Journal of Public Policy and Administration

2024, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 137-158

https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jppa.20240803.17

Research Article

Challenges of Street Vending Market in Urbanization from

Gender Perspective: The Case of Nifas Silk Lafto Sub City,
Jemo-01 Area, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Beletu Mebrahtom Tekie1, 2, * , Dodge Getachew1
1
Department of Urban Management, College of Urban Development & Engineering, Ethiopian Civil Service University,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2
Ministry of Urban Development and Infrastructure, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract
Street vending is informal market. There are debates about street vendors, some argue that they cause problems in urbanization
activities like pedestrian & traffic congestion, pollution, crime, illegality and should be eliminated and other argue that they are
essential for promoting urban economic activities and reduce unemployment. The aim of this study is to identify the main
driving causes and challenges of street vending in Nifas Silk Lafto sub-city, Jemo- 01 Site from gender perspectives.
Quantitative data collected from 216 questionnaires and qualitative data obtained from 36 key informants and in-depth
interviewee. The quantitative data analyzed using, percentage frequency, correlation, Chi-square & Mann-Whitney U test and
qualitative data processed using thematic analysis. The result indicate that the driving cause for street vending are, high family
poverty (P, 0.001) and easy to enter (P, 0.001) to street vending are more significant in male than female. However, lack of
other job option (P, 0.001) is more significant in female. Regarding the consequence of street vending market, traffic
congestion and car accident (P, 0.004), encourage illegality (p, 0.003) were the major significant negative consequence of street
vending market. Whereas street vending support economic activities and mobilize work force is the positive consequence that
the p, 0.034 < 0.05 at 95%. Regarding challenge of vending market, the result found that great challenge for female than male
(P, 0.002), according to qualitative analysis, theft, physical harassment, confiscation of goods, health problem were major
challenge. In conclusion, street vending market has both negative and positive consequence in urbanization process and
different root cause for both male and female.

Keywords
Gender, Pedestrian, Pollution, Urbanization, Vendor

1. Introduction
Urbanization is the rapid flow of people from rural to ur- contain more than 4.2 billion people, and estimated 6 billion
ban areas as well as the physical transformation of cities in by 2041. Urbanization predicted to reach 64% in the devel-
terms of size and population density. Global cities currently oping nation and 86% in the developed nation by 2050 [56].

*
Corresponding author:

Received: 28 July 2024; Accepted: 3 September 2024; Published: 23 September 2024

Copyright: © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group. This is an Open Access article, distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which
permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Journal of Public Policy and Administration http://www.sciencepg.com/journal/jppa

Migration and population growths are the key drivers of and hide. Those who caught may lose their commodities and
work force growth in cities.79.5 million people forcefully some time they are imprisoned. As a result, chase-and-run
displaced at the end of 2019 from their residency area [57]. interactions between rule/code-enforcing individuals and
Each year, many thousands of young people join the work- street vendors characterize the daily reality of street vending.
force, placing stress on the market to provide jobs to ac- Because of this, law enforcement officials and other rule
commodating the additional workers [19]. Additionally, the enforcers frequently evict street vendors, confiscate their
fates of jobless people in big cities begin working in the goods arbitrarily, demand bribe, harass them, and physically
vending sector [11]. A street vendor is someone who trade beating them [10]. The interruption in pedestrian and vehicle
goods or provides important commodities to customers on traffic is another challenge in the urbanization process and a
the street at a low cost in handy locations. In today's society, major effect of vending market in Addis Ababa. The pres-
street vendors play an essential role to meet the demand of ence of a big swarm of vendors on main-street exposes them
consumers on a daily basis [49]. to an automobile accident. Formal business owners view
Street vendors play a significant role in urban economies street vendors as inappropriate challenger. Due to the lack of
around the world by making a variety of goods and services regulation around street hawking, the government misses tax
easily accessible in public areas [44]. Street vending catego- money collected had the transactions taken place legally [10].
rized as retailer, semi whole seller and wholesaler or catego- Unplanned marketing in the city evokes city attractiveness,
rized as Mobil vender, Semi-fixed street vendors and fixed- resulting in a vast city dry and liquid, sound pollution, traffic
stall vendors [11, 13]. According to ILO, Globally, the in- congestion, and automobile accidents, create an unhygienic
formal economy employ around 2.5 billion workforce [35]. urban environment. Some of the concerns they are accused
The contribution of informal market in Sub-Saharan Africa's are traffic congestion, confusion, crime, and unauthorized
is about 55 percent and about 80% labor force supported [4]. access to urban spaces [28]. Individuals engaging in the ven-
The contribution of informal market is high in developing dor market have varied motivations in different countries,
countries accounted about 41 percent [39]. The size of Ethi- which influenced by culture, politics, and economic back-
opia's informal economy is estimated to be 33.5% that ac- grounds [50]. People have fled their residency in quest of a
counts approximately $149 billion at GDP PPP levels [58]. better living in urban area due to a scarce of gainful jobs and
Informal business activate 30% to 80% of the workforce, poverty in rural areas. Because of little opportunities for eco-
particularly in developing countries' metropolitan cities as nomic possibilities in rural surrounding, the majority of ven-
the result of continued migration from rural area [48]. The dors are migrating to big cities or towns [40]. However, this
exact figure of vendors in Ethiopia urban is unknown, but informal conduct of vendor operations has a variety of basic
some research in 2014 estimated 87,000 street vendors found causes and may have both beneficial and negative conse-
in Addis Ababa. Currently with rough estimate, 117,000 quences for men and women's livelihoods [1]. The aim of
vendors are working in Addis Ababa on the street without this study is to find out the major driving force behind the
taxes contribution or getting license [52]. vendor market and its challenges and consequences.
Despite the fact that street vendors contribute to the coun-
try's GDP, there are numerous obstacles, which vendors con-
front because of the urbanization process, lack of working 2. Research Design and Method
space, lack of light for individuals working late at night, the
subject of legalization, they are not protected by any labor 2.1. Study Area Description
laws, unions, or the government. The government's labor
union act does neither provide nor deny attention [40]. An- The research was carried out in Addis Ababa city in Nifas
other problem is the scarcity of sanitation and housing as Silk Lafto sub city (NSLSC) Woreda 01 (Jemo-1 area) spe-
well as no toilet facilities, subject them to a numbers of cifically from sixty seven squares to glass factory area, Le-
health-related challenges [15]. At the vending site most of bu/Jemo Medhanialem church area, Anbesa garaje. Nifas
the time traffic-related air pollutants chemicals like PAHs, Silk Lafto is one of the sub city among the eleven sub-cities
benzene and other volatile organic compounds have a serious with 5th rank in size in Addis Ababa. Nifas Silk Lafto sub
impact on vendors' health especially respiratory tract disease city sub city, Jemo area found at elevation between 2074 to
[7]. Due to the rise of street food vendors, emergence of new 2485 m.a.s.l altitude, and lie at 8.953154 latitude and longi-
forms of pathogenic microbial transmission, and food poi- tude at 38.71704. Currently the sub city holds 12 districts,
soning exposure to food-borne illnesses are a significant pub- 128 sub districts, 397 villeges, and 1059 blocks. NSL sub
lic health issue and challenges. As well as lack of concerns city found in the South-West border of Addis Ababa (Figure
about the safety and shelf life of perishable goods are also 1).
source of contamination [18]. Street Vendors constantly
hunted by rule/code enforcing groups, causing them to run

