CBSE 12th Maths 2024-2025

Chapter - 13 Probability
Competency-Based Questions
Q: 1 Which of the following represents a Bernoulli trial?

1. Tossing a coin until a tail is obtained.

2. Recording eye colours found in a group of 500 people.
3. Asking a random sample of 50 people if they have ever been to Germany.
4. A bag contains 8 red marbles and 5 blue marbles. A marble is picked from the bag 5
times without replacement.

Answer. (3)

Q: 2 Study the following experiments.

Experiment 1:
A fair coin is flipped 7 times with the objective of getting heads each time. The outcome
is heads 5 times out of 7.
Experiment 2:
A pen is selected at random from a box 4 times with the objective of getting a red pen.
The box contains 2 blue, 2 red and 2 black pens and the selected pen is replaced after
each trial.
In which experiment(s) is/are the trials Bernoulli trials?

1. Experiment 1
2. Experiment 2
3. both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2
4. Neither Experiment 1 nor Experiment 2

Answer. (3)
Q.3

Answer. (2)

Q: 4 A dog has six puppies. Assume that each puppy is equally likely to be a male or a
female puppy.

What is the probability that the dog has exactly 4 female puppies?

Answer. (2)

Q: 5 Which of the following statements is true?

Answer. (3)

Q: 6 Which of the following is the probability of the seat being a side berth as well as a
lower berth?

Answer. (1)

Q: 7 Which of the following is the probability of Raj getting an upper berth as well as a
side berth?

Answer. (1)
Q: 8 Which of the following is the probability of Raj getting a side berth given that he has
got an upper berth?

Answer. (2)

Q: 9 X and Y are the two events such that P(XY) = 0.2 and P(Y) = 0.5.

Find the value of P(X' n Y). Show your steps.

Answer. Writes that P(X' n Y) = P(X'|Y) × P(Y).

Uses the property of conditional probability and simplifies the above equation as:
P(X' n Y) = [1 - P(XY)] × P(Y)

Substitutes the given values in the above equation to find P(X' n Y) as:
P(X' n Y) = 0.8 x 0.5 = 0.4

Q: 10 Sukriti is playing a game with 16 identical white balls such that she can paint them
as many times as she wants. She has the same set of balls in both the rounds. In the first
round, she randomly spray paints 4 balls green. In the second round, she randomly
spray paints 8 balls green.

At the end of the second round, what is the probability that a ball chosen at random is
white? Show your steps.

Answer.

Q: 11 If a patient is selected at random, find the probability that he/she DOES NOT have
migraine given that he/she has fever. Show your work.

Answer. Assumes the set of patients having fever and migraine to be F and M
respectively.
Finds the required probability as:

P(M'|F) = 1 - P(M/F)

Q: 12 If a patient is selected at random, what is the probability that he/she has cold or
fever or both, given that he/she has migraine? Show your work.

Answer. Assumes the set of patients having cold, fever and migraine to be C, F and M
respectively.

Writes that the required probability is given by,

P(CUF❘M) = P(CM) + P(FM) - P(CnF|M)

Finds the probability that a patient selected at random has cold or fever, provided
he/she has migraine as:

(Award 1.5 marks if the problem is solved correctly without explicitly writing the formula
in step 1.)

Q.13 A and B are events in the sample space S such that P(A) > 0 and P(B) > 0.

Check whether the following statement is true or false. If true, justify your conclusion; if
false, state the right expression.

“If A and B are mutually exclusive, the probability of at least one of them occurring is:
P(A).P(B)”

Answer. Writes false.

Writes the correct expression. For example, since A and B are mutually exclusive, A ∩ B =
Φ, which means that P(A ∩ B) = 0. Hence, the probability that at least one of them occurs
is P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B).
(Award full marks if just P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) is written without any explanation.)

Q.14 A survey says that approximately 30% of all products ordered online across various
e-commerce websites are returned. Two products that are ordered online are selected at
random.

If X represents the number of products that are returned,

i) find the probability distribution of X.

ii) find the mean or expectation of X. Show your work.

Answer. i) Writes that the possible values of X are 0, 1 and 2. Takes R to be the event that
the product is returned and N to be the event that the product is not returned.

Uses the given information and finds the probability that the product is returned as P(R)
= 0.3 and the probability that the product is not returned as P(N) = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7.

Finds the probability of each possible values of the random variable X as:

2 P(X = 0) = P(NN) = (0.7)(0.7) = 0.49

P(X = 1) = P(RN, NR) = (0.3)(0.7) + (0.7)(0.3) = 0.21 + 0.21 = 0.42

P(X = 2) = P(RR) = (0.3)(0.3) = 0.09

Finds the probability distribution of X as:

ii) Finds the mean or expectation of X as:

E(X) = ∑xi pi = (0 × 0.49) + (1 × 0.42) + (2 × 0.09) = 0.6

Q.15 Akshay is solving an exam paper with 50 multiple choice questions, each for 1
mark. In the paper, each multiple choice question has 4 options and exactly one correct
answer.

Akshay solves only 30 questions, and randomly guesses the answers for the rest.

If exactly 40% of the questions Akshay solved are solved correctly, then what is the
probability that Akshay scores at least 30 marks on the exam? Show your work.
Answer. Finds the number of questions Akshay solved correctly as 40% of 30 = 12.

Finds the number of questions Akshay randomly guessed the answer for as 20.

∴ The number of trials, n = 20

Assumes p as the probability that the answer is correct, and q as the probability that the
answer is incorrect.

Finds that the required probability, P(at least 30 marks) = P(at least 18 correct guesses) =
P(exactly 18 correct guesses) + P(exactly 19 correct guesses) + P(exactly 20 correct
guesses).

Evaluates this using the Binomial Distribution as follows: