses at the level of equation lower line. Equations should be
referred to within the body text by their number in parentheses.
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 4.5. Schemes, diagrams, graphs, etc. used for illustrative purposes are called
Figures. Figures are numbered by chapter in Arabic numerals. Each figure has its caption
and captions of figures are written below the data (e.g. Figure 1.2 Structural changes in
Latvia's GDP). Figures are entered at once following the reference to those in the text.
Figures and tables are to be entered so they may be inspected by rotating the page 90° to
the right.
4.6. For the sake of clarity, numerical data should be presented in easily accessible
tables. Each table should be cited specifically in the text and in numerical order. Captions
should be clearly formulated and written above, aligned right and numbered by chapter
in Arabic numerals, for instance, Table 2.1, where the first number is the chapter number
and the second - the table sequence number in this chapter. Tables should be referred to
within the body text in abbreviated form, e.g. (see Tab.2.2). Table contents should be
divided into columns with the respective headings. Tables and column names should
answer questions: where?, when?, in what units of measurement? Column names should
be capitalised, subheadings - if they form a sentence with the name of the column – are
written in lowercase; if they are independent, capitalized. When moving the table onto
the next page, as well as for ease of data analysis, columns are numbered. Tables should
be inserted in the text as close to the point of reference as possible, and definitely within
the same section. Tables should be placed so that they could be viewed either with no
need to rotate the page or rotate the page 90 degrees right. The units of measurement and
their expression used in the term paper should comply with the standard. If all the table
data is expressed in the same units, then it can be indicated in parentheses beneath the
caption. If the table data is expressed in different units, then those are indicated in a
separate box or beside the column headings, separated by commas.

4.7. To format references or bibliography list, the student should know general
guidelines for bibliographic description (see Appendix 3). Bibliography lists sources in
the language of publication. To separate one item in the bibliographic description from
another, punctuation is used. The list of references should be headed by grey literature,
i.e. the laws adopted by Saeima of the Republic of Latvia, government decisions and
other official documents, collections of statistics, then followed by other sources in
alphabetical order. The list contains bibliographic items of different types (translated,
published in several volumes and so on.). Bibliography must be listed in the
alphabetical order, first the sources in Latvian, then in English, French, Russian and
German.
4.8. The final version of term paper should be bound in cover and submitted to
scientific advisor.
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 Appendix 1

University of Latvia
Faculty of Business, Management
and Economics
Department of International Economics and
Business

TERM PAPER

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
(title of the paper)

Business Administration BSP

subprogramme
. year student

Author (signature) ......……………………………

(Name, Surname)

Matriculation card No ………......

Adviser (signature) .…………………………….…

(Name, Surname, academic degree,
position)

Riga 201

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 Appendix 2

Contents Page (designed automatically)

Contents

page

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………
1. ……………………………………………………………………………….
1.1. …………………………………………………………………….
1.2. ……………………………………………………………….……
2. …………………………………………………………………………..…..
2.1. …………………………………………………………………….
2.2. ………………………………………………………………..…
2.3. ………………………………………………………………..….
..
3. …………………………………………………………………………..…
3.1. …………………………………………………………………..
3.2. ……………………………………………………….
Conclusions and recommendations…………...……………
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ………………………
References/Biblography…………………………………………
Appendices……………………………………………

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 Appendix 3
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Journals
1. Broka, K., Stradiņš, J., Sleikša, I., et. al. Electrochemical Oxidation of Several Silylatedcyclic
Amines in Acetonitrile. Latvijas Ķīmijas Žurnāls, 1992, Nr.5, 575.–583.lpp.
2. Jacimirsky, A. K., Jacimirsky, N. T., Krivova, S. B. Interactions Between Exposure to O3 and
Nutrient Status of Trees. Журнал общей химии, 1992, N 62, с. 916–921.
3. Kalkis, V., Maksimov, R. D., Zicans, J. Thermomechanical Properties of Radiation-Modiefied
Blends of Polyethylene with Liquid Crystalline Copolyester. Polymer Energy &. & Science, 1999, N
39, vol. 8, p. 1375–1384.

2. Books
1. Fresenius, W., Quentin, K. E., Schneider, W. Water Analysis. Berlin–Heidelberg : Springer Verlag,
1988. 804 p.
2. Darba vides riska faktori un strādājošo veselības aizsardzība. V. Kaļķa un Ž. Rojas red. Rīga : Elpa-2,
2001. 500 lpp.
3. Eko, U. Kā uzrakstīt diplomdarbu. Rīga : Jāņa Rozes apgāds, 2006. 319 lpp.
4. Alley, M. The Craft of Scientific Writing. New York: Springer, 1996. 282 p.
5. Gibaldi, J. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York: Modern Language
Association of America, 2003. 361 p.

3. Chapters or articles in books

1. Skudra, A. Failure Mechanics of Composites. In: Handbook of Composites. North Holland
Publ., New York et. al., 1984, vol. 3. , p. 1–69.
2. Ozoliņš, P. Veterinārmedicīnas fakultāte. No: Latvijas Universitāte divdesmit gados 1919.– 1939. 1.
daļa, Rīga : LU, 1939, 505.–518. lpp.

4. Proceedings papers
1. Ciovica, S., Lonnberg, D., Lonnqvist, K. In: Cellucon ’98. International Cellucon Conference,
Turku, Finland, December 14–17, 1998. Abstracts. Turku, 1998, p. 28.
2. Zicans, J., Kalnins, M., Bledzki, A. K. Tensile Properties of Irradiated Binary Heterogeneous
Blends Based on Poly (ethylene terephtalate) and Polyethylene. In: 10-th International Baltic
Conference of Materials Engineering, Jurmala, Latvia, September 27– 28, 2001. Abstracts. Riga, 2001, p.
120–122.
3. Mūze, Baiba. Bibliogrāfiskās norādes un atsauces : [ziņojums zin. konf. „Zinātnes
valoda” 2003. g. 19. nov. Rīgā]. No: Valsts prezidentes dibinātā Valsts valodas
komisija. Konferences „Zinātnes valoda” materiāli. Rīga : Rasa ABC, 2003, 12.–17.
lpp.

5. Patents
1. Weil, E.D., Patel, N. G. New Sandy Soil Sampler. US Pat. 4946885, 1990; C.A., 1990, 113,
192787e.

6. Doctoral theses, Master’s and Bachelor’s papers

1. Osīte, A. Kvēpu noteikšana gaisā : bakalaura darbs. LU Ķīmijas fakultāte. Rīga : Latvijas Universitāte,
2000. 65 lp.
2. Smith, G. W. Chromatographic Determination of Pesticides. Ph. D. thesis. Oxford : Oxford
University, 1999. 136 p.

7. Internet resources
1. Dukulis, I., Gultniece, I., Ivane A. u. c. Datorzinību pamati [tiešsaiste]. Rīga: LIIS, 2001 –
[atsauce 18.02.2004.]. Pieejams internetā: http://www.liis.lv/mspamati.
2. Dial-Up adaptera instalācija Windows 95. [tiešsaiste] – [atsauce 23.02.2004.]. Pieejams:
ftp://ftp.latnet.lv/misc/windows/win95/info/w95.txt.
3. Diena [tiešsaiste]. Rīga : a/s Diena, 2000 – [atsauce 10.01.2004]. Pieejams:
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 http://www.diena.lv. ISSN 1407-7833.
4. PACS-L (Public Access Computer Systems Forum) [tiešsaiste]. Houston (Tex.) : University
of Houston Libraries, June 1989 – [atsauce 17.02.2004.]. Pieejams: [email protected].