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Source: Addis Ababa City Administration Integrated Land Information Center (AACAILIC, 2014).
Figure 1. Map of Study Area.

information obtained from Nifas silk Lafto sub city data in

2.2. Research Approach 2023. 1,346 registered street vendors are found in Nifas silk
lafto, there are 470-registered street vendors are found in
This research used mixed research approach for answering Jemo-01 area up to march 2023, and they do have ID or baj.
research questions by integrating both quantitative and quali- Those vendors characterized as working in the form of semi-
tative methods perspectives to draw better result [47, 54]. whole seller, retailer selling their commodity moving here
Mixed methods used to generate a strong description and and there in different area, some of them are semi-fixed and
processing of the findings, to make quantitative results more fixed stall vendors.
comprehensible, or to determine the broader relevance of
small-sample qualitative findings [24]. 2.4.2. Sampling Unit
In this study among street vendors population in the Jemo
2.3. Sources of Data - 01 area those involved in cloth & shoes, vegetables and
fruit items, dry food and packed food, simple electronics
Primary and secondary source of data were used in this
street vending activities were sampling unit for quantitative
study for collecting the quantitative and qualitative data from
data because the Nifs silk sub city register majorly four item
Nifas silk Lafto sub city (informal market department, Traf-
selling vendors (Table 1). Whereas for qualitative data sam-
fic police, Law/rule enforcement department, Traffic control
pling unit composed of Nifas silk lafto sub city (traffic police,
division department), Addis Ababa city south district Traffic
law/rule enforcement, traffic control division officer), Addis
management agency office, Jemo-01 area (Vendors, Police,
Ababa city south district traffic management agency em-
Traffic police, pedestrian, Law/rule enforcement office, In-
ployee, Jemo-01 area (vendors, police, traffic police, pedes-
formal market office, peace and security, traffic control divi-
trian, law/rule enforcement, informal market officer, peace
sion department Jemo 01-area) and secondary data source
and security employee) were used. Because these people
from different Journals, News paper, Books, Report, Photo,
were selected directly associated with vending market activi-
Nifas silk sub city Map, unpublished Thesis were used.
ties and traffic related accident as the result of vending mar-
ket and blockage of pedestrian walk.
2.4. Sampling Design
2.4.3. Sample Size Determination
2.4.1. Population and Sampling Frame
For quantitative data collection, Cochran’s formula was
This research organizing the sampling frame based on the used the determination of the Sample Size [38].

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n = N/ 1+N (e)². 2.5. Sampling Strategy or Techniques

Where:-N=Population, n=sample size, e= margin of error For quantitative data collection, stratified sampling strate-
at 5% or (0.05) and assuming 95% confidence level. gy was used. The stratification carried out based on sex and
n= 470/1+470(0.0025) item sold by vendors (dry food, cloth & shoes, simple elec-
n=470/2.175 tronic, vegetables and fruit items). Purposive sampling strat-
n= Approximately 216 egy was carried to collect the qualitative data from key in-
Where 216 questionnaires collected based on the above formant interview and in-depth interview for both men and
formula. women from vendors, traffic police, pedestrian, police found
in Nifas silk lafto sub city Jemo-01area. These groups of
individuals are selected purposely based their experience and
their directly associated with vending market activities.

Table 2. Vendor Item Types and Sample Proportion in Jemo-01 area Vendors Population.

Population size Sample size

Vendor Items
M F Total M F Total sampled

Cloth & shoes 280 157 437 128 72 200

Vegetables and fruit items 7 5 12 4 2 6
Dry food 4 8 12 2 4 6
packed food - - - - -
Simple electronics 5 4 9 2 2 4
Total 216

Source:-Nifas silk Lafto sub city informal market department and in Jemo area informal market follow up office (2022/23G.C).

used to analyze socio-demographic data, the driving factors

2.6. Data Collection Tool/Instrument and consequence (independent variables) for vending market.
For qualitative data analysis, the data from interview was
For quantitative data, the primary data gathered using analyzed using thematic analysis. The thematic analysis em-
through close-ended questionnaire, which marked by indi- phasizes identifying, analyzing and interpreting patterns of
vidual directly involved in street vending market activities meaning (or "themes") within qualitative data and inferences
and connected with vendor market activities. Approximately drawn from it. Version 26 SPSS software package was used
216 questionnaires distributed for male and female street for quantitative data analysis.
vendors and 36 interviews from Key informants and In-depth
interview employed for qualitative data collection. Second- 2.9. Variables
ary data collected from published and unpublished sources,
thesis, reports was also been used.
2.9.1. Independent Variable
The independent variables used in this study: Family in-
2.7. Data Reliability Test come, family conflict, unemployment, lack of peace & dis-
The Cronbach's alpha coefficient is a statistical measure placement, tax load, easier to entry, traffic jam and car acci-
was used to calculate the consistency & reliability of a ques- dent, pedestrian walk blockage, crime and theft, pollution,
tionnaire. In general, 0.60 to 0.80 taken as good and satisfac- revenue reduction, economic mobilization and encourage
tory Cronbach’s alpha result. illegality. All of these independent variables were measured
by ordinal scale as (low, medium and high).
2.8. Methods of Data Analysis
2.9.2. Dependent Variable
For quantitative data analysis percentage frequency, mean, In this study, street vending is dependent variable meas-
Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U Tests and correlation were ured by nominal scale without having natural order. These

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dependent variables with nominal scale categorized as retail- ence. Generally, 207 (95.8%) vendors do have less 6 years of
er, semi-whole seller, and whole seller vendors. working experience in this study (Table 2).

3. Results Table 2. Sociodemography data of the respondent.

Frequency and percentage

3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of
Respondents Sex Male Female
This part of result analysis contains the respondent general
background information and were summarized in the Table 2 136 (63%) 80 (37%)
and figures 2 & 3. Totally 216 questionnaires response and Age
36 interview were collected from key informants and in-
20- 30 89 (41.2%) 64 (29.63%)
depth interview. Percentage frequency of each variable cal-
culated to show the status of the socio- demographic data. 31-40 38 (17.6% 16 (7.4%)
Regarding the sex of respondents 80 (37%) were female > 41 9 (4.17%) 0 (0%)
and 136 (63%) of male. According to the proportion of ven-
Marital status
dor respondent male are exceed than female by 26% among
216 vendors in Nifas silk lafto sub city in Jemo-01 site. Re- Single 98 (45.37%) 37 (17.13%)
garding the age group of vendor respondents that, the majori- Maried 36 (16.6%) 27 (12.5%)
ty are belonged to the age category between 20-30 which is
the largest share for both sex 153 (70.83%) where the num- Separated 1 (0.46% 7 (3.24%)
ber of females is 64 (29.63%) and male 89 (41.20%). The Divorced 1 (0.46%) 9 (4.17%)
age categories from 31-40 years contain, 38 (17.6%) male
Education status
and 16 (7.4%) female, Vendors above 41 years are 9 (4.17%).
Regarding marital status 63 (29.2%) of the respondent was Primary school 36 (26.5%) 27 (33.8%)
married. 135 (62.5%) were single vendors, 10 (4.6%) di- Secondary school 94 (69.1%) 47 (58.8%)
vorced and 8 (3.7%) are separated. In this study majority of
Certificate 1 (0.7%) 1 (1.3%)
vendors are unmarried or single. Because majority of street
vendors may not economically strong to establish marriage Diploma 1 (0.7%) 2 (2.5%)
and to take responsibility. In this study, shows about 75% of Degree 0 (0.00%) 3 (3.8%)
respondent get less than 3000 Birr monthly. About the edu-
cation status of vendors, those who are enrolled in primary PhD 1 (0.70%) 0 (0.00%)
school are 36 (26.5%) male and 27 (33.8%) are female, those Others 3 (2.20%) 0 (0.00%)
who are involved in secondary school 94 (69%) male and 47
Monthly Income
(58.8%) female, among vendors certificate holding male are
1 (0.7%) and female 1 (1.3%). About 1 (0.7%) male vendors < 900 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
hold Diploma and female 2 (2.5%). PhD holder male is 1 900-3000 108 (50%) 54 (25%)
(0.7%) but there is no PhD holder female and 3 (2.2%) male
3001-5000 28 (12.9%) 26 (12.03%)
vendors are involved other than secular education category or
could be spiritual learning. Majority of vendors about 94.5% are > 5000 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
belonged to primary and secondary school. Regarding the av- Vendors Working Experience
erage monthly income about a total of 162 vendors from this
108 (50%) Male and 54 (25%) female Vendors get 900- 1-3years 99 (45.83%) 63 (29.10%)
3000Birr where as 28 (12.9%) male and 26 (12.03%) female 4-6 years 28 (12.96%) 17 (7.87%)
vendors get above 3001 Birr monthly income. 75% of the
>7 Years 9 (4.16%) 0 (0.00%)
street vendors are getting less than 3000 Birr. There is no re-
spondent vendors who get less than 900Birr and above
5000Birr in this study. The Street Vendors working experience
asked and categorized into three-year intervals. Accordingly Vendors Previous Work Status
the largest group of respondent about 162 (75%) has 1-3 years Street vendors were asked about their previous work status,
of experience, among this the females are taking part about 63 the highest percentage response was given 68 (87.2 %) male
(29.1%) and the males are 99 (45.83%). About 45 (20.83%) and 10 (12.8%) female were student, 10 (37%) male and 17
has 4-6 years of experience where as females are 17 (7.87%) (63%) female unemployment, 9 (34.6%) male and 17 (65.4%)
and males are 28 (12.96%). 4.17% has above 7 years experi- were housekeeper. Majority of vendor respondents are stu-
dent category (Figure 2).

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Figure 2. Street Vendors Previous Work Status.

Vendors Family Work Status

Street Vendors asked about their family work status, majority about 55.05% were from farmer family. About 20.83% ven-
dors from Merchants family, 9.72% were from day labor family, where as the least 1.38% was from priest (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Street vendors family work status.

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3.2. Data Instruments Reliability Result Easy to entry to street vending market (P, 0.001) The lack of
other job option (P, 0.001) were the major significant cause
In this research the result revealed that Cronbach’s Alpha for street vending market where the P <0.05 at 95% CI (Fig-
result value is 0.887 for cause and consequence of street ure 4 & Tables 3 & 4). This research is similar with finding
vending market which is very good result. In conclusion, of [5, 6]. The result indicates that determinants cause for
these questionnaires have very acceptable reliability from the vending market are such as chronic poorness, illiteracy and
Cronbach’s Alpha analysis on SPSS ver.26. low academic level, joblessness, lack of financial funding
Test of Normality source. It is also supported by the work of [27] that most of
Assumption: Test of Normality street vendor are involved in such trading activities are very
In this study the data on the histogram was not normally easy to enter and did not ask special skill or talent in addition
distributed and not lie between -3 and +3 and the Normal P-P to that joblessness and serious poorness. [22] reported that,
plot also did not show normality. Therefore, this normality the neoliberal economy policy benefits the developed nation,
check helps the researcher to choose Non-parametric test where as the majority of people living in developing nation
statistical tool to analyze the data. Therefore, Mann-Whitney suffer seriously with economic crises, since most people are
U non-parametric test was used. It also used to compare be- not skillful to cope up and compete the growing of global
tween two independent groups. economy and technology. People tend to join street vending
market and trade activities to support their life instead of
3.3. Driving Cause or Factors for Vending finding other alternative means of lively hood in the formal
Market market. Informal market is simple and flexible job for non-
skilled individuals. [31] reported that some of the driving
To analyze the first objectives of this study about identify- factors for street vending include low socioeconomic posi-
ing the main causes of street vending between male and fe- tion as the result of inadequate talent and low academic rank.
male in the study area, percentage frequency and Mann- Another cause is to get additional income in their extra time
Whitney U tests were used. The percentage frequency used with their low payment in the formal sector. Some individual
to show the status of respondent for each likert scale measure. also thought vending market is best alternative means to get
The percentage response given by male 86.8% and 77.6% income rather low formal wage. Another reason is chronic
female vendor respondents were strongly agree that the driv- poorness. Some of the vendors thought street vending as a
ing cause of vending market is due to high family poverty. crucial job for sustaining livelihood. According [16], job-
The male respondent 93.4 % and 88.8% female vendor re- lessness is a major challenge for urban area, because of this
spondents were strongly agree that the driving cause was reason many individual enter into informal marketing to
family conflict and separation. The male respondent 79.4% manage their life. [20] reported the low level of education
and 67.5%% female respondent were strongly agree that the and lack of skill push the individual to be engaged in the
driving cause was lack of high peace & displacement from informal market that minimize their chance involving into
their residency area. Due to high tax load increment from the formal activities. Informal economy needs freedom and their
government for legal trader are the cause for to shift into ease chooses of operating by street vendors. My study also sup-
illegal market are also driving cause and the male replied ported by [60] Vending market is easy to enter and individuals
73.5% and female vendor respondent is 100%. Unemploy- have right to decide how much time they work without any
ment in the formal work was another driving cause for vend- pressure. According to [23] described main pushing factors for
ing market where male vendor replied was 59.5% and female, vending activities are the growth in both rural and urban poor-
46.3%. The male respondent 86.70% and female 76.3% re- ness and poverty which lead individual to move from rural to
plied that one cause for vending market is easy to entry to urban leaving their residency village and individuals place them
street vending. About 80.2% male and 88.8% female street sale commodities on the street. According to [45, 46] the cause
vendor respondents answered that, lack of job choice and the of street vending market are limited number of industry, cheap
only option is vending market (Table 3). Since, the data is and excess number of labor force, complex urbanization process,
non symmetrical distributed, the Mann-Whitney U statistical the existing economic policy, low technology facility, low paid
test tool from non parametric test and percentage frequency employee, ambiguous law and organizational corruption repre-
both were used to show which driving factor/cause is more senting the main pushing factors for presence of the informal
significant factor for street vending market between male and economy in many developing countries.
female. The result showed that family poverty (P, 0.001),

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Figure 4. Percentage frequency of driving factor.

Table 3. Percentage frequency of respondent for the driving factor/cause of street Vendor.

Strongly Strongly
Independent Variables Sex Item Disagree Neutral Agree Total
Disagree agree

Count 0 0 18 11 107 136

Male
Due to high family poverty I % within Sex of vendors 0.0% 0.00% 13.2% 8.1% 78.7% 100%
forced to join vendor market Count 9 0 9 15 47 80
Female
% within Sex of vendors 11.3% 0.00% 11.3% 18.8% 58.8% 100%
Male Count 0 0 9 14 113 136
Due to high family conflict and % within Sex of vendors 0 0 6.6% 10.3% 83.1% 100%
separation I exposed to vendor
market Female Count 0 0 9 7 64 80
% within Sex of vendors 0 0 11.3% 8.8% 80.0% 100%

Due to lack of high peace & Male Count 0 9 19 9 99 136

displacement in my residence % within Sex of vendors 0 6.6% 14.0% 6.6% 72.8% 100%
area, I migrated to city and
involved at vendor market Female Count 0 0 26 0 54 80
option % within Sex of vendors 0 0.0% 32.5% 0.0% 67.5% 100%
Male Count 9 0 27 1 99 136
Due to high tax load increment
from government for legal %within Sex of vendors 6.6% 0 19.9% 0.7% 72.8% 100%
trader are the cause for your Female Count 0 0 0 17 63 80
shift into illegal market
%within Sex of vendors 0.0% 0 0.0% 21.3% 78.7% 100%
Male Count 0 0 55 18 63 136

Due to the lack of high formal %within Sex of vendors 0 0 40.4% 13.2% 46.3% 100%
work, I prefer vendor Female Count 0 0 43 1 36 80
%within Sex of vendors 0 0 53.8% 1.3% 45.0% 100%
Male Count 0 0 18 1 117 136
Easy to entry and I am regis- %within Sex of vendors 0 0 13.2% 0.7% 86.0% 100%
tered having ID in the city
administration Female Count 0 0 19 8 53 80
%within Sex of vendors 0 0 23.8% 10.0% 66.3% 100%
Male Count 0 9 18 27 82 136
%within Sex of vendors 0.0% 6.6% 13.2% 19.9% 60.3% 100%
Lack of job choice andmy
option is vending market Female Count 9 0 0 2 69 80
%within Sex of vendors 11.3% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 86.3% 100%

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Table 4. Mann-Whitney U Analysis test for driving cause of street vending market.

Test Statistics

Independent variable Sex of Vendors N Mean Rank Mann-Whitney U df Asymp. Sig.

Due to high family poverty I am forced to join Male 136 116.80

4311.000 1 0.001*
street vending market Female 80 94.39

Due to high family conflict and separation I Male 136 109.97

5240.500 1 0.502
exposed to street vending market Female 80 106.01
Due to lack of high peace & displacement in my Male 136 110.62
residence area, i migrated to city and involved at 5152.000 1 0.415
street vending market option Female 80 104.90

Due to high tax load increment from government Male 136 103.87
for legal trader are the cause for your shift into 4810.000 1 0.061
illegal market Female 80 116.38

Due to the lack of high formal work, I prefer Male 136 111.67
5008.500 1 0.280
street vending market Female 80 103.11

Easy to entry and I am registered having ID in Male 136 115.95

4426.500 1 0.001*
the city Administration Female 80 95.83

Lack of other job choice and my option is street Male 136 99.71
4244.000 1 0.001*
vending market Female 80 123.45
Total 216
a. Grouping Variable: Sex of vendors
* Significant P <0.05

bilize work force is the positive consequence that the P,

3.4. Consequence of Vending Market for 0.034 ≤ 0.05 at 95% CI (Annex IV).
The percentage frequency result of respondent for agree
Vendors, Pedestrian and Urban Area
and strongly agree that male (83.1%) and female (75.1%)
The second objective of this research is assessing major responded traffic congestion and car accident are conse-
consequence of vendor market at Nifas silk lafto sub city at quence of street vending. The other consequence is encour-
Jemo area- 01site. Vendor market has positive and negative age illegality male respondent (84%) and female (76.3%) for
consequence. The data obtained from 216 respondents, and agree and strongly agree, Another consequence is street
the data analyzed by Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U statis- vending has great challenge for female, where male respond-
tical test. The chi-square resulted indicated that; the Traffic ent (80.2%) and female respondent (87.5) they agree and
congestion and car accident (χ2, 21.00; P,0.00), Pollution strongly agree are the consequence of street vending. From
(χ2,48.464; P,0.00), Increase crime and theft (χ2,19.26; the positive consequence Vendor market highly support eco-
P,0.00), Encourage illegality (χ2,16.551, P,0.00), Challenge nomic activities & mobilize work force where male respond-
for female (χ2,44.709, P,0.00), affect revenue of country ent (98.5%) and female respondent (99.9%) (Figure 5 and
(χ2,11.36, P,0.02) are the main consequence (Table 5). How- Table 5). However, blocking pedestrian walk, Increase crime
ever, the Mann-Whitney U statistical test used for non- and theft, Pollution, affect country revenue not showing sig-
parametric test analysis to show the major consequence street nificant difference in the consequence of street vending mar-
vending market between male and female. The result re- ket between male and female in this study. The chi-square,
vealed that Traffic Congestion and Car accident (P, 0.004), Mann-Whitney U and percentage frequency result on the
Encourage Illegality (P, 0.003). These were the major signif- consequence of street vending supported by different schol-
icant negative consequence of street Vending market. ars. The developing countries particularly the street vendors
Whereas Street vending support economic activities and mo- blamed for troublesome creating the blockage of street side-
walk, pollution of urban space, traffic jamming, disordered

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and confusion condition in the city, misdeed and dishonest is highly support economic activities & mobilizes work force
activities in the urban and public space [11, 28, 53]. This and unemployed individuals. In this study, 91.9% Male and
result also supported by different literature. According to [32] 98.8% of female vendor respondent replied that vendor mar-
street vending activity is directly associated with individuals ket significantly important economic activities in urban area
are against the rules or the law, scandalous, polluted city area, and help for job creation. The contribution of informal sector
blockage of pedestrians. [61] described that, overall negative support 69% in the capital city of Ethiopia, and fifteen per-
consequences of street vending, these are Keeping away of cent of the national average growth in Ethiopia [8, 9]. Over
the tax, blockage of sidewalk and traffic jam, out dated and eighty percent of informal activities especially non-farming
spoiled items, competitor for legal trader. Since customer job accounted in Sub Sahara Africa country. This informal
shifted from formal market into informal market, the country market growth also seen in other countries like South Asia
forced to loss revenue and hamper country development, (50%), Ghana (58%) especially non-farming market activi-
many car accident and causality occurred for many produc- ties are more prominent. Street vending has tremendous role
tive citizens as the result of this congestion, when outdated in alleviating poverty and joblessness, addition to work crea-
and spoiled items sold for community became big public tion [17, 43].
health concern. The positive consequence of vendor market

Figure 5. Percentage frequency of Consequence and of vending market.

modities are taken and they subjected to prison. There for,

3.5. Challenges of Street Vending Market street vendors are always under great stress. They do not
have any right to protect them and even the law did not pro-
The third objective is assessing the challenges of vending tect them. According to the Financial Gain (FG) Theory ex-
markets. The vendors are facing different challenges during plain street vendors thought only to generate income or bene-
vending activities, however both sex are involved vending fit without risk taking analysis, since they do not have other
activities, the challenges faced by female is more worsen option, they tend to even, break the rule Even they compare
than male. The Mann-Whitney U indicate that great chal- penalty less than their profit, there for they face great chal-
lenge for female than male P, 0.002≤ 0.05 at 95% was the lenges [14, 51, 59]. According to [2, 10] Street vendors, their
main challenges of street vendors. In this study, 85.0% fe- items and commodities are deprived and confiscated. ven-
male and 63.3% male responded that Vendor market has dors are expected to pay money in the form of bribe, The
great challenge for female than male. Different scholars also code enforcer pester them or annoyed persistently, even they
argue that vendors are under great challenges. According to face physical injury by police and code enforcer individuals.
qualitative data analysis the challenges encounter the female This research was also supported by qualitative data where,
vendor is from consumer side. Consumers sometimes unwill- Key informant and in-depth interview carried out and ob-
ing to pay what they buy or consumed from female vendors. tained information from traffic-police inspector in Nifas silk
The other problems from Cod/rule enforcer side vendors Lafto sub city about the challenges of vendor market and he
faced is that there is always dispel or engaged in chase and replied.
run activities instead of selling their goods. They encounter ''Different car accidents taken place mostly associated
car accident when they caught by code enforcer their com- with vending market, where most street are occupied by

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them, and pedestrian are move out into the main street ex- by theft and our money also robbed''.
posed for car accident. In addition to that, vendors them- Key informant from Nifas silk Lafto sub city informal
selves chased by law/Rule enforcer, they run into the main market department replied that;
street carrying their goods, and many car accidents oc- ''There is signature and memorandum of understanding
curred''. between law/rule enforcement, Traffic management office,
Key informant from traffic management agency from Ad- Police, peace and security and dry waste management
dis Ababa South District said:- team, job creation enterprise department, food and medi-
''Mobile vendors who sell their good at the center of street cine control team. However, there is lack of integration to
when the car stop during traffic jam is one of the main work together and taking solid action on vendor market
cause of car accident''; especially during morning and at and give full attention to take action of street vending ac-
evening large numbers of pedestrian move in jemo-01 ar- tivities".
ea, estimated from seven thousand to ten thousand per day Key informant from Nifas silk Lafto sub city informal
and semi-fixed vendors also cause troublesome problem market department and in Jemo area in informal market fol-
car accident''. low up officer replied that currently offering legal baj or le-
Information obtained from key informants interview from gal ID registration has stopped due to the lack of any vend-
traffic control division department of 9 month report data ing site. This also makes boosting illegal vendor market in
indicate that the total car accident occurred on pedestrian on any street.
the main street at Nifas silk Lafto sub city in Jemo area, Pedestrian were asked about the importance of vendor
Traffic control division officer interviewee replied that; market two male and 3 female respondent interviewee said
''The 9 month reports showing about general car accident that:-
on the main street where some of the cause might be vend- "Since my income is very low and legal trader sold goods
ing market activities. About23 male and 13 female a total in high price I get good option to buy different goods with
of 36 faced minor physical injury, 26 male and 7 female a low price from vendor as to my income allowed and sup-
total of 33 pedestrian faced heavy physical injury. Regard- port my life and they are important to mobilize the city
ing death 9 male and 5 female faced car accidents and economy''
death at 2015E.C." Street vendors asked about why they preferred vending
Traffic police inspector interviewee associated with traffic market and what the driving factors are? Five female and
injury replied that seven male street vendors' interviewee said that:-
"Mostly pedestrian face car accident due to the pedestrian "The reason I join the street vending market is due to
sidewalk occupied by vendor's and unlawfulness of code family low income and chronic poverty, I seriously chal-
enforcer chasing them, both venders and pedestrian face lenged to live with my family and mange my life".
car accident in addition to drivers problems. In addition Four female and two male street vendors' interviewee said
to this all car accident evidence not properly recorded that:-
separately from vendors cases". "I prefer street vending is due to easy to entry and starting
Key informant from law/rule enforcement asked about the financial capital is small it did not require large amount of
challenge of vending market, she replied that; money to start the street vending market in addition to this
''Mostly there is no clear strategy to control the vending lack of another job choice and option".
market for those out of control and do not have Baj or ID Street vendors asked about what are the opportunists of
and new entries, however order from boss direction given that vendor market contribution to you? Four female and six
to us in three approaches we follow, first controlling any male street vendors' interviewee said that:-
vending site before they are displaying their goods. Sec- "Vending market help to avoid from family dependency,
ondly, controlling and chasing them, thirdly taking or in- previously I was unemployed currently I can say I am self-
herit their goods. In addition, at this time when they run employed and partially my problem is solved even now I
into the main street, car accident occurred''. start helping my family".
Key informants from vendors asked about what challenges What are the challenges due to street vendor's market ac-
they faced. Five male and four female said that:- tivities?
''Sometimes consumer refused to pay what they bought or Three Police interviewee said that:-
consumed, we also faced main challenge due to the lack of ''Most of the time criminals from theft activities are major
shelter there is high sunshine at the street while we are challenge; criminals hide themselves in the vending mar-
selling our goods, no toilet or rest room, and suffocation ket area because it is overcrowded and safe for them. Es-
from car smoke also health challenge for us. In addition, pecially the number pedestrian is too large at morning
we did not have right and law protect us when the code and evening. This situation is very difficult to manage and
enforcer beat us and physically harm. Our commodity is control the theft".
confiscated and local guard need money bribe to release
our goods. When we are selling at night our goods stolen

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3.6. Challenges of Vendor Market from Gender root cause as well as challenge faced might be different by its
Perspectives nature. According to respondent, 80.2% male and 87.5% fe-
male respondent replied that vendor market has great chal-
Gender is the social construction and positioning of people lenge for female than Male (Table 5). The Mann-Whitney U
referring their sex, whereas sex is a biological classification statistical test result also indicates P, 0.002≤0.05 where it is
that depending on reproductive system [29]. Both sexes are significant that vendor market has great challenge for female
participated in street vending market activities where their (Table 6 & Figure 6).

Figure 6. Challenges of Street Vendors by Sex.

This test indicate that Family poverty, Easy to entry, Lack ty, we females unlike to male we cannot urinate in open
of other job choice were the major significant actors for both space; toilet facility is most critical problem for us. Since
sex as the major driving cause of street vending market. we stand for long time on the street, smokes from car are
Despite these difficulties, women of the street vendors re- very poisons and causing respiratory problem. Sound from
main hopeful about their business. different automobile and ambulance are other challenge
Qualitative result also support this idea where Law/rule
for our health and stable mentality''.
enforcement physically bitten both male and female vendors,
their commodity are taken by them and they are exposed for
sunlight, dust, rain they are working without shelter. Howev- 3.7. Challenges of Vendor Market in
er, this condition are more vulnerable for female than male, Urbanization
female mostly have family and house responsibility. There-
fore, Female are vulnerable for different problem even for Addis Ababa city is Ethiopia sprawling capital, commercial
robbery and theft. This study is supported by the research and cultural hub as well as one of the seat for African Union
findings of [3], the top obstacles faced by street vendor and many world diplomatic center. There are different push
women include customer forbid to pay, damaged items, lack
and pull factors for rapid urbanization, among these the ad-
of shelter, robbery, pay a bribe, and confrontation with for-
vancement and modernity of farming system, high level pov-
mal trader, among other things. This also supported by key
informant and In-depth Interview from Vendors replied. erty in the rural community, the increment of population size
Eight females interviewee said:- and density, expansion of industries, mass folk of people from
''Sometimes when females work at night on vendor site, rural to urban area, technology advancement and economic
some drunken person insults and freighting us, evens the development [30, 42]. Urban population growth is different in
law/rule enforcer and police take more action on female developed and developing countries, Ethiopia one of the de-
than male''. veloping nation where urban population growth is projected
Two females interviewee said: about 42.1% at 3.98% average growth rate by 2050. This
''Some thief steals our goods with freighting and forceful much people expected to live in the urban area by this year
action at night, but some thief steal our goods act as if as [21]. Vending market has great impact on smart city building
customer. Other problem we faced, since there is no shel- and city beauty. According to percentage frequency analysis
ter at vending market site, dust particle, rain, and sunlight 73.5% male and 98.8 %female vendor respondents answered
are major health problem for us. Even our children ex- that vending market is a source of sound, dry and liquid waste
posed this problem. Another major problem is toilet facili- pollution that affect urbanization and city beauty.

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key informants & in-depth interviewee from one male ''We Pedestrians are forced to change our walking direc-
vendors response replied that:- tion due to blockage of street by vendors and this create
"Different vending item goods like dry food, vegetables, wastage of time and an able to reach on time to intended
shoes and second hand cloths, electronic products, always program and work''.
displayed on the street. And waste from this goods like Six female and four male pedestrians' interviewee said:-
celaphon, carton, paper, rotten vegetable and fruit, liquid ''Fear of robbery, transmission of respiratory disease when
waste highly pollute the city, even the pattern of goods passing through overcrowded vendors and pedestrians on
displaying or they put their good on the street block the the main street even challenges for old person and chil-
main pedestrian street that exposed them for car accident dren''.
and robbery (Annex.II). Over population growth and mass Three females and four male pedestrians, four female and
relocation of people from rural to Addis Ababa city be- six male street vending interviewee said:-
came the center of vending market and is causing a prob- "When code/rule enforcement taking action on vendors on
lems overcrowding of the street, theft, affecting the overall the street, there is, chase and run daily action, at this time
urbanization process". many vendors and pedestrian face automobile accident.
The quantitative analysis also supported by qualitative da- They also encounter falling on the street and face physical
ta from key informants & in-depth interviewee of traffic po- injury. Even the law/rule enforcement is not systematic to
lice, pedestrians, vendors, police, traffic police management control illegal vending activities; sometimes the police al-
replied that;- so take action with law/rule enforcement together, at this
Three females and four male Pedestrians interviewee said:- time high disturbance occurred that foster accident".

Figure 7. The respondent response by sex about the challenges of street vending market for city pollution.

Photo: Vending market activities reduce City beauty & urban Pollution by vegetable and fruit waste.

Source: (www.gettyimages.com/photos/addis-ababa-market)
Figure 8. Photo on pollution by vending market activities.

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3.8. Vending Items Sold by Vendors in Nifas Silk Lafto Jemo-01 Area
Vending items types are various in different street of Addis Ababa, however in Nifas silk Lafto sub city in Jemo -01 area
four vending items types mostly sold. This study carried out on 216 vendor's proportion among 470 population and four types
of item goods are sold. The result indicate that largest proportion 92.6% Cloth & Shoes items and the lowest proportion 1.9%
Simple electronics items are sold by Vendors (Figures 8 & 9, 10).

Figure 9. Vending Items Sold by Vendors in Jemo Area by Sex Categories.

Photos of Street Vending Market

Figure 10. Street Vendors on the main Addis Ababa street and pedestrians occupied by Street vendors (Source: KalabeGirma, 2019, Addis
fortune News).

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3.9. The Correlation Between Cause and shows about 65.6% of people enter or migrate into Bahirdar
Consequence of Vending Market city where their fate is becoming street vending. Tax load
increment on formal market shifting to informal market ver-
In this study, the correlation between cause and conse- sus source of urban pollution has strong positive correlation
quence of vending market were analyzed using spearman rho (0.984). This indicate that when the government tax load
correlation. The result indicates that cause of family poverty increases push the formal market into street vending market
for street vending market with Traffic congestion has strong that increase the numbers of street vendors in turn became
positive correlation (0.903). This study is supported by re- the source urban pollution. Lack of high formal work for
search done in Peru area by [41] The finding showed there is street vending has strong positive correlation with Vendor
correlation between street vendors and pedestrian car injuries market highly affects the revenue of country (0.959). Ac-
and fatality while crossing. Vending market has an adverse cording to [12, 37] Reported that informal sector vitally im-
outcome on traffic safety and operation due to their haphaz- portant to take part up to 80% developing Country GDP and
ard settlement as the result of background poverty and un- hold 60-80% employment, but there is a great problem in
employment opportunities, which forced them to join the collecting domestic tax important for country development.
street vending activities [34]. Due to high Family conflict There is no any means of collecting mechanism of tax in the
and separation for street vending market versus Vending informal sector, however it has great role in the country de-
Block/narrowing of pedestrian path has positive strong corre- velopment. According to [26] large of the economic activi-
lation (0.900), it has also role in Increase crime and theft ties of developing countries are supported by informal sec-
(0.608) positive strong correlation, it also encourage illegali- tors, which occupy large proportion and coverage, but one of
ty, (0.521) positive moderate correlation (Table7). [33] study the main problem is revenue tax is not collected and tax
concerning female vendor in Addis Ababa, where she found avoidance from this sector. Easy to entry to street vending
that regarding marital status about 10.5% are divorced and market has positive correlation (0.980) with vendor market
separated depending on respondent response. That contrib- highly encourages illegality (Table 7). According to [55]
utes for street vending activities. This in turn has great con- Street vending is mostly easy to establish and exit. The in-
tribution narrowing the pedestrian, increase the crime in the formal sectors attract more consumers with affordable price
city and encourage illegality. Recent study from [36] study and compete with formal market where foster unfair benefit
showed about 2.4% of Female Street vendors was widowed [25]. Lack of job choice and only option for street vending
and non-married. Lack of high peace & displacement, migra- market has strong positive correlation (0.985) with great
tion for street vending market versus Increase crime and theft challenge for female than Male (Table 7). According to this
has strong correlation (0.979) (Table 7). [34] In one study the correlation result, that lack of job choice is the main driving
evaluation of vendors on road movement in BahirDar, the cause for female to join street vending market. Even the
finding indicates that there is high flow or movement of in- qualitative data analysis supports this result.
dividuals from neighboring rural area into the city. The study

Table 5. Chi Square Analysis Result Consequence & Challenges of Vending Market.

Chi-Square Tests

Independent Strongly Strongly Significance

Sex Item Disagree Neutral Agree Total Value df
Variables Disagree agree (2-sided)

Count 0 6 17 11 102 136

Vending mar-
Male % within Sex
ket is high 0.0% 4.4% 12.5% 8.1% 75.0% 100.0% Pearson
Cause for Traf- of vendors
Chi- 21.00 4 0.000
fic congestion Count 8 3 9 15 45 80 Square
and car acci-
dent Female % within Sex
10.0% 3.8% 11.3% 18.8% 56.3% 100.0%
of vendors
Male Count 0 2 9 14 111 136
Vending mar-
ket is highly % within Sex
0.0% 1.5% 6.6% 10.3% 81.6% 100.0% Pearson
Block/narrowi of vendors Chi- 3.591 4 0.464
ng of pedestri- Female Count 1 2 9 7 61 80 Square
an path.
% within Sex 1.3% 2.5% 11.3% 8.8% 76.3% 100.0%

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Chi-Square Tests

Independent Strongly Strongly Significance

Sex Item Disagree Neutral Agree Total Value df
Variables Disagree agree (2-sided)

of vendors
Male Count 0 9 20 9 98 136

Vendor market % within Sex

0 6.6% 14.7% 6.6% 72.1% 100.0% Pearson
highly Increase of vendors
Chi- 19.26 3 0.000
crime and Female Count 0 0 27 0 53 80 Square
theft.
% within Sex
0 0.0% 33.8% 0.0% 66.3% 100.0%
of vendors
Vendor market Male Count 9 0 27 1 99 136
is high source
%within Sex
of pollution 6.6% 0.0% 19.9% 0.7% 72.8% 100.0%
of vendors Pearson
like (Sound, 48.46
Chi- 4 0.000
dry and liquid Female Count 0 1 0 17 62 80 4
Square
waste) and it
reduces city %within Sex
0.0% 1.3% 0.0% 21.3% 77.5% 100.0%
beauty. of vendors

Male Count 1 1 55 18 61 136

Vendor market %within Sex

0.7% 0.7% 40.4% 13.2% 44.9% 100.0% Pearson
highly affect of vendors 11.36
Chi- 4 0.023
the revenue of Female Count 0 0 43 1 36 80 9
Square
country
%within Sex
0.0% 0.0% 53.8% 1.3% 45.0% 100.0%
of vendors
Male Count 0 1 18 1 116 136
%within Sex
Vendor market 0 0.7% 13.2% 0.7% 85.3% 100.0% Pearson
of vendors 16.55
highly Encour- Chi- 3 0.001
Female Count 0 0 19 8 53 80 1
age illegality Square
%within Sex
0 0.0% 23.8% 11.3% 65.0% 100.0%
of vendors
Male Count 0 10 17 27 82 136
Vendor market %within Sex
has great chal- 0.0% 7.4% 12.5% 19.9% 60.3% 100.0% Pearson
of vendors 44.70
lenge for fe- Chi- 4 0.00
Female Count 9 1 0 2 68 80 9
male than Square
Male %within Sex
11.3% 1.3% 0.0% 2.5% 85.0% 100.0%
of vendors
Male Count 0 1 1 9 125 136
Vendor market
%within Sex
highly support 0% 0.7% 0.7% 6.6% 91.9% 100.0%
of vendors Pearson
economic ac-
Chi- 4.561 3 0.207
tivities & mo- Female Count 0 0 0 1 79 80
Square
bilize work
%within Sex
force. 0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 98.6% 100.0%
of vendors

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Table 6. Consequence and Challenges of Vending Market.

Mann-Whitney U Test Statisticsa

Vendor market Vendor

Vending Vending
is high source Vendor Vendor Vendor market
market is market is Vendor
of pollution market market market has highly sup-
high Cause highly market
like (Sound, highly highly great chal- port eco-
for Traffic Block/narro highly In-
dry and liquid affect the Encour- lenge for nomic activ-
congestion wing of crease crime
waste) and it revenue of age ille- female than ities& mobi-
and car pedestrian and theft.
reduces city country. gality. Male. lize work
accident. path.
beauty. force.

Mann-Whitney U 4392.000 5097.000 5124.000 4887.500 5132.500 4480.000 4334.000 5067.000

Wilcoxon W 7632.000 8337.000 8364.000 14203.500 8372.500 7720.000 13650.000 14383.000
Z -2.863 -1.101 -.885 -1.631 -.768 -3.013 -3.065 -2.119
Asymp. Sig. (2-
.004 .271 .376 .103 .443 .003 .002 .034
tailed)
a. Grouping Variable: Sex of vendors

Table 7. Correlation between Cause and Consequence of Street Vending Market.

Correlations

Vending Vending Vendor Vendor market Vendor Vendor Vendor

Vendor
market is market is market is high source of market market market high-
market
high Cause highly highly pollution like highly has great ly support
highly
for Traffic Block/nar Increase (Sound, dry and affects challenge economic
Encour-
congestion rowing of crime liquid waste) the rev- for female activities&
age ille-
and car pedestri- and and it reduces enue of than mobilize
gality.
accident. an path. theft. city beauty. country. Male. work force.

Sex of vendors Correlation -.195** -0.075 -0.060 0.111 -0.052 -.205** .209** .145*
Coefficient

Sig. (2-
0.004 0.272 0.377 0.103 0.444 0.002 0.002 0.034
tailed)

N 216 216 216 216 216 216 216 216

Due to high
Family poverty Correlation
.903** .318** .332** .389** 0.063 .233** .329** -.151*
I forced to join Coefficient
vendor market

Spearman's Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.361 0.001 0.000 0.026
rho N 216 216 216 216 216 216 216 216
Due to high
Family conflict
Correlation
and separation .358** .900** .608** .278** 0.103 .521** .465** -0.063
Coefficient
I exposed to
vendor market
Sig. (2-
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.132 0.000 0.000 0.358
tailed)

N 216 216 216 216 216 216 216 216

** ** ** ** ** ** **
Due to Lack of Correlation .300 .568 .979 .498 -.202 .532 .495 -0.064

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Correlations

Vending Vending Vendor Vendor market Vendor Vendor Vendor

Vendor
market is market is market is high source of market market market high-
market
high Cause highly highly pollution like highly has great ly support
highly
for Traffic Block/nar Increase (Sound, dry and affects challenge economic
Encour-
congestion rowing of crime liquid waste) the rev- for female activities&
age ille-
and car pedestri- and and it reduces enue of than mobilize
gality.
accident. an path. theft. city beauty. country. Male. work force.

high peace & Coefficient

displacement in
my residence
area, I migrated
to city and
involved at
vendor market
option
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.349
N 216 216 216 216 216 216 216 216
Due to high
Tax load in-
crement from
Government
Correlation
for legal trader .366** .254** .494** .984** -0.070 .456** .527** -0.100
Coefficient
are the cause
for your shift
into illegal
market
Sig. (2-
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.305 0.000 0.000 0.142
tailed)

N 216 216 216 216 216 216 216 216

Due to the lack
of high formal Correlation
0.092 0.096 -.184** -0.043 .959** 0.077 .182** .189**
work, I prefer Coefficient
vendor market
Sig. (2-
0.178 0.161 0.007 0.527 0.000 0.257 0.007 0.005
tailed)

N 216 216 216 216 216 216 216 216

Easy to entry
and I am regis-
Correlation
tered having .246** .498** .532** .460** 0.078 .980** .404** -0.075
Coefficient
ID in the city
Administration
Sig. (2-
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.255 0.000 0.000 0.273
tailed)

N 216 216 216 216 216 216 216 216

Lack of job
choice and My Correlation
.324** .420** .488** .526** .175** .400** .985** .249**
option is vend- Coefficient
ing market
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

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4. Conclusion industry sectors and construction sector. As well as, govern-

ment with stockholder should work to solve the root cause or
From quantitative and qualitative data analysis, the follow- driving factors for street vending activities.
ing conclusion are summarized:- Car accident and traffic jam is one of the challenge of the
The first null hypothesis states that there is the same driv- Addis Ababa city, There for transport minister, Traffic man-
ing cause for both male and female involved in the vending agement, Addis Ababa city trade and industry office and
market. The result finding from the analysis using Mann- Addis Ababa city Administration work together for solution
Whitney U & percentage frequency concludes that there is to minimize risk of traffic jam and car accident.
different driving cause for vending market between male and Most of vendors are primary & secondary school status;
female. Family low income or poverty, easy to entry to ven- further research must need to find out the background cause
dor market, and lack of job choice are major driving cause and discussion with ministry of education & education bu-
for street vending market among other driving force. Male reau to take corrective action.
join vending market significantly more than female due to Nifas silk lafto sub city administration and the street vend-
family low income or poverty, easy to entry to vendor mar- ing actors should work together on rules, regulations so that
ket where as female significantly join vending market than the operations of the street vending business can be dis-
male due to lack of job choice. cussed, agreed upon and action plan of devised on how to
The second null hypothesis states there is no any conse- build trust between each other and contribute to the national
quence or impact of street vending. The result finding from economy, tackle unemployment and other problems.
Mann-Whitney U & percentage frequency analysis con- Since Addis Ababa city is diplomatic and embassy seat for
cludes that there are different impacts on urbanization activi- many countries, most main street are occupied by vendors
ties and vendors itself. Traffic congestion and car accident, resulting reduce city beauty, traffic jam and car accident.
encourage illegality are significant negative consequence of Therefore, Addis Ababa City Administration and Addis Ab-
street vending market. Whereas street vending support eco- aba city trade and industry office facilitate and allocate spe-
nomic activities and mobilize work force or unemployment cific marketing site at each sub city out of the main street in
is the positive consequence. The alternative hypothesis also open space for vending activities to avoid traffic jam, car
supported by qualitative data. accident and pedestrian sidewalk.
The third null hypothesis states both male and female ven- Addis Ababa city trade and industry office should regis-
dors do not face challenge. The result finding concludes that tered vendors status, bring them into formal market and tax
vendor market has great challenge for female than male. In pay system.
general street vendors face car accident, physically bitten by Nifas silk lafto sub city administration and city Admin-
rule or law enforcer, police, their goods are taken by istration work together with Bank and credit association
code/rule enforcement, and working in non-conducive envi- providing financial credit for street vendors those who are
ronment and health issue. Females are robbed by theft, there legally registered and have ID can contribute a significant
is no sanitary and toilet for vendors. The problem faced by role to change the informal vendors to formal traders one.
female is exceed than male, since female do have over bur- Addis Ababa City Beautification & Parks Development
den responsibility, for giving birth and child caring, home Administration Agency should integrate with vendors to
management and shouldering family responsibility. keep city beauty and pollution free city.
The fourth null hypothesis states Street vending market do Vending market is great challenge for female than male,
not have any challenge on urbanization area. The result find- since they carry family responsibility and vulnerable for har-
ing concludes that pollution is one of the major challenges assment. Women Children & Youth Affairs & Addis Ababa
for urban area by street vending market, where vendors re- City Administration work together to solve the problem of
lease different solid, liquid waste and sound pollution on the female in particular.
city street. Other challenge is traffic congestion and car acci- In General, everybody has responsibility to keep clean,
dent due to overcrowding activities of vendors. Females are safe, favorable and attractive city for living.
more challenged than male, due to lack of shelter, toilet, and Suggestion for Future Studies
commodity confiscation by code enforcer, money bribe, and This study is carried out in Nifas silk lafto sub city in spe-
physical harassment by rule/law enforcer. cific Jemo-01 site, the pushing cause and consequence, chal-
lenges are different from one sub city to other and Street
vending market and vendors origin correlation need depth
5. Recommendation study for the future to take correction measure. Street ven-
dors are a frequent target of harassment, threats, and theft
Poverty is one of the main driving factors for street vend-
therefore future research needed on vendor's right and labor
ing market. Therefore, urban and regional administration, job
law. Facilitate other better job option in residency area.
creation commission of Ethiopia should involved in creating
different job types for poverty alleviation especially agro

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street vending: A data article. Frontiers in psychology, 13.

Abbreviations
[7] Amegah, A. K., & Jaakkola, J. J. (2014). Work as a street vendor,
NSLSC Nifas Silk Lafto Sub City associated traffic-related air pollution exposures and risk of ad-
CSA Central Statistics Agency verse pregnancy outcomes in Accra, Ghana. International journal
ILO International Labour Organization of hygiene and environmental health, 217(2-3), 354-362.
GDP Gross Domestic Product
[8] Amsale A, (2017). Street vending and local authorities in
Addis Ababa city: Challenges and the way forward (Doctoral
Acknowledgments dissertation, Addis Ababa University).

[9] Bank, W. B. W. (2014). State and trends of carbon pricing

First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my
2014. World Bank Publications.
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like to thank Street Vendors, Traffic police, Police, Traffic the urban poor and challenge for the city administration in
Management office, Law/Rule enforcement office of Nifas Ethiopia. Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law,
silk Lafto sub city and Administration, Peace and security who 10(19), 101-120.
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The author declares no conflicts of interest. Addis Ababa.

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